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Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) | Abd al-Karim Qasim promoted a civic Iraqi nationalism that recognized all ethnic groups such as Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, and Yazidis as equal partners in the state of Iraq, Kurdish language was not only formally legally permitted in Iraq under the Qassim government, but the Kurdish version of the Arabic alphabet was ad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968) |
Thutmose III | Thutmose III returned to Syria for his ninth campaign in his 34th year, but this appears to have been just a raid of the area called Nukhashshe, a region populated by semi-nomadic people. The plunder recorded is minimal, so it was probably just a minor raid. Records from his 10th campaign indicate much more fighting. B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III |
Story of Wenamun | It was once widely believed that the Story of Wenamun was an actual historical account, written by Wenamun as a report regarding his travels. However, literary analysis conducted by Egyptologists since the 1980s (Helck 1986) indicates that it is a work of historical fiction, a view now generally accepted by most profes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story_of_Wenamun |
Arab Christians | In December 2009, 122,000 Arab Christians lived in Israel, as Arab citizens of Israel, out of a total of 151,700 Christian citizens. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, on the eve of Christmas 2013, there were approximately 161,000 Christians in Israel, about 2 percent of the general population in Israel. 80... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians |
Bengal Sultanate | The absorption of Bengal into the Mughal Empire was a gradual process. It began with the defeat of Bengal forces under Sultan Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah by the first Mughal ruler Babur at the Battle of Ghaghra. The second Mughal ruler Humayun occupied the Bengal capital of Gaur during the invasion of Sher Shah Suri against... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate |
Druze | Christianity and Druze are Abrahamic religions that share a historical traditional connection with some major theological differences. The two faiths share a common place of origin in the Middle East and are both monotheistic.
The relationship between Druze and Christians has been characterized largely by harmony and p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Ilan Pappé | In 1999, Pappé ran in the Knesset elections as seventh on the Communist Party-led Hadash list.
After years of political activism, Pappé supports economic and political boycotts of Israel, including an academic boycott. He believes boycotts are justified because "the Israeli occupation is a dynamic process and it become... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9 |
Al-Aqsa | Allan, J. W. (1991). "New Additions to the New Edition". Muqarnas. 8: 12–22. doi:10.2307/1523148. JSTOR 1523148.
Bacharach, Jere L. (1996). "Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage". Muqarnas Online. 13: 27–44. doi:10.2307/1523250. JSTOR 1523250.
Bell, H. I. (1908). "The Aphrodito Papyri". The J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa |
Akhbari | The gist of Akhbari ideology is that nothing but the aḥadīth of the Infallible can serve as authoritative evidence in Islam.
Akhbaris consider themselves to be bounded by the "Hadith of the two weighty things" (Hadith ath-Thaqalayn), i.e. reported instructions by the Islamic prophet Muhammad to his followers to follow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbari |
Muammar Gaddafi | Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government impl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Ibn Butlan | Ibn Buṭlān was the favourite student of ibn al-Ṭayyib, a Church of the East leader, priest, and polymath, at al-ʿAḍudī Hospital. He taught him about philosophy and medicine. He instructed him in the works of Galen, Aristotle, and Hippocrates – additionally in those of Porphyry, Themistius, Pedanius Dioscorides, and mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan |
Fatwa | The basic prerequisite for issuing fatwas under the classical legal theory was religious knowledge and piety. According to the adab al-mufti manuals, a mufti must be an adult, Muslim, trusted and reliable, of good character and sound mind, an alert and rigorous thinker, trained as a jurist, and not a sinner. On a pract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa |
Ash'arism | Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī was born in Basra, Iraq, and was a descendant of Abū Mūsa al-Ashʿarī, which belonged to the first generation of Muhammad's closest companions (ṣaḥāba). As a young man he studied under al-Jubba'i, a renowned teacher of Muʿtazilite theology and philosophy. He was noted for his teachings on atomism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism |
Strait of Hormuz | Millennium Challenge 2002 was a major war game exercise conducted by the United States armed forces in 2002. According to a 2012 article in The Christian Science Monitor, it simulated an attempt by Iran to close the strait. The assumptions and results were controversial. In the article, Iran's strategy beats the materi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz |
Eid al-Fitr | In Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, Eid is more commonly known as Hari Raya Aidilfitri (Jawi: هاري راي عيدالفطري), Hari Raya Idul Fitri, Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Raya Fitrah or Hari Lebaran. Hari Raya means 'Great Day'.
It is customary for workers in the city to return to their home town to celebrate with their families ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr |
Bábism | Adamson, Hugh C. (2009). The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith. The A to Z Guide Series, No. 70. Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6853-3.
Afnan, Habibuʾllah (2008). Ahang Rabbani (ed.). The Genesis of the Bábí-Baháʼí Faiths in Shíráz and Fárs. Numen Book Series – Studies in the History of Religions -Texts and So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bism |
Coele-Syria | The governor of Syria retained the civil administration of the whole large province undiminished, and held for long alone in all Asia a command of the first rank. It was only in the course of the second century that a diminution of his prerogatives occurred, when Hadrian took one of the four legions from the governor o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coele-Syria |
Iranian architecture | The Islamic era began with the formation of Islam under the leadership of Muhammad in early 7th-century Arabia. The Arab-Muslim conquest of Persia began soon afterwards and ended with the region coming under the control of the Rashidun Caliphs, followed by the Umayyad Caliphs after 661. Early Islamic architecture was h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecture |
History of Zanzibar | On 10 December 1963, Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom as a constitutional monarchy under the Sultan. This state of affairs was short-lived, as the Sultan and the democratically elected government were overthrown on 12 January 1964 in the Zanzibar Revolution led by John Okello, a Ugandan citize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar |
Borders of Israel | On March 14, 1978, Israel launched Operation Litani, occupying the area south of the Litani River, excepting Tyre (see Map 5). In response to the invasion, the UN Security Council passed Council Resolution 425 and Resolution 426 calling for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon. Israeli forces withdrew later in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Israel |
Khoja | In 1845, Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh aka Āghā Khān I moved to India due to conflict with the Qajar dynasty in Persia. He settled in Bombay, which had the largest concentration of Khojas in India. For centuries the Khojas had been a self governing community with nominal allegiance to a distant Nizārī imām in Persia, but the newly-a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja |
Abraham in Islam | The Qur'an discusses a very short conversation between an unrighteous ruler and Abraham. Although the king in the Qur'an is unnamed, and this fact has been recognized as being least important in the narrative, outside of the Qur'an, namely in some of the tafasir, this king has been suggested to be Nimrod. The Tafsir by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam |
Qadiriyya | The founder of the Qadiriyya, Abdul Qadir Gilani, was a scholar and preacher. Having been a pupil at the madrasa of Abu Sa'id al-Mubarak, he became the leader of this school after al-Mubarak's death in 1119. Being the new sheikh, he and his large family lived in the madrasa until his death in 1166, when his son, Abdul ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya |
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | In 685/86 or 688, Abd al-Malik began planning the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Its dedication inscription mentions the year 691/92, which most scholars agree is the completion date of the building. It is the earliest archaeologically attested religious structure to be built by a Muslim ruler and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan |
Riba | Most Muslims and most "non-Muslim observers of the Islamic world" believe that interest on loans (also on bonds, bank deposits etc.) is forbidden by Islam. (Such loans—or banks that make them—are sometimes referred to as ribawi, i.e. carrying riba.) This "orthodox" position
is fortified by "voluminous and overwhelmin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riba |
Sharia | Westernization of legal institutions and expansion of state control in all areas of law, which began during the colonial era, continued in nation-states of the Muslim world. Sharia courts at first continued to exist alongside state courts as in earlier times, but the doctrine that sultanic courts should implement the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Saadi Sultanate | Following the assassination, Abdallah al-Ghalib succeeded his father as sultan. At the same time, three of his brothers – Abd al-Malik, Ahmad, and Abd al-Mu'min – fled the country in fear of assassination and took refuge with the Ottomans. (Though it is possible that Ahmad only fled much later, depending on which histo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Delhi | According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Delhi was the most polluted city in the world in 2014. In 2016, WHO downgraded Delhi to eleventh-worst in the urban air quality database. However, as recently as 2022, data from the WHO and IQAir, alongside comprehensive research, ranked Delhi as the fourth most pollute... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi |
Qarmatians | A change in leadership in Salamiyah in 899 led to a split in the movement. The minority Ismā‘īlīs, whose leader had taken control of the Salamiyah centre, began to proclaim their teachings that Imām Muḥammad had died and that the new leader in Salamiyah (Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah) was in fact his descendant come out of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmatians |
Tazkiyah | The level of human perfection is determined by discipline and effort. Man stands between two extremes, the lowest is below beasts and the highest surpasses the angels. Movement between these extremes is discussed by `ilm al-akhlaq or the science of ethics. Traditional Muslim philosophers believed that without ethics an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazkiyah |
Middle East | Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor (such as Gaza and Yemen) to extremely wealthy nations (such as Qatar and UAE). Overall, as of 2007, according to the CIA World Factbook, all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth.
According to the International Monetary Fund, the three l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East |
Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011) | During the civil war, brigades of armed volunteers sprang up around the country, reporting to local military councils, which became de facto local governments. Civilian leaders said that, after the declaration of liberation, the militias shifted from merely delaying the surrender of their weapons to actively asserting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011) |
Berbers | Numidia (202 – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom in modern Algeria and part of Tunisia. It later alternated between being a Roman province and being a Roman client state. The kingdom was located on the eastern border of modern Algeria, bordered by the Roman province of Mauretania (in modern Algeria and Morocco) to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers |
Romanticism | Romanticism began in Portugal with the publication of the poem Camões (1825), by Almeida Garrett, who was raised by his uncle D. Alexandre, bishop of Angra, in the precepts of Neoclassicism, which can be observed in his early work. The author himself confesses (in Camões' preface) that he voluntarily refused to follow ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism |
Fatimid Caliphate | In 975 the Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces retook most of Palestine and Syria, leaving only Tripoli in Fatimid control. He aimed to eventually capture Jerusalem, but he died in 976 on his way back to Constantinople, thus staving off the Byzantine threat to the Fatimids. Meanwhile, the Turkish ghulām (plural: ghilmān, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Indus Valley Civilisation | The religion and belief system of the Indus Valley people has received considerable attention, especially from the view of identifying precursors to deities and religious practices of Indian religions that later developed in the area. However, due to the sparsity of evidence, which is open to varying interpretations, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation |
Rape in Egypt | During the 2011–2014 Egyptian protests, rape had been carried out publicly due to lack of law and order.
CBS correspondent Lara Logan revealed in her 60 Minutes program that she and her CBS crew were arrested and detained for one night by the Egyptian Army on 3 February 2011, while covering the Egyptian Revolution. Sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt |
Islam | Through Muslim trade networks and the activity of Sufi orders, Islam spread into new areas and Muslims assimilated into new cultures.
Under the Ottoman Empire, Islam spread to Southeast Europe. Conversion to Islam often involved a degree of syncretism, as illustrated by Muhammad's appearance in Hindu folklore. Muslim ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Coptic language | There are some differences of opinion among Coptic language scholars on the correct phonetic interpretation of the writing system of Coptic. Differences centre on how to interpret the pairs of letters ⲉ/ⲏ and ⲟ/ⲱ. In the Attic dialect of Ancient Greek in the 5th century BC, the first member of each pair is a short clos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language |
Kaysites | For most their existence of the Kaysite state, the amirs recognized their stronger neighbors as suzerains, though often these declarations were only nominal and in effect the Kaysites were independent.
When Abu'l-Ward took control of Apahunik', the ostikanate of Arminiya was still extant. As a result, Abu'l-Ward, as wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaysites |
Hermetica | The Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa ("The Secret of Creation and the Art of Nature"), also known as the Kitāb al-ʿilal ("The Book of Causes") is an encyclopedic work on natural philosophy falsely attributed to Apollonius of Tyana (c. 15–100, Arabic: Balīnūs or Balīnās). It was compiled in Arabic in the late eighth ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetica |
History of Persian domes | The mass killings by Mongol and Timurid troops impeded developments in geometry between 1000 and 1400. The mathematician al-Kashi (1390-1450) further developed the Buzjani method for creating a variety of dome configurations using practical geometry. His book, Key of Arithmetic, included five methods of drawing an arch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes |
Kingdom of Jerusalem | John of Arsuf had died in 1258 and was replaced as bailli by Geoffrey of Sergines, Louis IX's lieutenant in Acre. Plaisance died in 1261, but as her son Hugh II was still underage, Cyprus passed to his cousin Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan, whose mother Isabella of Cyprus, Alice of Champagne and Hugh I of Cyprus' daughter an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem |
Dawson's Field hijackings | On 7 September 1970, the hijackers held a press conference for 60 members of the media who had made their way to what was being called "Revolution Airport". About 125 hostages were transferred to Amman, while the American, Israeli, Swiss, and West German citizens were held on the planes. Jewish passengers were also hel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Field_hijackings |
History of Algeria (1962–1999) | The historiography on this period, particularly for the 1960s and 1970s, is fairly limited. Most of the history on Algeria focuses on its anti-colonial struggle, with detailed events being discussed until 1962, when Algeria became independent. The literature on Algerian history typically considers its colonisation, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999) |
Imamate in Nizari doctrine | At al-Ghadir Khumm, by God's direct and emphatic command, Muhammad designated his cousin and son-in-law Ali—husband of his daughter Fatima-tz-Zahra—as his successor to his spiritual office as the first Imam in the continuing line of hereditary Imams and as his successor to his temporal office as the first Caliph of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine |
Deir el-Bahari | Mentuhotep II, the Eleventh Dynasty king who reunited Egypt at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, built a very unusual funerary complex. His mortuary temple was built on several levels in the great bay at Deir el-Bahari. It was approached by a 16-metre-wide (50-ft) causeway leading from a valley temple which no longe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari |
Bartella | The earliest known mention of Bartella was by Father Potrus Qasha in 1153, where he talked about Ignatius Elia'azar (1143-1164), the maphiryan of Ashur, making Bartella his home and see. Elia'azar reported directly to the Patriarch in Antioch, Syria. The congregation was upset with Elia'azar for changing the see locati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartella |
Zionism | With the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, Stalin reversed his long-standing opposition to Zionism, and tried to mobilize worldwide Jewish support for the Soviet war effort. A Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was set up in Moscow. Many thousands of Jewish refugees fled the Nazis and entered the Soviet Union during the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Sasanian Empire | In general, mass slavery was never practiced by the Iranians, and in many cases the situation and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were, in fact, better than those of the commoner. In Persia, the term "slave" was also used for debtors who had to use some of their time to serve in a fire-temple.
Some of the laws ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Tunisian Arabic | Before Tunisian independence, there was a large body of folk tales and folk poems in Tunisian Arabic. It was mainly an oral tradition, told by wandering storytellers and bards at marketplaces and festivals. The most important of these folktales are il-Jāzya il-hlālīya (الجازية الهلالية) and ḥkāyat ummī sīsī w il-ðīb (ح... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic |
Irgun | The Irgun's first steps were in the aftermath of the Riots of 1929. In the Jerusalem branch of the Haganah there were feelings of disappointment and internal unrest towards the leadership of the movements and the Histadrut (at that time the organization running the Haganah). These feelings were a result of the view tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irgun |
Persian carpet | Rug design can be described by the way the ornaments are arranged within the pile. One basic design may dominate the entire field, or the surface may be covered by a pattern of repeating figures.
In areas with traditional, time-honoured local designs, such as the Persian nomad tribes, the weaver is able to work from me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet |
Aghlabid architecture | Of the later royal city and residence of Raqqada, some remains have been partially excavated.: 25 It was located 4 kilometers south of Kairouan and remains have been found across a site of approximately 9 square kilometers, suggesting that the city grew fairly large.: 3 Fragments of carved stucco decoration similar t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghlabid_architecture |
1987 Tunisian coup d'état | During the night of 6 November 1987, a group of seven doctors signed a medical report attesting to the mental incapacity of Bourguiba. Political journalist Mezri Haddad summarised the report as follows:
Officially aged 84, Bourguiba fell asleep while receiving a foreign visitor. Influenced by those who coveted the pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Tunisian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Muslim world | Ankerl, Guy (2000) [2000]. Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 978-2-88155-004-1. OCLC 223231547.
Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (200... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world |
Khuzestan province | During the Iran–Iraq War, Khuzestan was the focus of the Iraqi invasion of Iran, leading to the flight of thousands of the province's residents. As a result, Khuzestan suffered the heaviest damage of all Iranian provinces during the war. Iraq's President Saddam Hussein felt confident that the Arab population of the Khu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_province |
Idris of Libya | On 24 December 1951, Idris announced the establishment of the United Kingdom of Libya from the al-Manar Palace in Benghazi. The country had a population of approximately one million, the majority of whom were Arabs, but with Berber, Tebu, Sephardi Jewish, Greek, Turkish, and Italian minorities. The newly established st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_of_Libya |
History of Algeria | The Greek historians referred to these peoples as "Νομάδες" (i.e. Nomads), which by Latin interpretation became "Numidae" (but cf. also the correct use of Nomades). Historian Gabriel Camps, however, disputes this claim, favoring instead an African origin for the term.
The name appears first in Polybius (second century ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria |
Lataif-e-Sitta | According to the view of the Kubrawi order there are seven lataif. They are understood cosmologically as "descending" levels through which reality is created and structured.
In the process of spiritual development, the individual Sufi is understood to "ascend" back through these levels progressively (see ontological Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta |
Alawi dynasty | At independence, the Moroccan makhzen (royal government) remained underdeveloped and urgent reforms were needed to resolve problems arising from decades of colonial rule.: 154 Political friction existed between the nationalist Istiqlal Party, which pushed for more democratic institutions, and the king, Mohammed V, who... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawi_dynasty |
Spread of Islam | It used to be argued that Zoroastrianism quickly collapsed in the wake of the Islamic conquest of Persia due to its intimate ties to the Sassanid state structure. Now however, more complex processes are considered, in light of the more protracted time frame attributed to the progression of the ancient Persian religion ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
Djibouti | The president, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, is the prominent figure in Djiboutian politics—the head of state and commander-in-chief. The president exercises their executive power assisted by their appointee, the Prime Minister, currently Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed. The Council of Ministers (cabinet) is responsible to and presid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti |
Abbasid Caliphate | Even by 820, the Samanids had begun the process of exercising independent authority in Transoxiana and Greater Khorasan, and the succeeding Saffarid dynasty of Iran. The Saffarids, from Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, and the Tulunids took control of most of Syria. The trend of weakening of the central power an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Lebanese Maronite Christians | The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator of the National Geographic Society's Genographic Project,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians |
Khartoum Resolution | The conference has affirmed the unity of Arab states, the unity of joint action and the need for coordination and for the elimination of all differences. The Kings, Presidents and representatives of the other Arab Heads of State at the conference have affirmed their countries' stand by an implementation of the Arab Sol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution |
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr | From the very beginning, al-Bakr's handling of Iraqi agriculture was handled with a populist touch. For instance, in 1969 the government cancelled all compensation for sequestered lands. This decree relieved the beneficiaries of the reform by removing the financial burden. Investments in agriculture increased, and by M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr |
Abraham | Abraham's story, like those of the other patriarchs, most likely had a substantial oral prehistory (he is mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel and the Book of Isaiah). As with Moses, Abraham's name is apparently very ancient, as the tradition found in the Book of Genesis no longer understands its original meaning (probably... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham |
2012–2013 Egyptian protests | On 1 February, protesters gathered in front of the presidential residence in Cairo and clashed with riot police officers. President Morsi blamed police officers due to clashes. One protester was shot and killed next to Ettehadiya Palace, and ninety one were injured around the country according to the official sources. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Egyptian_protests |
Maghrebi Arabs | Arab migration first started in 647 with the Arab conquest of the Maghreb under the Rashidun Caliphate, when Abdallah ibn Sa'd led the invasion with 20,000 soldiers from Medina in the Arabian Peninsula. The invasion swiftly took over Tripolitania and then defeated a much larger Byzantine army at the Battle of Sufetula ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabs |
Muhammad | Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public; many of his first followers were women, freedmen, servants, slaves, and other members of the lower social class. These converts keenly awaited each new revelation from Muhammad; when he recited it, they all would repeat after him and memorize it, and the literate ones... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad |
Farouk of Egypt | Farouk fled Egypt in great haste, and his abandoned possessions—including a huge collection of pornography—became objects of curiosity and ridicule. On his exile from Egypt, Farouk settled first in Naples, and later in Rome. At his first press conference on 30 July 1952, on the island of Capri, Farouk took questions in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt |
Sudan | In 1899, Britain and Egypt reached an agreement under which Sudan was run by a governor-general appointed by Egypt with British consent. In reality, Sudan was effectively administered as a Crown colony. The British were keen to reverse the process, started under Muhammad Ali Pasha, of uniting the Nile Valley under Egyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Roman Egypt | The authors of the New Testament do not record any missions of the apostles to Alexandria or any epistles to the Egyptians, though Egyptian and Alexandrian Jews in Jerusalem are mentioned in the Book of Acts.: 665 : 475–476 (Acts 2:10 and 6:9.) An Alexandrian Jew, Apollos, is recorded in the Book of Acts as speaking i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
2011 Bahraini uprising | According to the Gulf Daily News on 1 February 2012, King Hamad's media affairs adviser Nabeel Al Hamer revealed plans for new talks between the opposition and the government on his Twitter account. He said that talks with political societies "had already begun to pave the way clear for a dialogue that would lead to a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising |
Egypt | The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanid Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and
conquered by the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt |
Multinational Force in Lebanon | On February 15, 1983, the 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines relieved the 3rd Battalion, 8th Marines in the U.S. sector. When harsh winter weather with low temperatures, high winds, and deep snows threatened Lebanese villages high in the mountains northeast of Beirut, the Marines were asked by the Lebanese Government on Februa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon |
Anglo-Iraqi War | On 13 May, the first trainload of supplies, from Syria, arrived in Mosul via Turkey. The Iraqis took delivery of 15,500 rifles, with six million rounds of ammunition, 200 machine guns with 900 belts of ammunition, and four 75 mm field guns with 10,000 shells. Two additional deliveries were made on 26 and 28 May, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War |
Hamza ibn Ali | At that time, the Isma'ili movement (daʿwa), the state religion of the Fatimid Caliphate, was in turmoil due to the emergence of heterodox beliefs. These were propagated by al-Hasan ibn Haydara al-Farghani al-Akhram, an Isma'ili from the Farghana Valley. His teachings are only indirectly known, from the polemic writing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali |
Iraq Petroleum Company | The discovery hastened the negotiations over the composition of TPC, and on 31 July 1928 the shareholders signed a formal partnership agreement to include the Near East Development Corporation (NEDC), an American consortium of five large US oil companies that included Standard Oil of New Jersey, Standard Oil Company of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company |
Egyptian pound | Between 1837 and 1900, copper 1 and 5 para*, silver 10 and 20 para, 1, 5, 10 and 20 piastre (pt), gold 5pt, 10pt. and 20pt and E£1 coins were introduced, with gold 50 PT coins issued in 1839.
Copper 10 para coins were introduced in 1853, although the silver coin continued to be issued. Copper 10 para coins were again i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound |
Ikhwan | According to scholar David Commins, around 1913, the same time that Ibn Saud regained al-Hasa, there emerged in obscure circumstances a zealous movement known as the Ikhwan (Brethren). Salafi ulama went out to domesticate nomadic tribesmen, to convert them from idolatry to Islam and to make them soldiers for Saudi expa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwan |
Assyrian people | The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century Muslim conquest of Persia. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates by translating works of Greek philo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Human rights in Syria | The coup d'etat in 1963 staged by the Military Committee of the Syrian Ba'ath party overthrew the Second Syrian Republic headed by President Nazim al-Qudsi, ushering in decades-long Baathist rule. The new regime implemented social engineering policies such as large-scale confiscation of properties, state directed re-di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria |
Isma'ilism | The focus of Imam Aga Khan III's message was to promote the idea that women were free and independent. In a message to his followers in 1926, he proclaimed that:
"I do not want Ismaili women dependent on anyone—their parents, husbands, or anyone except God...I have no doubt that the whole spirit and teaching of my ance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Ablaq | The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, originally built in the late 7th century during the Umayyad period, features ablaq light and dark stone voussoirs in the arches of its inner colonnade. The origins of the marble ablaq treatments at the Dome of the Rock are controversial, with some scholars theorizing them to be from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaq |
Demon | Ideas of demons (often called Dīv/Dēw) in Armenia, Turkic countries, and Albania derive from Persian imagery. At this time, the demons are more anthropomorphized and morally complex than their original Persian counterparts (daeva).(p 37) However, a general negative association remains during the Islamic period.
Common ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon |
Báb | In his early writings (1844–1847), the Báb appears to identify himself as a gate (báb), a reference to the Four Deputies of the Hidden Imam, the last of whom went into occultation in 941 CE. In his later writings, the Báb more explicitly proclaimed his station as that of the Hidden Imam and a new messenger from God.
T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b |
Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa | The reasons for the lack of democratization in the Middle East are outlined by analysts such as Albrecht Schnabel, who says that a strong civil society is required to produce leaders and mobilize the public around democratic duties, but in order for such a civil society to flourish, a democratic environment and process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa |
Islamic architecture | The Anatolian Seljuks ruled a territory that was multi-ethnic and only newly settled by Muslims. As a result, their architecture was eclectic and incorporated influences from other cultures such as Iranian, Armenian, and local Byzantine architecture. In contrast with Seljuk constructions further east, Anatolian archite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Hammadid dynasty | Buluggin ibn Muhammad (r. 1055–1062), a subsequent Hammadid ruler, invaded northern Morocco in 1062 and briefly took Fez for a few months before being assassinated by his paternal cousin, An-Nasir ibn Alnas, who succeeded him as emir. The Hammadid empire peaked during al-Nasir's reign. Under his reign the Hammadids est... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty |
West Bank | Based on the number of quarries per km2 in Areas A and B, it is calculated that, were Israel to lift restrictions, a further 275 quarries could be opened in Area C. The World Bank estimates that Israel's virtual ban on issuing Palestinians permits for quarries there costs the Palestinian economy at least US$241 million... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank |
Geography of Lebanon | The area of Lebanon is 10,452 square kilometres (4,036 sq mi). The country is roughly rectangular in shape, becoming narrower toward the south and the farthest north. Its widest point is 88 kilometres (55 mi), and its narrowest is 32 kilometres (20 mi); the average width is about 56 kilometres (35 mi). Because Lebanon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon |
Sasanian Empire | The Sasanian kings were patrons of letters and philosophy. Khosrau I had the works of Plato and Aristotle, translated into Pahlavi, taught at Gundishapur, and read them himself. During his reign, many historical annals were compiled, of which the sole survivor is the Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan (Deeds of Ardashir), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
United Arab Emirates | The United Arab Emirates has a federal court system, and the emirates of Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah also have local court systems. The UAE's judicial system is derived from the civil law system and Sharia law. The court system consists of civil courts and Sharia courts. Sharia courts have exclusive jurisdictio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates |
Tradition (Perennialism) | According to Beverly J. Lanzetta, "tradition forms the backbone" of perennial philosophy. The term "tradition" as used by Nasr and other "traditionists" such as René Guénon, Frithjof Schuon, Titus Burckhardt, and Martin Lings, does not refer to custom, habit, or inherited patterns of life and thought. On the contrary, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition_(Perennialism) |
Ptolemy X Alexander I | In September 101 BC, Cleopatra disappears from official documents. Justin reports that Ptolemy X had her murdered, when he realised that she was intending to kill him. In October of the same year, Ptolemy married his niece Berenice III, daughter of Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra Selene and appointed her co-regent. Ptolemy X ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I |
Yahia Turki | Born in Istanbul to a Turkish mother and a Djerbian father, Turki studied first at Sadiki College and later at the Lycée Carnot de Tunis. At the same time, he attended a Koranic school, where his interest was piqued, for the first time, by the arrangement of form and colour on writing tablets. He pursued his secondary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahia_Turki |
Politics of the United Arab Emirates | Administratively, the UAE is a federation of seven emirates, each with its own ruler. The pace of local government reform in each emirate is set primarily by the ruler. Under the provisional constitution of 1971, each emirate reserves considerable powers, including control over mineral rights (notably oil) and revenues... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Al-Walid I | Al-Walid was born in Medina in c. 674, during the rule of Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. His father, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, was a member of the Umayyad dynasty. While Mu'awiya belonged to the Umayyads' Sufyanid branch, resident in Syria, al-Walid's family was part of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I |
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