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Ayyubid dynasty | Saladin went to Alexandria in 1171–72 and found himself facing the dilemma of having many supporters in the city, but little money. A family council was held there by the Ayyubid emirs of Egypt where it was decided that al-Muzaffar Taqi al-Din Umar, Saladin's nephew, would launch an expedition against the coastal regio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Shanidar Cave | The skeleton of Shanidar 4, an adult male aged 30–45 years, was discovered by Solecki in 1960, positioned on his left side in a partial fetal position.
For many years, Shanidar 4 was thought to provide strong evidence for a Neanderthal burial ritual. Routine soil samples from around the body, gathered for pollen analys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanidar_Cave |
US intervention in the Syrian civil war | As the Siege of Kobanî continued there were growing calls to also arm the YPG, also known as the People's Protection Units, a Kurdish fighting force in Syria heavily involved in the defense of Kobanî. On 20 October 2014, the Turkish foreign minister, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu announced that the Turkish government would be allow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war |
War in Darfur | According to the Save Darfur Coalition, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson and al-Bashir agreed to a cease-fire whereby the Sudanese "government and rebel groups will cease hostilities for a period of 60 days while they work towards a lasting peace." In addition, the Save Darfur press release stated that the agreement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur |
Liber de causis | Alonso, Manuel Alonso. Las fuentes literarias del Liber de causis. Al-Andalus: revista de las escuelas de estudios árabes de Madrid y Granada, (10), 1945, pp. 345–382.
Bächli-Hinz, Andreas. Monotheismus und neuplatonische Philosophie: Eine Untersuchung zum pseudo-aristotelischen Liber de causis und dessen Rezeption dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_de_causis |
Ibn Battuta | From Sinope he took a sea route to the Crimean Peninsula, arriving in the Golden Horde realm. He went to the port town of Azov, where he met with the emir of the Khan, then to the large and rich city of Majar. He left Majar to meet with Uzbeg Khan's travelling court (Orda), which was at the time near Mount Beshtau. Fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta |
West Bank | The Jordanians neglected to invest much in the area during their time governing the area, although there was some investment in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem.
Soon after the 1967 war, Yigal Allon produced the Allon Plan, which would have annexed a strip along the Jordan River valley and excluded areas closer to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank |
Al Jazeera controversies and criticism | Al Jazeera has faced considerable criticism and backlash in Egypt and other Arab countries; from ordinary people, media outlets, and governments who accuse it of supporting Qatari agenda and Islamists such as the Muslim Brotherhood Al Jazeera has been criticized by an Egyptian newspaper for its allegedly-biased coverag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_controversies_and_criticism |
Carolingian Empire | Louis the Pious' reign as Emperor was unexpected; as the third son of Charlemagne, he was originally crowned King of Aquitaine at three years old. With the deaths of his older siblings, he went from 'a boy who became a king to a man who would be emperor'. Although his reign was mostly overshadowed by the dynastic strug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire |
Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan | Sheikh Zayed was determined to unite the Emirates into federation. His calls for cooperation extended across the Persian Gulf to Iran. He advocated dialogue as the means to settle the row with Tehran over three strategic Persian Gulf islands which Iran seized from the (future) UAE Emirate of Sharjah in 1971. The island... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayed_bin_Sultan_Al_Nahyan |
Muslim conquest of Persia | Umar decided to strike the Persians immediately after their defeat at Nahavand, while he still possessed a psychological advantage. Umar had to decide which of three provinces to conquer first: Fars in the south, Azerbaijan in the north or Isfahan in the center. Umar chose Isfahan, as it was the heart of the Persian Em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
Neolithic | In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6500 BC. In most of Western Europe in followed over the next two thousand years, but in some parts of Northwest Europe ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic |
Ali Qushji | Qushji's most important astronomical work is Concerning the Supposed Dependence of Astronomy upon Philosophy. Under the influence of Islamic theologians who opposed the interference of Aristotelianism in astronomy, Qushji rejected Aristotelian physics and completely separated natural philosophy from Islamic astronomy, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Qushji |
2003 invasion of Iraq | Initially, the 1st Marine Division (United States) fought through the Rumaila oil fields, and moved north to Nasiriyah—a moderate-sized, Shi'ite-dominated city with important strategic significance as a major road junction and its proximity to nearby Tallil Airfield. It was also situated near a number of strategically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Táhirih | After her conversion to the Bábí faith, the poems of Táhirih flourished. In most she talks about her longing to meet the Báb. Her poetry illustrates an impressive knowledge of Persian and Arabic literature which Táhirih possessed, seldom seen in a woman in mid-nineteenth century Iran. One of the most famous poems attri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1hirih |
Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence | The status of Egypt had become highly convoluted ever since its virtual breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805 under Muhammad Ali Pasha. From then on, Egypt was de jure a self-governing vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto independent, with its own hereditary monarchy, military, currency, legal system, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence |
Water supply and sanitation in Jordan | The share of non-revenue water (NRW) - water which is produced but not billed - was estimated at approx. 50% nationwide in 2014. This amounts to an estimated physical leakage of 76 billion litres per year, which could meet the needs of 2.6 million people (more than a third of the population. The main reasons leading t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan |
Islamic garden | The terraced gardens of Madinat al-Zahra in al-Andalus, built in the 10th century under Abd ar-Rahman III and ruined in the 11th century, are the earliest well-documented examples of a symmetrically-divided enclosed garden in the western Islamic world and among the earliest examples in the Islamic world more generally.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_garden |
Sinai and Palestine campaign | We have moved camp from a hill above the village of Deir Beulah to a lonely spot in the grove by the shores of a sweet water lake and close to the sea. The trees and tangles of most luxuriant creepers and bushes conceal also some field batteries and hundreds of tons of shells and high explosives. Behind us are our heav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign |
Houthi insurgency | In April, Houthi spokesman Mohammed Abdulsalam declared that rebels had captured the Manaba district in Sa'dah, with little government resistance. Government troops declared they had killed 30 Houthis who had tried to penetrate into Harf Sufyan District.
On July 17, 2010, the Houthis warned on their website that the go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_insurgency |
Wahhabism | While Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself was not inclined to adhere to a particular madhab, many of his followers would perpetuate the Hanbali legal theory. Hanbali jurist Hamad ibn Nasir ibn Mu'ammar (1160–1125 A.H/ 1747–1810 C.E) laid out a comprehensive legal theory in his treatises like Risala al-Ijtihad wal Taqlid ("Treat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Islam in China | During the following Ming dynasty, Muslims continued to be influential around government circles. Six of Ming dynasty founder Hongwu Emperor's most trusted generals are said to have been Muslim, including Lan Yu who, in 1388, led a strong imperial Ming army out of the Great Wall and won a decisive victory over the Mong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_China |
Maimonides | Maimonides composed works of Jewish scholarship, rabbinic law, philosophy, and medical texts. Most of Maimonides' works were written in Judeo-Arabic. However, the Mishneh Torah was written in Hebrew. In addition to Mishneh Torah, his Jewish texts were:
Commentary on the Mishna (Arabic Kitab al-Siraj, translated into H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides |
Arecaceae | Human use of palms is at least as old as human civilization itself, starting with the cultivation of the date palm by Mesopotamians and other Middle Eastern peoples 5,000 years or more ago. Date wood, pits for storing dates, and other remains of the date palm have been found in Mesopotamian sites. The date palm had a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae |
Islamophobia | Muslim immigration into Europe has led some critics to label Islam incompatible with secular Western society. This criticism has been partly influenced by a stance against multiculturalism advocated by recent philosophers, closely linked to the heritage of New Philosophers, including the likes of Pascal Bruckner. Jocel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia |
Umm Kulthum | Umm Kulthum was born in the village of Tamay e-Zahayra within the markaz of Senbellawein, Dakahlia Governorate to a family of a religious background. Her father, Ibrahim El-Sayyid El-Beltagi, was a rural imam while her mother, Fatmah El-Maleegi, was a housewife. She learned how to sing by listening to her father teach ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum |
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine | After the occurrence of the First Intifada and the subsequent Oslo Accords the PFLP had difficulty establishing itself in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. At that time (1993–96) the popularity of Hamas was rapidly increasing in the wake of their successful strategy of suicide bombings devised by Yahya Ayyash ("the Enginee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine |
Geography of Somalia | Due to Somalia's proximity to the equator, there is not much seasonal variation in its climate. However, there are some very unpredictable rainfalls that occur sometimes. Hot conditions prevail year-round along with monsoon (periodic seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation) winds a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia |
Glossary of Islam | ʿAbd (عبد) (for male) ʾAmah (أمة) (for female)
Servant or worshipper. Muslims consider themselves servants and worshippers of God as per Islam. Common Muslim names such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul-Malik (Servant of the King), Abdur-Rahmān (Slave of the Most Beneficent), Abdus-Salām (Slave of [the originator of]... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam |
Bombardment of Alexandria | In 1869, Khedive Isma'il of Egypt inaugurated the Suez Canal, which was a joint venture between the Egyptian Government and the French-led Suez Canal Company. During the excavation of the canal so many Egyptian workers died that it became common in the collective memory of Egyptians to say that Egyptian blood ran in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Alexandria |
Fatima bint Musa | Fatima was buried outside of Qom in a plot of land owned by Musa al-Ash'ari, which became a public endowment later. The house where she stayed, the site of her prayers, became a mosque outside of Qom. Her shrine has been developed by successive generations, patronized by the Buyids (r. 934–1062) and the Seljuks (r. 103... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa |
Head of government | Akan: ɔmampanyin
Albanian: Kryeministër
Bengali: For the prime minister of Bangladesh and other countries
প্রধানমন্ত্রী/ Pradhan Mantri (literally: Prime Minister, official)
সরকার প্রধান/ Sarkar Pradhan (literally: Head of the Government, informal)
Bambara: minisiriɲɛmɔgɔ
Basque:
Leader of the Basque Country (Spain): E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government |
Lebanon | In 1516, Lebanon became part of the Ottoman Empire, with governance administered indirectly through local emirs. Lebanon's area was organized into provinces: Northern and Southern Mount Lebanon, Tripoli, Baalbek and Beqaa Valley, and Jabal Amil.
In 1590, Druze tribal leader Fakhr al-Din II succeeded Korkmaz in southern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Muslim Brotherhood in Syria | On 16 June 1979, the Muslim Brotherhood carried out an attack on cadets at the Aleppo Artillery School, officially killing 83.
Around this time, professor Yusef al-Yusef was assassinated in Aleppo. The Syrian government responded by sentencing to death about 15 prisoners, already accused of being Iraqi agents, for bel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria |
Umayyad Caliphate | In contrast to Uthman, Mu'awiya restricted the influence of his Umayyad kinsmen to the governorship of Medina, where the dispossessed Islamic elite, including the Umayyads, was suspicious or hostile toward his rule. However, in an unprecedented move in Islamic politics, Mu'awiya nominated his own son, Yazid I, as his s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
History of the Jews in Tunisia | With the Arab conquest and the arrival of Islam in Tunisia in the eighth century, the "People of the Book" (including Jews and Christians) were given a choice between conversion to Islam (which some Jewish Berbers have done) and legal status as dhimmi. The dhimmi is a term for non-Muslims, originally Jews and Christian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia |
Hibatullah Akhundzada | Akhundzada is seen as a religiously ultraconservative figure and ideologue within the Taliban. He is said to oppose girls' education in Afghanistan, vetoing a plan to return girls to secondary education by March 23. He also issued and approved a decree on May 7, requiring women to cover their hair and bodies from the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada |
Karate | Vernon Bell, a 3rd Dan Judo instructor who had been instructed by Kenshiro Abbe introduced Karate to England in 1956, having attended classes in Henry Plée's Yoseikan dōjō in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by Minoru Mochizuki, a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with Gichin Funakoshi, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate |
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse | Twelve soldiers were convicted of various charges relating to the incidents, with all of the convictions including the charge of dereliction of duty. Most soldiers only received minor sentences. Three other soldiers were either cleared of charges or were not charged. No one was convicted for the murders of the detainee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse |
Arabs | The earliest documented use of the word Arab in reference to a people appears in the Kurkh Monoliths, an Akkadian-language record of the Assyrian conquest of Aram (9th century BCE). The Monoliths used the term to refer to Bedouins of the Arabian Peninsula under King Gindibu, who fought as part of a coalition opposed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Syrian Jews | There exists a fragment of the old Aleppo prayer book for the High Holy Days, published in Venice in 1527, and a second edition, starting with the High Holy Days but covering the whole year, in 1560. This represents the liturgy of the Musta'arabim (native Arabic-speaking Jews) as distinct from that of the Sephardim pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Jews |
Gurage people | According to the historian Paul B. Henze, the Gurage origin is explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the Kingdom of Aksum, which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other. However other historians have raised the is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurage_people |
Safavid Iran | The Portuguese Empire and the discovery of the trading route around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 not only hit a death blow to Venice as a trading nation, but it also hurt the trade that was going on along the Silk Road and especially the Persian Gulf. They correctly identified the three key points to control all seabo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) | 6 January 2017 – Two Egyptian Coptic Christians were murdered. They were murdered because of their faith, according to the brother of the dead woman.
16 January 2017 – Eight Egyptian security officers were killed and 3 others were injured when their checkpoint about 70 km away from the Kharga Oasis was attacked by unid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present) |
First Bulgarian Empire | The first capital, Pliska, initially resembled a huge encampment spanning an area of 23 km2 with the eastern and western sides measuring some 7 km in length, the northern, 3.9 km, and the southern, 2.7 km. The whole area was encircled by a trench 3.5 m wide in the foundation and 12 m wide in the upper part and earthen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire |
Library of Alexandria | In 48 BC, during Caesar's Civil War, Julius Caesar was besieged at Alexandria. His soldiers set fire to some of the Egyptian ships docked in the Alexandrian port while trying to clear the wharves to block the fleet belonging to Cleopatra's brother Ptolemy XIV. This fire purportedly spread to the parts of the city neare... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria |
Hyksos | The names, the order, length of rule, and even the total number of the Fifteenth Dynasty rulers are not known with full certainty. After the end of their rule, the Hyksos kings were not considered to have been legitimate rulers of Egypt and were therefore omitted from most king lists. The fragmentary Turin King List in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos |
Shia Islam | Later, most denominations of Shia Islam, including Twelvers and Ismāʿīlīs, became Imamis. Imami Shīʿītes believe that Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad. Imams are human individuals who not only rule over the Muslim community with justice, but also are able to keep and interpret the divine law... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Criticism of hadith | Abdul-Jabbar, Ghassan (2020). "The Classical Tradition". In Brown, Daniel (ed.). The Wiley Blackwell Concise Companion to the Hadith. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 15–38.
Brown, Daniel W. (1999). Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521570778. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
Brown, Jonathan A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith |
Fatimid Caliphate | For a large part of the tenth century the Fatimids also engaged in a rivalry with the Umayyads of Cordoba – who ruled Al-Andalus and were hostile to the Fatimids' pretensions – in an effort to establish domination over the western Maghreb. In 911, Tahert, which had been briefly captured by Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i in 909,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Martijn Theodoor Houtsma | Houtsma was the son of Otto Evertz Houtsma, a wood miller and later the Mayor of Rauwerderhem in Irnsum, and Feikje Maria Petronella Horreüs Laurman. He attended the Latin school at Dokkum before enrolling at the University of Leiden for a degree in theology in 1868 which he soon combined with the study of Eastern lang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martijn_Theodoor_Houtsma |
Shia crescent | The term was coined in 2004 by King Abdullah II of Jordan at a time when Iran was reportedly interfering in Iraq in the run-up to the January 2005 parliamentary elections. This was in the context of a threatened, later realised, boycott of the elections by Sunnis in Iraq potentially leading to a Shia-dominated governm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_crescent |
Julian (emperor) | Julian's works have been edited and translated several times since the Renaissance, most often separately; but many are translated in the Loeb Classical Library edition of 1913, edited by Wilmer Cave Wright. Wright mentions, however, that there are many problems surrounding Julian's vast collection of works, mainly the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor) |
Justinian I | Justinian's religious policy reflected the Imperial conviction that the unity of the Empire presupposed unity of faith, and it appeared to him obvious that this faith could only be the orthodoxy (Chalcedonian). Those of a different belief were subjected to persecution, which imperial legislation had effected from the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I |
Ogaden War | Under the leadership of General Mohammad Ali Samatar, Irro and other senior Somali military officials were tasked in 1977 with formulating a national strategy in preparation for the war against Ethiopia. This was part of a broader effort to unite all of the Somali-inhabited territories in the Horn region into a Greater... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi (along with Ahmed Vaezi and Baqir Sharif al-Qurashi) cites a hadith known as "the maqbulah of ‘Umar ibn Hanzalah", where this Umar asks the 6th Imam (Ja'far al-Sadiq) whether it is permissible when two Shi‘ah have a dispute over a debt or a legacy to go to a judge or ruler for mediation/arbit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Moorish architecture | The main palaces of rulers were usually located inside a separate fortified district or citadel of the capital city. These citadels included a complex of different structures including administrative offices, official venues for ceremonies and receptions, functional amenities (such as warehouses, kitchens, and hammams)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture |
Caliphate | In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the Ansar (natives of Medina) took place in the Saqifah (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the Muslim community among themselves, with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
At-Tawbah | From opening up to the 37th ayat, the initial talk, was uncovered in Zil-Qa'adah A.H. 9. As the significance of the subject of the talk required its affirmation on the event of Hajj Muhammad dispatched Ali to follow Abu Bakr, who had just left for Makkah to lead the Pilgrims to the Ka'abah. He trained Ali to convey the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Tawbah |
Aq Qoyunlu | The leaders of Aq Qoyunlu were from the Begundur or Bayandur clan of the Oghuz Turks and were considered descendants of the semi-mythical founding father of the Oghuz, Oghuz Khagan. The Bayandurs behaved like statesmen rather than warlords and gained the support of the merchant and feudal classes of Transcaucasia (pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu |
Christianity in Africa | Christianity reached Africa first in Egypt around the year 50 AD. Mark the Evangelist became the first bishop of the Alexandrian Patriarchate in about the year 43. At first the church in Alexandria was mainly Greek-speaking. By the end of the 2nd century the scriptures and liturgy had been translated into three local l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa |
Egyptian–Libyan War | Libya and Egypt both portrayed the outcome as a victory for themselves. They never reached a formal peace agreement after the war, but ceased combat operations and upheld a truce. Tensions nevertheless remained high, with Sadat and Gaddafi trading insults in the days following the conflict. Libyan Foreign Minister Abde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War |
Al-Zahrawi | On Surgery and Instruments is the 30th and last volume of the Kitab al-Tasrif. It was without a doubt his most important work and the one which established his authority in Europe for centuries to come.
On Surgery and Instruments is the first illustrated surgical guide ever written. Its contents and descriptions has co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zahrawi |
Golan Heights | A small portion of territory in the Golan Heights, on the Lebanon–Syria border, has been a particular flashpoint. The territory, known as the Shebaa Farms, measures only 22 km2 (8.5 sq mi). Since 2000, Lebanon has officially claimed it to be Lebanese territory from which Israel should withdraw, and Syria has concurred.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights |
Alexander II Zabinas | Supported by the Egyptian troops, Antiochus VIII waged war against Alexander II, who lost most of his lands. He lost Ashkelon in 189 SE (124/123 BC). The final battle took place at an unknown location in the first half of 123 BC, ending with Alexander II's defeat. Different ancient historians presented varying accounts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas |
Damascus | In the early years of the 20th century, nationalist sentiment in Damascus, initially cultural in its interest, began to take a political coloring, largely in reaction to the turkicisation program of the Committee of Union and Progress government established in Istanbul in 1908. The hanging of a number of patriotic inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus |
Islamic modernism | The theological views of the Azharite scholar Muhammad 'Abduh (d. 1905) were greatly shaped by the 19th century Ottoman intellectual discourse. Similar to the early Ottoman modernists, Abduh tried to bridge the gap between Enlightenment ideals and traditional religious values. He believed that classical Islamic theolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism |
Ibn Butlan | In the 12th century a physician from Baghdad, ʿAli ibn Aṯradī wrote a commentary for The Physicians' Banquet. He was a member of an Eastern Christian Baghdadi family that provided three generations worth of prominent physician-philosophers. At the request of Maḥfūẓ ibn al-Masīḥī, a Christian physician from the city of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan |
Arab citizens of Israel | Knesset:
Arab citizens of Israel have been elected to every Knesset, and as of 2015 held 17 of its 120 seats. The first female Arab MP was Hussniya Jabara, a Muslim Arab from central Israel, who was elected in 1999.
Government: Until 2001, no Arab had been included Israel's cabinet. In 2001, this changed, when Salah Ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel |
Nile | The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that "Egypt was the gift of the Nile". An unending source of sustenance, it played a crucial role in the development of Egyptian civilization. Because the river overflowed its banks annually and deposited new layers of silt, the surrounding land was very fertile. The Ancient Egyptian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile |
Himyarite Kingdom | During the Ethiopian Christian period, Christianity appears to have become the official religion. Many churches began to be built. For example, the inscription RIÉ 191, discovered in Axum, describes the construction of a church off the coast of Yemen. The Marib Dam inscription from 548 mentions a priest, a monastery, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | Palestinians fled the city of Haifa en masse, in one of the most notable flights of this stage. Historian Efraim Karsh writes that not only had half of the Arab community in Haifa community fled the city before the final battle was joined in late April 1948, but another 5,000–15,000 left apparently voluntarily during t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
History of navigation | In 1714 the British Commissioners for the discovery of longitude at sea came into prominence. This group, which existed until 1828, offered grants and rewards for the solution of navigational problems. Between 1737 and 1828, the commissioners disbursed some £101,000. The government of the United Kingdom also offered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_navigation |
Marinid Sultanate | After the Nasrids of Granada ceded the town of Algeciras to the Marinids, Abu Yusuf went to Al-Andalus to support the ongoing struggle against the Kingdom of Castile. The Marinid dynasty then tried to extend its control to include the commercial traffic of the Strait of Gibraltar.
It was in this period that Iberian Chr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Al-Aqsa | In 637, the Rashidun Caliphate under Umar, the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, besieged and captured Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire. There are no contemporary records, but many traditions, about the origin of the main Islamic buildings on the Temple Mount. A popular account from later centuries is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa |
Islamic banking and finance | Following Islamic principles, "Islamic banks were supposed to adopt new financing policies and to explore new channels of investments" to encourage development and raise the standard of living of "small scale traders", but Taqi Usmani complains "very few Islamic banks and financial institutions have paid attention to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Maritime history of Somalia | In the early modern period, successor states of the Adal and Ajuran empires began to flourish in Somalia, continuing the tradition of seaborne trade established by previous Somali empires. The rise of the 19th century Gobroon dynasty in particular saw a rebirth in Somali maritime enterprise. During this period, the Som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia |
Mohammed bin Salman | Mohammed has stated that "in Islamic law, the head of the Islamic establishment is wali al-amr (Arabic: وَلِيّ الأمر ), the ruler. While Saudi rulers "have historically stayed away from religion", and "outsourced" issues of theology and religious law to "the big beards", traditionally conservative and orthodox religiou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman |
Midwife | Midwifery is a regulated profession with no connection to Nursing. Midwifery is a profession with a distinct body of knowledge and its own scope of practice, code of ethics and standards of practice. The midwifery profession has knowledge, skills and abilities to provide a primary complete maternity service to childbea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwife |
Suez Crisis | In January 1956, to end the incipient arms race in the Middle East (set off by the Soviet Union selling Egypt arms on a scale unlimited by the Tripartite Declaration and with France doing likewise with Israel), which he saw as opening the Near East to Soviet influence, Eisenhower launched a major effort to make peace b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Esarhaddon | As a result of his tumultuous rise to the throne, Esarhaddon was distrustful of his servants, vassals and family members. He frequently sought the advice of oracles and priests on whether any of his relatives or officials wished to harm him. Although highly distrustful of his male relatives, Esarhaddon seems to not hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon |
Al-Tabari | Al-Tabari wrote history, theology and Qur'anic commentary. His principal and most influential works were:
Tafsir al-Tabari ('Commentary of al-Tabari'); Qur'anic commentary (tafsir).
Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk (History of the Prophets and Kings), historical chronicle, often referred to as Tarikh al-Tabari.
His legal t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari |
East African campaign (World War II) | During 16 June 1940, Galileo Galilei sank the Norwegian tanker James Stove (8,215 gross register tons [GRT]), sailing independently about 12 nmi (22 km; 14 mi) south of Aden. On 2 July the first of the BN convoys (Bombay Northward; Bombay to Suez, then Aden to Suez 1940–1941), comprising six tankers and three freighter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II) |
Cavalry | Cavalry found a new role in colonial campaigns (irregular warfare), where modern weapons were lacking and the slow moving infantry-artillery train or fixed fortifications were often ineffective against indigenous insurgents (unless the latter offered a fight on an equal footing, as at Tel-el-Kebir, Omdurman, etc.). Cav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry |
Antioch | The original city of Seleucus was laid out in imitation of the grid plan of Alexandria by the architect Xenarius. Libanius describes the first building and arrangement of this city (i. p. 300. 17).
The citadel was on Mount Silpius and the city lay mainly on the low ground to the north, fringing the river. Two great col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch |
State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list) | The sanctions which the US imposes on countries on the list are:
A ban on arms-related exports and sales.
Controls over exports of dual-use items, requiring 30-day Congressional notification for goods or services that could significantly enhance the terrorist-list country's military capability or ability to support te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list) |
Medieval art | Insular art refers to the distinct style found in Ireland and Britain from about the 7th century, to about the 10th century, lasting later in Ireland, and parts of Scotland. The style saw a fusion between the traditions of Celtic art, the Germanic Migration period art of the Anglo-Saxons and the Christian forms of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art |
History of Islam | Early Islam arose within the historical, social, political, economic, and religious context of Late Antiquity in the Middle East. The second half of the 6th century CE saw political disorder in the pre-Islamic Arabian peninsula, and communication routes were no longer secure. Religious divisions played an important rol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
French Algeria | The French faced other opposition as well in the area. The superior of a religious brotherhood, Muhyi ad Din, who had spent time in Ottoman jails for opposing the bey's rule, launched attacks against the French and their makhzen allies at Oran in 1832. In the same year, jihad was declared and to lead it tribal elders c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Farewell Pilgrimage | Spending the night at Dhi Tuwa outside Mecca, Muhammad and his companions arrived at the Masjid al-Haram the next day. They entered from what is the Al Salam Gate today and approached the Kaaba. Muhammad then proceeded to the circumambulate the Kaaba (tawaf), after which he once again touched and kissed the Black Stone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage |
Robert Fisk | Fisk was known for his criticism of the foreign policy of the United States, particularly the country's involvement in the wars in Afghanistan and the Middle East. He was consistently critical of Israel, labelling some of the country's actions against Palestinians as "war crimes". One of his beliefs was that he should ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fisk |
Mumbai | After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai |
Heresy | In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge.
Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy |
Hanbali school | Like all other schools of Sunni Islam, the Hanbali school holds that the two primary sources of Islamic law are the Qur'an and the Sunnah found in Hadiths (compilation of sayings, actions and customs of Muhammad). Where these texts did not provide guidance, Imam Hanbal recommended guidance from established consensus of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | The First World War created a new political situation in Mount Lebanon fraught with danger to its security, stability and internal independence. The international guarantee that was available to it under the Protocol of 1861 lost its practical value with the division of the signatory states into two warring divisions: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Algerian War | The FLN uprising presented nationalist groups with the question of whether to adopt armed revolt as the main course of action. During the first year of the war, Ferhat Abbas's Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto (UDMA), the ulema, and the Algerian Communist Party (PCA) maintained a friendly neutrality toward the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War |
Girls of Riyadh | Originally released in Lebanon in Arabic in 2005, Girls of Riyadh was not officially banned in Saudi Arabia but its publishing was met with resistance due to perceived controversial and non-conservative content by a female author. Rajaa Alsanea faced criticism and speculation on whether she had the help and influence ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_of_Riyadh |
Ahmadiyya | The principal headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is the city, town or place where the caliph resides. As such, since the forced exile of the fourth caliph from Pakistan in 1984, the de facto headquarters of the Community had been based at the Fazl Mosque in London, England. In 2019, the fifth caliph moved t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya |
Old Assyrian period | The Assyrians worshipped the same pantheon of gods as the Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia. As known Old Assyrian texts are concerned mainly with trade, knowledge of Assyrian religion in the Old Assyrian period is not as detailed as in later periods. The chief deity in Assur in the Old Assyrian period, and in later ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
Iraq Levies | At the 1921 Cairo Conference the mission of the Levies was defined "...to relieve the British and Indian Troops in Iraq, take over outposts in Mosul Vilayat (province) and in Kurdistan, previously held by the Imperial Garrison, and generally to fill the gap until such time as the Iraq National Army is trained to undert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Levies |
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