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Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | The United Nations has been closely following the Yemeni war since its beginning. It has looked for solutions to alleviate security concerns in Yemen and stop the Hadi-Houthi conflict from escalating. The Peace and National Partnership Agreement in 2014 was its final attempt at quelling the dispute before it transforme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
State of Palestine | A peace summit between Yasser Arafat and Ehud Barak was mediated by Bill Clinton in 2000. It was supposed to be the final agreement ending conflict officially forever. However the agreement failed to address the Palestinian refugee issues, status of Jerusalem and Israeli security concerns. Both sides blamed each other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine |
Shia Islam | The history of Shia–Sunnī relations has often involved religious discrimination, persecution, and violence, dating back to the earliest development of the two competing sects.
At various times throughout the history of Islam, Shia groups and minorities have faced persecution perpetrated by Sunnī Muslims.
Militarily est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Turkish occupation of northern Syria | After the Turkish-led forces had captured Afrin District (Afrin Canton) in early 2018, they began to implement a resettlement policy by moving their mostly Arab fighters and refugees from southern Syria into the empty homes that belonged to displaced locals. The previous owners, most of them Kurds or Yazidis, were ofte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria |
Battle of Jerusalem | Officially recognised by the British as one of three battles which made up the "Jerusalem Operations", along with the Battle of Nebi Samwil and the subsidiary Battle of Jaffa, this engagement occurred a month after the Ottoman armies had launched their counterattacks; between 26 and 30 December 1917. The XX Corps' infa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem |
History of Islam | According to Ottoman historiography, the legitimation of a ruler is attributed to Sheikh Edebali who interpreted a dream of Osman Gazi as God's legitimation of his reign. Since Murad I's conquest of Edirne in 1362, the caliphate was claimed by the Turkish sultans of the empire. During the period of Ottoman growth, clai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Muammar Gaddafi | Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government impl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Hermetica | Alfonso-Goldfarb, Ana Maria; Abou-Chahla Jubran, Safa (1999). Livro do Tesouro de Alexandre: Um estudo de hermética árabe na oficina da história de ciência. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes. ISBN 9788532614988.
Alfonso-Goldfarb, Ana Maria; Abou-Chahla Jubran, Safa (2008). "Listening to the Whispers of Matter Through Arabic He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetica |
House of Saud | After his defeat at Mulayda, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal went with his family into exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia among the Al Murra bedouin. Soon afterward, however, he found refuge in Kuwait as a guest of the Kuwaiti emir, Mubarak Al Sabah. In 1902, Abdul Rahman's son, Abdulaziz, took on the task of restoring Sau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud |
Al-Andalus | From the mid 13th to the late 15th century, the only remaining domain of al-Andalus was the Emirate of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula. The emirate was established by Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar in 1230 and was ruled by the Nasrid dynasty, the longest reigning dynasty in the history of al-Andalus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
USS Cole bombing | President Bill Clinton declared, "If, as it now appears, this was an act of terrorism, it was a despicable and cowardly act. We will find out who was responsible and hold them accountable."
On 19 January 2001, the U.S. Navy completed and released its Judge Advocate General Manual (JAGMAN) investigation of the incident,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing |
Fakhr al-Din II | Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (1985). Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575–1650. Beirut: American University of Beirut. ISBN 978-0-8156-6072-9. OCLC 242675094.
Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (November 1992). "Problems in the Ottoman Administration in Syria during the 16th and 17th Centuries: The Case of the Sanjak of Sidon-Beirut"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II |
Siege of Baghdad | On 13 February, the sack of Baghdad began. This was not an act of wanton destruction, as it has commonly been presented, but rather a calculated decision to show the consequences of defying the Mongol Empire. Sayyids, scholars, merchants who traded with the Mongols, and the Christians in the city on whose behalf Hulegu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad |
Al-Andalus | After the fall of Toledo, most of the major taifa rulers agreed to request the intervention of the Almoravids, a Berber empire based in Marrakesh (present-day Morocco) that had conquered much of northwest Africa. The Almoravid leader, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin, led several campaigns into al-Andalus, initially in defense of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
Amin al-Husseini | After the end of the Second World War, al-Husseini attempted to obtain asylum in Switzerland but his request was refused. He was taken into custody at Konstanz by the French occupying troops on 5 May 1945, and on 19 May, he was transferred to the Paris region and put under house arrest.
At around this time, the British... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini |
2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency | The U.S. and Iraqi buildup around Fallujah continued, and by the beginning of November and the time of the U.S. presidential elections, over 5,000 U.S. and 1,000 Iraqi troops surrounded the city. The Iraqi troops were drawn from what were considered the most capable segments of the U.S.-trained Iraqi security forces an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency |
Dassault Rafale | The Rafale was first outfitted with the Thales RBE2 passive electronically scanned multi-mode radar. Thales claims to have achieved increased levels of situational awareness as compared to earlier aircraft through the earlier detection and tracking of multiple air targets for close combat and long-range interception, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafale |
Kashmiri cuisine | Qaliya, a mutton delicacy in which all flavours are included, excluding red chilly powder.
Kokur qaliya, chicken qaliya.
Shab Deg: dish cooked with turnip and meat/duck/chicken/beef and balls of ground meat, left to simmer overnight.
Dani, marrow-bone in gravy.
Matschgand, lamb meatballs in a gravy tempered with red ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | At the time Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, al-Qarawiyyin worsened as a religious center of learning from its medieval prime, though it retained some significance as an educational venue for the sultan's administration. The student body was rigidly divided along social strata: ethnicity (Arab or Berber), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
Andalusia | For many centuries, agriculture dominated Andalusian society, and, with 44.3 percent of its territory cultivated and 8.4 percent of its workforce in agriculture as of 2016 it remains an integral part of Andalusia's economy. However, its importance is declining, like the primary and secondary sectors generally, as the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia |
One Thousand and One Nights | In the mid-20th century, the scholar Nabia Abbott found a document with a few lines of an Arabic work with the title The Book of the Tale of a Thousand Nights, dating from the ninth century. This is the earliest known surviving fragment of the Nights. The first reference to the Arabic version under its full title The O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Ijtihad | In the years following the death of Muhammad, Sunni Muslims practiced ijtihad and saw it as an acceptable form of the continuation of sacred instruction. Sunni Muslims justified practice of Ijtihad with a particular hadith, which cites Muhammad's approval of forming an individual sound legal opinion if the Qur'an and S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad |
Bukhara | The exact name of the city of Bukhara in ancient times is unknown. The whole oasis was called Bukhara in ancient times, and probably only in the tenth century was it finally transferred to the city.
According to some scholars, the name dates back to the Sanskrit vihāra (Buddhist monastery). This word is very close to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara |
Boeing AH-64 Apache | Iraq requested the sale of 24 AH-64s in April 2013; In January 2014, a sale, including the helicopters, associated parts, maintenance, and training, was cleared by the U.S. Congress. However, the proposal was not accepted by the Iraqi government and expired in August 2014.
In July 2012, Qatar requested the sale of 24 A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache |
Mosque | The Umayyad Caliphate was particularly instrumental in spreading Islam and establishing mosques within the Levant, as the Umayyads constructed among the most revered mosques in the region — Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. The designs of the Dome of the Rock and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque |
Muslim conquest of Persia | Bashear, Suliman (1997). Arabs and Others in Early Islam. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-126-7.
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1997). "Sīstān". The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IX: San–Sze. Leiden, and New York: BRILL. pp. 681–685. ISBN 9789004082656.
Bosworth, C. E. (2011). "SISTĀN ii. In the Islamic period"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
Naguib Mahfouz | Most of Mahfouz's early works were set in Cairo. Abath Al-Aqdar (Mockery of the Fates) (1939), Rhadopis (1943), and Kifah Tibah (The Struggle of Thebes) (1944) were historical novels written as part of a larger unfulfilled 30-novel project. Inspired by Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), Mahfouz planned to cover the entire h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz |
Al-Baqara 256 | Kashani, a Sufi, interprets Q.2:256 as follows { لاَ إِكْرَاهَ فِي ٱلدِّينِ قَد تَّبَيَّنَ ٱلرُّشْدُ مِنَ ٱلْغَيِّ فَمَنْ يَكْفُرْ بِٱلطَّاغُوتِ وَيْؤْمِن بِٱللَّهِ فَقَدِ ٱسْتَمْسَكَ بِٱلْعُرْوَةِ ٱلْوُثْقَىٰ لاَ ٱنفِصَامَ لَهَا وَٱللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ }
There is no compulsion in religion, because in reality religio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Baqara_256 |
Islamic Government | In addition to the reasons above offered for why the guardianship of the jurist would function better than secular non-Islamic government, Khomeini also gives much space to doctrinal reasons that (he argues) establish proof that the rule of jurists is required by Islam.
No sacred texts of Shia (or Sunni) Islam include ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Government |
Grand Serail of Beirut | The Grand Serail followed the architectural design epitomizing the new Ottoman military organization known as the "New Order" (niẓām cedīd). Its elevated location and austere façade copied the Selimiye Barracks in Istanbul. The finished structure consisted of two tall floors with the longer façade spreading over 80 met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Serail_of_Beirut |
Muslim conquest of Persia | Under Umar and his immediate successors, the Arab conquerors attempted to maintain their political and cultural cohesion despite the attractions of the civilizations they had conquered. The Arabs initially settled in the garrison towns rather than on scattered estates.
The new non-Muslim subjects were protected by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
Spice trade | The Republic of Venice had become a formidable power and a key player in the Eastern spice trade. Other powers, in an attempt to break the Venetian hold on spice trade, began to build up maritime capability. Until the mid-15th century, trade with the East was achieved through the Silk Road, with the Byzantine Empire a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade |
Muslim conquest of the Levant | With Emesa already in hand, Abu Ubaidah and Khalid moved towards Chalcis, which was strategically the most significant Byzantine fort. Through Chalcis the Byzantines would be able to guard Anatolia, Heraclius' homeland of Armenia, and the regional capital, Antioch. Abu Ubaidah sent Khalid with his mobile guard towards ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant |
Mosul | The Mosul Dam was built in the 1980s to supply Mosul with hydroelectricity and water. Despite this, water supply cuts are still common.
Five bridges cross the Tigris in Mosul, known from north to south as:
Al Shohada Bridge (or "Third Bridge")
Fifth Bridge
Old Bridge (or "Iron Bridge", or "First Bridge")
Al Huriya Bri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul |
Khor Al Adaid | In 1878, it was reported that the British Government and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi had concocted a plan to invade Khor Al Adaid, supposedly to curtail the piracy of its inhabitants. In response, Sheikh Jassim threatened to occupy Khor Al Adaid, as he had perceived the proposed military excursion to be in violation of Qat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid |
Approximations of π | In August 2009, a Japanese supercomputer called the T2K Open Supercomputer more than doubled the previous record by calculating π to roughly 2.6 trillion digits in approximately 73 hours and 36 minutes.
In December 2009, Fabrice Bellard used a home computer to compute 2.7 trillion decimal digits of π. Calculations were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80 |
Michel Aflaq | After a falling out with the Military Committee, of which he was a member, Muhammad Umran told Aflaq about the committee's secret plans to oust the civilian leadership, led by Aflaq, and take over the Ba'ath Party. Shortly after, Umran was sent into exile as Ambassador to Spain for supporting the Aflaq faction. Aflaq r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Aflaq |
Bilad al-Sham | Aigle, Denise, ed. (2012). Le Bilād al-Šām face aux mondes extérieurs. La perception de l'Autre et la représentation du Souverain [Bilad al-Sham, the face to the outer worlds. The perception of the Other and the representation of the Sovereign] (in French) (1st ed.). ISBN 978-2-35159-197-0. Archived from the original o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham |
Zubarah | Abu Hakima, A.M. (1965). History of Eastern Arabia 1750–1800. The Rise and Development of Bahrain and Kuwait. Khayats.
Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1987). "The Islamic City — Historic Myth, Islamic Essence, and Contemporary Relevance". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 19/2 (2): 155–176. doi:10.1017/S0020743800031822.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubarah |
History of Islam | Late High Middle Ages
The Late Baghdad Abbasids reigned from the beginning of the Crusades to the Seventh Crusade. The first Caliph was Al-Mustazhir. He was politically irrelevant, despite civil strife at home and the First Crusade in Syria. Raymond IV of Toulouse attempted to attack Baghdad, losing at the Battle of M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Nabataean architecture | Water, its hydrology and hydraulics were the main engines of the city of Petra; the city is built in a valley surrounded by mountains, crossed by the wadi Musa, a torrent flowing from east to west, which divides the city in two and constitutes its backbone. Strabo, a Greek geographer of the 1st century BC, indicates th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataean_architecture |
Cilicia | In 1516, Selim I incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his conquest of the Mamluk state. The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman sanjak of Adana in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the area serving as a vassal of the Ottomans.
Ottomans ended the Ramadanid administration of Ada... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia |
Madinat al-Zahra | Abd ar-Rahman III was a member of the Umayyad dynasty, which had formerly ruled the Islamic world as head of the Umayyad Caliphate. The title "caliph" signified the political and spiritual leader of the whole Muslim world. In 750 the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids, who took on the title of caliphs and establi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Sardinia | With the Perfect fusion in 1848, the confederation of states powered by the Savoyard kings of Sardinia became a unitary and constitutional state and moved to the Italian Wars of Independence for the Unification of Italy, that were led for thirteen years. In 1861, being Italy united by a debated war campaign, the parlia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia |
Culture of Qatar | The architecture of Qatar, like other Persian Gulf nations, is deeply influenced by Islamic traditions, characterized by simple and unadorned mosque designs. These traditional elements extend to other structures, featuring arches, niches, and intricately carved plaster patterns, as well as gypsum screens and battlement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar |
Rationale for the Iraq War | The New York Times reported that in February 2003, Saddam Hussein had offered, through a clandestine backchannel, to give the United States first priority as it related to Iraq oil rights, as part of a deal to avert an impending invasion. The overtures intrigued the Bush administration but were ultimately rebuffed.
In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War |
Fakhr al-Din II | Fakhr al-Din spent the surpluses from his iltizam mainly on fortifications and other infrastructure, which promoted the order and stability required for agriculture and trade to thrive. He obtained and strengthened fortresses throughout his early career, starting with the Chouf redoubt of Niha in 1590, followed in 1594... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II |
Kingdom of Iraq | With the signing in Baghdad of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty on 30 June 1930 and the settling of the Mosul Question, Iraqi politics took on a new dynamic. The treaty came into force on 3 October 1932, when the Kingdom of Iraq officially became fully independent as the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq. The emerging class of Sunni and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq |
Qasem Soleimani | Soleimani had a significant role in Iran's fight against ISIL in Iraq. He was described as the "linchpin" bringing together Kurdish and Shia forces to fight ISIS, overseeing joint operations conducted by the two groups.
In 2014, Soleimani was in the Iraqi city of Amirli, to work with Iraqi forces to push back ISIL mili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani |
Kataeb Party | The Phalange party's militia was not only the largest and best organized political paramilitary force in Lebanon but also the oldest. It was founded in 1937 as the "Militants' organization" by the President of the Party Pierre Gemayel and William Hawi, a Lebanese-American glass industrialist, who led them during the 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party |
Andalusia | The Andalusian emblem shows the figure of Hercules and two lions between the two pillars of Hercules that tradition situates on either side of the Strait of Gibraltar. An inscription below, superimposed on an image of the flag of Andalusia reads Andalucía por sí, para España y la Humanidad ("Andalusia for herself, Spai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia |
Solomon | In Islamic tradition, Solomon is also known as Sulaimān ibn Dāwūd, and is considered a prophet and a messenger of God, as well as a divinely appointed monarch. Solomon inherited his position from his father as the prophetic King of the Israelites. Unlike in the Bible, according to Muslim tradition Solomon never partici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon |
Islamic architecture | The architecture of the "oriental" Islamic town is based on cultural and sociological concepts which differ from those of European cities. In both cultures, a distinction is made between the areas used by the rulers and their government and administration, public places of everyday common life, and the areas of private... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Amin al-Husseini | When the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine delivered its recommendations for the partition of Palestine, the High Commissioner of Palestine, Alan Cunningham sent emissaries to Cairo to sound out al-Husseini, though transferring any power of state to him was unthinkable.
Musa Alami surmised that the Mufti wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini |
Palestinian Jews | Prior to dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, the population of the area comprising modern Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip was not exclusively Muslim. Under the empire's rule in the mid-16th century, there were no more than 10,000 Jews in Palestine, making up around 5% of the population. By the mid-19th century,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Jews |
Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement | On August 16, 2020, Israel and the UAE inaugurated direct telephone services. The Emirati company APEX National Investment and Israel's Tera Group signed an agreement to partner in research on COVID-19, making it the first business deal signed between companies of the two nations since normalization of ties. The direct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement |
Ba'athist Iraq | At the beginning of the war the Iraqi government had a monetary reserve of $35 billion, and the annual growth rate was 27.9 percent. During the early war years, ambitious development plans were followed; because of high military spending (approaching 50 percent of GNP in 1982), the Iraqi economy began showing signs of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq |
Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia | Many domestic servants in Saudi Arabia are treated adequately, but there have been numerous cases of abuse. Foreign workers have been raped, exploited, under- or unpaid, physically abused, overworked and locked in their places of employment. The international organisation Human Rights Watch (HRW) describes these condit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Muammar Gaddafi | The early 80s saw economic trouble in Libya; from 1982 to 1986, annual oil revenues dropped from $21 to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on Libya's largest and most expensive infrastructure project, the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Islamic State of Iraq | During 2007, US authorities and President George W. Bush strongly emphasized the role of "Al Qaeda (in Iraq)" in violence, insurgency and attacks on US troops, and the threat of them acquiring 'real power' in Iraq. While some 30 groups claimed responsibility for attacks on US troops and Iraqi government targets in an e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq |
BBC | There was a widely reported urban myth that, upon resumption of the BBC television service after the war, announcer Leslie Mitchell started by saying, "As I was saying before we were so rudely interrupted ..." In fact, the first person to appear when transmission resumed was Jasmine Bligh and the words said were "Good ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC |
Sindhis | Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official institutional status and has plans to being promoted further. It is also spoken by a further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled language, without any state-level official status... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhis |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | In August 918, Salim led a night attack on Reggio Calabria, which was captured and sacked. In the following year, however, a truce was signed with Taormina and the other Byzantine strongholds of the Val Demone, possibly so that the Muslim forces could be concentrated on the Italian mainland. There an expedition of 20 s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
Al Shouf Cedar Nature Reserve | The Barouk mountain comprises rocks from the Pliocene which have undergone major tectonic movement that divided the mountains of Lebanon into two parallel parts; the eastern range is called the Anti-Lebanon, and the western range is called Mount Lebanon. The two mountain ranges are separated by the Beqaa Valley, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Shouf_Cedar_Nature_Reserve |
Reconquista | The Kingdom of Asturias was located in the Cantabrian Mountains, a wet and mountainous region in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. It was the first Christian power to emerge. The kingdom was established by a Visigothic nobleman, named Pelagius (Pelayo), who had possibly returned after the Battle of Guadalete in 711 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | Browne, Edward G. (2002). Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books. ISBN 978-81-87570-19-6.
Dols, Michael W. (1984). Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwan's Treatise 'On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt'. Comparative Studies of Health Systems and Medical Care. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04836-2.
Lecle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Supercars Championship | In the middle of 2008, a project led by Mark Skaife was organised by V8 Supercars to investigate future directions for the sport. The project had the primary objective of cutting costs to $250,000 per car through the use of control parts and to create a pathway for new manufacturers to enter the series, provided that t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercars_Championship |
Economic history of Somalia | Its socialist program in disarray and its alliance with the Soviet Union lost in the wake of the 1977-78 Ogaden War, Somalia once again turned to the West. Like most countries devastated by debt in the late 1970s, Somalia could rely only on the nostrums of the IMF and its program of structural adjustment.
In February 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia |
Sharia | The spread of codified state laws and Western-style legal education in the modern Muslim world has displaced traditional muftis from their historical role of clarifying and elaborating the laws applied in courts. Instead, fatwas have increasingly served to advise the general public on other aspects of Sharia, particula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Pepi I Meryre | In a long trend that began earlier in the Fifth Dynasty, the Old Kingdom Egyptian state was the subject of increasing decentralisation and regionalisation. Provincial families played an increasingly important role, marrying into the royal family, accessing the highest offices of the state administration and having a st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre |
Yahya al-Bahrumi | After the fall of the Islamist Morsi government in 2013, he and his family moved first to southern Turkey and then crossed the border into northern Syria, where jihadis and others were fighting the Syrian government. By now, Tania's ardor for jihad and obedience to her husband were waning in favor of a desire for a saf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya_al-Bahrumi |
History of agriculture | Records from the Warring States, Qin dynasty, and Han dynasty provide a picture of early Chinese agriculture from the 5th century BC to 2nd century AD which included a nationwide granary system and widespread use of sericulture. An important early Chinese book on agriculture is the Qimin Yaoshu of AD 535, written by Ji... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture |
2009 Jeux de la Francophonie | The opening ceremony began with performances from the Internal Security Forces marching band, as well as military formation displays by Lebanese Army soldiers. The ceremony was attended by delegates from 44 nations, including French Prime Minister François Fillon, Prince Albert of Monaco and Abdou Diouf, Secretary Gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Jeux_de_la_Francophonie |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | One of his first and most controversial measures to Islamize Pakistani society was the replacement of parts of the Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) with the 1979 "Hudood Ordinance." (Hudood meaning limits or restrictions, as in limits of acceptable behavior in Islamic law.) The Ordinance added new criminal offenses of adulter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq |
Balfour Declaration | The declaration was first endorsed by a foreign government on 27 December 1917, when Serbian Zionist leader and diplomat David Albala announced the support of Serbia's government in exile during a mission to the United States. The French and Italian governments offered their endorsements, on 14 February and 9 May 1918,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration |
Majida El Roumi | Majida graced the Paris Olympia stage twice, the first time in 1993 and the second time in 1998, sponsored by the Lebanese First Lady at that time, Mrs. Mona Herawi, Palais des Congrès de Paris in 1987, Palais des festivals et des congrès de Cannes, Salle Gaveau, the opening of Damascus Opera House in 2004, Athens Conc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majida_El_Roumi |
Islamic philosophy | The Muslim physician-philosophers, Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafis, developed their own theories on the soul. They both made a distinction between the soul and the spirit, and in particular, the Avicennian doctrine on the nature of the soul was influential among the Scholastics. Some of Avicenna's views on the soul included ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Mosul | The area where Mosul lies was an integral part of Assyria from as early as the 25th century BC. After the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC), which united all the peoples of Mesopotamia under one rule, Mosul again became a continuous part of Assyria proper from circa 2050 BC through the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire betw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul |
State religion | Israel: Since the Proclamation of Israeli independence in 1948, Judaism is defined in several of its laws as a "Jewish and democratic state" (medina yehudit ve-demokratit). However, the term "Jewish" is a polyseme that can describe the Jewish people as either an ethnic or a religious group. The debate about the meaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion |
Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati | Only 15 of the 65 works attributed to Abu Hayyan Athir al-Din Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Gharnati survive.
Tafsīr al-Baḥr al-Muḥīt (اتفسير البحر المحيط); 'The Explanation Ocean' (Bayrūt, Dār al-Fikr, 1992); archive.org (12 vols., in Arabic); commentary on the linguistic meanings of Quran, composed in collaboration with al-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati |
List of former Muslims | Abdul Rahman – Afghan convert to Christianity who escaped the death penalty because of foreign pressure.
Aben Humeya – (born Fernando de Valor) Morisco Chief who was crowned the Emir of Andalusia by his followers and led the Morisco Revolt against Philip II of Spain.
Abo of Tiflis – Christian activist and the Patron Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims |
Suez Crisis | The nationalisation surprised Britain and its Commonwealth. There had been no discussion of the canal at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London in late June and early July.: 7–8 Egypt's action, however, threatened British economic and military interests in the region. Prime Minister Eden was under imme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Halabja massacre | The five-hour attack began in the evening of 16 March 1988, following a series of indiscriminate conventional (rocket and napalm) attacks. Iraqi Mig and Mirage aircraft began dropping chemical bombs on Halabja's residential areas, far from the besieged Iraqi army base on the outskirts of the town. According to regional... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_massacre |
Mohammed VI of Morocco | The 2011 Moroccan protests, led by the 20 February Movement, were primarily motivated by corruption and general political discontentment, as well as by the hardships of the global economic crisis. The demonstrations were influenced by then-recent revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt which overthrew their respective leaders... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco |
Yemenite Jews | During the British Mandate of Palestine, the total number of persons registered as immigrants from Yemen, between the years April 1939 – December 1945, was put at 4,554. By 1947, there were an estimated 35,000 Yemenite Jews living in Mandate Palestine. After the UN partition vote on Palestine, Arab rioters, assisted by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews |
List of museums of Egyptian antiquities | Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza, Egypt: Over 100,000 artifacts (due to being partly opened in 2018, currently housed in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo)
British Museum, London, England: Over 100,000 artifacts (not including the 2001 donation of the six million artifact Wendorf Collection of Egyptian and Sudanese Prehistory)
Ägy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_of_Egyptian_antiquities |
History of Syria | In 1919, a short-lived dependent Kingdom of Syria was established under Emir Faisal I of the Hashemite dynasty, who later became the king of Iraq. In March 1920, the Syrian National Congress proclaimed Faisal as king of Syria "in its natural boundaries" from the Taurus mountains in Turkey to the Sinai desert in Egypt. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Madinat al-Zahra | The structure known today as the "Upper Basilical Hall" has been identified, tentatively, as the Dar al-Jund ("House of the Army" in Arabic), a name mentioned in literary sources. It was probably built in the 950s during a new program of construction and state reform.
The exact function of this large structure is uncer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Hebron | Hebron is a leading commercial and industrial center in the Levantine region. The presence of minerals and resources in surroundings have increased the city's value. It emerged as in important trade hub in the West Bank. Hebron is most productive region in the country after Jerusalem–Bethlehem–Ramallah area. The H1 Are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron |
Zina | The public lashing punishment for fornication and adultery are also prescribed in Hadiths, the books most trusted in Islam after Quran, particularly in Kitab Al-Hudud.
'Ubada b. as-Samit reported: Allah's Messenger as saying: Receive teaching from me, receive teaching from me. Allah has ordained a way for those women.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina |
Azerbaijanis | The exact number of Azerbaijanis in Iran is heavily disputed. Since the early twentieth century, successive Iranian governments have avoided publishing statistics on ethnic groups. Unofficial population estimates of Azerbaijanis in Iran are around the 16% area put forth by the CIA and Library of Congress. An independen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis |
Adamawa Emirate | This position was inspired by the Vizier position of the Abbasid Caliphate. The position in Sokoto held considerable power and was second only to the Caliph. The Waziri, in Adamawa, was closely associated with the emirate's foreign affairs and its foreign visitors. Modibbo Abdullahi, a scholar from Wadai, acted as the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate |
Arab Jews | The Arabic al-Yahūd al-ʿArab and Hebrew Yehudim `Aravim literally mean 'Arab Jews', a phrasing that in current usage is considered derogatory by Israelis of Mizrachi origin. It is to be distinguished from a similar term that circulated in Palestine in late Ottoman times, when Arab Palestinians referred to their Jewish ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Jews |
Nizar Qabbani | At the age of fifteen, Qabbani’s sister died due to contested reasons. When asked whether he was a revolutionary, the poet answered: “Love in the Arab world is like a prisoner, and I want to set (it) free. I want to free the Arab soul, sense, and body with my poetry. The relationships between men and women in our socie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizar_Qabbani |
Middle Ages | In the post-Roman world, the fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes is well documented. Popular assemblies, which allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than had been common in the Roman state, developed into legislative and judicial bodies. Much of the scholarly and wri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
List of heads of state of Sudan | Since independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1956, six individuals (and three multi-member sovereignty councils) have served as head of state of Sudan, currently under the title President of the Republic of the Sudan. Prior to independence, Sudan was governed as a condominium by Egypt and the United Kingdom, under th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan |
Berber Revolt | The underlying causes of the revolt were the policies of the Umayyad governors in Kairouan, Ifriqiya, who had authority over the Maghreb (all of North Africa west of Egypt) and al-Andalus.
From the early days of the Muslim conquest of North Africa, Arab commanders had treated non-Arab (notably Berber) auxiliaries incon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_Revolt |
Sinai and Palestine campaign | General Allenby intended to follow the cutting of the Hedjaz Railway at Amman with an advance to Tulkarm and Nablus and despite the failure of the Amman attack proceeded with plans to capture Tulkarm.
Known by the Ottoman Army as the action of Berukin, the attack between 9 and 11 April, was planned to begin with the 75... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign |
United Arab Emirates | The harsh desert environment led to the emergence of the "versatile tribesman", nomadic groups who subsisted due to a variety of economic activities, including animal husbandry, agriculture and hunting. The seasonal movements of these groups led not only to frequent clashes between groups but also to the establishment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates |
Music of Jordan | Generally, there are two types of Jordanian music, each with unique platforms and various tracks: cheerful/fun/happy cultural songs and strong-meaning patriotic songs. Over the years, new varieties of singers and composers have emerged.
Jordan's music formed from the strong Bedouin and sub-Arabian area. It has a divers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Jordan |
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