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Lion | In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion type specimens were described and proposed as subspecies, with about a dozen recognised as valid taxa until 2017. Between 2008 and 2016, IUCN Red List assessors used only two subspecific names: P. l. leo for African lion populations, and P. l. persica for the Asiatic lion po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion |
Second Battle of Fallujah | The battle proved to be the bloodiest of the war and the bloodiest battle involving U.S. Marines since the Vietnam War. Comparisons with the Battle of Hue City and the Pacific campaign of World War II were made. Coalition forces suffered a total of 107 killed and 613 wounded during Operation Phantom Fury. U.S. forces ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fallujah |
Baggara Arabs | Like other Arabic speaking tribes in Sudan and the Sahel, Baggara tribes claim to have ancestry from the Juhaynah Arab tribe. They are of Arab and Arabized African ancestry. However the first documented evidence of Arab settlements in this region was in 1391 when the Mai, Kanuri title for King, of Bornu, Abu 'Amr Uthma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggara_Arabs |
2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak | Yemen authorities announced the cholera outbreak on October 7, 2016. By the end of that year, there were 96 deaths.
Following the October 2016 outbreak, the rate of spread in most areas declined by the end of February 2017, and by mid-March 2017, the outbreak was in decline after a wave of cold weather. A total of 25,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak |
African Union Mission to Somalia | a. Commanders
b. Battalions
Burundi sent its first battalion to Mogadishu to join Ugandan troops in AMISOM in December 2007. It took until October 2008 to build the national contingent up to two battalions, due in part to a lack of equipment. But subsequently the Burundi contingent increased to a six battalion forc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia |
War in Darfur | In December 2010, representatives of the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM), an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups formed in February 2010, started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese government in Doha. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur was formed and JEM planned furth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur |
Sharia | In classical fiqh, blasphemy refers to any form of cursing, questioning or annoying God, Muhammad or anything considered sacred in Islam, including denying one of the Islamic prophets or scriptures, insulting an angel or refusing to accept a religious commandment. Jurists of different schools prescribed different punis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Baptistère de Saint Louis | These different hypotheses result in academics dating and locating the Baptistery differently. By his identification of Salar as an emissary represented and sponsor of the work, D. S. Rice proposes a date between 1290 and 1310 . A stylistic comparison with a bowl kept in the Berlin museum and made for Emir Sumul, compa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist%C3%A8re_de_Saint_Louis |
Nubia | After the Theban 17th Dynasty New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1532–1070 BC) expelled the Canaanite Hyksos from Egypt, they turned their imperial ambitions to Nubia. By the end of Thutmose I's reign (1520 BC), all of Lower Nubia had been annexed. After a long campaign, Egypt also conquered the Kingdom of Kerma in Upper Nubia a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia |
Second Italo-Senussi War | At this point, Badoglio took the initiative again and emphatically proposed a new dimension of repressive measures: By deporting the people of the Jabal-Achdar Mountains, he literally wanted to create an empty space around the adwar combat units. On 20 June 1930 he wrote to Graziani in a letter:
Above all, one must c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War |
First Sealand dynasty | Traditionally, all that was known about Sealand came from a few Kings List entries and the stray chronicle mention. It has been suggested that much of the writing in this period used waxed wooden boards, as a way of explaining the paucity of standard tablets found. Recently (2009) 450 published tablets mainly from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty |
Canaanite religion | A group of deities in a four-tier hierarchy headed by El and Asherah were worshipped by the followers of the Canaanite religion; this is a detailed listing:
Aglibol, god of the moon and brother of Malakbel. Part of a trio of gods of Palmyra, Syria, along with Bel and Yarhibol. Also part of another trio with Baalshamin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion |
Neo-Assyrian Empire | In 745 BC, Ashur-nirari was succeeded by Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC), probably another son of Adad-nirari III. The nature of Tiglath-Pileser's rise to throne is not clear and the surviving evidence is too scant to come to a certain conclusion. Several pieces of evidence, including that there was a revolt in Nim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire |
Arab Spring | With the survival of the regime in Egypt and the rolling back of what was gained in the short period after the overthrow of Mubarak, the persistence, or even the worsening, of the socio-economic conditions that led to the Tunisian uprising, a Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain assisted the defeat of the uprising in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Third Punic War | In the mid-2nd-century BC Rome was the dominant power in the Mediterranean region, while Carthage was a large city-state in the north east of what is now Tunisia. The Carthaginians were referred to by the Romans by the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus) and is a reference to Carthage's Phoenician origin. "Punic" derives ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Punic_War |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | Israel was victorious militarily, but its reputation was harmed. The international community continued to isolate Hamas (except for Iran and Syria), because it rejected the Quartet demands to recognize Israel, accept the Oslo accords peace initiative and abandon violence in exchange for international recognition as rep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | Nasr is the author of over fifty books and five hundred articles (a number of which can be found in the journal, Studies in Comparative Religion) Seyyed Hossein Nasr Author Page on topics such as Traditionalist metaphysics, Islamic science, religion and the environment, Sufism, and Islamic philosophy. He has written wo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Ayyubid dynasty | Military architecture was the supreme expression of the Ayyubid period, as well as an eagerness to fortify the restoration of Sunni Islam, especially in a previously Shia-dominated Egypt by constructing Sunni madrasas. The most radical change Saladin implemented in Egypt was the enclosure of Cairo and al-Fustat within ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Ancient Egyptian trade |
The legendary Sesostris (likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt) is said to have started work on an ancient "Suez" Canal joining the River Nile with the Red Sea. This ancient account is corroborated by Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, and Strabo.
None of their kings tried to ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade |
Economy of Kuwait | Kuwait has an emerging space industry driven by the private sector.
Kuwait's first satellite
Kuwait's Orbital Space in collaboration with the Space Challenges Program and EnduroSat introduced an international initiative called "Code in Space". The initiative allows students from around the world to send and execute th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait |
Córdoba, Spain | In the context of the Early Modern Period, the city experienced a golden age between 1530 and 1580, profiting from an economic activity based on the trade of agricultural products and the preparation of clothes originally from Los Pedroches, peaking at a population of about 50,000 by 1571. A period of stagnation and en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain |
Alodia | The name Alodia might be of considerable antiquity, perhaps appearing first as Alut on the Kushite stela of king Nastasen from the late 4th century BC. It appeared again as Alwa on a list of Kushite towns by the Roman author Pliny the Elder (1st century AD), said to be located south of Meroë. Another town named Alwa is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia |
Yemeni revolution | Head of the ruling party's foreign affairs committee and the Advisor to the Prime Minister, H.E Dr. Mohammed Abdul Majeed Qubaty
Head of the finance committee of parliament Fathi Tawfiq Abdulrahim
Deputy Ministry of Culture (Yemen) Sam Yahya Al-Ahmar
Deputy Ministry of Youth and Sports (Yemen) Hashid Abdullah al-Ahmar
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_revolution |
Marrakesh | The ramparts of Marrakesh, which stretch for some 19 kilometres (12 mi) around the medina of the city, were built by the Almoravids in the 12th century as protective fortifications. The walls are made of a distinct orange-red clay and chalk, giving the city its nickname as the "red city"; they stand up to 19 feet (5.8 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh |
Turkmens | Embroidery
Turkmen pictorial embroidery became widespread in the Scythian period and reached great perfection in other periods. It is known that for a long time the Turkmens were engaged in the production of silk as the main material for embroidery, and Turkmen women and girls embroidered their dresses with colored si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens |
Sardinia | In 533, Sardinia returned to the rule of the Byzantine Empire when the Vandals were defeated by the armies of Justinian I under the General Belisarius in the Battle of Tricamarum, in their African kingdom Belisarius sent his general Cyril to Sardinia to retake the island. Sardinia remained in Byzantine hands for the ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | All legislative and executive authority was vested in the GPC. This body, however, delegated most of its important authority to its general secretary and General Secretariat and to the General People's Committee. Gaddafi, as general secretary of the GPC, remained the primary decision maker, just as he had been when cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
David Ben-Gurion | Ben-Gurion was at sea, returning from Istanbul, when the First World War broke out. He was not amongst the thousands of foreign nationals deported in December 1914. Based in Jerusalem, he and Ben-Zvi recruited forty Jews into a Jewish militia to assist the Ottoman Army. Despite his pro-Ottoman declarations he was depor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion |
As-Salt | In 1596, during the Ottoman Empire, Salt was noted in the census as being located in the nahiya of Salt in the liwa of Ajlun, with a Muslim population of 40 households and 5 bachelors; and a Christian population of 25 households. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on various agricultural products; including whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As-Salt |
Spherical trigonometry | When one of the angles, say C, of a spherical triangle is equal to π/2 the various identities given above are considerably simplified. There are ten identities relating three elements chosen from the set a, b, c, A, and B.
Napier provided an elegant mnemonic aid for the ten independent equations: the mnemonic is called... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry |
Culture of Libya | Libyan dishes borrow from the Arabic, Mediterranean and Italian cultures that met in the area. Olives, palm oil, dates, unleavened bread, and stuffed sweet peppers appear frequently in meals. Libyans do not consume any type of pork and all meats must be halal (killed humanely and prayed over according to Muslim customs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Libya |
History of Bahrain | In 1820, the Al Khalifa tribe regained power in Bahrain and entered a treaty relationship with Great Britain, by then the dominant military power in the Persian Gulf. This treaty recognised the Al Khalifa as the rulers ("Al-Hakim" in Arabic) of Bahrain. It was the first of several treaties including the 1861 Perpetual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain |
Reza Shah | In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Persia had become a battleground. In 1917, Britain used Iran as the springboard to launch an expedition into Russia as part of their intervention in the Russian Civil War on the side of the White movement. The Soviet Union responded by annexing portions of northern Persia, cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah |
Indus Valley Civilisation | According to Gangal et al. (2014), there is strong archeological and geographical evidence that neolithic farming spread from the Near East into north-west India, but there is also "good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh."
According to Jean-Francois Jarrige, farming had an i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation |
Islam in Europe | Akyol, Riada Asimovic (13 January 2019). "Bosnia Offers a Model of Liberal European Islam". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
Allievi, Stefano; Maréchal, Brigitte; Dassetto, Felice; Nielsen, Jørgen S., eds. (2003). Muslims in the Enlarged Europe: Reli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Europe |
Two-nation theory | In Muhammad Ali Jinnah's All India Muslim League presidential address delivered in Lahore, on March 22, 1940, he explained:
It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory |
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria | In 2011, a civil uprising erupted in Syria, prompting hasty government reforms. One of the issues addressed during this time was the status of Syria's stateless Kurds, as President Bashar al-Assad granted about 220,000 Kurds citizenship. In course of the next months, the crisis in Syria escalated into a civil war. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria |
Colonisation of Africa | Khapoya notes the significant resistance of powers faced to their domination in Africa. Technical superiority enabled conquest and control. Pro-independence Africans recognised the value of European education in dealing with Europeans in Africa. Some Africans established their own churches. Africans also noticed the un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa |
Riyadh | From the 1940s, Riyadh mushroomed from a relatively narrow, spatially isolated town into a spacious metropolis. When King Saud came to power, he made it his objective to modernize Riyadh, and began developing Annasriyyah, the royal residential district, in 1950. Following the example of American cities, new settlements... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh |
Diriyah | The old city's historic structures include:
Salwa Palace (قصر سلوى). It was the residence and first home of the Saʿūdī Amirs and Imāms during the First Saudi State. It is considered the largest palace on the site, rising four stories high. It is composed of five main parts built at different consecutive periods of tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyah |
Honey bee | When a fertile female worker produces drones, a conflict arises between her interests and those of the queen. The worker shares half her genes with the drone and one-quarter with her brothers, favouring her offspring over those of the queen. The queen shares half her genes with her sons and one-quarter with the sons of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee |
Morocco | As Europe industrialised, Northwest Africa was increasingly prized for its potential for colonisation. France showed a strong interest in Morocco as early as 1830, not only to protect the border of its Algerian territory, but also because of the strategic position of Morocco with coasts on the Mediterranean and the ope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco |
Caliphate | Rashidun ("Righteously Guided")
Abu Bakr, first Rashidun caliph. Subdued rebel tribes in the Ridda wars.
Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab), second Rashidun caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem and Persia.
Uthman, (Uthman ibn Affan) third Rashidun caliph, When Caliph Umar died in of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Arabic literature | Two distinct trends can be found in the nahda period of revival. The first was a neo-classical movement which sought to rediscover the literary traditions of the past, and was influenced by traditional literary genres—such as the maqama—and works like One Thousand and One Nights. In contrast, a modernist movement began... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature |
Talibe | Begging used to be characterised by the talibé asking for food to supplement the daara's supplies when it could not sustain its own demands from the harvests provided by the marabout's fields. The increasing number of daaras in urban settings has stemmed the traditional forms of support that sustained daaras. The prev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talibe |
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire | In 1908, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) or Dashnak Party embraced a public position endorsing participation and reconciliation in the Imperial Government of the Ottoman Empire and the abandonment of the idea of an independent Armenia. Stepan Zorian and Simon Zavarian managed the political campaign for the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Architecture of Tunisia | The patronage of the Almohads – as well as of the Almoravids who preceded them in the western Maghreb – is considered one of the most formative stages of "Moorish" (western Islamic) architecture, establishing many of the forms and motifs that defined architectural styles in the region during the subsequent centuries.: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Tunisia |
History of navigation | By the early 16th century there were regular voyages between Lisbon and the Indic. The knowledge of the Atlantic developed by accretion, with the systematic exploration moving into the Indic. The corollary of this activity involved a group of remarkable men established around the academic (mathematician, cosmographer) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_navigation |
Deutsche Welle | Reporting from The Guardian in January 2020 raised allegations of "sexual harassment, racism, antisemitism, and severe bullying" within the organization.
On 5 December 2021, Deutsche Welle announced that it would suspend its partnership with a Jordanian partner, Roya TV, on account of antisemitic content published on R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle |
Bektashi Order | Bektashis believe in God and follow all the prophets. Bektashis claim the heritage of Haji Bektash Veli, who was a descendant of Ali, Husayn ibn Ali, Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin and other Imams. Therefore, Bektashis follow the teachings of Haji Bektash, who preached about the Twelve Imams. Bektashis differ from other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bektashi_Order |
Indo-Persian culture | The Deccan region's integration into the Indo-Persian culture of the north began in the early 14th century, when the Delhi Sultanate made political movements towards the south, and the Deccan was brought into the Sultanate under the conquests of the Tughluq dynasty. Due to the Sultan Muhammad Shah policy of ordering a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture |
Babylonia | Babylonian mathematical texts are plentiful and well edited. In respect of time they fall in two distinct groups: one from the First Babylonian dynasty period (1830–1531 BC), the other mainly Seleucid from the last three or four centuries BC. In respect of content there is scarcely any difference between the two groups... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia |
Isma'ilism | The Fatimid Caliphate expanded quickly under the subsequent Imams. Under the Fatimids, Egypt became the center of an empire that included at its peak North Africa, Sicily, Palestine, Syria, the Red Sea coast of Africa, Yemen, Hejaz and the Tihamah. Under the Fatimids, Egypt flourished and developed an extensive trade n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Al-Tabari | His ijtihad (independent judgement) led to criticism from the Zahiris and some fanatic Hanbali followers. Though his conflict with the leaders of the Zahiri school was resolved, the Hanbalites literally besieged him in his own home. Apparently, al-Tabari did not think much of Ibn Hanbal as a jurist (faqih), but mainly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tabari |
Papyrus | Amherst Papyri: this is a collection of William Tyssen-Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst of Hackney. It includes biblical manuscripts, early church fragments, and classical documents from the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine eras. The collection was edited by Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt in 1900–1901. It is housed at the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papyrus |
Yom Kippur War | Disengagement talks took place on 28 October 1973, at "Kilometre 101" between Israeli Major General Aharon Yariv and Egyptian Major General Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy. Ultimately, Kissinger took the proposal to Sadat, who agreed. United Nations checkpoints were brought in to replace Israeli ones, nonmilitary supplies were a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War |
Banū Mūsā brothers | The Banū Mūsā assisted al-Ma'mun's in his obsession to obtain and translate works from Greek into Arabic. They sent for Greek texts from the Byzantines, or travelled themselves to Byzantium to acquire them. During their working lives they used their wealth and energy towards the translation of these works. On his way h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers |
Tunisian campaign | On 30 January 1943, the German 21st Panzer and three Italian divisions from the 5th Panzer Army met elements of the French forces near Faïd, the main pass from the eastern arm of the mountains into the coastal plains. Fredendall did not respond to the French request to send reinforcements in the form of tanks from 1st ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign |
Khurramites | The sect was founded in the 8th century AD by the Persian cleric Sunpadh as a revitalisation of an earlier sect that had mixed Shia Islam and Zoroastrianism. However, its true claim to fame was its adoption by Babak Khorramdin as a basis to rebel against the Abbasid Caliphate.
The sect grew out of a response to the exe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khurramites |
Latakia | Roads link Latakia to Aleppo, Beirut, Homs, and Tripoli. The main commercial coastal road of the city is Jamal Abdel Nasser Street, named after former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Lined with hotels, restaurants and the city museum, the street begins in central Latakia along the Mediterranean coast and ends at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latakia |
War of Attrition | January 7, 1970: Israel launched Operation Priha, a series of air raids against military targets in the Egyptian heartland, as far as 100 miles from the canal. A total of 118 sorties were ultimately undertaken between January 7 and April 13. Also on January 7, a Soviet adviser to an Egyptian infantry brigade was killed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition |
Wallace Fard Muhammad | Upon Elijah Muhammad's death in February 1975, his son Wallace (later Warith) was named successor and instituted sweeping reforms. Where his father has regarded Fard as a physical manifestation of Allah, Wallace denounced Fard as a human who "had his own designs on the black community". The group discontinued the an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad |
Somalia | Ancient pyramidical structures, mausoleums, ruined cities and stone walls, such as the Wargaade Wall, are evidence of an old civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula. This civilization enjoyed a trading relationship with ancient Egypt and Mycenaean Greece since the second millennium BCE, supporting the hy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia |
Law | Definitions of law often raise the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality. John Austin's utilitarian answer was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience". Natural lawyers, on the other hand, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, argue t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law |
Islam | Muhammad died in 632 and the first successors, called Caliphs – Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn al-Affan, Ali ibn Abi Talib and sometimes Hasan ibn Ali – are known in Sunni Islam as al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn ("Rightly Guided Caliphs"). Some tribes left Islam and rebelled under leaders who declared themselves new prophets but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Bazaar | According to traditional Muslim narratives, Muhammad established a market place (sūq) in Medina shortly after arriving there during the Hijrah in 622 CE. He designated an open, unbuilt space as the market area and forbade both the construction of permanent structures and the levying of taxes in this area. Eight years l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar |
Aramaic | Around 500 BC, following the Achaemenid (Persian) conquest of Mesopotamia under Darius I, Aramaic (as had been used in that region) was adopted by the conquerors as the "vehicle for written communication between the different regions of the vast empire with its different peoples and languages. The use of a single offic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic |
Egyptian blue | Several experiments have been carried out by scientists and archaeologists interested in analyzing the composition of Egyptian blue and the techniques used to manufacture it. It is now generally regarded as a multiphase material that was produced by heating together quartz sand, a copper compound, calcium carbonate, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_blue |
Syria and weapons of mass destruction | The Syrian government claims that the opposition has the capacity to launch large chemical attacks such as those seen at Ghouta. Sources such as the United States and Human Rights Watch disagree, claiming there is no significant evidence the opposition has any significant chemical weapons capability.
A Syrian military ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction |
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt | The twenty-fifth dynasty originated in Kush, which is presently in Northern Sudan. The city-state of Napata was the spiritual capital and it was from there that Piye (spelled Piankhi or Piankhy in older works) invaded and took control of Egypt. Piye personally led the attack on Egypt and recorded his victory in a lengt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt |
1948 Palestine war | The UN declared a truce on 29 May, which began on 11 June and lasted 28 days. The ceasefire was overseen by UN mediator Folke Bernadotte and a team of UN Observers, army officers from Belgium, United States, Sweden and France. Bernadotte was voted in by the General Assembly to "assure the safety of the holy places, to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war |
Middle Assyrian Empire | Some regions of the Assyrian realm were outside of the provincial framework but still subject to the Assyrian kings, these included vassal states ruled by lesser kings, such as the Mitanni lands governed by the grand viziers. Under the provincial governors, cities also had their own administrations, headed by mayors (ḫ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire |
Sudanese Greeks | When the Mahdists finally conquered Khartoum in January 1885, several Greeks were amongst those killed by the victorious dervishes. Most of them died during combat near the ammunition depot, and one of these victims was the doctor Xenoudakis. Consul Leontides was brutally executed. Of the 54 Greeks, who had remained in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Greeks |
Athena | In her aspect of Athena Polias, Athena was venerated as the goddess of the city and the protectress of the citadel. In Athens, the Plynteria, or "Feast of the Bath", was observed every year at the end of the month of Thargelion. The festival lasted for five days. During this period, the priestesses of Athena, or plyntr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena |
Water supply and sanitation in Morocco | Morocco has a complicated system of water and sanitation tariffs and fees that consists of a large array of tariffs at different stages of the water cycle: water abstraction, sale in bulk, retail sales, as well as the collection, treatment and discharge of wastewater. Urban tariffs are differentiated by locality, by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco |
Cinema of Somalia | In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals referred to as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali film industry.
In 1983, the feature-length film A Somali Dervish was released. Centering on the revolutionary Dervish State and Diiriye Guure's influential lead clergyman, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia |
At-Tawbah | 1-2 Allah makes a declaration of disassociation from the polytheists.
2 they can travel freely for 4 months
3 It would be better if they repent
4 Polytheists who didn’t break any treaty are to be spared and treated with respect
5 after the Sacred months have passed Polytheists are to be killed but if they repent they a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Tawbah |
Umayyad state of Córdoba | The economy of al-Andalus had been monetized by the end of the 8th century, but it wasn't until the 10th century that both gold and silver coins were minted, thanks in large part to the flow of gold from trans-Saharan trade. A new mint was established at Madinat al-Zahra circa 947 CE (336 AH), though it was moved back ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Muhammad | In 615, Muhammad sent some of his followers to emigrate to the Abyssinian Kingdom of Aksum and found a small colony under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor Aṣḥama ibn Abjar. Among those who departed were Umm Habiba, the daughter of one of the Quraysh chiefs, Abu Sufyan, and her husband. The Quraysh then... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad |
Deir Yassin massacre | During the day, prisoners were loaded into trucks that came to and departed from Deir Yassin. Some were paraded through the streets of West Jerusalem, where they were jeered, spat at, and stoned, some were released in East Jerusalem and some were returned to Deir Yassin where they were executed. Harry Levin, a Haganah ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre |
Seleucus I Nicator | Seleucus soon turned his attention once again eastward. The Persian provinces in what is now modern Afghanistan, together with the wealthy kingdom of Gandhara and the states of the Indus Valley, had all submitted to Alexander the Great and become part of his empire. When Alexander died, the Wars of the Diadochi ("Succe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator |
History of the Jews in Egypt | In the mid thirteenth century the Ayyubid empire was plagued with famine, disease, and conflict; a great period of upheaval would see the Golden Islamic Period come to a violent end. Foreign powers began to encircle the Islamic World as the French endeavored on the 7th crusade in 1248 and the Mongol campaigns in the ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt |
Maliki school | Although Malik ibn Anas was himself a native of Medina, his school faced fierce competition for followers in the Muslim east, with the Shafi'i, Hanbali, and Zahiri schools all enjoying more success than Malik's school. It was eventually the Hanafi school, however, that earned official government favor from the Abbasids... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki_school |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | Israeli operations labeled Dani and Dekel that broke the truce were the start of the third phase of expulsions. The largest single expulsion of the war began in Lydda and Ramla 14 July when 60,000 inhabitants of the two cities (nearly 8.6% of the whole exodus) were forcibly expelled on the orders of David Ben-Gurion an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
Indo-Roman trade relations | The Rome-subcontinental trade also saw several cultural exchanges which had a lasting effect on both the civilizations and others involved in the trade. The Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum was involved in the Indian Ocean trade network and was influenced by Roman culture and Indian architecture. Traces of Indian influences ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations |
Imamate in Ismaili doctrine | According to the early Ismāʿīlis, God sent Seven great prophets, known as nātiq "speakers", in order to disseminate and improve Islam. All of these great prophets has an assistant, the Sāmad (Silent) Imam. After six silent imams, a nātiq was sent to reinvigorate Islam. After Adam and his son Seth, and after six “Nātiq”... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine |
Arabs | The Golden Age of Arab Civilization known as the "Islamic Golden Age", traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century. The period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Siege of Baghdad in 1258. During this time, Arab scholars made significant contributions t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad | A closely linked point of contention surrounded the status of Muslims who did not accept Ghulam Ahmad's claim. Muhammad Ali and his supporters, rejecting indiscriminate pronouncements of disbelief (Kufr) concerning them, drew a distinction between those who were neutral in the controversy and those who actively rejecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Basheer-ud-Din_Mahmood_Ahmad |
Amin al-Husseini | With the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 the Iraqi Government complied with a British request to break off diplomatic relations with Germany, interned all German nationals, and introduced emergency measures putting Iraq on a virtual war-footing. Al-Husseini in the meantime had quietly slipped out of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini |
Sabkha | The climate is one of the main factors in sabkha development. Rainfall in this arid region usually occurs as thunderstorms and averages 4 cm/year. Temperatures can range in excess of 50 °C to as low as 0 °C. Humidity is linked to the wind direction, with humidity as low as 20% in the mornings from off the dry interior ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabkha |
Lena Chamamyan | Lena's interest in singing began at a young age. As a child, she sang in an Armenian church in the winter and in a Syriac church in the summer. Lena began studying basic music theory and solfège at the age of nine. Her first instrument was the xylophone.
Lena owes much of her early musical education and experience to h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Chamamyan |
Siege of Khartoum | A small part of the relief expedition (28 men led by colonel Charles Wilson, embarked on two of Gordon's steamboats) arrived within sight of Khartoum two days after it fell. After discovering that they were too late, the surviving British and Egyptian troops withdrew. The Mahdi was left in control of the entire country... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum |
Khuzestani Arabs | Chehabi, H. E. (2012). "Iran and Iraq: Intersocietal Linkages and Secular Nationalisms". In Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.). Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 193–220. ISBN 978-1137013408.
Elling, Rasmus Christian (2013), Minorities in Iran: Nationalism a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabs |
Tandoor | A tandoor may be used to bake many different types of flatbread. Some of the most common are lavash, tandoori roti, tandoori naan, tandoori laccha paratha, missi roti, laffa, and tandoori kulcha.
Peshawari Khar are roasted cashews and cottage cheese paste marinated in spiced thick cream grilled in a tandoor.
Balochs an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandoor |
Sasanian Empire | Although Middle Persian was the native language of the Sasanians (who, however, were not originally from Pars), it was only a minority spoken-language in the vast Sasanian Empire; it only formed the majority of Pars, while it was widespread around Media and its surrounding regions. However, there were several different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi | Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi was born on 18 June 1863 in Baghdad. He descended from a prominent family of Kurdish origin, His father was the Mufti of Iraq and a member of the scholarly Baban clan. His parents separated soon after the children were born and the children's mother returned to her family, taking her children wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamil_Sidqi_al-Zahawi |
Sahara | The Sahara covers large parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Western Sahara and Sudan, and parts of southern Morocco and Tunisia. It covers 9 million square kilometres (3,500,000 sq mi), 31% of the African continent. If all areas with a mean annual precipitation of less than 250 mm (9.8 in) we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara |
Third Punic War | The Roman army moved to Carthage, unsuccessfully attempted to scale the city walls, and settled down for a siege. They set up two camps under command of legates: Censorinus's had the primary role of protecting the beached Roman ships and Manilius's housed the Roman legions. Hasdrubal moved up his army to harass the Rom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Punic_War |
Majida El Roumi | Majida El Roumi was appointed an ambassador for the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on World Food Day, 16 October 2001 in an official ceremony in Rome, Italy. She has participated in numerous round-table discussions on the role of FAO ambassadors in helping the Organization combat world hunger. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majida_El_Roumi |
Baloch people | Mir Jafar Khan Jamali (1911–1967), a veteran politician from Muslim League and a tribal leader from Balochistan.
Mir Chakar Rind, (1468–1565), Baloch folk hero
Zafarullah Khan Jamali (1944–2020), the 15th prime minister of Pakistan.
Asif Ali Zardari (born 1955), the 11th and 14th president of Pakistan.
Mir Hazar Khan K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloch_people |
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