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Egypt | Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1517, after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire. The defensive militarisation damaged its civil society and economic institutions. The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion. Portuguese trade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt |
Capture of Saddam Hussein | Bahrain: The official Bahrain News Agency quoted a foreign ministry spokesman who said [his capture] should restore unity and cohesion to the Iraqis, to build "a promising future in a prosperous Iraq enjoying security and co-operating with its neighbors to promote stability and development" in the region.
Egypt: Forei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein |
2011 Bahraini uprising | Prior to the outbreak of the larger scale protests and the first domestic crackdown, King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa made a series of announcements to appease protesters. The government was to give .د.ب 1,000 to each family, which was interpreted by Al Jazeera as a favour to all Bahraini citizens. The King also offered t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising |
United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 | PLO Executive Committee member Hanan Ashrawi said: "Israel, the United States and a handful of countries are on the wrong side of morality, the wrong side of justice and the wrong side of the law. [The UN vote would] begin a process of historical redemption and healing in Palestine." Hamas also backed the motion.
Israe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_67/19 |
Suez Crisis | On 1 August 1956, a tripartite meeting was opened at 10 Downing Street between British Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd, U.S. Ambassador Robert D. Murphy and French Foreign Affairs Minister Christian Pineau.
Almost immediately after the nationalisation, Eisenhower suggested to Eden a conference of maritime nations that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria | Since 2012, when the first YPG pockets appeared, Turkey had been alarmed by the presence of PKK-related forces at its southern border and grew concerned when the YPG entered into an alliance with the US to oppose ISIS forces in the region. The Turkish government refused to allow aid to be sent to the YPG during the Sie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria |
National Liberation Army (Libya) | No reliable estimate on the total strength of the Army exists. Training camps are being organized in Benghazi, Bayda and Ajdabiya attended by "thousands of men" according to a report of 3 to 6 March. The opposition force taking Brega and Ra's Lanuf during an advance of 2–4 March was estimated as numbering between 500 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Libya) |
Byzantine Empire | Byzantine science played an important and crucial role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance Italy. Many of the most distinguished classical scholars held high offices in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Imperial University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the Universit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire |
Khidr | In the Quran 18:65–82, Moses meets the Servant of God, referred to in the Quran as "one of our slaves whom We had granted mercy from Us and whom We had taught knowledge from Ourselves". Muslim scholars identify him as Khiḍr, although he is not explicitly named in the Quran and there is no reference to him being immorta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr |
Circassians | Small tribes or large clans that are included in one of the twelve Adyghe tribes:
The Circassian tribes can be grouped and compared in various ways:
The narrow Black Sea coast was occupied, from north to south by the Natukhai, Shapsug, and Ubykh. The main part of the Natukhai and Shapsug tribes were located in the no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians |
Fairuz | In the 1990s, Fairuz produced six albums (two Philemon Wahbi tributes with unreleased tracks included, a Zaki Nassif album, three Ziad Rahbani albums, and a tribute album to Assi Rahbani orchestrated by Ziad) and held a number of large-scale concerts, most notably the historic concert held at Beirut's Martyr's Square i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairuz |
Isis | Isis is treated as the mother of Horus even in the earliest copies of the Pyramid Texts. Yet there are signs that Hathor was originally regarded as his mother, and other traditions make an elder form of Horus the son of Nut and a sibling of Isis and Osiris. Isis may only have come to be Horus's mother as the Osiris myt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis |
Palestine Liberation Army | After its foundation, the PLA came to be used as political cover by its host governments, especially Syria. In course of the Black September of 1970, hastily repainted Syrian Army tanks under the command of the PLA were sent into Jordan to aid the Palestinian guerrillas against the Jordanian Armed Forces, probably with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army |
Ad-Dawhah (municipality) | In 1950, prior to the official establishment of Ad-Dawhah municipality, Phillip L. Plant, British adviser to the Emir, initiated the first municipal projects in Qatar. Starting with remodeling the old complex of the Old Amiri Palace, Plant then initiated the construction of a seaside road about a half-mile in length wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Dawhah_(municipality) |
Human rights in Tunisia | One group that has not benefited noticeably from the Tunisian revolution is LGBTQIA+ people. "While the fall of Ben Ali has afforded a greater space to free expression, not all Tunisian homosexuals are convinced things are headed in the right direction," reported the Tunisia Live website in January 2012. "Homosexuals i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tunisia |
Deriba (caldera) | Deriba contains two lakes, which are known as the "Deriba lakes". A 11.5-metre (38 ft) deep lake occupies the northeastern area of the caldera, and being located in the lowest part of the caldera floor it is the sink of Deriba. In 1918 it had dimensions of 1,230 by 1,780 metres (1,350 yd × 1,950 yd), but by 1964 the si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deriba_(caldera) |
Syria | Upheaval dominated Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s. In May 1948, Syrian forces invaded Palestine, together with other Arab states, and immediately attacked Jewish settlements. Their president Shukri al-Quwwatli instructed his troops in the front, "to destroy the Zionists". The Invasion purpose ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
Iturea | Several etymologies have been proposed for the name Iturea and much uncertainty still remains.
Based on the Septuagint translation of 1Ch 5:19 several commentators including Gesenius, John Gill and William Muir equated the Itureans with Jetur one of the former Hagrite encampments, named after a son of Ishmael. Later sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea |
Hijab | The issue of discrimination against Muslims affects Muslim women more due to the hijab making them more identifiable compared to Muslim men. Particularly after the September 11 attacks and the coining of the term Islamophobia, some of Islamophobia's manifestations are seen within the workplace. Women wearing the hijab ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijab |
Hizb ut-Tahrir | Regarding non-Muslims living under Islam, the British HT media Information Pack describes its position as a "matter of public record", and will follow the teachings of Muslims scholars who call for Muslims to "take care of their [non-Muslim] weak, fulfil the needs of the poor, feed the hungry, provide clothes, address ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir |
Tajine | According to Rebecca Jones, in the 1990s, the late Dr Vivien Swan identified pottery from various sites on Scotland's Antonine Wall, built by the Numidian governor of Roman Britain, Quintus Lollius Urbicus, of a North African style, one being a casserole dish that may have been a precursor to the modern tajine. Fragmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajine |
Mu'awiya I | The surviving Muslim histories originated in Abbasid-era Iraq. The compilers, the narrators from whom the stories were collected, and the overall public sentiment in Iraq were hostile to the Syria-based Umayyads, under whom Syria was a privileged province and Iraq was locally perceived as a Syrian colony. Moreover, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I |
Abdülmecid I | Abdülmecid had at least nineteen sons:
Murad V (21 September 1840 - 29 August 1904) - with Şevkefza Kadın. 33rd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin (22 April 1842 - 27 April 1845) - with Nesrin Hanim. Buried in the Yeni Cami.
Abdülhamid II (21 September 1842 - 10 February 1918) - with Tirimüjgan Kad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I |
African humid period | High latitude Africa has not undergone large scale changes in the past 11,700 years; the Atlas Mountains may have blocked the monsoon from expanding further north. However, river valley and cave deposits showing a moister climate in southern Morocco, increased precipitation in the Algerian highlands, vegetation changes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period |
Mark Sykes | Born in Westminster, London, Mark Sykes was the only child of Sir Tatton Sykes, 5th Baronet, who, then a 48-year-old wealthy bachelor, married Christina Anne Jessica Cavendish-Bentinck, 30 years his junior. Several accounts suggest that his future mother-in-law essentially trapped Sir Tatton Sykes into marrying Christi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sykes |
Zayyanid architecture | It is the royal palace and the main headquarters of the sultans of the Zayyanid dynasty. It was built by Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan and later expanded by Abu Hamu Musa I, who added some facilities to it. One of the most important historical texts that mentioned the palace of El Mechouar is the precise description given by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayyanid_architecture |
Human rights in Saudi Arabia | About 1,200 people fled Saudi Arabia and sought asylum in other countries in 2017, including many women fleeing forced marriages or abusive male family members. The Saudi government has frozen bank accounts, arrested family members, and revoked official documents in an attempt to get fleeing citizens to return to the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Pre-classical Arabic | The dialect of Yemen was very well represented
in the writings of the grammarians because of
the special interest it held for the scholars of
the 3rd and 4th centuries A.H., especially for
lexicographers like Ibn Durayd (d. 321/933)
and Našwàn (d. 573/1178). Although home
to a host of South Arabian dialects, Yemen
does... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic |
History of Tunisia | Tunis, the capital, has a population of about 700,000, and the second city of Sfax approximately 250,000. The population growth rate measured as births per female has fallen from 7 (1960s) to 2 (2007). Life expectancy is female 75, male 72. The religion is Muslim (98%), with 1% Christian, and 1% Jewish and other. Requi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia |
Saudi Arabian Army | The combat strength of the Saudi Army consists of four armoured, five mechanized, two light infantry brigades, one airborne brigade, the Al-Saif Al-Ajrab guard brigade, the Saudi Royal Guard Regiment (three battalions), three helicopter groups, and three artillery brigades. In 2004, it was reported that the RSLF deploy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army |
1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine | Operation Yevusi lasted two weeks, from 22 April 1948 to 3 May 1948. Not all objectives were achieved before the British enforced a cease-fire. A Palmach force occupied the strategically located San Simon monastery in Katamon. Arab irregulars attacked the monastery and a heavy battle evolved. Both sides had a lot of wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
West Bank | The future status of the West Bank, together with the Gaza Strip on the Mediterranean shore, has been the subject of negotiation between the Palestinians and Israelis, although the 2002 Road Map for Peace, proposed by the "Quartet" comprising the United States, Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations, envisi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank |
Middle East | The Middle East lies at the juncture of Africa and Eurasia and of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan, and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Bah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East |
Mali Empire | Kankan Musa, better known as Mansa Musa probably took power in approximately 1312, although an earlier date is possible. His reign is considered the golden age of Mali. He was one of the first truly devout Muslims to lead the Mali Empire. He attempted to make Islam the faith of the nobility, but kept to the imperial tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | The Metropolitan Museum owns one of the world's largest collection of works of art of the Islamic world. The collection also includes artifacts and works of art of cultural and secular origin from the time period indicated by the rise of Islam predominantly from the Near East and in contrast to the Ancient Near Eastern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Jabir ibn Hayyan | Although a significant number of the Jabirian treatises on alchemy and magic do survive, many of them are also lost. Apart from two surviving treatises (see immediately above), Jabir's many writings on other topics are all lost:
Catalogues (Kr. nos. 1–4): There are three catalogues which Jabir is said to have written ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan |
Coffeehouse | Coffeehouses in Egypt are colloquially called 'ahwah /ʔhwa/, which is the dialectal pronunciation of قَهْوة qahwah (literally "coffee") (see also Arabic phonology#Local variations). Also commonly served in 'ahwah are tea (shāy) and herbal teas, especially the highly popular hibiscus blend (Egyptian Arabic: karkadeh or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse |
Ogaden War | Following World War II, Somali leaders in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia repeatedly put forward demands for self-determination, only to be ignored by both Ethiopia and the United Nations. Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1950, as a result of the Paris Peace ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War |
Christopher Columbus | On 30 May 1498, Columbus left with six ships from Sanlúcar, Spain. The fleet called at Madeira and the Canary Islands, where it divided in two, with three ships heading for Hispaniola and the other three vessels, commanded by Columbus, sailing south to the Cape Verde Islands and then westward across the Atlantic. It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus |
Ancient Egyptian cuisine | Meat came from domesticated animals, game and poultry. This possibly included partridge, quail, pigeon, ducks and geese. The chicken most likely arrived around the 5th to 4th century BC, though no chicken bones have actually been found dating from before the Greco-Roman period. The most important animals were cattle, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine |
History of Kuwait | In the latter half of the eighteenth century, Kuwait gradually became a principal commercial center for the transit of goods between India, Muscat, Baghdad, Persia, and Arabia. By the late-1700s, Kuwait had already established itself as a trading route from the Persian Gulf to Aleppo. During the Persian siege of Basra ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kuwait |
Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād | One of Behzād's lasting influences stems from his proficient depiction of humans and other organic motifs, bringing new depths to his painting's narratives and characters. Behzād's human figures were less stiff in their stances and more dynamic in their movements, creating a greater sense of energy and emotions to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d |
Fidel Castro | Castro's primary residence was at Punto Cero, a large and vegetative estate approximately 6 km from the Palacio de la Revolution in the Siboney neighborhood. The main house is an L-shaped two-story family mansion with a 600-square-yard footprint, a 50-foot-long swimming pool, six greenhouses providing fruit and vegetab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro |
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait | In 1988, Iraq's Oil Minister, Issam al-Chalabi, strove for a reduction in the crude oil production quota of Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members to end the 1980s oil glut. Chalabi argued that higher oil prices would help Iraq to pay back its US$60 billion debt by increasing its revenues. How... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait |
Tourism in Lebanon | Old towns still form the center or core of many Lebanese cities and towns. The majority of these old towns dot the coastline of Lebanon, with only a small number of them found in the country's interior. This reflects the nature of the Lebanese people who were a maritime culture largely involved in trade and commerce.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Lebanon |
Arab nationalism | Rivalry for the leadership of the Arab world developed mostly between the political establishments of Iraq and Egypt in the period following the failure of Rashid Ali coup. Eden's stated support for increased Arab ties encouraged Nuri al-Said of Iraq to propose his own plan for Arab unity in January 1943, dubbed the "F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism |
Isma'ilism | Ismailism shares its beginnings with other early Shia sects that emerged during the succession crisis that spread throughout the early Muslim community. From the beginning, the Shia asserted the right of Ali, cousin of Muhammad, to have both political and spiritual control over the community. This also included his two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Northern bald ibis | Unlike many other ibises, which nest in trees and feed in wetlands, the northern bald ibis breeds on undisturbed cliff ledges, and forages for food in irregularly cultivated, grazed dry areas such as semi-arid steppes, and fallow fields. The close proximity of adequate steppe feeding areas to breeding cliffs is an impo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_bald_ibis |
Democratic confederalism | Created in the 1970s under the context of Cold War geopolitical bipolarity, the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) was initially inspired by national liberation movements across the planet, many of whom were influenced by Marxist–Leninist ideals and left-wing nationalism. Over the years, however, the PKK has distanced itse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_confederalism |
Byzantine Empire | The reign of Justinian I was a watershed in Byzantine history. Following his accession in 527, the law-code was rewritten as the influential Corpus Juris Civilis and Justinian produced extensive legislation on provincial administration; he reasserted imperial control over religion and morality through purges of non-Chr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire |
Abu Bakr al-Razi | Al-Razi was born in the city of Ray (modern Rey, also the origin of his name "al-Razi"), into a family of Persian stock and was a native speaker of Persian language. Ray was situated on the Great Silk Road that for centuries facilitated trade and cultural exchanges between East and West. It is located on the southern s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi |
Water scarcity | The increase in the number of people is increasing competition for water. This is depleting many of the world's major aquifers. It has two causes. One is direct human consumption. The other is agricultural irrigation. Millions of pumps of all sizes are currently extracting groundwater throughout the world. Irrigation i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity |
Marshall Hodgson | Though he did not publish extensively during his lifetime, he has become arguably the most influential American historian of Islam due to his three-volume The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, which The University of Chicago Press, in collaboration with Reuben Smith and other colleagues,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson |
Ali al-Hadi | A theological treatise on free will and various short texts are attributed to al-Hadi and quoted in Tuhaf al-uqul, a Twelver collection of hadiths. According to Mavani, most Shia hadiths about Khums are also attributed to al-Hadi and his predecessor, al-Jawad. Some regard Khums as an example of the Imams' discretionary... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi |
Etihad Rail | Stage Two opened on February 28, 2023. It will extend 605 kilometres (376 mi) from Ghuwaifat on the border with Saudi Arabia to Fujairah on the east coast.
Stage Two PMC & Engineering Contracts were awarded in 2018 to Egis Group and Jacobs Solutions Inc respectively, for development and supervision of the next phase fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etihad_Rail |
Zoroastrianism | Some scholars believe Zoroastrianism started as an Indo-Iranian polytheistic religion: according to Yujin Nagasawa, "like the rest of the Zoroastrian texts, the Old Avesta does not teach monotheism". By contrast, Md. Sayem characterizes Zoroastrianism as being one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world.
Zoro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism |
International propagation of Salafism | Despite this, some US journalists like the neo-conservative Lulu Schwartz (then known by the name Stephen Schwartz) presented an alternative view that argued for Wahhabi connections to Al-Qaeda. In June 2003, when the FBI had listed al-Qaeda as "the number one terrorist threat to the United States", Lulu Schwartz and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | After the initial Israeli aerial assault, Hamas quickly dispersed both its personnel and weapons and equipment. According to Human Rights Watch rockets from Gaza were fired from populated areas, an Islamic Jihad fighter said: "the most important thing is achieving our military goals.... We stay away from the houses if ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Muammar Gaddafi | Gaddafi rejected the secularist approach to Arab nationalism that had been pervasive in Syria, with his revolutionary movement placing a far stronger emphasis on Islam than previous Arab nationalist movements had done. He deemed Arabism and Islam to be inseparable, referring to them as "one and indivisible", and called... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Italian Tripolitania | The legacy of the unification of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica by the Italians in 1934 and their treatment of these regions throughout their fascist rule has been tied to the regionalism and conflict present in Libya today. The Italian colonial administration prioritised the economy and infrastructure in Tripolitania comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania |
First Sealand dynasty | Traditionally, all that was known about Sealand came from a few Kings List entries and the stray chronicle mention. It has been suggested that much of the writing in this period used waxed wooden boards, as a way of explaining the paucity of standard tablets found. Recently (2009) 450 published tablets mainly from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty |
Prehistoric Egypt | The Gerzean culture, from about 3500 to 3200 BC, is named after the site of Gerzeh. It was the next stage in Egyptian cultural development, and it was during this time that the foundation of Dynastic Egypt was laid. Gerzean culture is largely an unbroken development out of Amratian Culture, starting in the delta and mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt |
Nahda | Arab Christians played a crucial role in the Nahda movement. Their status as an educated minority enabled them to significantly influence and contribute to the fields of literature, politics, business, philosophy, music, theatre and cinema, medicine, and science. Damascus, Beirut, Cairo, and Aleppo were the main center... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahda |
Chinese Indonesian cuisine | The Indonesian Chinese cuisine also vary with locations. For example, in different parts of Java the dishes are adapted to local culture and taste, in return Chinese Indonesians residing in this region also had developed a taste for local cuisine. In central Java, the food tends to be much sweeter, while in West Java i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine |
Six-Day War | On the morning of 9 June, Israeli jets began carrying out dozens of sorties against Syrian positions from Mount Hermon to Tawfiq, using rockets salvaged from captured Egyptian stocks. The airstrikes knocked out artillery batteries and storehouses and forced transport columns off the roads. The Syrians suffered heavy ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict | The United States and Saudi Arabia have a strategic relationship that dates back to 1947.
When the Iranian Revolution occurred, revolutionaries began to support other uprisings and rebellions throughout the Muslim world, including in Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. Iran used this policy to undermine their sovereignty while f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict |
Cremation | In Europe, a movement to reintroduce cremation as a viable method for body disposal began in the 1870s. This was made possible by the invention of new furnace technology and contact with eastern cultures that practiced it. At the time, many proponents believed in the miasma theory, and that cremation would reduce the "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation |
Madrasa | In the Arabic language, the word madrasa (مدرسه) means any educational institution, of any description, (as does the term school in American English) and does not imply a political or religious affiliation, not even one as broad as Islam in the general sense. Madrasas often have varied curricula. A large misconception ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa |
Caliphate | With the exception of Zaidis, Shi'ites believe in the Imamate, a principle by which rulers are imams who are divinely chosen, infallible and sinless and must come from the Ahl al-Bayt regardless of majority opinion, shura or election. They claim that before his death, Muhammad had given many indications, in the hadith ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Lihyan | Scholars have long grappled to establish a reliable timeline for the kingdoms of Lihyan and Dadan; numerous attempts were made to construct a secure chronology, but none of them so far came to fruition. This important chapter in the region's history remains fundamentally obscured. The main source of information regardi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihyan |
Malacca | Before the arrival of the first sultan, the area that's now Malacca was a fishing village. Malacca was founded by Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah. He found his way to Malacca around 1402 where he found a good port—it was accessible in all seasons and on the strategically located narrowest point of the Strait o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca |
Bernard Lewis | Lewis writes of jihad as a distinct religious obligation, but suggests that it is a pity that people engaging in terrorist activities are not more aware of their own religion:The fanatical warrior offering his victims the choice of the Koran or the sword is not only untrue, it is impossible. The alleged choice—conversi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis |
Battle of Cape Ecnomus | The Roman fleet moved along the Sicilian coast in a compact formation. They were deployed in four squadrons, of unequal size. The first two squadrons (I and II) led the way, each arrayed in echelon, together forming a wedge. The squadron on the right was under Vulso and the squadron on the left under Regulus. The consu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus |
History of Islam | The study of the earliest periods in Islamic history is made difficult by a lack of sources. For example, the most important historiographical source for the origins of Islam is the work of al-Tabari. While al-Tabari is considered an excellent historian by the standards of his time and place, he made liberal use of myt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Madinat al-Zahra | According to historical sources the new palace-city was founded in 936. It was located about 5 km west of Cordoba. Abd ar-Rahman III's son, al-Hakam, the crown prince and his future successor, was entrusted to oversee the construction. The 16th-century writer Al-Maqqari cites a man named Maslama ibn 'Abdallah as the ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi | Muhammad Ahmad died of typhus a few months after his victory, leaving power to his three deputies, or Kalifas. Abd al-Rahman was born on 15 July 1885 in Omdurman, three weeks after his father's death. His mother was granddaughter of a former Sultan of Darfur, Mohammed al-Fadl. As a child, Abd al-Rahman's only formal ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Mahdi |
Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha | Another consequence of the 1919 Revolution was the announcement on 15 May 1919, by the British Government, that a mission would travel to Egypt “To enquire into the causes of the late disorder in Egypt and to report on [...] the form of the Constitution which, under the Protectorate, will be best calculated to promote ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Khalek_Sarwat_Pasha |
Faisal–Weizmann agreement | At the time the agreement was made, there had preceded it (apart from the Balfour Declaration) the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence, the Sykes–Picot Agreement, the Hogarth message, the Bassett Letter, the Declaration to the Seven and the Anglo-French Declaration. Of these, the Sykes–Picot Agreement had been made public b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_agreement |
Colonial empire | European:
Belgian Empire (1908–1962)
Possessions in Africa
Belgian Congo (1908–1960)
Ruanda-Urundi (1922–1962)
Possessions in Asia
Belgian concession of Tianjin (1902–1931)
British Empire (1707–1997/present)
Evolution of the British Empire; Angevin Empire; English colonial empire (1585–1707)
Possessions in Europ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_empire |
Kingdom of Galicia | The Age of Enlightenment arose during the 18th century in Europe, representing new interests in empirical ideas, in philosophy, political economy, and sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology. Thus began a renewal of interest in the historical personality, as well as the cultural and economic diversity, of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia |
Ashur-uballit II | In the beginning of the 7th century BC, Assyria was at the height of its power. The entire Fertile Crescent was under the rule of the Assyrian king and due to the flourishing of trade and culture, the era has been described as the Pax Assyriaca (a term coined to parallel the Pax Romana). By the end of the same century,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II |
Ali al-Rida | The motivations of al-Mamun for this appointment are not fully understood. At the time, he justified his decision by maintaining that al-Rida was the most suitable person for the caliphate. The reluctance of al-Rida in accepting this designation, however, might reflect his suspicion that al-Mamun had ulterior motives. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Rida |
Israel–Morocco relations | In September 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump announced he was seeking direct flights between Rabat and Tel Aviv.
On 10 December 2020, Donald Trump announced that Israel and Morocco had agreed to establish full diplomatic relations. Morocco then communicated to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu its recognition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_relations |
Kabyle language | Verbs are conjugated for three tenses: the preterite (past), intensive aorist (present perfect, present continuous, past continuous) and the future (ad+aorist). Unlike other Berber languages, the aorist alone is rarely used in Kabyle (in the other languages it is used to express the present).
"Weak verbs" have a prete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_language |
Marduk | In the Kassite period, theophoric names containing Marduk grew to over 10%, and the local temple to Marduk in Nippur was firmly integrated and well established. The Kassite kings sometimes gave Marduk pompous epithets, showing Marduk's growing popularity, however Enlil still ranks as the most important Mesopotamian god... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk |
2012–2013 Iraqi protests | By late December Prime Minister Maliki was claiming that the Ramadi protest camp had been turned into a headquarters for the leadership of al-Qaeda. Simultaneously the Iraqi army was conducting an offensive in Al Anbar Governorate against al-Qaeda.
On Saturday 28 December MP Ahmed al-Alwani was arrested in a raid on hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Iraqi_protests |
History of the Jews in Iraq | Before the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine vote, Iraq's prime minister Nuri al-Said informed British diplomat Douglas Busk "that he had nothing against Iraqi Jews who were a long established and useful community. He felt bound to tell me, however, that the Arab League meeting might decide that if a satisfac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq |
Reza Aslan | On 26 July 2013, Aslan was interviewed on Spirited Debate, a Fox News webcast by Chief Religion Correspondent Lauren Green about his book Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth. Green was "unsatisfied with Aslan's credentials," and she pressed Aslan, questioning why a Muslim would write about Jesus. Aslan answ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Aslan |
Ethics | Ethics, also called moral philosophy, is the study of moral phenomena. It is one of the main branches of philosophy and investigates the nature of morality and the principles that govern the moral evaluation of conduct, character traits, and institutions. It examines what obligations people have, what behavior is right... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics |
Ptolemy | Ptolemy wrote an astrological treatise, in four parts, known by the Greek term Tetrabiblos (lit. "Four Books") or by its Latin equivalent Quadripartitum.
Its original title is unknown, but may have been a term found in some Greek manuscripts, Apotelesmatiká (biblía), roughly meaning "(books) on the Effects" or "Outcome... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy |
Kerala | The maritime spice trade monopoly in the Arabian Sea stayed with the Arabs during the High and Late Middle Ages. However, the dominance of Middle East traders was challenged in the European Age of Discovery. After Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad, Kozhikode in 1498, the Portuguese began to dominate eastern shipping, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala |
Human history | When World War II ended in 1945, the United Nations was founded in the hope of preventing future wars, as the League of Nations had been formed following World War I. The United Nations championed the human rights movement, in 1948 adopting a Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Several European countries formed what... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history |
Tughlaq dynasty | After assuming power, Ghazi Malik renamed himself Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq – thus starting and naming the Tughlaq dynasty. He rewarded all those maliks, amirs and officials of Khalji dynasty who had rendered him a service and helped him come to power. He punished those who had rendered service to Khusro Khan, his predecesso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty |
Constitution of Sudan | On May 26, 2004, the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) signed the Protocol on Power Sharing, later part of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. The protocol provided for a National Constitutional Review Commission (NCRC) composed of representatives from the National Congress Party, SPLM, other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | On 11 December 1948, 12 months prior to UNRWA's establishment, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194 was adopted. The resolution accepted the definition of Palestinian refugees as "persons of Arab origin who, after 29 November 1947, left territory at present under the control of the Israel authorities and who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) | The deal was described on 5 July as including the creation of a "transparent and independent investigation" into the events that followed the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état, including the Khartoum massacre. On 8 July, Associated Press described the investigation as "Sudanese". The 17 July written political agreement stated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019%E2%80%932021) |
Gotarzes II | In c. 40 AD, the reigning Parthian king Artabanus II (r. 12–40) died, entrusting his realm to his son Vardanes I. However, the throne was seized by Gotarzes II, an adopted son of Artabanus II. Gotarzes had another of his brothers, Artabanus, along with his wife and child, executed shortly after. An uproar against this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotarzes_II |
History of the ancient Levant | The Romans gained a foothold in the region in 64 BC after permanently defeating the Seleucids and Tigranes. Pompey deposed the last Seleucid king Philip II Philoromaeus, and incorporated Syria into Roman domains. However, the Romans only gradually incorporated local kingdoms into provinces, which gave them considerable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant |
North Yemen civil war | Between 1962 and 1965 Britain engaged in covert operations in support of Royalist forces fighting the Egyptian backed Republican regime that had seized power in the Yemeni capital Sana'a in September 1962. Until the end of 1965, the British presence in Aden was considered of high interest to the United Kingdom, linked ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
Sky News | On 9 December 2016, Sky shareholder 21st Century Fox announced that it had made an offer to acquire the remainder of the company for £11.7 billion. The combination of Sky with Fox's other assets led to concerns that the Murdoch family would attain "material influence over news providers with a significant presence acro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News |
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