title stringlengths 2 79 | passage stringlengths 2.2k 39.3k | link stringlengths 32 109 |
|---|---|---|
Tunisian Armed Forces | On June 30, 1956, the Tunisian army was officially founded by decree, in the form of a combined-arms regiment. The necessary equipment was made available to the young state from French stocks. The new army initially comprised 25 Tunisian officers, 250 NCOs and 1,250 men transferred from French Army service, plus 850 fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Armed_Forces |
Khafajah | Khafajah was occupied beginning in the Jemdet Nasr period and Early Dynastic Period. Naram-Sin of Akkad named his son Nabi-Ulmash governor of Tutub. A fragment of a statue of the Akkadian ruler Manishtushu was found there. Two stone bowl fragments with the name of the Akkadian ruler Rimush were found near the Temple of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafajah |
Assyrian Church of the East | Theologically, the Assyrian Church of the East does not accept doctrinal definitions that were adopted at the Council of Ephesus (431) and the Council of Chalcedon (451), and still adheres to the Church of the East's traditional Christology, that is often labeled as Nestorian. The use and exact meaning of that term has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East |
Habib Bourguiba | When he arrived in Paris, Bourguiba settled in Saint-Séverin hotel, near Place Saint-Michel, where he occupied a room located on the sixth floor for 150 francs per month. Having had some hard times, his problems were resolved as he obtained a scholarship of 1800 francs, payable in two installments, and enrolled in Pari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba |
Syrians | The Arabs in Arabia called the region of Syria region al-Sham (Arabic: بِـلَاد الـشَّـام, romanized: Bilād al-Šām, lit. 'the country of Sham') which became the dominant name of the Levant under the Rashidun Caliphate and its successors. The geographic designation "Syria" returned in 1864 when Ottoman Syria was reorgani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrians |
Arabic language influence on the Spanish language | The Spanish language, also called Castilian, is a Romance language that evolved from the dialects of Roman Vulgar Latin spoken in the Iberian peninsula. The first examples of language with some features specific of modern Spanish are ascribed to documents from various monasteries in the area of Burgos and La Rioja in w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language_influence_on_the_Spanish_language |
Ibn al-Haytham | Alhazen was a Muslim and most sources report that he was a Sunni and a follower of the Ash'ari school. Ziauddin Sardar says that some of the greatest Muslim scientists, such as Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, who were pioneers of the scientific method, were themselves followers of the Ashʿari school of Islamic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Kaftan | The kaftan has been historically documented to have been worn in Algeria in the beginning of the 16th century and the presence of the kaftan in Algeria dates far back to the Rustamid period and is attested during the Zirid period in the 10th century as well as the Zayyanid period. Following the Ottoman tradition, the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan |
History of Bahrain | Peace and trade brought a new prosperity. Bahrain was no longer dependent upon pearling, and by the mid-19th century, it became the pre-eminent trading centre in the Persian Gulf, overtaking rivals Basra, Kuwait, and finally in the 1870s, Muscat. At the same time, Bahrain's socio-economic development began to diverge f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain |
Palestine (region) | In a study of Ottoman registers of the early Ottoman rule of Palestine, Bernard Lewis reports:[T]he first half century of Ottoman rule brought a sharp increase in population. The towns grew rapidly, villages became larger and more numerous, and there was an extensive development of agriculture, industry, and trade. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region) |
Chickpea | Agricultural yield for chickpeas is often based on genetic and phenotypic variability, which has recently been influenced by artificial selection. The uptake of macronutrients such as inorganic phosphorus or nitrogen is vital to the plant development of Cicer arietinum, commonly known as the perennial chickpea. Heat cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpea |
Kingdom of Kongo | A common characteristic of political life in the kingdom of Kongo was fierce competition over succession to the throne. Afonso's own contest for the throne was intense, and he had to fight a major battle with his half brother, and probably against lesser enemies in the early years of his reign. Afonso described his as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo |
Qadi | The jurisdiction of a qadi was theoretically coextensive with the scope of the law that he applied. That law was fundamentally a law for Muslims, and the internal affairs of the non-Muslim, or dhimmīs, communities living within the Islamic state were left under the jurisdictions of those communities. Islamic law govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi |
Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph) | Fleeing from the Kharijites' advance, desperate Kutama soldiers and Fatimid adherents had flocked to al-Mahdiya, but al-Qa'im, determined to conserve supplies for the upcoming siege, had refused to admit them into the walls. Instead, the Fatimid ruler ordered a new wall and ditch constructed to cover the outer suburbs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph) |
Hellenistic religion | The Egyptian religion which follows Isis was the most famous of the new religions. The religion was brought to Greece by Egyptian priests, initially for the small Egyptian communities in the port cities of the Greek world. Although the Egyptian religion found only a small audience among the Greeks themselves, her popul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_religion |
Uzbek language | Uzbek, being the most widely spoken indigenous language in Central Asia, is as well spoken by smaller ethnic groups in Uzbekistan and in neighbouring countries.
The language is spoken by other ethnic groups outside Uzbekistan. The popularity of Uzbek media, including Uzbekfilm and RizanovaUz, has spread among the Post... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_language |
Tahrir Square | The square was originally called "Ismailia Square", after the 19th-century ruler of Egypt, Khedive Ismail, who commissioned the new downtown district's 'Paris on the Nile'.
After the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the square became widely known as Tahrir (Liberation) Square. In 1933 King Fuad I (r. 1922–1936), the son of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahrir_Square |
Ghaznavids | Although the dynasty was of Central Asian Turkic origin, it was thoroughly Persianised in terms of language, culture, literature and habits and has been regarded as a "Persian dynasty".
According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth:The Ghaznavid sultans were ethnically Turkish, but the sources, all in Arabic or Persian, do no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavids |
Gulf Cooperation Council | Abramson, Seth (3 September 2019). Proof of Conspiracy: How Trump's International Collusion Is Threatening American Democracy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-25671-3.
Bianco, C. (2020a). The GCC monarchies: Perceptions of the Iranian threat amid shifting geopolitics. The International Spectator, 55(2), 92–107.
Bian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council |
Idries Shah | In 1965, Shah founded the Society for Understanding Fundamental Ideas (SUFI), later renamed The Institute for Cultural Research (ICR) – an educational charity aimed at stimulating "study, debate, education and research into all aspects of human thought, behaviour and culture". He also established the Society for Sufi S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idries_Shah |
Environmental issues in Kuwait | Kuwait has experienced a water shortage that has been exacerbated by climate change. As a result, citizens and nonhumans are already dependent on desalination as well as scarce water resources. This makes the equilibrium for sustainable water delicate.
The Kuwaiti oil fires in addition to continued pollution from the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kuwait |
Iraqi conflict | Invading U.S.-led forces were unable to immediately fill the power vacuum caused by the sudden collapse of a highly centralized state authority, resulting in weeks of virtual anarchy. The rampant looting during this time period, and the inability of U.S.-led forces to control the situation, led to Iraqi resentment. Add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_conflict |
Harun al-Rashid | Many anecdotes attached themselves to the person of Harun al-Rashid in the centuries following his rule. Saadi of Shiraz inserted a number of them into his Gulistan.
Al-Masudi relates a number of interesting anecdotes in The Meadows of Gold that illuminate the caliph's character. For example, he recounts Harun's deligh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid |
Philosophy | Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as existence, objects and their properties, wholes and their parts, space and time, events, and causation. There are disagreements about the precise definition of the term and its meaning has changed throughout the ages. Metaphysicians attempt to an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy |
Saadi Sultanate | The Saadians were a Sharifian family which had first established themselves in the Draa valley in the 14th century before moving or spreading to Tidsi in the Sous valley in the following century. Here they lived alongside Sufi teachers and marabouts who promoted the doctrines of al-Jazuli.: 350 The beginning of the Sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Demon | In the Veda, gods (deva) and anti-gods (asura) both share the upper world. It is only by the time of the Brahmanas that they are said to inhabit the underworld. The identification of asura with demons stems from the description of asura as "formerly gods" (pūrvadeva). The gods are said to have claimed heaven for themse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon |
Benjamin Netanyahu | In an 8 March 2007 interview with CNN, opposition leader Netanyahu claimed that "there is only one difference between Nazi Germany and the Islamic Republic of Iran, namely that the first entered a worldwide conflict and then sought atomic weapons, while the latter is first seeking atomic weapons and, once it has them, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu |
Ilan Pappé | Pappé publicly supported an M.A. thesis by Haifa University student Teddy Katz, which was approved with highest honors, that claimed Israel had committed a massacre in the Palestinian village of Tantura during the war in 1948, based upon interviews with Arab residents of the village and with an Israeli veteran of the o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9 |
Knight | Knights and the ideals of knighthood featured largely in medieval and Renaissance literature, and have secured a permanent place in literary romance. While chivalric romances abound, particularly notable literary portrayals of knighthood include The Song of Roland, Cantar de Mio Cid, The Twelve of England, Geoffrey Cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight |
Yosef Qafih | His main work in the field of Torah literature was his translation and publication of manuscripts of numerous works by Sephardic Rishonim, including HaNivchar BeEmunot u'va-Deot of Saadia Gaon, the Torat Chovot HaLevavot by Bahya ibn Pakuda, the Kuzari by Judah ha-Levi and many other works in Judaeo-Arabic. The prime p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Qafih |
Alleged Saudi role in the September 11 attacks | In April 2020, the FBI neglected to redact one of the several instances of the Saudi diplomat name, Mussaed Ahmed al-Jarrah (MAJ), in a court filing in the lawsuit brought by 9/11 families. Over the course of 1999–2000 MAJ was a mid-level Saudi Foreign Ministry official who was working in the Saudi Embassy in Washingto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleged_Saudi_role_in_the_September_11_attacks |
Mamluk Sultanate | Baraka was ousted in a power struggle ending with Qalawun, a top deputy of Baybars, as sultan in November 1279. The Ilkhanids launched a massive offensive against Syria in 1281. The Mamluks were outnumbered by the 80,000-strong Ilkhanid-Armenian-Georgian-Seljuk coalition, but routed the coalition at the battle of Homs,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Ibn Ishaq | Notable scholars like the jurist Ahmad ibn Hanbal appreciated his efforts in collecting sīra narratives and accepted him on maghāzī, despite having reservations on his methods on matters of fiqh. Ibn Ishaq also influenced later sīra writers like Ibn Hishām and Ibn Sayyid al-Nās. Other scholars, like Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawzi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq |
Emirate of Transjordan | The southern border between Transjordan and Arabia was considered strategic for Transjordan in order to avoid being landlocked, with intended access to the sea via the Port of Aqaba. The southern region of Ma'an-Aqaba, a large area with a small population of just 10,000, was administered by OETA East (later the Arab Ki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan |
Democratic confederalism | The main principles of democratic confederalism can be summarized in:
The new political, philosophical and ideological approaches of the Kurdish liberation movement finds its most appropriate expression in the so-called democratic socialism. A free Kurdistan is only conceivable as a democratic Kurdistan.
The Kurdish m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_confederalism |
Adonis (poet) | In 1956, Adonis fled Syria for Beirut, Lebanon. He joined a vibrant community of artists, writers, and exiles; Adonis settled abroad and has made his career largely in Lebanon and France, where in 1957 he cofounded the magazine Majallat Shiʿr ("Poetry Magazine"). The magazine, though arguably the most influential Arab ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis_(poet) |
Islamic views on slavery | Slavery was widely practiced in pre-Islamic Arabia, as well as in the rest of the ancient and early medieval world. The minority were white slaves of foreign extraction, likely brought in by Arab caravaners (or the product of Bedouin captures) stretching back to biblical times. Native Arab slaves had also existed, a pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery |
Israeli settlement | Israeli Settlements interactive map and Israeli land use Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine from The Guardian
Israeli Settlements Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Bloomberg News
Israeli settlements: Where, when, and why they're built Archived 27 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Ilene R. Prushe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Battle of Mosul (2016–2017) | On 1 November, the operation to enter Mosul city began at dawn. The allied forces began their assault in Mosul's eastern Karama district, with artillery, tank and machine-gun fire on ISIL positions as they prepared the larger push into the city. Airstrikes by the U.S.-led coalition targeted ISIL positions, and ISIL sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017) |
Indian Chinese cuisine | The most popularized theory for the origins of Chinese Indian food was during the British Rule of India deep within Calcutta. Calcutta was the capital of British-ruled India when it was governed by the East India Trading Company (from 1757 to 1858). The city's relation to the British crown made it a great place for mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Chinese_cuisine |
Revisionist school of Islamic studies | Cook, Michael (2000). The Koran : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192853449. The Koran : A Very Short Introduction.
Crone, Patricia (1987). Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (PDF). Princeton University Press.
Crone, Patricia (1980). Slaves on Horses (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Retrieve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
Abraham | Paintings on the life of Abraham tend to focus on only a few incidents: the sacrifice of Isaac; meeting Melchizedek; entertaining the three angels; Hagar in the desert; and a few others. Additionally, Martin O'Kane, a professor of Biblical Studies, writes that the parable of Lazarus resting in the "Bosom of Abraham", a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham |
Olive | Olive trees show a marked preference for calcareous soils, flourishing best on limestone slopes and crags, and coastal climate conditions. They grow in any light soil, even on clay if well drained, but in rich soils, they are predisposed to disease and produce poor quality oil. (This was noted by Pliny the Elder.) Oliv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive |
Seleucus I Nicator | After arriving in Egypt, Seleucus sent his friends to Greece to inform his fellow Diadochi Cassander (ruler of Macedon and overlord of Greece) and Lysimachus (ruler of Thracia) about Antigonus. Antigonus was now the most powerful of the Diadochi, and the others would soon have to face him. Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator |
Abul A'la Maududi | Though the phrase "Islamic Revolution" is commonly associated with the 1979 Iranian Revolution, (or General Zia's Islamisation), Maududi coined and popularized it in the 1940s. The process Maududi envisioned—changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi |
Urfa | The Mamluks gained control of Urfa sometime in the early 14th century.: 7 They renovated the ruined citadel probably during the third reign of an-Nasir Muhammad (1309–40), but the city "attracted few inhabitants".: 7, 216 The Mamluk garrison only occupied the citadel itself; the surrounding city was still practically... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa |
Garad Hirabu Goita Tedros | During the later early years of the conquest puppet Sultan Umar Din had hatched a plan together with top generals from the army of the Adal Sultanate to recapture the kingdom in order to reinstall Walashma power. For years prior there was consistent conflict between the Emirs and the Sultans battling over control of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garad_Hirabu_Goita_Tedros |
History of Islam | The Shīʿīte Safavid dynasty rose to power in Tabriz in 1501 and later conquered the rest of Iran. They were of mixed ancestry, originally Kurdish, but during their rule intermarried with Turcomans, Georgians, Circassians, and Pontic Greeks. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, while the Ir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Culture of Iraq | While Iraq's first film projection took place in 1909, cinema was not truly regarded as a cultural activity or pastime until the 1920s. The first cinemas, like the famous al-Zawra cinema on Baghdad's bustling thoroughfare al-Rashid, played mostly American silent films for British citizens. In the 1940s under the rule o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq |
Angels in Islam | Those who support that angels could commit sins or are fallible argue that if angels couldn't sin, there was no reason to praise them for obedience.: 546 Al-Maturidi (853–944 CE) states that, like humans, the angels were tested and concludes angels have free-will:By calling the stars adornment of the heavens, we can ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_Islam |
Houthi movement | In 2013, an Iranian vessel was seized and discovered to be carrying Katyusha rockets, heat-seeking surface-to-air missiles, RPG-7s, Iranian-made night vision goggles and artillery systems that track land and navy targets 40 km away. That was en route to the Houthis.
In March 2017, Qasem Soleimani, the head of Iran's Qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_movement |
Kaaba | Historian Patricia Crone has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost. Other scholars such as Glen Bowersock disagree and assert that it was. Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba |
Iraq | With its 143.1 billion barrels (2.275×1010 m3) of proved oil reserves, Iraq ranks third in the world behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia in the amount of oil reserves. Oil production levels reached 3.4 million barrels per day by December 2012. Only about 2,000 oil wells have been drilled in Iraq, compared with about 1 mi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq |
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) | On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport. There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV, which was later captured by RSF forces. Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. The next day saw a SAF counteroff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present) |
Hanbali school | Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d.311 AH) – Jurist responsible for the school's early codification.
Al-Hasan ibn 'Ali al-Barbahari (d. 329 A.H.), an Iraqi traditionist and a jurist, author of the book Sharh al-Sunnah (disputed).
Ibn Battah al-Ukbari (d. 387 A.H.), an Iraqi theologian and jurisconsult, author of the book Al-Ibaana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school |
Sudanese Armed Forces | The Sudanese Armed Forces today are equipped mainly with Soviet, Russian, Chinese, Ukrainian, and Sudanese manufactured weaponry. They have a weapons production company called the Military Industry Corporation. Significant data has been made available by the UN Experts' Groups on the Sudan on arms supplies to Sudanese ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces |
Mount Gerizim | Excavations at the site were initiated in 1983 and continued until 2006 and yielded tens of thousands of finds. Remnants found there identified that a Samaritan temple existed atop Mount Gerizim by the mid-5th century BC, and that it was eventually destroyed and rebuilt in the early 2nd century BC, only to be destroyed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gerizim |
Mehmed VI | Mehmed VI had five consorts:
Nazikeda Kadın (9 October 1866 – 4 April 1941). Başkadin and only consort for twenty years, she is considered the last Ottoman Empress. She was born Emine Marşania, she was Abkhazian and before marrying Mehmed she was in the service of Cemile Sultan with her sisters and cousins. Mehmed got... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_VI |
Mumbai | The Mughal Empire, founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century. Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun, Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to the tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai |
Emirates (airline) | ICE (information, communication, entertainment) is the in-flight entertainment system operated by Emirates.
Introduced in 2003, ICE is available on all new aircraft and now features 4,000 channels (on most flights) to all passengers. ICE is found on the airline's Airbus A380-800, Boeing 777-200LR, and Boeing 777-300ER.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_(airline) |
Royal Navy of Oman | The origin of the Royal Navy of Oman can be traced to the reign of Imam Ghassan bin Abdullah (807–824 CE). He was the first ruler of Oman to possess a navy. He commissioned ships in order to fend off pirates operating along the western shores of the Indian Ocean who were conducting raids along the coast of the Arabian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy_of_Oman |
Egyptian chronology | Forming the backbone of Egyptian chronology are the regnal years as recorded in Ancient Egyptian king lists. Surviving king lists are either comprehensive but have significant gaps in their text (for example, the Turin King List), or are textually complete but fail to provide a complete list of rulers (for example, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_chronology |
Shoshenq I | Shoshenq I was succeeded by his son Osorkon I after a reign of 21 years. According to the British Egyptologist Aidan Dodson, no trace has yet been found of the tomb of Shoshenq I. The sole funerary object linked to Shoshenq I is a canopic chest of unknown provenance that was donated to the Egyptian Museum of Berlin (ÄM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshenq_I |
Kamose | His Year 3 is the only attested date for Kamose and was once thought to signal the end of his reign. However, it now appears certain that Kamose reigned for one or two more years beyond this date because he initiated a second campaign against the Nubians. Evidence that Kamose had started a first campaign against the Ku... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamose |
Energy in the State of Palestine | The Gaza Power Plant is the only power plant in the Gaza Strip. It is owned by Gaza Power Generating Company (GPGC), a subsidiary of the Palestine Electric Company (PEC). It is located on Salaheddin Road and relies on diesel fuel imported via Israel.
Following the Hamas takeover of Gaza in 2007, the Gaza Strip has been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Marinid Sultanate | 1215: The Banu Marin (Marinids) attacks the Almohads when the 16-year-old Almohad caliph Yusuf II Al-Mustansir comes to power in 1213. The battle takes place on the coast of the Rif. In the reign of Yusuf II Al-Mustansir a great tower is erected to protect the royal palace in Seville.
1217: Abd al-Haqq I dies during vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Yishuv's aims evolved during the war. Mobilisation for a total war was organised. Initially, the aim was "simple and modest": to survive the assaults of the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab states. "The Zionist leaders deeply, genuinely, feared a Middle Eastern reenactment of the Holocaust, which had just ended; the Arab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Sharia | Some extremists have used their interpretation of Islamic scriptures and Sharia, in particular the doctrine of jihad, to justify acts of war and terror against Muslim as well as non-Muslim individuals and governments. The expert on terrorism Rachel Ehrenfeld wrote that the "Sharia's finance (Islamic banking) is a new w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Ajam | According to Clifford Edmund Bosworth, "by the 3rd/9th century, the non-Arabs, and above all the Persians, were asserting their social and cultural equality (taswīa) with the Arabs, if not their superiority (tafżīl) over them (a process seen in the literary movement of the Šoʿūbīya). In any case, there was always in so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam |
Rape in Saudi Arabia | Human Rights Watch has investigated the situation, and their report concludes that a rape victim may be punished when they speak out against the crime. In one case, the victim's sentence was doubled for speaking out, and the court also harassed the victim's lawyer, going so far as to confiscate his professional licence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Gilan province | Gilan province was the place of origin of the Ziyarid dynasty and Buyid dynasty in the mid-10th century. Previously, the people of the province had a prominent position during the Sassanid dynasty through the 7th century, so that their political power extended to Mesopotamia.
The first recorded encounter between Gilak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilan_province |
Hafez al-Assad | After graduating from high school, Hafez aspired to be a medical doctor, but his father could not pay for his study at the Jesuit Saint Joseph University in Beirut. Instead, in 1950, he decided to join the Syrian Armed Forces. Hafez entered the Homs Military Academy, which offered free food, lodging and a stipend. He w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Piracy | The fourth volume of the handbook: Best Management Practices to Deter Piracy off the Coast of Somalia and in the Arabian Sea Area (known as BMP4) is the current authoritative guide for merchant ships on self-defense against pirates. The guide is issued and updated by Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
Fez, Morocco | Up until the 19th century, the al-Qarawiyyin dominated the intellectual life of the city and of the country around it. Literature was focused on religious scholarship, philosophy, and poetry.: 475–476 The city's largest library was located at the Qarawiyyin Mosque, while others were attached to other major mosques. Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Black September | Jordan feared foreign intervention in the events in support of the fedayeen; this soon materialized on 18 September after a force from Syria with Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) markings marched towards Irbid, which the fedayeen had declared a "liberated" city. The 40th Armoured Brigade managed to block the Syrian forc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September |
Zirid dynasty | The Zirids were Sanhaja Berbers, from the sedentary Talkata tribe, originating from the area of modern Algeria. In the 10th century this tribe served as vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate, an Isma'ili Shi'a state that challenged the authority of the Sunni Abbasid caliphs. The progenitor of the Zirid dynasty, Ziri ibn Man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty |
Almoravid dynasty | The fact that Ibn Tumart, leader of the Almohad movement, is recorded as having criticized Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf for "sitting on a luxurious silken cloak" at his grand mosque in Marrakesh indicates the important role of textiles under the Almoravids.
Many of the remaining fabrics from the Almoravid period were reused b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Dual (grammatical number) | Gothic retained the dual more or less unchanged from Proto-Germanic. It had markings for the first and second person for both the verbs and pronouns, for example wit "we two" as compared to weis "we, more than two". Old Norse and other old Germanic languages, like Old English, had dual marking only in the personal pron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number) |
Human rights in Jordan | The Jordanian constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, the government does not fully respect these rights in practice. In its 2009 annual report the Amman-based National Center for Defending the Freedom of Journalists (CDFJ) concluded that media freedoms deteriorated in 2009.
In the 2010 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan |
Achaemenid Empire | Artaxerxes III was succeeded by Artaxerxes IV Arses, who before he could act was also poisoned by Bagoas. Bagoas is further said to have killed not only all Arses' children, but many of the other princes of the land. Bagoas then placed Darius III, a nephew of Artaxerxes IV, on the throne. Darius III, previously the Sat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire |
Al-Shabaab (militant group) | Some al-Shabaab members viewed the 2010 Ramadan offensive as disastrously ill-conceived, and subsequent territorial losses galvanised internal opposition to the leadership of Ahmed Abdi Godane, who was publicly named the group's emir in December 2007. As a severe drought afflicted the region, critics, generally associa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group) |
Tabula Rogeriana | Around 1138, the Norman King of Sicily, Roger II, invited Al-Idrisi, a Muslim geographer, to his court in Palermo, in search of help pursuing his political agenda. Sicily's vibrant multicultural environment led al-Idrisi to accept King Roger's invitation to his court. During the meeting, Al-Idrisi briefed Roger II on h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana |
Indus River | The Indus River provides key water resources for Pakistan's economy – especially the breadbasket of Punjab province, which accounts for most of the nation's agricultural production, and Sindh. The word Punjab means "land of five rivers" and the five rivers are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, all of which finally... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River |
Ottoman Tunisia | The Ottomans initially stationed 4,000 janissaries in Tunis, drawn from their occupying forces in Algiers, primarily consisting of Turkish troops recruited from Anatolia. The janissary corps operated under the direct command of their Agha (Trk: "master"). Junior officers, known as deys ("maternal uncle"), led units of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia |
Darod | According to early Islamic books and Somali tradition, Aqeel Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib Al-Qurashi descendant Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darod), a son of the Sufi Sheikh Isma'il al-Jabarti of the Qadiriyyah order, fled his homeland in the Arabian Peninsula after an argument with his uncle. During the 10th or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darod |
Sunni Islam | One of the earliest supporting documents for ahl as-sunna derives from the Basric scholar Muhammad Ibn Siri (d. 728). His is mentioned in the Sahih of Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj quoted with: "Formerly one did not ask about the Isnad. But when the fitna started, one said: 'Name us your informants'. One would then respond to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Islamic Cairo | While the first mosque in Egypt was the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Fustat, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun is the oldest mosque to retain its original form and is a rare example of Abbasid architecture, from the classical period of Islamic civilization. It was built in 876–879 AD in a style inspired by the Abbasid capital of S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Cairo |
Criticism of the Quran | The Quran mentions more than 50 people previously mentioned in the Bible, which predates it by several centuries.
Jane Gerber claims that the Quran ascribes negative traits to Jews, such as cowardice, greed, and chicanery. She also alleges that the Quran associates Jews with interconfessional strife and rivalry (Quran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran |
Oman | In industry, innovation and infrastructure, Oman is still faced with "significant challenges", as per United Nations Sustainable Development Goals index, as of 2019. Oman has scored high on the rates of internet use, mobile broadband subscriptions, logistics performance and on the average of top 3 university rankings. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
1973 oil crisis | The embargo was not uniform across Western Europe. In 1969, France devalued the franc. The devalued franc made exports more expensive for French consumers, which encouraged them to buy French, while making French more cheaper abroad. France was entirely dependent upon imported oil (through French companies continued to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis |
2006–2008 Lebanese protests | Following the Cedar Revolution and subsequent elections in July 2005, anti-Syrian and pro-American politicians held the majority of the twenty four seats in Prime Minister Fouad Siniora's cabinet, as well as the majority of the democratically elected parliament. Pro-Syrian and the Aoun Movement politicians held a minor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%932008_Lebanese_protests |
Assassination of Anwar Sadat | On 6 October 1981, a victory parade was held in Cairo to commemorate the eighth anniversary of Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and eight bodyguards, and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. As Egyptian Air For... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat |
Sudan | The Arab population is estimated at 70% of the national total. They are almost entirely Muslims and speak predominantly Sudanese Arabic. Other ethnicities include Beja, Fur, Nubians, Nuba and Copts.
Non-Arab groups are often ethnically, linguistically and to varying degrees culturally distinct. These include the Beja (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Avicenna | Ibn Sina was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. He aimed to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. His views on Islamic theology and philosophy were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna |
Roman Empire | In a status-conscious society like that of the Romans, clothing and personal adornment indicated the etiquette of interacting with the wearer. Wearing the correct clothing reflected a society in good order. There is little direct evidence of how Romans dressed in daily life, since portraiture may show the subject in cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Ancient Egyptian pottery | Egyptian tomb paintings often show the preparation of the clay. There are also models which provide some other details. Clear archaeological remains of pottery workshops, however, are rare. It is possible that they were very ephemeral structures.
Clay which is exposed to air, dries very quickly. As a result, clay often... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery |
Sinai Peninsula | On 16 May 1967, Egypt ordered the UNEF out of Sinai and reoccupied it militarily. Secretary-General U Thant eventually complied and ordered the withdrawal without Security Council authorisation. In the course of the Six-Day War that broke out shortly thereafter, Israel occupied the entire Sinai Peninsula, and Gaza Stri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula |
Ottoman Turkish | English
V. H. Hagopian (1907). Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar: a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language, Volume 1. D. Nutt. Online copies: [1], [2], [3]
Charles Wells (1880). A practical grammar of the Turkish language (as spoken and written). B. Quaritch. Online copies from Google Books: [4],... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish |
God in Islam | Muslim theologians and philosophers, with only a few exceptions, agree that God is the origin of the cosmos' existence. However, there is disagreement about how God creates the cosmos and what types of causalities exist. There are three competing models. Most philosophers adhered to a theory of emanation (fayaḍān). Mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.