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Child marriage | Although the general marriageable age is 18 in the majority of countries, most jurisdictions allow for exceptions for underage youth with parental and/or judicial consent. Such laws are neither limited to developing countries, nor a state's religion. In some countries, a religious marriage by itself has legal validity,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage |
1969 Somali coup d'état | On 15 October 1969, President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, only Somalia's second president of the postcolonial era, was shot dead by his bodyguard using an automatic rifle as he stepped out of a car in the northern city of Las Anod. He was succeeded by interim President Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein. The coup was set in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Arabic grammar | Classical Arabic tends to prefer the word order VSO (verb before subject before object), but uses the particle ʼinna and SVO (subject before verb) to emphasize the subject. Verb-initial word orders like in Classical Arabic are relatively rare across the world's languages, occurring only in a few language families inclu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar |
European Neighbourhood Policy | The European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy aims at bringing Europe and its neighbours closer. It was conceived after the 2004 enlargement of the European Union with 10 new member countries, in order to avoid creating new borders in Europe. It is also designed to prevent the emergence of new dividing lines betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy |
Qatari folklore | There are many popular villain archetypes found within Qatari folklore. Common ones include:
The tyrant: The depiction of an evil authoritarian man in Qatari folklore often signifies a character with immense power over others. These tales encompass various narratives featuring a despot, a monarch, or their descendants... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_folklore |
Amin al-Husseini | Two official investigations were subsequently conducted by the British and the League of Nations's Mandatory Commission. The former, The Shaw Report, concluded that the incident on 23 August consisted of an attack by Arabs on Jews, but rejected the view that the riots had been premeditated. Al-Husseini certainly played... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini |
Crocodile (pharaoh) | Almost nothing is known about Crocodile's reign. If he existed, he might have had his capital at Tarkhan, where his proposed tomb was excavated. Dreyer places him in a time shortly before the kings Iry-Hor, Ka and Narmer. He points to guiding inscriptions on the jars mentioning a Hen-mehw ("brought from Lower Egypt"). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh) |
Tazir | The classical Islamic legal tradition did not have a separate category for criminal law as does modern law. The classical Islamic jurisprudence typically divided the subject matter of law into four "quarters", that is rituals, sales, marriage, and injuries. In modern usage, Islamic criminal law has been extracted and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazir |
Israelites | Compared to the United Monarchy, the historicity of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah is widely accepted by historians and archaeologists.: 169–195 Their destruction by the Assyrians and Babylonians respectively is also confirmed by archaeological evidence and extrabiblical sources.: 306 Christian Frevel argues that Ya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites |
Al Jazeera controversies and criticism | In 2015, Al Jazeera was condemned by UAE Minister of Foreign Affairs Anwar Gargash for twisting a statement by UAE Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan about the Russian Sukhoi Su-24 downed by Turkey. During a press conference with a Russian official in Abu Dhabi, Al Nahyan said that the UAE "offers its deepes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_controversies_and_criticism |
Assyrian people | The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, ultimately descend from Late Old Eastern Aramaic, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the East Semitic Assyrian dialect of Akkadian and Sumerian. After being conquered by the Assyr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
Maqama | The maqāma are typically understood to be short picaresques told by a fictitious narrator about a low-class trickster protagonist who uses disguises, refined language and sophisticated rhetoric to swindle onlookers out of their money. In the case of the Maqāmāt al-Harīrī, the same narrator al-Harīth tells of his numero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqama |
Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz | After the Caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Hussein was proclaimed as Caliph. The accounts on the official date and proceedings vary, some place the beginning of the Caliphate on 3 March 1924, when Hussein would have declared himself Caliph at his son Abdullah's winter camp in Shunah, Tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz |
Sinai insurgency | On 1 January 2021, a roadside bomb killed two members of Egypt's security forces and wounded five others near Bir al-Abd in the northern Sinai Peninsula.
On 9 February 2021, local sources reported that six fighters of the tribal militias supporting the Egyptian regime had been killed and another fighter had been abduct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_insurgency |
History of philosophy | The next period in Chinese philosophy began with the emergence of the Song dynasty in 960 CE. Some scholars consider this period to end with the Opium Wars in 1840, while others extend it to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912. During this era, neo-Confucianism became particularly influential. Unlike ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy |
Cuneiform | The archaic cuneiform script was adopted by the Akkadian Empire from the 23rd century BC (short chronology). The Akkadian language being East Semitic, its structure was completely different from Sumerian. The Akkadians found a practical solution in writing their language phonetically, using the corresponding Sumerian p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform |
State of Somaliland | Initially the British government planned to delay protectorate of British Somaliland independence in favour of a gradual transfer of power. The arrangement would allow local politicians to gain more political experience in running the protectorate before official independence. However, strong pan-Somali nationalism and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Somaliland |
Battle of the Trench | adh-Dhahabī, Shams ad-Dīn (2008). "Siyar A'lam Nubala". Retrieved 7 November 2021 – via Wikisource.
Al-Buti, M. Sa'id Ramadan (1988). Jurisprudence of Muhammad's Biography (English ed.). Azhar University of Egypt.
Ibn Kathir, Abu al-Fiḍā ‘Imād Ad-Din Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar (2009). Al Bidayah wa Nihayah(The Beginning of The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench |
Palestinian territories | In 1922, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire that ruled Greater Syria for four centuries (1517–1917), the British Mandate for Palestine was established. Large-scale Jewish immigration from abroad, mainly from Eastern Europe took place during the British Mandate, though Jewish immigration started during the Ottoman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories |
Hafsid architecture | Almost nothing of the Hafsid royal palaces have survived to the present day, although some written descriptions are provided by historical writers like Ibn Khaldun. These sources describe a variety of palaces and gardens, many of them built on the outskirts or suburbs of Tunis. One such structure was the Qubbat Asarak,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafsid_architecture |
Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christians | The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch adheres to the Eastern Orthodox Church, which is composed of several autocephalous jurisdictions united by common doctrine and by their use of the Byzantine rite. They are the second largest Christian denomination within Christianity in Lebanon. Historically, these churches grew out... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Greek_Orthodox_Christians |
First Syrian Republic | With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of the Vichy Government until the British and Free French invaded and occupied the country in July 1941. Syria proclaimed its independence again in 1941 but it was not until 1 January 1944 that it was recognized as an independent republic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Syrian_Republic |
The Merchant of Venice | English society in the Elizabethan and Jacobean era has been described as "judeophobic". English Jews had been expelled under Edward I in 1290 and were not permitted to return until 1656 under the rule of Oliver Cromwell. Poet John Donne, who was Dean of St Paul's Cathedral and a contemporary of Shakespeare, gave a ser... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice |
Berenice IV | Berenice was the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes and probably Cleopatra V Tryphaena. She was the sister of the famous Pharaoh Cleopatra VII, Arsinoe IV, Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator and Ptolemy XIV.
In 59 BC Julius Caesar was one of the consuls of Rome. It was believed that the annexation of Egypt was part of his own ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice_IV |
Kingdom of Jerusalem | Immediately after the First Crusade, land was distributed to loyal vassals of Godfrey, forming numerous feudal lordships within the kingdom. This was continued by Godfrey's successors. The number and importance of the lordships varied throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and many cities were part of the roy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem |
Al-Jawf Province | Al-Jawf has long held regional importance because of its strategic location on the Incense Road. The Assyrians considered the Kingdom of Qedar, whose capital of Dumat al-Jandal is located in Al-Jawf, to be a threat due to its hostility to Assyrian control. It was in this period that the first reference to the Arabs app... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jawf_Province |
Mamluk Sultanate | The sultans were products of the military hierarchy, entry into which was essentially restricted to mamluks. Awlad al-nas could enter and rise high within the hierarchy, but typically did not enter military service. Instead, many entered into mercantile, scholastic or other civilian careers. The army Baybars inherited ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Lebanese space program | The Lebanese Rocket Society which was led by Manoug Manougian consisted of a small group of students from the Haigazian University. The society developed into the wider Lebanese space program and it produced the first rockets of the Arab World, which were capable of suborbital flight.
In November 1960, a group of Haig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_space_program |
Battle of Khartoum (2023–present) | The Sudanese Army launched an offensive in several areas of the three cities on 11 June. Initial clashes broke out along the Halfaya and Manshia bridges, Kafouri, the southern neighborhoods, and north of the Armored Corps. Both the RSF and SAF reported fighting on Al Shajara avenue, near the SAF Armored Corps, with the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khartoum_(2023%E2%80%93present) |
De materia medica | Writing in The Great Naturalists, the historian of science David Sutton describes De materia medica as "one of the most enduring works of natural history ever written" and that "it formed the basis for Western knowledge of medicines for the next 1,500 years."
The historian of science Marie Boas writes that herbalists d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica |
Canaan | Ann Killebrew has shown that cities such as Jerusalem were large and important walled settlements in the pre-Israelite
Middle Bronze IIB and the Israelite Iron Age IIC period (c. 1800–1550 and c. 720–586 BC), but that during the intervening Late Bronze (LB) and Iron Age I and IIA/B Ages sites like Jerusalem were small ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan |
Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah | The annual Ras Al Khaimah Half Marathon, first held in 2007, resulted in a world record from Samuel Wanjiru in 2007 and the second fastest run of all time from Patrick Makau Musyoki in 2009. Kenya's 19-year-old Stephen Kiprop won the 2019 edition of the half marathon in a course record-equaling 58 minutes and 42 second... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah |
Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) | The deal was described on 5 July as including the creation of a "transparent and independent investigation" into the events that followed the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état, including the Khartoum massacre. On 8 July, Associated Press described the investigation as "Sudanese". The 17 July written political agreement stated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019%E2%80%932021) |
Mahdist State | In this troubled atmosphere, Muhammad Ahmad ibn as Sayyid Abd Allah, who combined personal charisma with a religious and political mission, emerged, determined to expel the Turks and restore Islam to its original purity. The son of a Dongola boatbuilder, Muhammad Ahmad had become the disciple of Muhammad ash Sharif, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_State |
Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) | Healthcare and health infrastructure were a key performance indicators for Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, a program to increase standards across the Kingdom in a number of fields. Following its introduction in 2013, a number of major milestones were reached. The development of remote health meant that the 937 Call Center ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Saudi_Arabia) |
Ahmadiyya Caliphate | Ahmadi Muslims believe the system of caliphate (Arabic: Khilāfah) to be an ancillary to the system of prophethood, continuing to strive for the objectives for which a prophet is sent and to carry to completion the tasks of reformation and moral training that were seeded by the prophet. The caliphs, as successors to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate |
Education in Bahrain | Quranic schools were the only source of education in Bahrain prior to the 20th century; such schools were primarily dedicated to the study of the Qur'an. The first modern school to open in the country was a missionary elementary school setup in 1899 in Manama by the Reformed Church in America, with the school's syllabu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Bahrain |
Kingdom of Tlemcen | For most of its history the kingdom was on the defensive, threatened by stronger states to the east and the west.
The nomadic Arabs to the south also took advantage of the frequent periods of weakness to raid the centre and take control of pastures in the south.
The city of Tlemcen was several times attacked or besieg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen |
Tunisian revolution | During a national television broadcast on 28 December, President Ben Ali criticised protesters as "extremist mercenaries" and warned of "firm" punishment. He also accused "certain foreign television channels" of spreading falsehoods and deforming the truth, and called them "hostile to Tunisia". His remarks were ignored... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_revolution |
Kuwait | The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) is Kuwait's largest sovereign wealth fund specializing in foreign investment. The KIA is the world's oldest sovereign wealth fund. Since 1953, the Kuwaiti government has directed investments into Europe, United States and Asia Pacific. In 2021, the holdings were valued at around $7... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Refugees of the Syrian civil war | The number of refugees that crossed the Turkish border reached 10,000–15,000 by mid 2011. More than 5,000 returned to Syria between July and August, while most were moved to newly built camps that hosted 7,600 refugees by November. By the end of 2011, the number of refugees were estimated to be 5,500–8,500 in Lebanon, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war |
Islamic architecture | Turkic peoples began moving into the Middle East from the 8th century onward and, after converting to Islam, became major political and military forces in the region. The first major Turkic dynasty was the Ghaznavids, who ruled from Ghazna in present-day Afghanistan and adopted a Persianate culture. In the second half ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Moorish architecture | In Ifriqiya, the Ribat of Sousse and the Ribat of Monastir are two military structures dated to the late 8th century, making them the oldest surviving Islamic-era monuments in Tunisia – although subjected to later modifications.: 25 The Ribat of Sousse contains a small vaulted room with a mihrab (niche symbolizing the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture |
Senegal River | Christian Europeans soon began attempting to find the sea route to the mouth of the Senegal. The first known effort may have been by the Genoese brothers Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi, who set out down the coast in 1291 in a pair of ships (nothing more is heard of them). In 1346, the Majorcan sailor, Jaume Ferrer set ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River |
Arabs | Arabic music, while independent and flourishing in the 2010s, has a long history of interaction with many other regional musical styles and genres. It is an amalgam of the music of the Arab people in the Arabian Peninsula and the music of all the peoples that make up the Arab world today. Pre-Islamic Arab music was sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston | Curzon was the eldest son and the second of the eleven children of Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale (1831–1916), who was the Rector of Kedleston in Derbyshire. George's mother was Blanche (1837–1875), the daughter of Joseph Pocklington Senhouse of Netherhall in Cumberland. He was born at Kedleston Hall, built on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston |
Ancient Egyptian pottery | W. M. Flinders Petrie was the first to attempt a pottery seriation (which he called a 'Sequence dating'), focused on the pottery of the Naqada culture. He published his first study of the relative chronology of the Naqada culture in 1899. His first 'predynastic' corpus was based on the excavations of necropoleis at Naq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery |
Iranian Revolution | Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women. During the reign of Reza Shah, the government mandated the removal of the veil and promoted the education of young girls. However, the push-back of the Shia clerics made progr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution |
Qira'at | Most of the differences between the various readings involve consonant/diacritical marks (I‘jām) and marks (Ḥarakāt) indicating other vocalizations -- short vowels, nunization, glottal stops, long consonants. Differences in the rasm or "skeleton" of the writing are more scarce, since canonical readings were required to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at |
Süleymaniye Mosque | As with other imperial mosques in Istanbul, the Süleymaniye Mosque was designed as a külliye, or complex, with adjacent structures to service both religious and cultural needs. The mosque incorporates the everyday needs for an Islamic community such as prayer, education, health and much more. Due to the sloping nature ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque |
Samaritans | Contemporary scholarship confirms that deportations occurred before and after the Assyrian conquest of the Kingdom of Israel in 722–720 BCE, with varying impacts in Galilee, Transjordan, and Samaria. During the earlier Assyrian invasions, Galilee and Transjordan did experience significant deportations, with entire trib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans |
Anti-Shi'ism | While Shias and Sunnis have lived side by side in the subcontinent for almost fifteen centuries, anti-Shia violence has been growing consistently for the past three centuries. Anti-Shi'ism has two aspects: shiaphobic literature and hate-crimes. The anti Shia literature that portrays Shias as religiously heretic, morall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism |
Nishapur | Nishapur has been of importance in Iranian mythology. Before the Islamization of Iran, Zoroastrianism had been the major religion of Nishapur.: 68 Rivand (one of the ancient names of Nishapur) has been mentioned in Avesta and subsequently in Shahnameh. Adur Burzen-Mihr a Zoroastrian fire temple of the highest grade wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishapur |
13th century in literature | 1202 – Leonardo Fibonacci writes Liber Abaci, about the modus Indorum, the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, including the use of zero; it is the first major work in Europe to move away from the use of Roman numerals.
1204 – The Imperial Library of Constantinople is destroyed by Christian knights of the Fourth Crusade and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_century_in_literature |
Hellenistic period | Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century BC. In 4th-century BC Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361–289 BC) who seized the city with an arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Ben | Ben, a character in the 2007 Canadian-American television series Sushi Pack
Ben, a character in the 2009 American romantic comedy-drama movie He's Just Not That Into You
Ben, a rat in the novel Ratman's Notebooks, films Willard and Ben, and theme song sung by Michael Jackson on his LP Ben
Benjamin Florian/Ben, a protag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben |
Israeli West Bank barrier | In a 2004 advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice, "Israel cannot rely on a right of self-defence or on a state of necessity in order to preclude the wrongfulness of the construction of the wall". The Court asserted that "the construction of the wall, and its associated régime, are contrary to internatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier |
Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region | The third wave took off due to rapid economic growth related to the intensified hydrocarbon exploration in the region. This led to the discovery of large quantities of crude oil. Although oil had already been discovered in GCC region during the beginning of the 20th century, the economic benefits of the oil resources w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region |
Tassili n'Ajjer | The site of Tassili was primarily occupied during the Neolithic period by transhumant pastoralist groups whose lifestyle benefited both humans and livestock. The local geography, elevation, and natural resources were optimal conditions for dry-season camping of small groups. The wadis within the mountain range function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer |
Ammar ibn Yasir | Prior to the events of the Battle of the Camel, a shura was set up in an attempt to decide a successor after ʿUthmān's death; at this meeting, attendees were not in agreement regarding whether retaliation for ʿUthmān's murder was necessary or not. A report of ʻAlqama b. Waqqas al-Laythi of Kinana indicates that ʻAmmār ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar_ibn_Yasir |
Islamic architecture | The Abbasid architecture of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1513) was particularly influenced by Sasanian architecture, which in turn featured elements present since ancient Mesopotamia. Other influences such as ancient Soghdian architecture in Central Asia have also been noted. This was partly a result of the caliphate's p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
African leopard | The leopard has an exceptional ability to adapt to changes in prey availability, and has a very broad diet. It takes small prey where large ungulates are less common. The known prey of leopards ranges from dung beetles to adult elands, which can reach 900 kg (2,000 lb). In sub-Saharan Africa, at least 92 prey species h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_leopard |
Ayyubid dynasty | Intent on restoring the supremacy of Saladin's direct descendants within the Ayyubid family, an-Nasir Yusuf was eventually able to enlist the backing of all of the Syria-based Ayyubid emirs in a common cause against Mamluk-dominated Egypt. By 1250, he took Damascus with relative ease and except for Hama and Transjordan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Telecommunications in Iraq | Calling code: +964
International call prefix: 00
Main lines:
1.9 million main lines in use, 62nd in the world (2012);
833,000 lines in use (2005).
Mobile cellular:
38.22 million (2019)
26.8 million lines, 40th in the world (2012);
9.0 million lines (2005).
Telephone system: Iraq War of 2003 severely disrupted telecomm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq |
Fatimid dynasty | In about 899, Abdallah ibn al-Husayn assumed the leadership of the da'wa. Soon, he began making alterations to the doctrine, which worried Hamdan Qarmat. Abdan went to Salamiyah to investigate the matter, and learned that Abdallah claimed that the expected mahdi was not Muhammad ibn Isma'il, as commonly propagated, but... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty |
Peroz I | When Peroz's father Yazdegerd II (r. 438–457) died in 457, he had reportedly not designed a successor and instead—according to the medieval historian al-Tha'alibi—entrusted the task to the elite and the leading marzbans (margraves). Civil war soon followed; Yazdegerd II's eldest son Hormizd III declared himself king at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I |
Petra | The first European to describe them was the Swiss traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt during his travels in 1812. At that time, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem operated a diocese in al-Karak named Battra (Arabic: باطره, Ancient Greek: Πέτρας) and it was the opinion among the clergy of Jerusalem that Kerak wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra |
Elam | The Assyrians had utterly destroyed the Elamite nation, but new polities emerged in the area after Assyrian power faded. Among the nations that benefited from the decline of the Assyrians were the Iranian tribes, whose presence around Lake Urmia to the north of Elam is attested from the 9th century BC in Assyrian texts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam |
Psusennes II | Unlike his immediate predecessor and successor – Siamun and Shoshenq I respectively– Psusennes II is generally less well attested in contemporary historical records even though various versions of Manetho's Epitome credit him with either a 14- or a 35-year reign (generally amended to 15 years by most scholars including... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psusennes_II |
Ontological argument | Charles Hartshorne and Norman Malcolm are primarily responsible for introducing modal versions of the argument into the contemporary debate. Both claimed that Anselm had two versions of the ontological argument, the second of which was a modal logic version. According to James Harris, this version is represented by Mal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_argument |
Al-Farabi | English
Al-Farabi's Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle's De interpretatione, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
Short Commentary on Aristotle's Prior Analytics, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1963.
Al-Farabi on the Perfect State, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
Alfarabi, The Political Writings.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi |
Battle of Jenin (2002) | The battle attracted widespread international attention due to allegations by Palestinians that a massacre had been committed. Reporters from various international media outlets quoted local residents who described houses being bulldozed with families still inside, helicopters firing indiscriminately into civilian area... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002) |
Ancient Greek temple | These components allowed the realisation of a variety of different plan types in Greek temple architecture. The simplest example of a Greek temple is the templum in antis, a small rectangular structure sheltering the cult statue. In front of the naos, a small porch or pronaos was formed by the protruding naos walls, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple |
Arab nationalism | A number of Arab revolts against the European powers took place following the establishment of the British and French mandates. Resentment of British rule culminated in the Iraqi revolt of 1920. The uprising which was carried out by the urban population as well as the rural tribes of Iraq ended in 1921. The British dra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism |
Mashallah ibn Athari | Anonymous (2018) [14th century]. "An Irish Astronomical Tract". Translated by Power, Afaula. University College Cork. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
Belenkiy, Ari (2007). "Māshāʾallāh ibn Atharī (Sāriya)" (PDF). In Hockey, Thomas; et al. (eds.). Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer Publishers.
Durant, W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari |
Roman Empire | The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history, with contiguous territories throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ("empire without end") expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire. In Virgil's Aeneid, limitless empire is said to be grant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Human history | The early modern period in Europe was an era of intense intellectual ferment. The Renaissance – the "rebirth" of classical culture, beginning in Italy in the 14th century and extending into the 16th – comprised the rediscovery of the classical world's cultural, scientific, and technological achievements, and the econom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history |
Battle of Annual | At Afrau, on the coast, Spanish warships evacuated the garrison. At Zoco el Telata de Mtalsa, in the south, Spanish troops and civilians retreated to the French Zone. Spanish survivors of the battle retreated some 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the spread-out fortified base of Monte Arruit, which was built between 1912 and 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Annual |
Chronology of the ancient Near East | At least as far back as the reign of Thutmose I, Egypt took a strong interest in the ancient Near East. At times they occupied portions of the region, a favor returned later by the Assyrians. Some key synchronisms:
Battle of Kadesh, involving Ramses II of Egypt ("Year 5 III Shemu day 9") and Muwatalli II of the Hittit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East |
Sharifian Caliphate | When the Ottomans, aware of his religious importance, asked Hussein bin Ali to join them in the jihad they had proclaimed against the Triple Entente powers, he refused, considering this jihad illegitimate. On November 1, 1916, as the British sought to inquire about Hussein bin Ali's stance on the caliphate issue, he ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifian_Caliphate |
Ayyubid dynasty | Intent on restoring the supremacy of Saladin's direct descendants within the Ayyubid family, an-Nasir Yusuf was eventually able to enlist the backing of all of the Syria-based Ayyubid emirs in a common cause against Mamluk-dominated Egypt. By 1250, he took Damascus with relative ease and except for Hama and Transjordan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Isma'ilism | The Dawoodi Bohras are a very close-knit community who seeks advice from Dai on spiritual and temporal matters.
Dawoodi Bohras is headed by the Dāʻī al-Mutlaq, who is appointed by his predecessor in office. The Dāʻī al-Mutlaq appoints two others to the subsidiary ranks of māzūn (Arabic Maʾḏūn مأذون) "licentiate" and Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Sasanian Empire | Some scholars of Zoroastrianism such as Mary Boyce have speculated that it is possible that the yasna service was lengthened during the Sassanid era "to increase its impressiveness". This appears to have been done by joining the Gathic Staota Yesnya with the haoma ceremony. Furthermore, it is believed that another long... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Muslim world | The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights, a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and later Arabian fables. The concept had been influenced by a pre-Islamic Persian prototype Hezār Afsān (Thousand Fables) that relied on particular Indian elements. It reached its f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world |
Sunni Islam | The fall, at the end of World War I of the Ottoman Empire, the biggest Sunni empire for six centuries, brought the caliphate to an end. This resulted in Sunni protests in far off places including the Khilafat Movement in India, which was later on upon gaining independence from Britain divided into Sunni dominated Pakis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Principality of Antioch | After the fall of Edessa in 1144, Antioch was attacked by Nur ad-Din during the Second Crusade. Much of the eastern part of the Principality was lost, and Raymond was killed at the battle of Inab in 1149. Baldwin III of Jerusalem was technically regent for Raymond's widow Constance until 1153 when she married Raynald ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch |
Politics of the Palestinian National Authority | The United Nations General Assembly recognized the PLO as the "representative of the Palestinian people" in Resolution 3210 and Resolution 3236, and granted the PLO observer status on 22 November 1974 in Resolution 3237. On 12 January 1976 the UN Security Council voted 11–1 with 3 abstentions to allow the Palestinian L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority |
Aceh | Administratively, the province now is subdivided into eighteen regencies (kabupaten) and five autonomous cities (kota). The capital and the largest city is Banda Aceh, located on the coast near the northern tip of Sumatra. When originally devised in 1956, the province comprised the city of Banda Aceh and six regencies ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh |
Popular Mobilization Forces | The PMF trace their origins to the so-called Special Groups, a US term to designate groups of the Iraqi insurgency which were Shiite, supported and funded by the Iranian Quds Force, as opposed to Ba'atahist loyalist or radical sunni salafi jihadist insurgents. The Special Groups fought both the US-led Coalition forces,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces |
French Algeria | According to Ben Kiernan, colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem. Within the first three decades (1830–1860) of French conquest, between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Algerians, out of a total of 3 million, were killed due to war, massacres, disease and famine. Atrocities committed by the French during the Al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | Al-Mahdi apparently also entertained hopes of a pincer movement against Egypt from two sides, with the support of his missionaries in the Yemen. It was not to be: Ibn al-Fadl, who had conquered most of Yemen from his base in the south of the country, renounced al-Mahdi and proclaimed himself as the mahdi in August 911.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
Tunisian campaign | The first two years of the war in North Africa were characterized by chronic supply shortages and transport problems. The North African coast has few natural harbors and the British base at Alexandria on the Nile delta was some 2,100 km (1,300 mi) by road from the main Italian port at Tripoli in Libya. Smaller ports at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign |
History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes | The architectural rules for dome transitional zones established by the Fatimids and Ayyubids were not continued by the Bahri Mamluks, who innovated in structural, decorative, and constructive techniques. Internally, the squinches of the zone of transition developed into miniaturized and pointed versions that were used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes |
Arab nationalism | After the Second World War, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of Egypt, was a significant player in the rise of Arab nationalism. Opposed to the British control of the Suez Canal Zone and concerned at Egypt becoming a Cold War battleground Nasser pushed for a collective Arab security pact within the framework of the Arab ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism |
Upper Mesopotamia | Al-Jazirah is extremely important archeologically. This is the area where the earliest signs of agriculture and domestication of animals have been found, and thus the starting point leading to civilization and the modern world. Al-Jazirah includes the mountain Karaca Dağ in southern Turkey, where the closest relative t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia |
Agriculture in Lebanon | Banning dangerous pesticides, the ministry of agriculture banned 110 pesticides in 1998, including aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and DDT.
Safe handling of obsolete pesticides, FAO supported a project in 1998 (US$101,000) to assist the Lebanese government in eliminating a stock of 8.5 tonnes of pesticides and train the staff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Lebanon |
Chishti Order | The Encyclopedia of Islam divides Chishti history into four periods:
Era of the great shaykhs (c. 597/1200 to 757/1356)
Era of the provincial khānaḳāhs (8th/14th & 9th/15th centuries)
Rise of the Ṣābiriyya branch (9th/15th century onwards)
Revival of the Niẓāmiyya branch (12th/18th century onwards)
The order was found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chishti_Order |
Hassan II of Morocco | Hassan's first official foreign visit as King was to attend the 1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, which took place in September 1961 in Belgrade.
In the Cold War era, Hassan allied Morocco with the West generally, and with the United States and France in particular. His obituary in The New York Times described hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco |
Persian Gulf Residency | British interest in the Persian Gulf originated in the sixteenth century and steadily increased as British India's importance rose in the imperial system of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the beginning, the agenda was primarily of a commercial character. Realizing the region's significance, the English fle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Residency |
Neolithic Revolution | Despite the significant technological advance and advancements in knowledge, arts and trade, the Neolithic revolution did not lead immediately to a rapid growth of population. Its benefits appear to have been offset by various adverse effects, mostly diseases and warfare.
The introduction of agriculture has not necessa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution |
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