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Muhammad | Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public; many of his first followers were women, freedmen, servants, slaves, and other members of the lower social class. These converts keenly awaited each new revelation from Muhammad; when he recited it, they all would repeat after him and memorize it, and the literate ones... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad |
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world | Islamic influence on Chinese astronomy was first recorded during the Song dynasty when a Hui Muslim astronomer named Ma Yize introduced the concept of seven days in a week and made other contributions.
Islamic astronomers were brought to China in order to work on calendar making and astronomy during the Mongol Empire a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Somali Armed Forces | The Transitional National Government of Somalia (TNG) was established in April–May 2000 at a peace conference held in Arta, Djibouti. It was militarily and politically opposed by the Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council, which was formed by faction leaders including Hussein Mohamed Farrah Aidid and Mohamed Dh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces |
Israeli cuisine | Chicken is the most widely eaten meat in Israel, followed by turkey. Chicken is prepared in a multitude of ways, from simple oven-roasted chicken to elaborate casseroles with rich sauces such as date syrup, tomato sauce, etc.
Examples include chicken casserole with couscous, inspired by Moroccan Jewish cooking, chicken... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_cuisine |
Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) | The ED was preceded by the Jemdet Nasr and then succeeded by the Akkadian period, during which, for the first time in history, large parts of Mesopotamia were united under a single ruler. The entirety of the ED is now generally dated to approximately 2900–2350 BC according to the widely accepted middle chronology or 28... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia) |
Algerian People's National Army | The army is under the control of the president, who also is the minister of National Defence. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency estimated that military expenditures accounted for some 6% of GDP in 2019.
Before 1984, the armed forces had relied on the secretary general of the Ministry of National Defence to coordinat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army |
Sunni Islam | The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi, also known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah (People of the Prophet's Way and the Community) is a Sunni revivalist movement following the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, and Maturidi and Ashʿari schools of theology with hundreds of millions of followers.
The movement is moderate form o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Naoum Mokarzel | Mokarzel's approach to the Arab American community's other newspapers was contentious and confrontational, and he accused the editors of the other newspapers lacking integrity and professional ethics. The most frequent targets of Mokarzel's attacks were Kawkab America and Al-Islah (The Reform). Mokarzel posited ever si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoum_Mokarzel |
Zār | For zār bori, a diagnosis of possession should be publicly affirmed before a curative rite occurs. The possessed may be informed of it while attempting previous treatments outside of zār, or they may be diagnosed by a sitt al-'ilba (lady of the box, referring to incense, who may also be a shaykha). The latter will take... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%81r |
Islam in China | In the 1900s decade, its estimated that there were 20 million Muslims in China proper (that is, China excluding the regions of Mongolia and Xinjiang). Of these, almost half resided in Gansu, over a third in Shaanxi (as defined at that time) and the rest in Yunnan.
The Qing dynasty fell in 1912, and the Republic of Chin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China |
Black September | Jordan feared foreign intervention in the events in support of the fedayeen; this soon materialized on 18 September after a force from Syria with Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) markings marched towards Irbid, which the fedayeen had declared a "liberated" city. The 40th Armoured Brigade managed to block the Syrian forc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September |
Valley of Peace initiative | The idea for this project began in 2005, when Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority asked the World Bank to analyze the feasibility of the idea.
In July 2006, Japan announced a plan for peace called "Corridor for Peace and Prosperity", which would be based on common economic development and effort, rather than o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Peace_initiative |
Hanbali school | Sufism, often described as the inner mystical dimension of Islam, is not a separate "school" or "sect" of the religion, but, rather, is considered by its adherents to be an "inward" way of approaching Islam which complements the regular outward practice of the five pillars; Sufism became immensely popular during the me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school |
Bukhara | Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum
The Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum (Uzbek: Boboyi Poradoʻz maqbarasi) is a monument of architecture in Bukhara Region. The mausoleum was built in the 19th century and is located behind the Salakhona gate. Today the mausoleum is located opposite the Ibn Sina Library of Bukhara. The mausoleum is includ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara |
Sudanese Armed Forces | The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement which ended the second civil war, stated that "... there shall be formed Joint/Integrated Units during the Pre-Interim and Interim Period from the SAF and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). ... These shall form the nucleus of the future Sudanese National Armed Forces, shou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces |
Punic people | The destruction of Carthage did not mean the end of the Punic people. After the wars, the city of Carthage was completely razed and the land around it was turned into farmland for Roman citizens. There were, however, other Punic cities in northwest Africa, and Carthage itself was rebuilt and regained some importance, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_people |
Kanem–Bornu Empire | Although the dynasty ended, the kingdom of Kanem–Bornu survived. Umar eschewed the title mai for the simpler designation shehu (from the Arabic shaykh), could not match his father's vitality, and gradually allowed the kingdom to be ruled by advisers (wazirs). Bornu began a further decline as a result of administrative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire |
Mass executions in Islamic State-occupied Mosul | 8 February: Islamic State executed over 300 police and army personnel, as well as civil activists by a firing squad in Mosul, Iraq.
5 March: 132 people are executed by a Sharia court.
29 March: An IS member beheaded an element of the Peshmerga in Mosul.
21 April: Islamic State executed two of its elements and three civ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_executions_in_Islamic_State-occupied_Mosul |
Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt | After allowing discipline at the southern forts to deteriorate, the government eventually withdrew its garrisons and, not long afterward, the forts were reoccupied by the rising Nubian state of Kush. In the north, Lower Egypt was overrun by the Hyksos, a Semitic people from across the Sinai. An independent line of king... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt |
Islamic art | Calligraphic design is omnipresent in Islamic art, where, as in Europe in the Middle Ages, religious exhortations, including Qur'anic verses, may be included in secular objects, especially coins, tiles and metalwork, and most painted miniatures include some script, as do many buildings. Use of Islamic calligraphy in ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art |
French invasion of Egypt and Syria | Rumours became rife as 40,000 soldiers and 10,000 sailors were gathered in French Mediterranean ports. A large fleet was assembled at Toulon: 13 ships of the line, 14 frigates, and 400 transports. To avoid interception by the British fleet under Nelson, the expedition's target was kept secret. It was known only to Bona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria |
Umayyad Caliphate | Umar's successor, Uthman ibn Affan, was a wealthy Umayyad and early Muslim convert with marital ties to Muhammad. He was elected by the shura council, composed of Muhammad's cousin Ali, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, all of whom were close, early companions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Haim Watzman | Tom Segev, A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019
Hillel Cohen, Year Zero of the Israel-Arab Conflict, Brandeis University Press, 2015
Itamar Radai, Palestinians in Jerusalem and Jaffa, 1948. Routledge Studies in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2015
Tuvia Friling, A Jewish Kapo in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Watzman |
Mithridates I of Parthia | Since the early 2nd century BC, the Arsacids had begun adding obvious signals in their dynastic ideology, which emphasized their association with the heritage of the ancient Achaemenid Empire. Examples of these signs included a fictitious claim that the first Arsacid king, Arsaces I (r. 247–217 BC) was a descendant of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia |
Banu Kilab | The historian Andrew Cappel notes that the Kilabi clans which entered Syria in the 10th century came with independent leaderships and were not subject to a higher tribal authority. Zakkar writes that the entry of the new Kilabi tribesmen "no doubt had some considerable effect on the life and organization of the whole b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kilab |
Shamash | In the Sumerian myth Gilgamesh and Humbaba, Enkidu tells Gilgamesh that he should ask Utu for permission before they embark on the journey to Humbaba's dwelling. After learning that Gilgamesh wants to acquire fame because he knows he will not live forever, Utu grants him seven constellations (described as zoomorphic cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash |
Saudi Arabia | During the 1970s, cinemas were numerous in the kingdom although they were seen as contrary to Wahhabi norms. During the Islamic revival movement in the 1980s, and as a political response to an increase in Islamist activism including the 1979 seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the government closed all cinemas and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Ancient Egyptian race controversy | The Black Egyptian hypothesis is the hypothesis that ancient Egypt was a "Black", homogeneous civilization. At a UNESCO symposium in 1974 there was consensus that Ancient Egypt was indigenous to Africa.
However, Diop's hypothesis that Ancient Egypt was a "Black" civilization was met with "numerous objections" in 1974 w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy |
Umayyad Mosque | Damascus was conquered from the Mamluks by the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim I in 1516. The first Friday prayer performed in Selim's name in the Umayyad Mosque was attended by the sultan himself. The Ottomans used an endowment system (waqf) for religious sites as a means to link the local population with the centra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque |
North Africa | The most notable nations of antiquity in western North Africa are Carthage, Numidia and Mauretania. The Phoenicians colonized much of North Africa including Carthage and parts of present-day Morocco (including Chellah, Essaouira and Volubilis). The Carthaginians were of Phoenician origin, with the Roman myth of their o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa |
Ancient Egypt | Early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull and had mastered advanced forms of shipbuilding as early as 3000 BC. The Archaeological Institute of America reports that the oldest planked ships known are the Abydos boats. A group of 14 discovered ships in Abydos were constructed of wooden planks "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt |
Assyria | In the Old Assyrian period, when Assyria was merely a city-state centered on the city of Assur, the state was typically referred to as ālu Aššur ("city of Ashur"). From the time of its rise as a territorial state in the 14th century BC and onward, Assyria was referred to in official documents as māt Aššur ("land of Ash... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria |
Sharia | The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought the topic of Sharia to international attention in the form of numerous political campaigns in the Muslim world calling for full implementation of Sharia. A number of factors have contributed to the rise of these movements, classified under the rubric of Islamism or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Madinat al-Zahra | The House of the Water Basin (Vivienda de la Alberca in Spanish) is a structure located south of the Court of the Pillars. It was part of a complex of residences which stood between the Dar al-Mulk and the Salon Rico. The house is believed to date from the first years of construction at Madinat al-Zahra, although parts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Mosaic | With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic |
History of Somalia | Islam was introduced to the northern Somali coast early on from the Arabian peninsula, shortly after the hijra (aka migration to Abyssinia). Zeila's two-mihrab Masjid al-Qiblatayn dates to the 7th century, and is the oldest mosque in Africa. In the late 9th century, Al-Yaqubi wrote that Muslims were living along the no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia |
Assyrian people | Assyrians belong to various Christian denominations, such as the Syriac Orthodox Church, which has over 1 million members around the world, the Chaldean Catholic Church, with about 600,000 members, the Assyrian Church of the East, with an estimated 400,000 members, and the Ancient Church of the East, with some 100,000 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Approximations of π | Further progress was not made for nearly a millennium, until the 14th century, when Indian mathematician and astronomer Madhava of Sangamagrama, founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, found the Maclaurin series for arctangent, and then two infinite series for π. One of them is now known as the Madha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80 |
Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz | Starting at the end of the war, Hussein found himself in severe conflict with Britain's views on the subject of Palestine. In January and February 1918, Hussein received the Hogarth Message and Bassett Letter in response to his requests for an explanation of the Balfour Declaration and Sykes-Picot Agreement respectivel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz |
Mostafa Madbouly | On 7 June 2018, President Sisi appointed Madbouly as Prime Minister, succeeding Sherif Ismail who had resigned in the wake of Sisi's re-election in the controversial presidential election. On 9 June, Prime Minister Madbouly reshuffled Egypt's cabinet, replacing eight ministers. It was also reported the same day that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Madbouly |
Culture of Somalia | Mohammed Abdullah Hassan fought colonialists with the Dervishes during the Scramble for Africa.
Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman (1841–1907) - Sultan of the Habr Yunis and one of the founders of the Somali Dervish movement
Haji Sudi - One of the founding members of the Dervish movement and Second in command after Mohamed Abdullah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia |
Islam in the United States | On the morning of April 5, 1865, near the end of the American Civil War, Union troops commanded by Col. Thomas M. Johnston set ablaze the University of Alabama; a copy of the Quran known as The Koran: Commonly Called The Alcoran was saved by one of the university's staff.
Estimates ranging from a dozen to two hundred a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States |
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt | The last pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, Psamtik III, was defeated by Cambyses II at the Battle of Pelusium in the eastern Nile delta in May of 525. Cambyses was crowned pharaoh in the summer of that year at the latest, beginning the first period of Persian rule over Egypt, known as the 27th Dynasty. Egyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt |
Mamluk Sultanate | The Mamluk sultan was the supreme government authority, while he delegated power to provincial governors known as nuwwab al-saltana (deputy sultans, sing. na'ib al-saltana). The vice-regent of Egypt was the top na'ib, followed by the na'ib of Damascus, then Aleppo, then the nuwwab of al-Karak, Safed, Tripoli, Homs and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Fatimid Caliphate | After al-Aziz's unexpected death, his young son al-Mansur, 11 years old, was installed on the throne as al-Hakim. Hasan ibn Ammar, the leader of the Kalbid clan in Egypt, a military veteran, and one of the last remaining members of al-Mu'izz's old guard, initially became regent, but he was soon forced to flee by Barjaw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Halfaya Pass | In World War II, the engineered route up the escarpment had been destroyed and the pass had great strategic importance. The only ways westwards into Libya were to assault the pass or to out-flank it to the south.
After the defeat of the Italian Tenth Army on 7 February 1941 during Operation Compass, the Italians were r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfaya_Pass |
Islam and Mormonism | Both Mormonism and Islam forbid the drinking of alcoholic beverages. Both also offer their members a list of substances that are forbidden for consumption to believers.
Islamic jurisprudence specifies certain foods as being halāl, or lawful, and others as harām, or unlawful. These designations are based upon rules foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism |
List of Egyptian inventions and discoveries | Meninges:
Cerebrospinal fluid:
Paralysis:
Urinary incontinence: The management of urinary incontinence with pads is mentioned in the earliest medical book known, the Ebers Papyrus (1500 B.C).
Anatomy: In 1600 BCE, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian medical text, described the heart, its vessels, liver, spleen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_inventions_and_discoveries |
Abdel Halim Hafez | In the very beginning, Abdel Halim worked as a teacher of music at schools in Tanta and El-Mahalla El-Kubra. While singing in clubs in Cairo, Abdel Halim was drafted as a last-minute substitute when the singer Karem Mahmoud was unable to sing a scheduled live radio performance in 1953. Abdel Halim's performance was hea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Halim_Hafez |
Roman Syria | Syria was annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC, when Pompey the Great had the Seleucid king Antiochus XIII Asiaticus executed and deposed his successor Philip II Philoromaeus. Pompey appointed Marcus Aemilius Scaurus to the post of governor of Syria.
Following the fall of the Roman Republic and its transformation int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria |
Blue Mosque, Istanbul | The mosque's interior is dominated by its dome and cascading semi-domes. The main dome reaches a height of 43 metres (141 ft). The weight of the dome is supported by four massive cylindrical pillars. The transition between the central dome and the pillars is achieved by four long, smooth pendentives. Smaller pendentive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mosque,_Istanbul |
Israeli settlement | As early as September 1967, Israeli settlement policy was progressively encouraged by the Labor government of Levi Eshkol. The basis for Israeli settlement in the West Bank became the Allon Plan, named after its inventor Yigal Allon. It implied Israeli annexation of major parts of the Israeli-occupied territories, espe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Funerary art | Funerary art varied greatly across Chinese history. Tombs of early rulers rival the ancient Egyptians for complexity and value of grave goods, and have been similarly pillaged over the centuries by tomb robbers. For a long time, literary references to jade burial suits were regarded by scholars as fanciful myths, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerary_art |
Post-Islamism | The term was coined by Iranian political sociologist Asef Bayat, then associate professor of sociology at The American University in Cairo in a 1996 essay published in the journal Middle East Critique. Bayat used it to refer "to the pragmatist orientation of Iran’s leadership after the death of Khomeini".
Bayat descri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Islamism |
Al-Aqsa | Allan, J. W. (1991). "New Additions to the New Edition". Muqarnas. 8: 12–22. doi:10.2307/1523148. JSTOR 1523148.
Bacharach, Jere L. (1996). "Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage". Muqarnas Online. 13: 27–44. doi:10.2307/1523250. JSTOR 1523250.
Bell, H. I. (1908). "The Aphrodito Papyri". The J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa |
U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement | American-led Coalition forces participating in the 2003 invasion of Iraq were initially subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of their parent states. After the handover of sovereign power to an Iraqi administration, Coalition forces in Iraq were nominally subject to Iraqi jurisdiction, and operated without any Status o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement |
History of the Arabs | Several Arab entities flourished during middle and late Antiquity; these included kingdoms and confederations of tribes that dominated large swaths of land in the Arabian Peninsula, Levant and Mesopotamia.
In central Arabia and Iraq, the Lakhmids assumed leadership from the Tanukhids and established themselves as clie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs |
Al-Bayhaqi | Bayhaqi was a prominent prolific author in his time, having authored more than one thousand volumes according to Al-Dhahabi. Al-Dhahabi also said in Siyar A'lam al-Nubala': "Al-Bayhaqi’s writings are of great value and abundant in benefits. There are few who wrote as good as Imam Abu Bakr (al-Bayhaqi), so the world sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi |
Islam in Albania | In rural areas in northern Albania and southern Albania, relations between Muslim Albanians and Catholic Albanians or Muslim Albanians with Orthodox Albanians vary and are often distant with both Muslim and Christian communities traditionally living in separate villages and or neighbourhoods, even within cities. Variou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Albania |
Tyre, Lebanon | The first cinema in Tyre opened in the late 1930s when a café owner established makeshift film screenings. Hamid Istanbouli – a fisherman by profession, who was also a traditional storyteller (hakawati) and thus interested in cinema – projected films on the wall of a Turkish hammam. In 1939 the Roxy opened, followed in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon |
Palestinian art | In 1996, Said Abu Shakra, the third brother of the Abu Shakra family, founded in his hometown Umm el-Fahem the only art gallery for Palestinian and Arab art in Israel and has now plans for its extension. He wants to build a museum nearby the city which would be the first contemporary art museum of the Arab sector in Is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_art |
Piracy | The most widely recognized and far-reaching pirates in medieval Europe were the Vikings, seaborne warriors from Scandinavia who raided and looted mainly between the 8th and 12th centuries, during the Viking Age in the Early Middle Ages. They raided the coasts, rivers and inland cities of all Western Europe as far as Se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
17 July Revolution | Under the Presidency of Abdul Rahman Arif, who assumed power following the death of his brother Abdul Salam Arif in April 1966, the United States (U.S.) and Iraq developed closer ties than at any point since the 14 July Revolution of 1958. The Lyndon B. Johnson administration favorably perceived Salam Arif's willingnes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_July_Revolution |
Roman Syria | Syria was annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC, when Pompey the Great had the Seleucid king Antiochus XIII Asiaticus executed and deposed his successor Philip II Philoromaeus. Pompey appointed Marcus Aemilius Scaurus to the post of governor of Syria.
Following the fall of the Roman Republic and its transformation int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Syria |
Operation Infinite Reach | U.S. officials later acknowledged that the evidence cited by the U.S. in its rationale for the Al-Shifa strike was weaker than initially believed: The facility had not been involved in chemical weapons production, and was not connected to bin Laden. The $30 million Al-Shifa factory, which had a $199,000 contract with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach |
Execution of Saddam Hussein | Human Rights Watch issued a statement that the "execution follows a flawed trial and marks a significant step away from the rule of law in Iraq". Amnesty International issued a statement that it "opposed the death penalty in all circumstances but it was especially egregious when this ultimate punishment is imposed afte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein |
Wahhabism | The term "Wahhabism" has frequently been used by external parties as a sectarian and Islamophobic slur. The term used in this manner "most frequently used in countries where Salafis are a small minority" with the intent of "conjuring up images of Saudi Arabia" and foreign interference. Labelling by the term "Wahhabism"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Military history of Somalia | In 1920, the Dervish state collapsed after intensive British aerial bombardments, and Dervish territories were subsequently turned into a protectorate. The dawn of fascism in the early 1920s heralded a change of strategy for Italy, as the north-eastern sultanates were soon to be forced within the boundaries of La Grand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia |
Anglo-Egyptian War | The reasons why the British government sent a fleet of ships to the coast of Alexandria is a point of historical debate. In their 1961 essay Africa and the Victorians, Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher argue that the British invasion was ordered to quell the perceived anarchy of the ‘Urabi Revolt, as well as to protec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War |
Gulf Cooperation Council | Abramson, Seth (3 September 2019). Proof of Conspiracy: How Trump's International Collusion Is Threatening American Democracy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-25671-3.
Bianco, C. (2020a). The GCC monarchies: Perceptions of the Iranian threat amid shifting geopolitics. The International Spectator, 55(2), 92–107.
Bian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council |
Alid dynasties of northern Iran | Hasan ibn Zayd, adopted the regnal name al-Da'i ila'l-Haqq (864–884). He was forced to abandon Tabaristan briefly for Daylam in 869 and 874 due to invasions
Muhammad ibn Zayd, also adopted the regnal name al-Da'i ila'l-Haqq (884–900). Rule in Tabaristan proper was usurped by Abu'l-Husayn Ahmad ibn Muhammad for a few mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran |
Umayyad Caliphate | The Byzantine and Sassanid Empires relied on money economies before the Muslim conquest and that system remained in effect during the Umayyad period. Byzantine coinage was used until 658; Byzantine gold coins were still in use until the monetary reforms c. 700. In addition to this, the Umayyad government began to mint ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Banu Kalb | Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN 978-1-900934-13-8.
Athamina, Khalil (1994). "The Appointment and Dismissal of Khālid b. al-Walīd from the Supreme Command: A Study of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kalb |
Cremation | In the United States federal law does not dictate any container requirements for cremation. Certain states require an opaque or non-transparent container for all cremations. This can be a simple corrugated cardboard box or a wooden casket (coffin). Another option is a cardboard box that fits inside a wooden shell, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation |
Kerala | The Dutch in turn were weakened by constant battles with Marthanda Varma of the Travancore Royal Family, and were defeated at the Battle of Colachel in 1741. An agreement, known as "Treaty of Mavelikkara", was signed by the Dutch and Travancore in 1753, according to which the Dutch were compelled to detach from all pol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala |
Neriglissar | The Neo-Babylonian Empire reached the apex of its power during the reign of its second king, Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605–562 BC). During his rule, the empire consolidated its territories and army and established its hegemony over territories that had once belonged to the Neo-Assyrian Empire, defeated and destroyed by Neb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neriglissar |
1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine | Mishmar HaEmek is a kibbutz that was founded by Mapam in 1930, in the Jezreel Valley, close to the road between Haifa and Jenin that passes the Megiddo kibbutz. It is situated in a place that Haganah officers considered to be on one of the most likely axes of penetration for a 'major Arab attack' against the Yishuv.
On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Islamic garden | In the Ottoman era, Ottoman sultans and elites built various palaces, leisure kiosks, and garden estates along the shores of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara around Constantinople (Istanbul). Unlike Mughal and Safavid gardens where strict geometry and symmetry was observed, the royal gardens in Topkapı Palace (the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_garden |
Doll | During the 19th century, dolls' heads were often made of porcelain and combined with a body of leather, cloth, wood, or composite materials, such as papier-mâché or composition, a mix of pulp, sawdust, glue and similar materials. With the advent of polymer and plastic materials in the 20th century, doll making largely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll |
Volubilis | Much of Volubilis was excavated by the French during their rule over French Morocco between 1912 and 1955, but the excavations at the site began decades earlier. From 1830, when the French conquest of Algeria began the process of extending French rule over much of northern, western and central Africa, archaeology was c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volubilis |
History of Syria | Hafez al-Assad died on 10 June 2000, after 30 years in power. Immediately following al-Assad's death, the Syrian Parliament amended the constitution, reducing the mandatory minimum age of the President from 40 to 34. This allowed Bashar Assad to become eligible for nomination by the ruling Ba'ath party. On 10 July 2000... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Kharijites | In addition to their insistence on rule according to the Qur'an, the view common to all Kharijite groups was that any Muslim was qualified to become caliph, regardless of origin, if he had the credentials of belief and piety. They rejected Qurayshite descent or close kinship with Muhammad as a prerequisite for the offi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Islam in Pakistan | The Muslim League leadership, ulama (Islamic clergy) and Jinnah had articulated their vision of Pakistan in terms of an Islamic state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah had developed a close association with the ulama. When Jinnah died, Islamic scholar Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani described Jinnah as the greatest Muslim after the Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan |
Druze | The Druzites form a religious minority in Israel of more than 100,000, mostly residing in the north of the country. In 2004, there were 102,000 Druze living in the country. In 2010, the population of Israeli Druze citizens grew to over 125,000. At the end of 2018, there were 143,000 in Israel and the Israeli-occupied p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | In his reflections on art, Seyyed Hossein Nasr bases himself on "the traditional perspective which is by nature meta-historic and perennial". For him, all art "must convey the truth and beauty" and "a meaning that is ultimately universal" because it is independent of "the ego of the individual artist". He cites as exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia | The first steps towards building an institutionalised armed force for Saudi Arabia began in the 1940s, when Saudi regulars numbered perhaps 1,000–1,500, Gaub saying that officers mostly came from the Ottoman troops who had served the Sharif of Mecca before his being expelled in 1924. A Ministry of Defense was created i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Gog and Magog | Some time around the 12th century, the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel came to be identified with Gog and Magog; possibly the first to do so was Petrus Comestor in Historica Scholastica (c. 1169–1173), and he was indeed a far greater influence than others before him, although the idea had been anticipated by the aforemention... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_and_Magog |
Iraq–Turkey relations | Turkey's relationship with Iraq has shifted to a new era after the invasion of Iraq. In this era, the integrity of Iraq is as important as PKK problem for Turkey-Iraq relations. The status of Kirkuk and Turkoman populations' rights are the subtitles of the disputes. Before the invasion, Turkey was called for the invasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations |
Sasanian Empire | The second golden era began after the second reign of Kavad I. With the support of the Hephthalites, Kavad launched a campaign against the Romans. In 502, he took Theodosiopolis in Armenia, but lost it soon afterwards. In 503 he took Amida on the Tigris. In 504, an invasion of Armenia by the western Huns from the Cauca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Ancient Carthage | Although the Carthaginians retained the traditional Phoenician affinity for maritime trade and commerce, they were distinguished by their imperial and military ambitions: whereas the Phoenician city-states rarely engaged in territorial conquest, Carthage became an expansionist power, driven by its desire to access new ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen | A number of members of the dissolved parliament met in Aden on 15 February and declared it to be Yemen's new capital due to the "occupation" of Sana'a. They also called on the Gulf Cooperation Council to intervene with force against the Houthis. The leaders of the Aden, Lahij, and Mahrah governorates declared a joint "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen |
Khor Al Adaid | The British, after having conducted an investigation into these so-called piratical acts, concluded that the culprits were not the Bani Hajer, but the Al Murrah tribe; and that the Sheikh of Khor Al Adaid had not been implicated, but that "he was too weak to prevent his ports being made use of". Colonel Prideaux, who w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid |
Houthi takeover in Yemen | In the wake of the resignations, security officials in Aden and other southern cities reportedly declared they would no longer accept orders from Sana'a, with some reports indicating they would seek an independent south.
Thousands demonstrated in Aden, Al Hudaydah, Ibb and Taiz, among other cities, against the Houthi c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen |
Emirates (airline) | Emirates has experienced several aircraft incidents (none with passenger or crew fatalities).
On 9 April 2004, Emirates Flight 789, an Airbus A340-300 operating from Johannesburg to Dubai, sustained serious damage during takeoff when it overran runway 03L, striking runway 21R approach lights, causing four tires to bur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_(airline) |
Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon | With the defeat of the Ottomans in Syria, British troops, under General Sir Edmund Allenby, entered Damascus in 1918 accompanied by troops of the Arab Revolt led by Faisal, son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz. Faisal established the first new postwar Arab government in Damascus in October 1918, and named Ali Rikabi a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon |
Yusuf al-Qaradawi | After the September 11 attacks, al-Qaradawi urged Muslims to donate blood for the victims and said:
Islam, the religion of tolerance, holds the human soul in high esteem, and considers the attack against innocent human beings a grave sin; this is backed by the Qur'anic verse that reads: "Who so ever kills a human bein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi |
Roman Empire | Literature under Augustus, along with that of the Republic, has been viewed as the "Golden Age" of Latin literature, embodying classical ideals. The three most influential Classical Latin poets—Virgil, Horace, and Ovid—belong to this period. Virgil's Aeneid was a national epic in the manner of the Homeric epics of Gree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Justinian I | Barker, John W. (1966). Justinian and the Later Roman Empire. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299039448.
Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
Bury, J. B. (1958). History of the later... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I |
Anthony Reid (academic) | The Contest for North Sumatra: Atjeh, the Netherlands and Britain, 1858–1898. Kuala Lumpur, OUP/UMP, 1969. Reissued by University of Malaya Press, 1974; New edition University of Malaya Press, 2017.Indonesian translation as Asal Mula Konflik Aceh, Jakarta, Yayasan Obor, 2007.
The Indonesian National Revolution, 1945–... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic) |
One Thousand and One Nights | An example of the murder mystery and suspense thriller genres in the collection, with multiple plot twists and detective fiction elements was "The Three Apples", also known as Hikayat al-sabiyya 'l-maqtula ('The Tale of the Murdered Young Woman').
In this tale, Harun al-Rashid comes to possess a chest, which, when open... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
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