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Natural gas in Qatar | The government celebrated twenty years of independence in September 1991 with the start of phase one of the North Field development project. The gas project, in a 6000 km2 field off Qatar's northeast coast, is supervised by Bechtel based in the United States and by Technip in France. The project marks a major step in Q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Qatar |
History of Somalia | Sultan Muhammad was succeeded by his son Shams ad Din, while Emperor Baeda Maryam was succeeded by his son Eskender. During this time, period warfare broke out again between the two states and Emperor Eskender invaded Dakkar, where he was stopped by a large Adalite army, which destroyed the Solomonic army to such an ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Somalia |
Kalam cosmological argument | For physical evidence, Craig appeals to:
Scientific confirmation against a past-infinite universe in the form of the second law of thermodynamics.
Scientific evidence that the universe began to exist a finite time ago at the Big Bang.
The Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, a cosmological theorem which deduces that any unive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument |
Ibn al-Khatib | A detailed account of his demise was written down by Ibn Khaldun, a friend and admirer of his. As a loyal courtier of Muhammed V of Granada, Ibn al-Khatib was arrested in the wake of a 1359 coup by Muhammed's half-brother Ismail, and had his property confiscated. He was soon released due to interference by the Marinid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib |
Islamic State | From 2013 to 2019, ISIL was headed and run by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the Islamic State's self-styled Caliph. Before their deaths, he had two deputy leaders, Abu Muslim al-Turkmani for Iraq and Abu Ali al-Anbari (also known as Abu Ala al-Afri) for Syria, both ethnic Turkmen. Advising al-Baghdadi were a cabinet of senior ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State |
Human rights in Egypt | The Ministry of Health issued a decree in 1996 declaring female circumcision unlawful and punishable under the Penal Code, and according to UNICEF the prevalence of women who have had this procedure has slowly declined from a baseline of 97% of women aged 15–49 since 1995. According to a report in the British Medical J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt |
Somali Armed Forces | The shift in support by the Soviet Union during the Ogaden War motivated the Barre regime to seek allies elsewhere. The need for a rethink was emphasized by a failed coup d'état in 1978, which appears to have been poorly organised. Barre and his advisors eventually settled on the Soviet Union's Cold War arch-rival, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces |
Jonah | In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, naturalists, interpreting the Jonah story as a historical account, became obsessed with trying to identify the exact species of the fish that swallowed Jonah. In the mid-nineteenth century, Edward Bouverie Pusey, professor of Hebrew at Oxford University, claimed that the Boo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah |
Reason | There are many religious traditions, some of which are explicitly fideist and others of which claim varying degrees of rationalism. Secular critics sometimes accuse all religious adherents of irrationality; they claim such adherents are guilty of ignoring, suppressing, or forbidding some kinds of reasoning concerning s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason |
Gundeshapur | After his conquest of the Roman city of Antioch in 256, the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) Shapur I founded the city of Gundeshapur, situated between Susa and Shushtar. The city, constructed as a place to settle Roman prisoners of war, subsequently became a Sasanian royal winter residence and the capital of the Kh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundeshapur |
Islamic terrorism | In 2011, Mauritian shop-keeper Reaz Lauthan travelled to Syria to join Islamic State and participate in the war. In Mauritius Reaz Lauthan had established Al Muhajiroun, an organisation which promoted the relinquishment of Islamic traditions that originated from India. However Lauthan's group disintegrated and he made ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Placeholder name | "Ace" and "Acme" were popular in company names as positioning words in alphabetical directories. They were generic, laudatory of whatever products they were used to promote and appeared at the beginning of most alpha-sorted lists. ("Acme" is a regular English word from the Ancient Greek ἀκμή, akme meaning summit, high... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placeholder_name |
Middle Ages | The Merovingian kings customarily distributed Francia among their sons and destroyed their own power base with extensive land grants. In the northeastern Frankish kingdom of Austrasia, the Arnulfings were the most prominent beneficiaries of royal favour. As hereditary Mayors of the Palace, they were the power behind th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Dhu al-Qarnayn | The story of Dhu al-Qarnayn is related in chapter 18 of the Qur'an, al-Kahf, revealed to Muhammad when his tribe, Al-Quraysh, sent two men to discover whether the Jews, with their superior knowledge of the scriptures, could advise them on whether Muhammad was truly a prophet of God. The rabbis told the Quraysh to ask M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn |
Women in Islam | Interfaith marriages are recognized between Muslims and non-Muslim People of the Book (usually enumerated as Jews, Christians, and Sabians). Historically, in Islamic culture and traditional Islamic law Muslim women have been forbidden from marrying Christian or Jewish men, whereas Muslim men have been permitted to marr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
BBC | Broadcasting House in Portland Place, central London, is the official headquarters of the BBC. It is home to six of the ten BBC national radio networks, BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 1xtra, BBC Asian Network, BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, and BBC Radio 4 Extra. It is also the home of BBC News, which relocated to the building from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC |
Tabula Rogeriana | The book, written in Arabic, is divided into seven "climatic zones" each of which is subdivided into ten sections. Each section is given its two-page spread map, for a total of 70 maps. The maps are oriented with North at the bottom, South at the top, with Mecca in the middle. Each map was organized according to a coor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana |
Uganda–Tanzania War | Nyerere ordered Tanzania to undertake full mobilisation for war. At the time, the TPDF consisted of four brigades. Among them, only the Southern Brigade, which had just performed well in war games, was ready to be moved to the front line. It was headquartered in Songea, farther from Kagera than the other brigades. Afte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War |
Cleopatra | In modern times Cleopatra has become an icon of popular culture, a reputation shaped by theatrical representations dating back to the Renaissance as well as paintings and films. This material largely surpasses the scope and size of existent historiographic literature about her from classical antiquity and has made a gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Battle of Karbala | Shi'a Muslims consider pilgrimages to Husayn's tomb to be a source of divine blessings and rewards. According to Shi'a tradition the first such visit was performed by Husayn's son Ali Zayn al-Abidin and the surviving family members during their return from Syria to Medina. The first historically recorded visit is Sulay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala |
War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present) | Females as young as 12, have endured sexual violence, including rape and sexual slavery. The RSF and Arab militias were said to have committed sexual violence, targeting Sudanese and foreign women, especially Massalit and non-Arab women. Gender activist Muna Malik reported widespread atrocities, including rapes by Janj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present) |
1982 Lebanon War | Muslim forces were mostly Shiite organizations which joined forces with the more significant PLO during the initial invasion, but operated independently towards the end of 1982:
Amal Movement – Shia movement. Amal's fragmented nature was corroborated by the difference decisions in the Southern Lebanon and Beirut. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War |
Ibn al-Jazzar | Andalusian physician Ibn Juljul only knew Ibn Al Jazzar's biography from his student Ibn Bariq, who went to Qayrawan, Tunisia, to learn medicine. The writers of Tabakates, or "classes of famous men," generally considered writing only for Faquih, the benefactors and the saints. The information on Ibn Al Jazzar is contro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Jazzar |
Israeli occupation of the West Bank | In 1956, the Israeli leader David Ben-Gurion stated that: "Jordan has no right to exist. [...] The territory to the West of the Jordan should be made an autonomous region of Israel". There had been a very strong opposition to any "Balkanization" or division of Palestine, especially among American Zionists, in the mid-l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank |
Christianity in the Roman Africa province | The delimitation of the ecclesiastical boundaries of the African Church is a matter of great difficulty. Again and again the Roman political authority rearranged the provincial divisions, and on various occasions the ecclesiastical authorities conformed the limits of their respective jurisdictions to those of the civil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province |
Islamic republic | The creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran was a dramatic, historical event, following the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979 by the Islamic revolution led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. "Islamic" in the country's title was not a symbol of cultural identity, but indicated specific governmental system based on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_republic |
Yasser Arafat | Following the Suez Crisis in 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser agreed to allow the United Nations Emergency Force to establish itself in the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip, precipitating the expulsion of all guerrilla or "fedayeen" forces there—including Arafat. Arafat originally attempted to obtain a visa to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat |
Qatari clothing | Qatari women have historically utilized various materials to enhance their appearance. These materials, primarily sourced from the natural environment, have been in use in the Arabian Peninsula and its surrounding areas for centuries. Key materials for women's adornment include henna, derm (derived from an herb), harma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_clothing |
Roe deer | In England and Wales, roe deer have experienced a substantial expansion in their range in the latter half of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century. This increase in population also appears to be affecting woodland ecosystems. At the start of the 20th century, they were almost extirpated in Southern Engl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_deer |
Torture during the Algerian War | General Paul Aussaresses admitted in his 2001 book, "Services spéciaux, Algérie 1955–1957", to the systematic use of torture during the war. He confessed to having himself engaged in torture and having himself illegally executed 24 Algerians, under the orders of Guy Mollet's government. He also acknowledged the assassi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War |
Operation Defensive Shield | The Israeli–Palestinian conflict escalated during the Second Intifada. In January and February 2002, 71 people were killed on all sides during attacks from Palestinian terrorists and the Israeli army. March and April 2002 saw a dramatic increase in attacks against Israelis by Palestinian militants such as Hamas, Islami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield |
Khalid ibn al-Walid | The starting point of Khalid's general march to Syria was al-Hira, according to most of the traditional accounts, with the exception of al-Baladhuri, who places it at Ayn al-Tamr. The segment of the general march called the 'desert march' by the sources occurred at an unclear stage after the al-Hira departure. This pha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | Saudi-backed Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, running unopposed as the only candidate for president, won the 2012 Yemeni elections. Since August 2014, the Houthis (or Ansar Allah), a Zaidi Shia movement and militant group backed by Iran, dissatisfied with Hadi government's decisions and the new constitution, arranged mass protes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Hussein of Jordan | On 9 December 1987 an Israeli truck driver ran over four Palestinians in a Gaza refugee camp, sparking unrest that spread to violent demonstrations in the West Bank. What began as an uprising to achieve Palestinian independence against the Israeli occupation turned into an upsurge of support for the PLO, which had orch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan |
Positional notation | In mathematical numeral systems the radix r is usually the number of unique digits, including zero, that a positional numeral system uses to represent numbers. In some cases, such as with a negative base, the radix is the absolute value
r
=
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b
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
Arab League–Pakistan relations | Pakistan has a close and strong relationship with the Middle-Eastern region, particularly Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Lebanon, Kuwait, and Iraq . These ties were put to the test when a massive earthquake hit Pakistan's Northern Areas in 2005 with Saudi Arabia & UAE promptly d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations |
Shia Islam | Later, most denominations of Shia Islam, including Twelvers and Ismāʿīlīs, became Imamis. Imami Shīʿītes believe that Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad. Imams are human individuals who not only rule over the Muslim community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret the divine law... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Abbasid Caliphate | In Baghdad there were many Abbasid military leaders who were or said they were of Arab descent. However, it is clear that most of the ranks were of Iranian origin, the vast majority being from Khorasan and Transoxiana, not from western Iran or Azerbaijan. Most of the Khorasani soldiers who brought the Abbasids to power... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Nader Shah | Nader became increasingly cruel as a result of his illness and his desire to extort more and more tax money to pay for his military campaigns. New revolts broke out and Nader crushed them ruthlessly, building towers from his victims' skulls in imitation of his hero Timur. In 1747, Nader set off for Khorasan, where he i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah |
Ancient art | The art of Pre-Islamic Arabia is related to that of neighbouring cultures. Pre-Islamic Yemen produced stylized alabaster heads of great aesthetic and historic charm. Most of the pre-Islamic sculptures are made of alabaster.
Archaeology has revealed some early settled civilizations in Saudi Arabia: the Dilmun civilizati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_art |
State of Palestine | A peace summit between Yasser Arafat and Ehud Barak was mediated by Bill Clinton in 2000. It was supposed to be the final agreement ending conflict officially forever. However the agreement failed to address the Palestinian refugee issues, status of Jerusalem and Israeli security concerns. Both sides blamed each other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine |
Jemaa el-Fnaa | Marrakesh was founded by the Almoravid dynasty in 1070 by Abu Bakr ibn Umar and subsequently developed by his successors.: 63 Initially, the city's two main monuments and focal points were the fortress known as Ksar el-Hajjar ("fortress of stone") and the city's first Friday mosque (the site of the future Ben Youssef ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaa_el-Fnaa |
Al-Andalus | The society of al-Andalus was made up of three main religious groups: Muslims, Christians, and Jews. The Muslims, although united on the religious level, had several ethnic divisions, the main being the distinction between the Arabs and the Berbers. The Arab elite regarded non-Arab Muslims as second-class citizens; and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
Tessellation | Penrose tilings, which use two different quadrilateral prototiles, are the best known example of tiles that forcibly create non-periodic patterns. They belong to a general class of aperiodic tilings, which use tiles that cannot tessellate periodically. The recursive process of substitution tiling is a method of generat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation |
Politics of Qatar | The Ministry of Commerce and Industry in Qatar is responsible for overseeing and directing commercial and industrial activities in line with national development goals. Its mandate includes promoting business development to attract investments, supporting exports, regulating trade professions, registering commercial an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar |
Ibn Battuta | Muhammad bin Tughluq was renowned as the wealthiest man in the Muslim world at that time. He patronized various scholars, Sufis, qadis, viziers, and other functionaries in order to consolidate his rule. On the strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a qadi, or judge, by the sultan. However, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta |
Umayyad Mosque | The mosque is the fourth holiest site of Islam. A Christian tradition dating to the 6th century developed an association between the former cathedral structure and John the Baptist. Legend had it that his head was buried there. Ibn al-Faqih relays that during the construction of the mosque, workers found a cave-chapel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque |
Algeria | Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria |
Tawfiq al-Hakim | The publication and performance of his play, Ahl al-Kahf (The People of the Cave, 1933), was a significant event in Egyptian drama. The story of 'the people of the cave' is found in the eighteenth surah of the Qur'an as well as in other sources. It concerns the tale of the seven sleepers of Ephesus who, in order to esc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Hakim |
Apostasy in Islam by country | Freedom of religion in Algeria is regulated by the Algerian Constitution, which declares Sunni Islam to be the state religion.
According to Pew Research Center in 2010, 97.9% of Algerians were Muslim, 1.8% were unaffiliated, with the remaining 0.3% comprising adherents of other religions.
By law, children follow the re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country |
Walashma dynasty | Adal was a general term for a region of lowlands inhabited by Muslims east of the province of Ifat. It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabited low land portion east of the Ethiopian Empire. Including north of the Awash River towards Lake Abbe as well as the territory between Shewa and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walashma_dynasty |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | The Arab League, United States, Turkey, OIC and Hamas voiced support for the intervention, but the European Union, Russia and the United Nations criticised it. The United Kingdom, and France supported the intervention, and along with Canada have supplied the Saudi military with equipment.
Iran condemned intervention as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Nergal | Multiple goddesses are attested as Nergal's wife in various time periods and locations, but most of them are poorly defined in known documents. While Frans Wiggermann assumes that all of them were understood as goddesses connected to the earth, this assumption is not shared by other assyriologists.
Laṣ, first attested ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal |
Al-Khwarizmi | Few details of al-Khwārizmī's life are known with certainty. Ibn al-Nadim gives his birthplace as Khwarazm, and he is generally thought to have come from this region. Of Persian stock, his name means 'of Khwarazm', a region that was part of Greater Iran, and is now part of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Al-Tabari gives h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi |
Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians | Paul Anka – singer, songwriter and actor
Lydia Canaan – singer-songwriter, poet, humanitarian activist, and pioneering first rock star of the Middle East
Farid Makari – politician, former Lebanese Minister, Member of Parliament, Deputy Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament
William Hawi, Commander, of the Kataeb Party
Char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Greek_Orthodox_Christians |
Ulama | In Iran, a period of political instability began with the collapse of the Safavid reign after shah Sultan Husayns death in 1722. In the light of the discontinuity and fragmentation of the central government, two social groups maintained continuity and, consequently, rose in power: Tribal chieftains established, amongst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
Water supply and sanitation in Jordan | Since the 1990s Jordan has pursued two megaprojects, the US$1 billion Disi Water Conveyance Project and the US$10 billion Red Sea-Dead Sea Canal. It also completed other large projects, including the construction of a modern wastewater treatment plant for Amman in As-Samra and the Al-Wehda Dam on the Yarmouk River. Bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan |
Hafsid dynasty | After the Marinid threat ended, attempts to reunify the Hafsids failed until Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II (r. 1370–1394), the emir of Béjaïa and Constantine, conquered Tunis in 1370. A capable ruler and military leader, he reestablished Hafsid authority on stronger terms, centralizing power to a greater extent than ever befor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty |
Tower of Babel | There are several mediaeval historiographic accounts that attempt to make an enumeration of the languages scattered at the Tower of Babel. Because a count of all the descendants of Noah listed by name in chapter 10 of Genesis (LXX) provides 15 names for Japheth's descendants, 30 for Ham's, and 27 for Shem's, these figu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel |
Inanna | The Sumerians worshipped Inanna as the goddess of both warfare and love. Unlike other gods, whose roles were static and whose domains were limited, the stories of Inanna describe her as moving from conquest to conquest. She is portrayed as young and impetuous, constantly striving for more power than had been allotted t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna |
Operation Vantage | After borders were sealed and defense mounted by Mubarak Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and his deputy Colonel Sheikh Saleh Mohammed Al-Sabah against the anticipated invasion, Brigadier General Sheikh Mubarak advised Kuwait's 11th Ruler and 1st Emir Sheikh Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah to invoke Section 4 of the independe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vantage |
Cavalry | Cavalry or mounted gendarmerie units continue to be maintained for purely or primarily ceremonial purposes by the Algerian, Argentine, Bolivian, Brazilian, British, Bulgarian, Canadian, Chilean, Colombian, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Hungarian, Indian, Italian, Jordanian, Malaysian, Moroccan, Nepalese, Nigerian, No... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry |
Christianity and Druze | After fierce fighting erupted between the Druze and Maronite populations in the Mount Lebanon region in 1860. France and other Western nations then pressured the Ottomans to set up a semiautonomous region known as a Mutasarrifate. After 1861 there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian mutasarrıf, which h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze |
Umar | Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of the caliphate after Muhammad died on 8 June 632. While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on the outskirts of the city, effectively locking out thos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar |
Agriculture in Syria | The bulk of the country is arid, with little vegetation. In 1984, nearly 20% was classified as desert, and another 45% was classified as steppe and pasture, although its grazing capacity was very limited. Less than 3% of the land was forested, with only part of it commercially useful. Cultivatable land amounted to 33% ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Syria |
Kurds in Syria | Syrian Kurds live mainly in three Kurdish pockets in northern Syria adjacent to Turkey. Many Kurds also live in the large cities and metropolitan areas of the country, for example, in the neighborhood Rukn al-Din in Damascus, which was formerly known as Hayy al Akrad (Kurdish Quarter), and the Aleppo neighborhoods of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria |
Hafez al-Assad | In November 1983 Hafez, a diabetic, had a heart attack complicated by phlebitis; this triggered a succession crisis. On 13 November, after visiting his brother in the hospital, Rifaat al-Assad reportedly announced his candidacy for president; he did not believe Hafez would be able to continue ruling the country. When h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Internet censorship | Many of the challenges associated with Internet censorship are similar to those for offline censorship of more traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, books, music, radio, television, and film. One difference is that national borders are more permeable online: residents of a country that bans certain informati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship |
Native administration | Native administration stretches at least back to the Funj Sultanate, and was continued during Ottoman-Egyptian rule. The system was ended by the Mahdist State in 1885, under which Tribal leaders became ordinary citizens. The system was restored under Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, becoming a facet of British indirect rule.: 438... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_administration |
Fula people | There are no particular outfits for all Fulani sub-groups; dressing and clothing accessories such as ornaments mostly depend on the particular region. The traditional dress of the Fulbe Wodaabe consists of long colourful flowing robes, modestly embroidered or otherwise decorated. In the Futa Jallon highlands of central... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people |
Morocco | In area, Morocco's climate is mainly "hot summer Mediterranean" (Csa) and "hot desert" (BWh) zones.
Central mountain ranges and the effects of the cold Canary Current, off the Atlantic coast, are significant factors in Morocco's relatively large variety of vegetation zones, ranging from lush forests in the northern and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco |
Law | Property law governs ownership and possession. Real property, sometimes called 'real estate', refers to ownership of land and things attached to it. Personal property, refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry or intangible rights, such as stocks and shares. A right in rem is a right ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law |
Constantine the Great | Maxentius' forces were still twice the size of Constantine's, and he organised them in long lines facing the battle plain with their backs to the river. Constantine's army arrived on the field bearing unfamiliar symbols on their standards and their shields. According to Lactantius "Constantine was directed in a dream t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great |
Sinai and Palestine campaign | Von Kressenstein's raids confirmed the impracticality, identified by Lord Kitchener, Secretary of State for War, in November 1914, of defending the Suez Canal from the western side. Near the end of 1915, with the Gallipoli campaign drawing to an end, Cabinet authorised new positions to be established in the desert abou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign |
Sennacherib | Sennacherib was the son and successor of the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II, who had reigned as king of Assyria from 722 to 705 BC and as king of Babylon from 710 to 705 BC. The identity of Sennacherib's mother is uncertain. Historically, the most popular view has been that Sennacherib was the son of Sargon's wife Ataliya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib |
Moorish architecture | Some of the oldest surviving Islamic-era monuments in the Maghreb are military structures in Ifriqiya and present-day Tunisia. The best-known examples are the Ribat of Sousse and the Ribat of Monastir, both dating generally from the Aghlabid period in the 9th century. A ribat was a type of residential fortress which wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture |
Mufti | The basic prerequisite for issuing fatwas under the classical legal theory was religious knowledge and piety. According to the adab al-mufti manuals, a mufti must be an adult, Muslim, trusted and reliable, of good character and sound mind, an alert and rigorous thinker, trained as a jurist, and not a sinner. On a pract... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti |
Kilwa Sultanate | Kilwa was an important trading port from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, and was mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea and Ptolemy's Geography.
The history of the Kilwa Sultanate begins around 960–1000 AD. According to legend, Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi was one of seven sons of a ruler of Shiraz, Persia, his moth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate |
Kashmiri cuisine | The most important and frequently used Kashmiri vegetables are: haakh (collard greens or kale), monj Haak ( kohlrabi), tsochael(mallow), bamchoont (quince), kral mound (shepherds purse), saze posh (holly hock), nadur (lotus stem), praan (shallots), aubuj (sorrel), mawal (cockscomb), wushkofur (camphor), tila gogul (mus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine |
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria | Two ethnic groups have a significant presence throughout Northern Syria:
Kurds are an ethnic group living in northeastern and northwestern Syria, culturally and linguistically classified among the Iranian peoples. Many Kurds consider themselves descended from the ancient Iranian people of the Medes, using a calendar d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria |
Algerian nationalism | One of the earliest movements for political reform was an integrationist group, the Young Algerians (Jeunese Algérienne). Its members were drawn from the small, liberal elite of well-educated, middle-class évolués who demanded an opportunity to prove that they were French as well as Muslim. In 1908 they delivered to Fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_nationalism |
Ahmad Ma'n | Ahmad was the last Ma'nid emir and his death marked the end of nearly two hundred years of Ma'nid dominance of the Druze Mountain. In the immediate aftermath, the sheikhs of the Qaysi families of the Druze Mountain and probably the Maronite sheikhs in the Kisrawan convened and chose Bashir Shihab, the son of Husayn Shi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Ma%27n |
Sanaa | Sanaa is located on a plain of the same name, the Haql Sanaa, which is over 2,200m above sea level. The plain is roughly 50–60 km long north–south and about 25 km wide, east–west, in the area north of Sanaa, and somewhat narrower further south. To the east and west, the Sanaa plain is bordered by cliffs and mountains, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa |
Ottoman Caliphate | Sultan Abdul Hamid II, who ruled 1876–1909, felt that the Empire's desperate situation could only be remedied through strong and determined leadership. He distrusted his ministers and other officials that had served his predecessors and gradually reduced their role in his regime, concentrating absolute power over the E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate |
LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia has no criminal code. The primary source of law in Saudi Arabia is the Sharia (Islamic law), which is derived from the Quran. Specifically, prohibition of same-sex sexual acts is based on the Quranic story of the prophet Lut and traditions of the teachings of Muhammad contained in the Sunnah. Ijma, or scho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Assyria | The Assyrian army was throughout its history mostly composed of levies, mobilized only when they were needed (such as in the time of campaigns). Through regulations, obligations and sophisticated government systems, large amounts of soldiers could be recruited and mobilized already in the early Middle Assyrian period. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria |
Mode (music) | In music theory the Greek word harmonia can signify the enharmonic genus of tetrachord, the seven octave species, or a style of music associated with one of the ethnic types or the tonoi named by them.
Particularly in the earliest surviving writings, harmonia is regarded not as a scale, but as the epitome of the stylis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(music) |
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan | Mohamed regards the United States as his chief ally and has a strong relationship with United States diplomats including US former Secretary of Defence Jim Mattis and US former national security advisor and counter-terrorism expert Richard A. Clarke. As unpaid advisers, Mohamed consults them and follows their advice on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan |
Lebanon | On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah launched a series of rocket attacks and raids into Israeli territory, where they killed three Israeli soldiers and captured two others. Israel responded with airstrikes and artillery fire on targets in Lebanon, and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon, resulting in the 2006 Lebanon War. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Sharia | Westernization of legal institutions and expansion of state control in all areas of law, which began during the colonial era, continued in nation-states of the Muslim world. Sharia courts at first continued to exist alongside state courts as in earlier times, but the doctrine that sultanic courts should implement the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Fountain | Beginning in 1662, King Louis XIV of France began to build a new kind of garden, the Garden à la française, or French formal garden, at the Palace of Versailles. In this garden, the fountain played a central role. He used fountains to demonstrate the power of man over nature, and to illustrate the grandeur of his rule.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain |
BP | Prior to 1997, BP was a member of the Global Climate Coalition, an industry organisation established to promote global warming scepticism, but withdrew in 1997, saying "the time to consider the policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate change is conclusively proven, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP |
Ottoman architecture | During the reign of Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839) the Empire style, a Neoclassical style which originated in France under Napoleon, was introduced into Ottoman architecture. This marked a trend towards increasingly direct imitation of Western styles, particularly from France. The Tanzimat reforms that began in 1839 under Ab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_architecture |
Al-Shabaab (militant group) | Despite routinely expelling, attacking, and harassing aid workers, al-Shabaab permits some agencies to work in areas under its control. At the height of its territorial control it implemented a system of aid agency regulation, taxation and surveillance. Where agencies are allowed to operate, this is often due to the de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group) |
Islam in Brunei | Islam was adopted in the 15th century when a Muslim-Malay was installed as Sultan. The Sultan traditionally was responsible for upholding Islamic traditions, although the responsibility was usually delegated to appointed officials.
Since the 1930s Sultans have used rising oil revenues to provide an extensive social wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Brunei |
Pistachio | Archaeological evidence shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BCE. The earliest evidence of pistachio consumption goes back to the Bronze Age Central Asia and comes from Djarkutan, modern Uzbekistan.
Pistachio trees were introduced from Asia to Europe in the first century AD by the Romans. They... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachio |
Mark Sykes | Sykes had long agreed with the traditional policy of British Conservatives in propping up the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) as a buffer against Russian expansion into the Mediterranean. Britain feared that Russia had designs on India, its most important colonial possession. A Russian fleet in the Mediterranean might cut Br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sykes |
Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel | As High Commissioner, Samuel attempted to mediate between Zionist and Arab interests, acting to slow Jewish immigration and win the confidence of the Arab population. He hoped to gain Arab participation in mandate affairs and to guard their civil and economic rights, but refused them any authority that could be used to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel |
History of scientific method | In 1562 Outlines of Pyrrhonism by the ancient Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus (c. 160-210 AD) was published in a Latin translation (from Greek), quickly placing the arguments of classical skepticism in the European mainstream. These arguments establish seemingly insurmountable challenges for the possibility of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_scientific_method |
Ptolemy VIII Physcon | The Seleucid king Seleucus IV, who had followed a generally peaceful policy, was murdered in 175 BC, and after two months of conflict his brother Antiochus IV secured the throne. The unsettled situation empowered the warhawks in the Ptolemaic court and Eulaeus and Lenaeus made efforts to conciliate them. By 172 BC, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon |
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