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Israeli occupation of the West Bank | The legality of the occupation itself, while remaining much less covered than specific violations of international humanitarian law, has drawn increasing attention from scholars and the international community, with multiple United Nations General Assembly resolutions describing the occupation itself as illegal. Schola... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank |
Islamic fundamentalism in Iran | Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691053424. OCLC 7975938.
Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520081730. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Calvert, John (July 2010).... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran |
Nuruosmaniye Mosque | The construction of the mosque complex was commissioned on the order of Sultan Mahmud I in 1748 and completed under his brother and successor, Sultan Osman III, in 1755. It was named Nuruosmaniye, meaning "The light of Osman", after Osman III.
The construction of the Nuruosmaniye marked the first time since the constru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuruosmaniye_Mosque |
Ottoman Egypt | Bonaparte returned from that ill-fated expedition at the beginning of June. Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey had taken advantage of this opportunity to collect their forces and attempt a joint attack on Cairo, but Bonaparte arrived in time to defeat it. In the last week of July, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Turkish a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt |
Egyptian Arabic | One characteristic feature of Egyptian syntax is the two-part negative verbal circumfix /ma-...-ʃ(i)/, which it shares with other North African dialect areas as well as some southern Levantine dialect areas, probably as a result of the influence of Egyptian Arabic on these areas:
Past: /ˈkatab/ "he wrote" /ma-katab-ʃ(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic |
Saadi Sultanate | The Saadians were a Sharifian family which had first established themselves in the Draa valley in the 14th century before moving or spreading to Tidsi in the Sous valley in the following century. Here they lived alongside Sufi teachers and marabouts who promoted the doctrines of al-Jazuli.: 350 The beginning of the Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Roger Bacon | Bacon was largely ignored by his contemporaries in favour of other scholars such as Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas, although his works were studied by Bonaventure, John Pecham, and Peter of Limoges, through whom he may have influenced Raymond Lull. He was also partially responsible for the addition of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon |
Ayyubid dynasty | Intent on restoring the supremacy of Saladin's direct descendants within the Ayyubid family, an-Nasir Yusuf was eventually able to enlist the backing of all of the Syria-based Ayyubid emirs in a common cause against Mamluk-dominated Egypt. By 1250, he took Damascus with relative ease and except for Hama and Transjordan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Dubai Metro | In 2011, the RTA stated that there are no "immediate plans" to build the Blue and Purple lines "in the next five or six years". This is mainly because the planned area is empty and developing.
In 2013, the RTA laid out a three-phase plan to expand the existing lines and build new ones: extending the Green Line by 12 st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Metro |
Aljafería | In 1486, the area of the Courtyard of San Martín was assigned as the headquarters of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition and facilities were installed adjacent to the courtyard to house the officers of this organization. This is likely the first use of the Tower of the Troubadour as a prison.
In 1591, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljafer%C3%ADa |
Economy of Yemen | Yemen is an oil producer and has significant untapped offshore oil and gas deposits. Unlike many regional oil producers, Yemen relies heavily on foreign oil companies that have production-sharing agreements with the government. Income from oil production constitutes 70 to 75 percent of government revenue and about 90 p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen |
1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine | The "peace bands" (fasa'il al-salam) or "Nashashibi units" were made up of disaffected Arab peasants recruited by the British administration and the Nashashibis in late 1938 to battle against Arab rebels during the revolt. Despite their peasant origins the bands were representative mainly of the interests of landlords ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine |
List of Egyptian inventions and discoveries | Mastaba: Was a predecessor to the Egyptian pyramid. Kings of the Early Dynastic Period were buried there.
Column: In ancient Egyptian architecture as early as 2600 BC, the architect Imhotep made use of stone columns whose surface was carved to reflect the organic form of bundled reeds, like papyrus, lotus and palm. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_inventions_and_discoveries |
Renaissance of the 12th century | After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Western Europe had entered the Middle Ages with great difficulties. Apart from depopulation and other factors, most scientific treatises of classical antiquity, written in Greek or Latin, had become unavailable or lost entirely. Philosophical and scientific teaching of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century |
Augustus | Octavian was studying and undergoing military training in Apollonia, Illyria, when Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC. He rejected the advice of some army officers to take refuge with the troops in Macedonia and sailed to Italy to ascertain whether he had any potential political fortun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus |
Woman | The word woman can be used generally, to mean any female human, or specifically, to mean an adult female human as contrasted with girl. The word girl originally meant "young person of either sex" in English; it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child. The term ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman |
Israeli disengagement from Gaza | On June 9, 2005, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled the Gaza withdrawal plan was constitutional, rejecting 12 petitions by opponents of the withdrawal. In their 320-page ruling, the judges upheld four technical challenges dealing with financial compensation for settlers who were to be evicted, but stressed the withdrawal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza |
Indus River | The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the Punjab and Sindh plains – it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical since rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus Valley civ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River |
Umar | The government of Umar was a unitary government, where the sovereign political authority was the caliph. The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and some autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan and Armenia, that had accepted the suzerainty of the caliphate. The provinces were administered by the provincial gover... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar |
Qadiriyya | The Hazrat Ishaans and their followers the Naqshbandis substantiate their leadership as rightful successors of Muhammad on the occasion of a certain biological line of prediction from Muhammad over leading Saints, so called Ghaus or Aqtab reaching Sayyid Mir Jan as the promised Khwaja-e-Khwajagan-Jahan, meaning "Khwaja... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadiriyya |
Druze | In Syria, most Druzites live in the Jebel al-Druze, a rugged and mountainous region in the southwest of the country, which is more than 90 percent Druze inhabited; some 120 villages are exclusively so. Other notable communities live in the Harim Mountains, the Damascus suburb of Jaramana, and on the southeast slopes of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Arab migrations to the Maghreb | To weaken resistance by Arab tribes in Ifriqiya, the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min transferred them to Morocco in large numbers and settled them in the Atlantic plains in the 12th century. The region was formerly inhabited by the Barghawata tribal group, however this area was largely destroyed and depopulated by the Almo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb |
Middle East | The six top languages, in terms of numbers of speakers, are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Hebrew and Greek. Arabic and Hebrew represent the Afro-Asiatic language family. Persian, Kurdish and Greek belong to the Indo-European language family. Turkish belongs to Turkic language family. About 20 minority languages ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East |
Cairo Citadel | The Citadel was begun by the Kurdish Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din (Saladin) between 1176 and 1183 CE in order to protect Cairo from potential Crusader attacks and to provide a secure center of government for his new regime (only a few years after he had dismantled the Fatimid Caliphate). This also emulated a feature of m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Citadel |
Damascus | In early 1516, the Ottoman Empire, wary of the danger of an alliance between the Mamluks and the Persian Safavids, started a campaign of conquest against the Mamluk sultanate. On 21 September, the Mamluk governor of Damascus fled the city, and on 2 October the khutba in the Umayyad mosque was pronounced in the name of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus |
Ancient Greek astronomy | Plato and Eudoxus of Cnidus were both active in astronomical thought in the first half of the fourth century BC, and with them came a decisive shift in Greek astronomy. The work of these two figures represents a shift from earlier stellar concerns, focusing on the study of the stars, to the study of the planet. A new t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy |
Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa | Historically Iranians were ruled by an absolute monarchy for several thousand years, at least since the time of the Achaemenid Empire (550 B.C.E.) until the Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century. The Constitutional Revolution in 1906 replaced the absolute monarchy with a constitutional monarchy. The const... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa |
Nynetjer | Most of the information known about Nynetjer's reign are found on the main fragments of the Annal Stone of the 5th dynasty. The Palermo Stone lists the following events:
7th year: Following of Horus...(rest is missing)
8th year: Appearance of the king; "stretching the cords" (a ceremony for a foundation) for "Hor-Ren"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynetjer |
Amorites | In two Sumerian literary compositions written long afterward in the Old Babylonian period, Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta and Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird, the Early Dynastic ruler of Uruk Enmerkar (listed in the Sumerian King List) mentions "the land of the mar.tu". It is not known to what extent these reflect histor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorites |
Ja'far al-Sadiq | Most of the extant writings attributed to al-Sadiq are commentaries (tafsir) on the Quran:
In Sufi circles, a number of mystical Quranic exegeses are attributed to al-Sadiq, such as Tafsir al-Quran, Manafe' Sowar al-Quran, and Kawass al-Quran al-Azam.
Another attributed work is the book of Jafr, a mystical commentary w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq |
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world | Several works of Islamic astronomy were translated to Latin starting from the 12th century.
The work of al-Battani (d. 929), Kitāb az-Zīj ("Book of Astronomical Tables"), was frequently cited by European astronomers and received several reprints, including one with annotations by Regiomontanus. Nicolaus Copernicus, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Kuwait | In the early to mid 1700s, Kuwait City was as a small fishing village. Administratively, it was a sheikhdom, ruled by local sheikhs from Bani Khalid clan. Sometime in the mid 1700s, the Bani Utbah settled in Kuwait City. Sometime after the death of the Bani Khalid's leader Barak bin Abdul Mohsen and the fall of the Ban... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Qatari clothing | Jewelry, typically gold-adorned, is very commonly used by Qatari women during special occasions such as weddings and festivals and, to a lesser extent, for daily use. Most jewelry worn by Qatari women is handmade, even after the rise in popularity of more cost-efficient manufactured jewelry. In modern times, the jewelr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_clothing |
Hamas government in the Gaza Strip | Gaza generally obtained its diesel fuel from Israel but, in 2011, Hamas began buying cheaper fuel from Egypt, bringing it via a network of tunnels, and refused to buy it from Israel.
In early 2012, due to internal economic disagreement between the Palestinian Authority and the Hamas Government in Gaza, decreased suppli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip |
Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt | The 14th Dynasty is commonly grouped together with the 13th, 15th, 16th, and 17th, as the Second Intermediate Period. Less commonly, the 14th Dynasty is combined with the 11th, 12th, and 13th Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt period, though the 14th Dynasty overlaps at least partially with either of (or both of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt |
Sunni Islam | When the expression 'ahl as-sunna wa l-jama'ah appeared for the first time, is not entirely clear. The Abbasite Caliph Al-Ma'mūn (reigned 813–33) criticized in his Mihna edict a group of people, who related themselves to the sunnah (nasabū anfusa-hum ilā s-sunna) and claimed, they are the "people of truth, religion and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi | Al-Mu'ayyad was born in Shiraz not later than 387/997 and died in Cairo in 470 AH/1078 AD. He lived during the time of the Fatimid Caliphs Al-Hakim (386–412 AH / 996–1021 AD), Al-Zahir (412–427 AH / 1021–1036 AD) and Al-Mustansir (427–48AH / 1036–1094AD). He was buried in the Dar al-ilm where he had resided, worked and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi |
Fuzuli (poet) | Described by Kathleen Burrill, a professor of Turkish studies, as the "foremost of all the Azeri [Azerbaijani] poets", Fuzuli is also regarded as one of the greatest Turkic poets. He had a major influence on Azerbaijani and Ottoman literature, and is sometimes considered an Ottoman poet because he composed most of his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzuli_(poet) |
Hellenistic-era warships | There were two chief design traditions in the Mediterranean, the Greek and the Punic (Phoenician/Carthaginian) one, which was later copied by the Romans. As exemplified in the trireme, the Greeks used to project the upper level of oars through an outrigger (parexeiresia), while the later Punic tradition heightened the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships |
Arab world | There is no single description of Arab cinema since it includes films from various countries and cultures of the Arab world and therefore does not have one form, structure, or style. In its inception, Arab cinema was mostly an imitation of Western cinema. However, it has and continues to constantly change and evolve. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world |
The Ebony Horse | An Indian version was published by author Mark Thornhill with the title The Magic Horse. In this tale, a carpenter and a goldsmith compete over who is the most skilled craftsman. The king announces he will be the judge of the dispute and orders them to bring him their finest works. The goldsmith brings a metal fish tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ebony_Horse |
Origins of the Six-Day War | After the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egypt agreed to the stationing of a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) in the Sinai to ensure all parties would comply with the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Despite the overwhelming support for Resolution 1000 in the UN General Assembly, Israel refused to allow UNEF forces onto its territor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War |
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region | The Iraqi Regional Branch of the Ba'ath Party was established in 1951 or 1952. Some historians claim that the Iraqi Regional Branch was established by Abd ar Rahman ad Damin and Abd al Khaliq al Khudayri in 1947 after their return from the founding congress of the Ba'ath Party held in Damascus, Syria the same year. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region |
Jabir ibn Hayyan | Berthelot, Marcellin; Houdas, Octave V. (1893). La Chimie au Moyen Âge. Vol. III. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. (French translations of the edited Arabic texts)
Corbin, Henry (1950). "Le livre du Glorieux de Jâbir ibn Hayyân". Eranos-Jahrbuch. 18: 48–114. (French translation of the Kitāb al-Mājid)
Gannagé, Emma (1998). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan |
Operation Infinite Reach | Clinton flew back to Washington, D.C. from his vacation at Martha's Vineyard, speaking with legislators from Air Force One and British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and Sharif from the White House. Clinton announced the attacks in a TV address, saying the Khost camp was "one of the most a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach |
Hyderabad | Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad |
History of Algeria | The Zirids renounced the Fatimids and recognized the Abbasid Caliphs in 1048-49, or sometime between 1041 and 1051. In retaliation, the Fatimids sent the Arab tribes of the Banu Hilal and the Banu Sulaym to the Maghreb. The Banu Sulaym settled first in Cyrenaica, but the Banu Hilal continued towards Ifriqiya. The Zirid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria |
Bible | The narratives, laws, wisdom sayings, parables, and unique genres of the Bible provide opportunity for discussion on most topics of concern to human beings: The role of women,: 203 sex, children, marriage, neighbours,: 24 friends, the nature of authority and the sharing of power,: 45–48 animals, trees and nature,: x... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible |
Banu Kilab | Thimal died in 1062 and was succeeded by Atiyya. The rivalry between Mahmud and Atiyya and their respective factions within the Kilab resumed. The bulk of the Kilab backed Mahmud and marched with him against Aleppo in 1063, but they were repulsed by Atiyya's Turkmen mercenaries, led by Ibn Khan. According to Zakkar, af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Kilab |
2023 Al Haouz earthquake | Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, Canada, Jordan, Japan, South Korea, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, India, Algeria, Argentina, France, Germany, Iran, Israel, the Philippines, Portugal, Pakistan, Romania, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Oman, Turkey, Kuwait, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Unio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Al_Haouz_earthquake |
Ankara | Following the Ottoman defeat in World War I, the Ottoman capital Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and much of Anatolia was occupied by the Allies, who planned to share these lands between Armenia, France, Greece, Italy and the United Kingdom, leaving for the Turks the core piece of land in central Anatolia. In response... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara |
Berbera | In the post-independence period, Berbera was administered as the part of the North-Western province of the Somali Republic. It served as the main livestock port of the republic and in the 1970s and 1980s, nearly all of the livestock exports went out through the port of Berbera via Isaaq livestock traders. The entire li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera |
Gaza Strip evacuations | On 4 May 2024, Israel presented its evacuation plan to the United States, according to U.S. officials, who stated the U.S. believed Israel's plan would result in too many civilian casualties.
On 6 May 2024, Israel ordered parts of Rafah to begin evacuating. In response, thousands began fleeing the city in anticipation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip_evacuations |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | On 25 December 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Following this invasion, Zia chaired a meeting and was asked by several cabinet members to refrain from interfering in the war, owing to the vastly superior military power of the USSR. Zia, however, was ideologically opposed to the idea of communism taking over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq |
Julian (emperor) | Julian's popularity among the people and the army during his brief reign suggest that he might have brought paganism back to the fore of Roman public and private life. In fact, during his lifetime, neither pagan nor Christian ideology reigned supreme, and the greatest thinkers of the day argued about the merits and rat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_(emperor) |
Hizb ut-Tahrir | Hizb ut-Tahrir texts and websites hold that re-establishing the Khilafah state or Caliphate based on sharia law has been decreed by God as the "most important" obligation of Muslims, who will be punished if they neglect it. Without the caliphate and true sharia law, Muslims have been living in a state of jahiliyya (pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir |
Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut | Two decades after her death, during Thutmose III's forty-second regnal year, he decided that all evidence of her reign as king of Egypt should be erased. His reasons for proscribing her reign remain unclear. This assault against her reign was, however, short-lived. Two years after it started, when Amenhotep II ascended... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_temple_of_Hatshepsut |
Reptile | Reptiles generally reproduce sexually, though some are capable of asexual reproduction. All reproductive activity occurs through the cloaca, the single exit/entrance at the base of the tail where waste is also eliminated. Most reptiles have copulatory organs, which are usually retracted or inverted and stored inside th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile |
Islamic art | The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) witnessed the movement of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, and then from Baghdad to Samarra. The shift to Baghdad influenced politics, culture, and art. Art historian Robert Hillenbrand (1999) likens the movement to the foundation of an "Islamic Rome", because the meeting of Easter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art |
Hyksos | The conflict between Thebes and the Hyksos is known exclusively from pro-Theban sources, and it is difficult to construct a chronology. These sources propagandistically portray the conflict as a war of national liberation. This perspective was formerly taken by scholars as well but is no longer thought to be accurate.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyksos |
One Thousand and One Nights | Stories from the One Thousand and One Nights have been popular subjects for films, beginning with Georges Méliès' Le Palais des Mille et une nuits (1905).
The critic Robert Irwin singles out the two versions of The Thief of Baghdad (1924 version directed by Raoul Walsh; 1940 version produced by Alexander Korda) and Pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Anglo-Iraqi War | In the immediate aftermath of the fall of Rashid Ali's "National Defence Government" and the armistice, Baghdad was torn apart by rioting and looting. Much of the violence was channelled towards the city's Jewish Quarter; over 180 Jewish residents were killed and about 850 injured before the Iraqi police were ordered t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War |
Aden | Aden remained in a state of political stagnation for 25 years until President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi took refuge there and carried out his work from the Republican Palace in Aden. Hadi declared Aden the temporary capital on March 7, 2015, instead of Sana’a, which he described as occupied by the Houthis. This was after... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden |
Head of state | It is usual that the head of state, particularly in parliamentary systems as part of the symbolic role, is the one who opens the annual sessions of the legislature, e.g. the annual State Opening of Parliament with the Speech from the Throne in Britain. Even in presidential systems the head of state often formally repor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state |
Indo-Islamic architecture | The tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (built 1320 to 1324) in Multan, Pakistan is a large octagonal brick-built mausoleum with polychrome glazed decoration that remains much closer to the styles of Iran and Afghanistan. Timber is also used internally. This was the earliest major monument of the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413), bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture |
Mathematics and art | The mathematician and theoretical physicist Henri Poincaré's Science and Hypothesis was widely read by the Cubists, including Pablo Picasso and Jean Metzinger. Being thoroughly familiar with Bernhard Riemann's work on non-Euclidean geometry, Poincaré was more than aware that Euclidean geometry is just one of many possi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_art |
Umayyad state of Córdoba | Upon rising to power, Abd al-Rahman I initially resided in several palace-villas on the outskirts of Cordoba, most notably one called ar-Ruṣāfa. Ar-Ruṣāfa may have originally been a Roman villa or a Roman-Visigothic estate which was taken over and adapted by a Berber chieftain named Razin al-Burnusi who accompanied the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
17 October Revolution | Lebanon's 76th Independence Day was celebrated on 22 November 2019 with the nation's first-ever civil parade, which was organized by civil society groups in Beirut's Martyr's Square. An invite-only private military parade had been held in the early morning by the Lebanese government, and the civil parade was intended a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution |
Battle of Khafji | Distressed by the occupation of Khafji, Saudi Arabian commander General Khaled bin Sultan appealed to U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf for an immediate air campaign against Iraqi forces in and around the city. However this was turned down because the buildings would make it difficult for aircraft to spot targets without... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji |
History of Palestine | In October 1831, Muhammad Ali of Egypt dispatched his modernized army commanded by his son Ibrahim Pasha in a campaign to annex Ottoman Syria, including Palestine. Ibrahim Pasha's forces had previously defeated the Ottomans and gained control of Sudan and the western Arabian Peninsula. Their entry into Palestine was no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine |
Sunni Islam | One of the earliest supporting documents for ahl as-sunna derives from the Basric scholar Muhammad Ibn Siri (d. 728). His is mentioned in the Sahih of Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj quoted with: "Formerly one did not ask about the Isnad. But when the fitna started, one said: 'Name us your informants'. One would then respond to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Iblis | Iblis is mentioned 11 times in the Quran by name, nine times related to his refusal against God's Command to prostrate himself before Adam. The term šayṭān is more prevalent, although Iblis is sometimes referred to as šayṭān; the terms are not interchangeable. The different fragments of Iblis's story are scattered acro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iblis |
Union for the Mediterranean | As a platform for dialogue and cooperation, the Union for the Mediterranean engages in strategic partnerships with global, regional and sub-regional organizations.
During the past few years, the UfM strengthened its ties with relevant stakeholders through the signature of various Memoranda of Understanding:
CIHEAM (I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | While there are no sacred texts of Shia (or Sunni) Islam that include a straightforward statement that the Muslim community should or must be ruled over by Islamic jurists, Khomeini maintained there were "numerous traditions [hadith] that indicate the scholars of Islam are to exercise rule during the Occultation".
Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca | Following the recent Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Kozludzha, the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74 and marked a defeat of the Ottomans in their struggle against Russia. The Russians were represented by Field-Marshal Count Pyotr Rumyantsev while the Ottoman side was represented by Muhsi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca |
Mamluk Sultanate | Qaitbay's death on 8 August 1496 inaugurated several years of instability. Eventually, following several brief reigns by other candidates, Qansuh al-Ghuri (or al-Ghawri) was placed on the throne in 1501. Al-Ghuri secured his position over several months and appointed new figures to key posts. His nephew, Tuman Bay was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Ons Jabeur | Jabeur started her season at the Sydney International. She defeated Astra Sharma in the first round and Petra Kvitová in the second round before losing to Anett Kontaveit in the quarterfinals. She subsequently withdrew from the Australian Open due to a back injury sustained in the Sydney tournament. In February, Jabeur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ons_Jabeur |
Italo-Turkish War | Technologically and numerically superior Italian forces easily managed to take the shores. However, the Italians still could not penetrate deep inland. The Libyans and Turks, estimated at 15,000, made frequent attacks day and night on the strongly-entrenched Italian garrison in the southern suburbs of Benghazi. The fou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War |
Ibn Butlan | Works by Ibn Buṭlān published in Arabic:
Hosam Elkhadem: Le "Taqwim al-sihha" (Tacuini sanitatis) d’ Ibn Butlan: Un traité médical du XIe siècle. Histoire du texte, édition critique, traduction, commentaire (Académie royale de Belgique, Classe des lettres, Fonds René Draguet, vol. 7), Leuven, Belgium, Aedibus Peeters,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan |
Ahmadiyya Caliphate | Ahmadi Muslims believe the system of caliphate (Arabic: Khilāfah) to be an ancillary to the system of prophethood, continuing to strive for the objectives for which a prophet is sent and to carry to completion the tasks of reformation and moral training that were seeded by the prophet. The caliphs, as successors to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Caliphate |
Benghazi | Benghazi is a transport hub in Eastern Libya and is an important city on the northern coastal road that crosses the country. An efficiently designed system of roads, bridges and underpasses cover Benghazi, however traffic jams and poorly maintained streets are not uncommon. A microbus system covers many areas of the ci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi |
Hijrah | In 620, having lost all hope of winning converts among his fellow townspeople, Muhammad limited his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages. During these efforts, Muhammad met six members of the Banu Khazraj tribe who were visiting Mecca, on a pilgrimage to the holy sites around the city. These si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah |
Intimate parts in Islam | Most modern Islamic scholars agree that, in public, a woman must cover the entire body except the face, hands and feet.
The covering of the female 'awrah changes according to the situation:
In ritual prayer: a woman should cover her entire body excluding her entire face and her hands to the wrist. (The Hanafis solely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam |
1983 Beirut barracks bombings | Organized rescue efforts began immediately – within three minutes of the bombing – and continued for days. Unit maintenance personnel were not billeted in the BLT building, and they rounded up pry bars, torches, jacks and other equipment from unit vehicles and maintenance shops and began rescue operations. Meanwhile, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings |
Liberalism | As part of the project to limit the powers of government, liberal theorists such as James Madison and Montesquieu conceived the notion of separation of powers, a system designed to equally distribute governmental authority among the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Governments had to realise, liberals main... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism |
Dance | Rhythm and dance are deeply linked in history and practice. The American dancer Ted Shawn wrote; "The conception of rhythm which underlies all studies of the dance is something about which we could talk forever, and still not finish." A musical rhythm requires two main elements; first, a regularly-repeating pulse (also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance |
Novel | A chapbook is an early type of popular literature printed in early modern Europe. Produced cheaply, chapbooks were commonly small, paper-covered booklets, usually printed on a single sheet folded into books of 8, 12, 16 and 24 pages. They were often illustrated with crude woodcuts, which sometimes bore no relation to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel |
Female genital mutilation | One of the earliest campaigns against FGM began in Egypt in the 1920s, when the Egyptian Doctors' Society called for a ban. There was a parallel campaign in Sudan, run by religious leaders and British women. Infibulation was banned there in 1946, but the law was unpopular and barely enforced. The Egyptian government ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation |
First Fitna | Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, eds. (2013). "Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599–661)". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691134840.
Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers, at the Ori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fitna |
Zengid dynasty | In the 13th century, Mosul had a flourishing industry making luxury brass items that were ornately inlaid with silver.: 283–6 Many of these items survive today; in fact, of all medieval Islamic artifacts, Mosul brasswork has the most epigraphic inscriptions.: 12 However, the only reference to this industry in contemp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid_dynasty |
Abiy Ahmed | Starting from 2015, Abiy became one of the central figures in the violent fight against illegal land grabbing activities in Oromia Region and especially around Addis Ababa. Although the Addis Ababa Master Plan at the heart of the land-grabbing plans was stopped in 2016, the disputes continued for some time resulting in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed |
Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam | Secularists note that mental illness "has been attributed to demonic possession" throughout history, the oldest known attribution coming from the Sumerians, "who believed that all diseases of the body and mind were caused by 'sickness demons' called gidim or gid-dim".
According to some Islamic sources, cases of 'pseud... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam |
Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri | After receiving his primary and secondary education in Shaqraa, Ibn Aqil relocated to Riyadh and enrolled in Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, which at the time was a brand new institution. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Law from the college of Islamic law, and a Master of Theology degree in exegesis of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Abd_al-Rahman_Ibn_Aqil_al-Zahiri |
Thutmose III | When Hatshepsut died on the 10th day of the sixth month of Thutmose III's 21st year, according to information from a single stela from Armant, the king of Kadesh advanced his army to Megiddo. Thutmose III mustered his own army and departed Egypt, passing through the border fortress of Tjaru (Sile) on the 25th day of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III |
Mesopotamian campaign | With British Indian forces already on the ground, the British imported civil servants from India who had previous knowledge and experience of running a colonial government. The expulsion of the Ottomans from the region shook the centuries-old power balance. Arabs who believed that the Ottoman expulsion would lead to gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign |
Nabeel Rajab | On 5 May, Rajab was arrested at Bahrain International Airport on his arrival from Lebanon the day before a scheduled court hearing relating to a march he had attended in March. Julian Assange said he believed Rajab's arrest was linked to his appearance on Assange's World Tomorrow television talk-show and Project on Mid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabeel_Rajab |
Colonialism | Nations and regions outside Northern China with significant populations of Han Chinese ancestry:
Xinjiang: 42.24% Han settlers, 44.96% Indigenous
Tibet: disputed. 12.2% Han Chinese in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Taiwan: 95–97% Han Taiwanese, 2.3% Indigenous
Singapore: 74.3% Han Chinese, 13.5% Indigenous Malay
Malaysi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism |
Pepi I Meryre | Pepi's accession to the throne may have occurred in times of discord. Manetho, writing nearly 2000 years after Pepi's reign, claims that Pepi's father Teti was assassinated by his own bodyguards. The Egyptologist Naguib Kanawati has argued in support of Manetho's claim, noting for example that Teti's reign saw a signif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre |
Al-Khwarizmi | Al-Jabr (The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, Arabic: الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wal-muqābala) is a mathematical book written approximately 820 CE. It was written with the encouragement of Caliph al-Ma'mun as a popular work on calculation an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi |
Healthcare in Qatar | Before oil was discovered, healthcare consisted of traditional medicine: barbers performed circumcisions and other minor procedures, and herbalists dispensed natural remedies. Cauterization was a prominent practice in folk medicine. Before embarking on a pearl diving trip, a sailor would often be cauterized to prevent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Qatar |
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