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LGBT rights in Egypt | During the 19th century, the Egyptian public considered homosocial and homosexual relations to be a normal occurrence. Khawalat were male cross-dressing dancers who performed in public celebrations. It was typical for khawalat to take the place of female dancers. Over time, khawalat has since turned into a derogatory t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt |
Khiamian culture | The Khiamian owes its name to the site of El Khiam, situated on banks of the Dead Sea, where researchers have recovered the oldest chert arrows heads, with lateral notches, the so-called "El Khiam points". They have served to identify sites of this period, which are found in Israel, as well as in Jordan (Azraq), Sinai ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khiamian_culture |
Almohad Caliphate | Most historical records indicate that the Almohads were recognized for their use of white banners, which were supposed to evoke their "purity of purpose". This began a long tradition of using white as main dynastic color in what is now Morocco for the later Marinids and Saadian sultanates. Whether these white banners c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Osman I | According to the Bektashi narration, whose accuracy cannot be confirmed since it was only mentioned in Bektashi sources, plus the fact that it did not enjoy much support from the majority of researchers, Ḥājī Baktāš Walī was one of the Wafā'īyyah tariqah dervishes, a Murid of Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī. Once Bābā Eliyās ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_I |
Christianity and Druze | The Shihab dynasty was an Arab family whose members served as the paramount tax farmers and local chiefs of Mount Lebanon from the early 18th to mid-19th century, during Ottoman rule. Their reign began in 1697 after the death of the last Ma'nid chief. In 1697, Amir Ahmad died without an heir, and the Druze notables ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze |
Water supply and sanitation in Jordan | Given the high water scarcity in Jordan, the average per capita use is lower than in most other countries. Water production before network losses is about 120 liters per person and day while actual consumption is close to 80 liters per capita and day. A survey of water consumption habits by households in Eastern Amman ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan |
Islamic influences on Western art | Western scholars of the 18–19th century, who generally preferred Classical art characterized Gothic art as "disorder[ed]”, causing several to draw similarities between Gothic and Islamic architecture. The theory that the Gothic architectural style was influenced by Islamic architecture was made widely known by Sir Chri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art |
Genetic history of the Middle East | Contamination from handling and intrusion from microbes create obstacles to the recovery of Ancient DNA. Consequently, most DNA studies have been carried out on modern Egyptian populations with the intent of learning about the influences of historical migrations on the population of Egypt.
In 1993, a study was performe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East |
Slavery in Palestine | Slaves were given tasks which were regarded as disdained and degrading to free Muslims, such as domestic servants, municipal services, industrial work, sex slaves (concubines), and farmhands and sharecroppers.
As commonly in other parts of the Muslim world, slaves were preferred to free employed people as domestic serv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine |
Muammar Gaddafi | In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalize relations. In September 2001, Gaddafi publicly condemned the September 11 attacks on the US by al-Qaeda, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the US-led War on Terror against militant Islamism. His governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Yemeni Air Force | On 19 March 2015, a first air raid against the internationally recognized Yemeni president Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi, indicated that at least some elements of the Yemeni Air Force had switched allegiance to fight alongside the Houthis rebels.
On 25 March 2015, two Yemeni Air Force aircraft, probably Su-22, took off from S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Air_Force |
Madinat al-Hareer | Projects such as Silk City are part of Kuwait Vision 2035. According to Kuwait Vision 2035, the northern region of Kuwait will be developed through the Northern Economic Zone (Bubiyan Island, Abdali, Subiya, and other areas in the northern zone). The northern zone entails developing mutually beneficial economic ties wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Hareer |
Zaydani Library | Moroccan demands for the return of this collection date back to the Saadi dynasty, beginning with Sultan Zaydan himself, followed by his son Sultan Al Walid. The sultans of the Alawite dynasty also expended great efforts to return the Zaydani Library. All of the Moroccan diplomats to Spain in the Alawite dynasty demand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydani_Library |
Murder of Yvonne Fletcher | Although there were rumours that four members of the embassy had been executed on their return to Libya, the reports were not considered reliable by the British government. The government did not try to re-open diplomatic relations with Libya for several years, and interaction between the two governments remained poor.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Yvonne_Fletcher |
Lebanese Civil War | Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah. 2020. Quagmire in Civil War. Cambridge University Press
Jean-Marc Aractingi, La Politique à mes trousses (Politics at my heels), Editions l'Harmattan, Paris, 2006, Lebanon Chapter (ISBN 978-2-296-00469-6).
Al-Baath wa-Lubnân [Arabic only] ("The Baath and Lebanon"), NY Firzli, Beirut, Dar-al-Tali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War |
Christianity and Druze | Abu Izzedin, Nejla M. (1993) [1984]. The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society (2nd ed.). Leiden and New York: Brill. ISBN 90-04-09705-8.
Aytekin, E. Attila (2012). "Peasant Protest in the Late Ottoman Empire: Moral Economy, Revolt, and the Tanzimat Reforms". International Review of Social History. 5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze |
Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s | On 6 February 1922, a group of Baharnah attacked a fidawi who according to Daly had unlawfully beaten and arrested one of their own in Manama. They released the detainee and staged a strike and some protests in Manama Souq that had brought it to a standstill. Mohammed Al Tajir stated that Baharnah strike was instructed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s |
Geography of Lebanon | Water is becoming a scarce resource in Lebanon due to climate change, which leads to different rainfall patterns as well as to inefficient methods of distribution within the country. Most of Lebanon's rainfall is in the four months of winter, but over the last 45 years, the Ministry of Environment (Lebanon) estimates t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Lebanon |
Israeli settlement | The Clinton Parameters, a 2000 peace proposal by then U.S. President Bill Clinton, included a plan on which the Palestinian State was to include 94–96% of the West Bank, and around 80% of the settlers were to be under Israeli sovereignty, and in exchange for that, Israel will concede some territory (so called 'Territor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | Prime Minister Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed; the democratic socialist's alliance who had previously allied with Bhutto began to diminish as time progressed. Initially targeting leader of the opposition Vali Khan and his opposition National Awami Party (NA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq |
United Arab Emirates | Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions or go on strike. Those who strike may risk prison and deportation, as seen in 2014 when dozens of workers were deported for striking. The International Trade Union Confederation has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that thousands of mig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates |
Kefaya | After the high-profile campaigns of 2005, Kefaya has found itself in the political doldrums. Its challenge became how to operate in what had apparently become a largely "apolitical society". A culture of fear remained among ordinary Egyptian people as a result of 53 years of bans on protests, along with crackdowns on a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefaya |
Slavery in the Trucial States | After World War II, there was a growing international pressure from the United Nations to end the slave trade. After the Independence of India in 1947, the British Foreign Office secured direct control over the Trucial States and for the first time considered itself to have sufficient control to enforce the laws agains... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Trucial_States |
Göbekli Tepe | The preliminary, now abandoned, stratigraphic model by Klaus Schmidt consisted of three architectural layers. The large circular enclosures were attributed to Layer III, dated to the 10th millennium BCE (PPNA). The smaller rectangular structures and the abandonment of the site were assigned to Layer II in the 9th mille... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe |
African art | Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. Their art revolves around Dogon religious values, ideals, and freedoms (Laude, 19). Dogon sculptures are not made to be seen publicly, and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families, sanctuaries, or kept with the Hogon (Laude, 20). The importance of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art |
Nabopolassar | With the war against Egypt over, and twenty years of near-constant warfare concluded, Nabopolassar stood victorious, having achieved all of his objectives. Nineveh no longer existed and Assyria would never rise again. The Egyptians no longer represented a threat and the only other major power in the Near East, the Mede... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar |
Egypt in World War II | By the start of the war, native power in Egypt was split in between King Farouk, and parliament, led by the conservative anti-Wafdist prime minister Ali Maher Pasha. Initially Maher obliged by the treaty; the Egyptian government broke off relations with Germany, confiscated German property, and interned German subjects... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II |
Arabian Peninsula | The seventh century saw the rise of Islam as the peninsula's dominant religion. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610, but migrated to Medina in 622. From there he and his companions united the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula |
List of Egyptian inventions and discoveries | Umbrella: the earliest known parasols in Ancient Egyptian art date back to the Fifth Dynasty, around 2450 BC. The parasol is found in various shapes. In some instances it is depicted as a flabellum, a fan of palm-leaves or coloured feathers fixed on a long handle, resembling those now carried behind the Pope in process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_inventions_and_discoveries |
Religion in Sudan | Islam is a monotheistic religion and insists that there can be no intercessors between an individual and God. Nevertheless, Sudanese Islam includes a belief in spirits as sources of illness or other afflictions and in magical ways of dealing with them. The imam of a mosque is a prayer leader and preacher of sermons. He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan |
Jair Bolsonaro | Amaral, Oswald E. "The Victory of Jair Bolsonaro According to the Brazilian Electoral Study of 2018." Brazilian Political Science Review (2020). 14 (1): e0004 -1/13 online
Bloch, Agata, and Marco Vallada Lemonte. "Introduction to the Meteoric Political Rise of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro Under a Crisis of the 'B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro |
Ismail al-Azhari | In 1954 al-Azhari became the Sudan's first prime minister. His government faced three major problems. The first was the critical constitutional question of Sudan's relationship with Egypt. It soon became clear that the Sudanese people did not want to be tied closely to Egypt, and in his greatest act of statesmanship al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Azhari |
Old Assyrian period | Assur in the Old Assyrian period was in many respects an oligarchy, where the king was a permanent, albeit not the only prominent, official in the city's politics. Unlike in later Assyrian periods, the Assyrian kings of the Old Assyrian period are not thought to have been autocrats (i.e. rulers with sole power), but ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
Poetry | Poetry is often separated into lines on a page, in a process known as lineation. These lines may be based on the number of metrical feet or may emphasize a rhyming pattern at the ends of lines. Lines may serve other functions, particularly where the poem is not written in a formal metrical pattern. Lines can separate, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry |
Approximations of π | Other formulae that have been used to compute estimates of π include:
Liu Hui (see also Viète's formula):
π
≈
768
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80 |
Baháʼí Faith in Lebanon | The first Baháʼís who came to present day Lebanon were Iranians who came in the 1870s. The founder of the Baháʼí Faith, Baháʼu'lláh, was exiled to Acre, which was at the time was part of the same Ottoman province, or vilayet, of Beirut.
In 1880, Baháʼu'lláh's son ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, visited Beirut at the invitation of Midhat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Lebanon |
Levantine cuisine | Baba ghanoush (بابا غنوج)—a dip made from baked, mashed eggplant mixed with lemon, garlic, olive oil and various seasonings
Chickpea salad or salatat hummus (سلطة حمص)—an Arab salad with cooked chickpeas, lemon juice, garlic, tahini, salt, olive oil, and cumin
Falafel (فلافل)—spiced mashed chickpeas formed into balls ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_cuisine |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | The Lebanese have been dealing with the Ottoman currency since the beginning of the Mutasarrifate era, and they called it the "El-lirah el-osmeliyyeh" or "Osmeliyyeh" for short, and the Ottoman lira was minted from gold and silver and divided into one hundred and sixty-two piasters. The population also dealt with the E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Jihad | According to some authors, the more spiritual definitions of jihad developed sometime after the 150 years of jihad wars and Muslim territorial expansion, and particularly after the Mongol invaders sacked Baghdad and overthrew the Abbasid Caliphate. The historian Hamilton Gibb states that "in the historic [Muslim] Commu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad |
Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War) | Scipio's position as the Roman commander in Africa was extended for a year in 146 BC, and in the spring he launched the final assault. It came from the harbour area and Hasdrubal, expecting it, set fire to the nearby warehouses. Despite this, a Roman advance party broke through to the military harbour and captured it. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War) |
Yasser Arafat | In August 1970, Arafat declared: "Our basic aim is to liberate the land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River. We are not concerned with what took place in June 1967 or in eliminating the consequences of the June war. The Palestinian revolution's basic concern is the uprooting of the Zionist entity from our la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat |
Louvre Abu Dhabi | The Louvre Abu Dhabi is a national museum of the UAE, overseen by the Abu Dhabi Department of Culture & Tourism. As of 2019, half of the museum's staff were UAE nationals.
Whereas the Louvre Abu Dhabi is an Emirati entity separate from the Louvre in Paris, the two are linked by a thirty-year agreement that was signed i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Abu_Dhabi |
Somali people | The Somali language (Af-Soomaali) is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. Its nearest relatives are the Afar and Saho languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages with academic studies dating from the 19th century.
The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One sourc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people |
Kharijites | According to Della Vida, despite its popular outlook, the Kharijite movement was not devoid of intellectualism. Wellhausen has argued that Kharijite dogmatism influenced the development of the mainstream Muslim theology, in particular their debates in relation to faith and deeds, and legitimate leadership. In Della Vid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Saddam Hussein | Saddam married his first wife and cousin Sajida Talfah (or Tulfah/Tilfah) in 1963 in an arranged marriage. Sajida is the daughter of Khairallah Talfah, Saddam's uncle and mentor; the two were raised as brother and sister. Their marriage was arranged for Saddam at age five when Sajida was seven. They became engaged in E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein |
Council of Arab Economic Unity | The Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) is a pan-Arab free trade zone that came into existence on 19 February 1997. It was founded by 14 countries: Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emirates. The formation of GAFTA followed the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Arab_Economic_Unity |
Umayyad Caliphate | Iraq remained politically unstable and the garrisons of Kufa and Basra had become exhausted by warfare with Kharijite rebels. In 694 Abd al-Malik combined both cities as a single province under the governorship of al-Hajjaj, who oversaw the suppression of the Kharijite revolts in Iraq and Iran by 698 and was subsequent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Salihids | Another Zokomid, Sabīṭ ibn al-Mundhir, served as a jābī (tax collector), charged with collecting taxes from the Arab tribes in Oriens on behalf of the Byzantine authorities. He may have been delegated this authority by King Dawud. This was significant, according to Shahid, because it sheds light on the "functions of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihids |
Ibn Taymiyya | In the 21st century, Ibn Taymiyya is one of the most cited medieval authors and his treatises are regarded to be of central intellectual importance by several Islamic revivalist movements. Ibn Taymiyya's disciples, consisting of both Hanbalis and non-Hanbalis, were attracted to his advocacy of ijtihad outside the estab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya |
Christian mission | By the 1870s, Protestant missions around the world generally acknowledged the long-term material goal was the formation of independent, self-governing, self-supporting, self-propagating churches. The rise of nationalism in the Third World provoked challenges from critics who complained that the missionaries were teach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission |
2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team | Insurance cost for cricket matches in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka rose.
The New Zealand team cancelled its December 2009 tour of Pakistan. Bangladesh also put off a scheduled tour by Pakistan to Bangladesh.
The Union Home Minister of India, P. Chidambaram, said that the Indian Premier League should consid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_attack_on_the_Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team |
Khuzestani Arabs | Since the 16th century, Khuzestan was slowly becoming arabized, due to new Arabic-speaking settlers arriving from Mesopotamia, such as the Banu Ka'b. Due to influx of Shia Arab tribes invited by the Safavids to act as a bulwark against the Ottoman Empire, the western part of Khuzestan became known as Arabestan. Accordi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabs |
Arabic | Arabic usually refers to Standard Arabic, which Western linguists divide into Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic. It could also refer to any of a variety of regional vernacular Arabic dialects, which are not necessarily mutually intelligible.Classical Arabic is the language found in the Quran, used from the pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Talia al Ghul | In Batman: Brotherhood of the Bat, Earth has been decimated by a plague unleashed by Ra's a decade or so before, prompting Ra's to claim Wayne Manor as his new base of operations; at this point, Bruce Wayne has been dead for some time under undisclosed circumstances, but Talia has been raising his son Tallant in secret... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia_al_Ghul |
Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq | Human rights organizations have documented government-approved executions, acts of torture and rape for decades since Saddam Hussein came to power in 1979 until his fall in 2003.
In 2002, a resolution sponsored by the European Union was adopted by the Commission for Human Rights, which stated that there had been no i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | At the time Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, al-Qarawiyyin worsened as a religious center of learning from its medieval prime, though it retained some significance as an educational venue for the sultan's administration. The student body was rigidly divided along social strata: ethnicity (Arab or Berber), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
Asoristan | During the Achaemenid (550–330 BCE) and Parthian Empires (150 BCE – 225 CE), Achaemenid Assyria had been known by the Old Persian name Athura. Asōristān, Middle Persian "land of Assyria", was the capital province of the Sasanian Empire and was called Dil-ī Ērānshahr, meaning "Heart of Iran". The city of Ctesiphon serve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoristan |
Idries Shah | In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Shah came under attack over a controversy surrounding the 1967 publication of a new translation of Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat, by Robert Graves and Shah's older brother, Omar Ali-Shah. The translation, which presented the Rubaiyat as a Sufi poem, was based on an annotated "crib", suppose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idries_Shah |
Sayyid Qutb | In spite of opposition from its moderate factions, the mainstream of Muslim Brotherhood that adheres to Hassan al-Banna's school of thought continues to extoll Qutb as "al-Shahid al-Hayy" (the living martyr). The Muslim Brotherhood also has militant Qutbist factions under its umbrella that continues to popularise Qutb'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb |
Marwan I | By early 684, Marwan was in Syria, either at Palmyra or in the court of Yazid's young son and successor, Mu'awiya II, in Damascus. The latter died several weeks into his reign without designating a successor. The governors of the Syrian junds (military districts) of Palestine, Homs and Qinnasrin subsequently gave their... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_I |
Israeli–Palestinian peace process | In February 2020, on the sidelines of the Munich Security Conference, the foreign ministers of Egypt, France, Germany and Jordan, the Munich Group, together discussed peace efforts. In July, the same quartet issued a statement declaring that "any annexation of Palestinian territories occupied in 1967 would be a violati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process |
Dracaena cinnabari | The unique flora and fauna of the Socotra Archipelago are in a World Heritage Site and a Global 200 ecoregion. It is a Centre of Plant Diversity and an Endemic Bird Area. Socotra also lies within the Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspot. There are multiple efforts that are being developed to help create and support a su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena_cinnabari |
Abbas the Great | After the queen's death, Hamza Mirza, aged eleven, was proclaimed crown prince. The Qizilbash found no reason to fear a child. So they took control over the realm while fighting among themselves over the division of power. The conflict was most intense at the court in Qazvin and in Khorasan, where Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great |
Constantine the Great | Constantine recognised the implicit danger in remaining at Galerius' court, where he was held as a virtual hostage. His career depended on being rescued by his father in the West. Constantius was quick to intervene. In the late spring or early summer of 305, Constantius requested leave for his son to help him campaign ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great |
First Sealand dynasty | Al-Zubaidi, Ahmed K. Taher, and Mohammed S. Attia, "A Cylinder Seal From TELL Abu Al-Dhahab Dated To THE First Sealand Dynasty (1740–1374 BC)", IRAQ 83, pp. 13-24, 2021
Boivin, Odette, "Kār-Šamaš as a South-Western Palace Town of the Sealand I Kingdom", NABU, pp. 162–64, 2015
Boivin, Odette, "Taxpayers and the Palace a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty |
Ptolemy VIII Physcon | Ptolemaic Egypt had a dynastic cult, which centred on the Ptolemaia festival and the annual priest of Alexander the Great, whose full title included the names of all the Ptolemaic ruling couples and appeared in official documents as part of the date formula. In October 170 BC when Ptolemy VIII first became co-regent w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon |
Arab culture | Social loyalty is of great importance in Arab culture. Family is one of the most important aspects of the Arab society. While self-reliance, individuality, and responsibility are taught by Arabic parents to their children, family loyalty is the greatest lesson taught in Arab families. "Unlike the extreme individualism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_culture |
Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan) | It was historically subject to raids by the Fur invaders from the neighboring region of Darfur. The khedive of Egypt made Bahr al Ghazal his province in 1864. Powerful native merchants, who set themselves up as princes complete with armies, emerged in the area. The most powerful of them, al-Zubayr, fought and defeated ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan) |
Islam in China | Bukhara and Samarqand were visited by Qiu Chuji. At the same time the Mongols imported Central Asian Muslims to serve as administrators in China, the Mongols also sent ethnic Han and Khitans from China to serve as administrators over the Muslim population in Bukhara and Samarqand in Central Asia, using foreigners to cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China |
Criticism of hadith | Against critics claims that oral transmission of hadith for generations allowed corruption to occur, conservatives argue that it is not oral transmission that is unreliable but written transmission. In fact oral transmission was "superior to isolated written documents" which had "little value" unless "attested by livi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith |
Sabkha | The origin and progression of coastal sabkha development at the southern shore of the Persian Gulf was first discussed in detail in the seminal paper by Evans et al. 1969. The southern shoreline of the Persian Gulf is a shallow, low-angle carbonate ramp characterised by an evaporitic supratidal system passing offshore,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabkha |
Al-Ghazali | Al-Ghazali's 11th century book titled
Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers")
marked a major turn in Islamic epistemology. The encounter with skepticism led al-Ghazali to investigate a form of theological occasionalism, or the belief that all causal events and interactions are not the product of materi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali |
Zionism | Some Christians actively supported the return of Jews to Palestine even prior to the rise of Zionism, as well as subsequently. Anita Shapira, a history professor emerita at Tel Aviv University, suggests that evangelical Christian restorationists of the 1840s "passed this notion on to Jewish circles". Evangelical Christ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Ifrane | The modern town of Ifrane was established by the French administration in 1929 on land expropriated from the inhabitants of the zâwiya. The town was to be a "hill station", a cool place for colonial families to spend the hot summer months, and it was initially planned according to the "garden city" model of urban desig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifrane |
Ramesses IV | Ramesses IV came to the throne in difficult circumstances. Ramesses III, his father, was assassinated by conspirators led by Tiye, one of his secondary wives, to establish Pentawer, her own son and Ramesses IV's half-brother, on the throne. Ramesses IV, however, was able to secure himself on the throne, and had the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_IV |
One Thousand and One Nights | Several tales in the One Thousand and One Nights use the self-fulfilling prophecy, as a special form of literary prolepsis, to foreshadow what is going to happen. This literary device dates back to the story of Krishna in ancient Sanskrit literature, and Oedipus or the death of Heracles in the plays of Sophocles. A var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Education in Saudi Arabia | In Saudi Arabia, private education is one of the elements supporting governmental education at all education levels. The General Department for Private Education at the Ministry of Education supervises private schools for boys and private schools for girls and government provides private schools with free textbooks and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia |
War in Darfur | Multiple casualty estimates have been published since the war began, ranging from roughly 10,000 civilians (Sudanese government estimate) to hundreds of thousands.
In September 2004, 18 months after the conflict began, the World Health Organization estimated that there had been 50,000 deaths in Darfur, mostly due to st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur |
Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad) | During the first half of al-Qa'im's long reign, hardly a day passed in the capital without turmoil. Frequently the city was left without a ruler; the Buwayhid Emir was often forced to flee the capital.
At this point, the caliph had "very limited personal resources at his command", but he had recovered a bit of power f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad) |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | Israeli operations labeled Dani and Dekel that broke the truce were the start of the third phase of expulsions. The largest single expulsion of the war began in Lydda and Ramla 14 July when 60,000 inhabitants of the two cities (nearly 8.6% of the whole exodus) were forcibly expelled on the orders of David Ben-Gurion an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
Battle of Mosul (2016–2017) | The involvement of Turkey in the operation has considerably strained its relations with Iraq. Turkey has 1,500 to 2,000 soldiers in Iraq, including 500 Turkish soldiers deployed to a base near Bashiqa, where they trained 1,500 Iraqi Sunni volunteers, mainly Turkmens, and Arabs to recapture Mosul from ISIL. Turkey's par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017) |
Slavery | In the early 17th century, the majority of the labour in Barbados was provided by European indentured servants, mainly English, Irish and Scottish, with African and native American slaves providing little of the workforce. The introduction of sugar cane in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Bellingcat | On 17 July 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, a passenger flight from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, was shot down while flying over eastern Ukraine. All 283 passengers and 15 crew members died after the Boeing 777 was hit by a burst of "high-energy objects".
In a press conference, Russian officials said Ukrainian forces ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingcat |
Siad Barre | Part of Barre's time in power was characterized by oppressive dictatorial rule, including persecution, jailing and torture of political opponents and dissidents. The United Nations Development Programme stated that "the 21-year regime of Siyad Barre had one of the worst human rights records in Africa." In January 1990,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siad_Barre |
2012 Bahrain Grand Prix | After using the "endurance circuit" in 2010, the series reverted to using the "Grand Prix" configuration for the 2012 race.
As the 2011 race was cancelled, the teams arrived in Bahrain with no data on how the Pirelli tyres introduced for the 2011 season would behave at the Sakhir circuit. Furthermore, Pirelli revised t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Bahrain_Grand_Prix |
Subdivisions of Egypt | Before the 1952 Egyptian revolution, state penetration of the rural areas was limited by the power of local notables. Under Nasser, land reform reduced those notables' socioeconomic dominance, and the peasants were incorporated into cooperatives which transferred mass dependence from landlords to the government. The ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt |
Mardin | Great Mosque (Ulu Cami) of Mardin: The historic main congregational mosque of the city, probably first built in the 1170s under the Artuqids. It was destroyed by artillery explosions during Rashid Pasha's siege of the city in the early 19th-century and rebuilt afterwards, probably along similar lines as the original bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin |
Islamic banking and finance | Muhammad El-Gamal argues that because Islamic financial products imitate conventional financial products but operate in accordance with the rules of shariah, different products will require additional jurist and lawyer fees, "multiple sales, special-purpose vehicles, and documentations of title". In addition there will... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Subsidy | Support for agriculture dates back to the 19th century. It was developed extensively in the EU and US across the two World Wars and the Great Depression to protect domestic food production, but remains important across the world today. In 2005, US farmers received $14 billion and EU farmers $47 billion in agricultural ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy |
United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon | By July 2006, UNIFIL's strength had dropped to its lowest, with only 1,980 personnel deployed. However, following the cease-fire, UNIFIL received a large number of reinforcements, up to 15,000 men, and heavy equipment. France committed to increase its complement from 400 to 2,000 men and send Leclerc heavy tanks and AM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon |
Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire | Ibrahim I had eight Haseki Sultans, the last of whom was also his legal wife, plus a number of known and unknown minor concubines:
All of Ibrahim's Hasekis received 1,000 aspers a day except for Saliha Dilaşub Sultan who received 1,300 aspers a day. Ibrahim gifted the incomes of Bolu, Hamid, Nicopolis Sanjaks, and Syri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Altava | Altava was located in western Mauretania Caesariensis on the Roman road from strategic Theveste to Numerus Syrorum (current Maghnia). Altava was a city populated mainly by Berbers under Septimius Severus, with a small Roman garrison. The garrison—according to historian M. Ruiu—was the Cohors II Sardorum and protected t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altava |
2015 Kuwait mosque bombing | The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant identified the bomber as Abu Suleiman al-Muwahhid, and said in a statement posted on social media that he had targeted a "temple of the rejectionists" – a derogative term used towards Shias. By the following day, Kuwaiti authorities had arrested several people in connection with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kuwait_mosque_bombing |
History of Syria | Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquered most of Syria in 1516 after defeating the Mamlukes at the Battle of Marj Dabiq near Aleppo. Syria was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918, although with 2 brief captures by the Iranian Safavids, notably under Shah Ismail I and Shah Abbas. Ottoman rule was not burdensome to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Odaenathus | Perhaps driven by a desire to take revenge for the destruction of Palmyrene trade centers and to discourage Shapur I from initiating future attacks, Odaenathus launched an offensive against the Persians. The suppression of Fulvius Macrianus' rebellion probably prompted Gallienus to entrust the Palmyrene monarch with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus |
History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes | Although the chronology is uncertain for some examples, domes continued to be built in Italy throughout the Middle Ages. Dome construction appears to have stopped in the city of Rome in the middle of the 5th century, but there are dozens of Italian examples outside of Rome from the next few centuries. Continuing from l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes |
Akbar | Akbar firmly entrenched the authority of the Mughal Empire in India and beyond, after it had been threatened by the Afghans during his father's reign, establishing its military and diplomatic superiority. During his reign, he created a secular and liberal government with an emphasis on cultural integration. He also int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar |
Lehi (militant group) | One of the most widely known acts of Lehi was the attack on the Palestinian-Arab village of Deir Yassin.
In the months before the British evacuation from Palestine, the Arab League-sponsored Arab Liberation Army (ALA) occupied several strategic points along the road between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, cutting off supplies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group) |
2003 invasion of Iraq | The main allegations were: that Saddam possessed or was attempting to produce weapons of mass destruction, which Saddam Hussein had used in places such as Halabja, possessed, and made efforts to acquire, particularly considering two previous attacks on Baghdad nuclear weapons production facilities by both Iran and Isra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world | 7th century
Ghazal: A form of Islamic poetry that originated from the Arabian Peninsula in the late 7th century.
8th century
Arabesque: The distinctive Arabesque style was developed by the 11th century, having begun in the 8th or 9th century in works like the Mshatta Facade.
Astrolabe with angular scale : The astrolab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
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