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History of painting | The heritage of painters like Van Gogh, Cézanne, Gauguin, and Seurat was essential for the development of modern art. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_painting |
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction | In Philip Wylie and Edwin Balmer's novel When Worlds Collide (1933), Earth is destroyed by the rogue planet Bronson Alpha. A selected few escape on a spaceship. In the sequel, After Worlds Collide (1934), the survivors start a new life on the planet's companion Bronson Beta, which has taken over the orbit formerly occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction |
Islamic philosophy | The Arab polymath al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen; died c. 1041) presented a thorough mathematical critique and refutation of Aristotle's conception of place (topos) in his Risala/Qawl fi’l-makan (Treatise/Discourse on Place).
Aristotle's Physics (Book IV – Delta) stated that the place of something is the two-dimensio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Islamophobia | The largest project monitoring Islamophobia was undertaken following 9/11 by the EU watchdog, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC). Their May 2002 report "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", written by Chris Allen and Jorgen S. Nielsen of the University of Birmingham... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamophobia |
Human rights in Libya | In 2006, Amnesty International called for an independent inquiry into unconfirmed deaths that occurred in Abu Salim maximum security prison during the 1996 riot. In 2009, Human Rights Watch believes that 1,270 prisoners were killed. However, Human Rights Watch states that they were unable to independently verify the al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Libya |
US intervention in the Syrian civil war | By 20 October 2019, after backlash from the US Congress, the Trump administration had conducted a partial reversal of its 6 October order to pullout 1,000 troops from Syria, instead confirming a newly dedicated mission to guard oil and gas fields and related infrastructure in SDF-controlled eastern Syria from ISIL insu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war |
1970s | Oscar winners of the decade were Patton (1970), The French Connection (1971), The Godfather (1972), The Sting (1973), The Godfather Part II (1974), One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Rocky (1976), Annie Hall (1977), The Deer Hunter (1978), and Kramer vs. Kramer (1979).
The top ten highest-grossing films of the dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | In the 1960s, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was the leading cleric fighting the monarch (Shah) of the secularist Pahlavi dynasty.
In early 1970, when he was exiled to the holy Shia city of Najaf, he gave a series of lectures on how "Islamic Government" required Wilayat Al Faqih. Leading up to the revolution, a book base... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Adultery | In some Native American cultures, severe penalties could be imposed on an adulterous wife by her husband. In many instances she was made to endure a bodily mutilation which would, in the mind of the aggrieved husband, prevent her from ever being a temptation to other men again. Among the Aztecs, wives caught in adulter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery |
Middle Assyrian Empire | A sophisticated Assyrian imperial road system was created in the Middle Assyrian period. Though extensive road systems must have been employed in older civilizations as well, such as by the Hittites and Egyptians, the Middle Assyrian road system is the as of yet the earliest known such road system in the Ancient Near E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire |
Marco Polo | Since its publication, some have viewed the book with skepticism. Some in the Middle Ages regarded the book simply as a romance or fable, due largely to the sharp difference of its descriptions of a sophisticated civilisation in China to other early accounts by Giovanni da Pian del Carpine and William of Rubruck, who p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo |
2019 AFC Asian Cup | As a result of Qatar diplomatic crisis between Qatar and number of its neighbours since 5 June 2017, including the United Arab Emirates as the host country, the UAE suspended all direct flights between the two countries and initially banned Qatari citizens from entering their country, although the Emirati government la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup |
Musical instrument | Until the 19th century AD, European-written music histories began with mythological accounts mingled with scripture of how musical instruments were invented. Such accounts included Jubal, descendant of Cain and "father of all such as handle the harp and the organ" (Genesis 4:21) Pan, inventor of the pan pipes, and Merc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument |
Jerusalem | In 1967, the Six-Day War erupted between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Jordan joined Egypt and attacked Israeli-held West Jerusalem on the war's second day. After hand-to-hand fighting between Israeli and Jordanian soldiers on the Temple Mount, the Israel Defense Forces occupied East Jerusalem, along with the entire W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem |
Gabriel | The feast day of Saint Gabriel the Archangel was exclusively celebrated on 18 March according to many sources dating between 1588 and 1921; unusually, a source published in 1856 has the feast celebrated on 7 April for unknown reasons (a parenthetical note states that the day is normally celebrated on 18 March). Writer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel |
Sudanese Arabs | In 2007, the mtDNA haplotype diversity for 102 individuals in Northern Sudan was analysed. The haplogroup distribution was 22.5% of Eurasian ancestry, 4.9% of the East African M1 lineage, and 72.5% of sub-Saharan affiliation.
According to Y-DNA analysis by Hassan et al. (2008), among Sudanese Arabs, 67% of Arakien, 43%... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabs |
Zinc | Although zinc is an essential requirement for good health, excess zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc suppresses copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model is well-established in the literature, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc |
Quran translations | The earliest known translation of the Qur'an in any European language was the Latin works by Robert of Ketton at the behest of the Abbot of Cluny in c. 1143. This translation remained the only one until 1649 when the first English language translation was done by Alexander Ross, chaplain to King Charles I, who translat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_translations |
Dulafid dynasty | The Dulafids belonged to the Arab tribe of Banu 'Ijl, who was among the vanguard of the Muslim conquest of Iraq. The exact line of descent of the family is disputed among various sources, but the first members that can be reliably dated were the trader Idris and his brother Isa, sons of Ma'qel, residing in Kufa in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulafid_dynasty |
Islamic terrorism | Another Islamic movement accused of being involved in terrorism is known as Wahabism.
Sponsored by oil exporting power Saudi Arabia, Wahabism is deeply conservative and anti-revolutionary (its founder taught that Muslims are obliged to give unquestioned allegiance to their ruler, however imperfect, so long as he leads ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Moroccan architecture | After the Marinids came the Saadian dynasty, which marked a political shift from Berber-led empires to sultanates led by Arab sharifian dynasties. Artistically and architecturally, however, there was broad continuity and the Saadians are seen by modern scholars as continuing to refine the existing Moroccan-Moorish styl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_architecture |
Mureybet | The excavations have revealed four occupation phases I–IV, ranging from the Natufian up to the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) and dating to 10,200–8,000 BC, based on AMS radiocarbon dates. Phase IA (10,200–9,700 BC) represents the Natufian occupation of Mureybet. It is characterized by hearths and cooking pits, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mureybet |
Zār | In Muscat, Fanny Lutton (a missionary) recorded that Bait-e-Zaar was the largest and most expensive "house of sorcery". She recounts that blood of the animal sacrifice was used liberally to anoint the possessed, and that it was drunk. By her account, Black enslaved women danced at the ceremonies, and the possessed danc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%81r |
Chaldean Catholic Church | Sulaqa's earliest successors entered into communion with the Catholic Church, but in the course of over a century, their link with Rome grew weak. The last to request and obtain formal papal recognition died in 1600. They adopted hereditary succession to the patriarchate, opposition to which had caused the 1552 schism.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church |
René Guénon | 'Naturalistic' tendencies never developed and took an extension in India as they did in Greece under the influence of physical philosophers. In particular, atomism (not in the modern sense of "atoms" and "elementary particles", but in the classical signification related to the existence of indivisible items from which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non |
Library of Alexandria | The third head librarian, Eratosthenes of Cyrene (lived c. 280–c. 194 BC), is best known today for his scientific works, but he was also a literary scholar. Eratosthenes' most important work was his treatise Geographika, which was originally in three volumes. The work itself has not survived, but many fragments of it a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria |
Beirut | Beirut was settled over 5,000 years ago, and there is evidence that the surrounding area had already been inhabited for tens of thousands of years prior to this. Several prehistoric archaeological sites have been discovered within the urban area of Beirut, revealing flint tools from sequential periods dating from the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut |
South Caucasus | Herodotus, a Greek historian who is known as 'the Father of History' and Strabo, a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian, spoke about autochthonous peoples of the Caucasus in their books. In the Middle Ages, various people, including Scythians, Alani, Huns, Khazars, Arabs, Seljuq Turks, and Mongols settled in Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasus |
Ridda Wars | In May 632, Muhammad ordered a large expedition to be prepared against the Byzantine Empire in order to avenge the martyrs of the Battle of Mu'tah. He appointed Usama ibn Zayd, the son of Zayd ibn Harithah who was killed in the Battle at Mu'tah, as commander of this force so he could avenge the death of his father. How... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_Wars |
Hashemites | After the war, the British devised a "Sharifian Solution" to "[make] straight all the tangle" of their various wartime commitments. This proposed that three sons of Sharif Hussein would be installed as kings of newly created countries across the Middle East.
Given the need to rein in expenditure and factors outside Bri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemites |
Al Jazeera Arabic | Al Jazeera Satellite Channel, now known as AJA, was launched on 1 November 1996 following the closure of the BBC's Arabic language television station, a joint venture with Orbit Communications Company. The BBC channel closed after a year and a half when the Saudi government attempted to censor information, including a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic |
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War | Although the Kurdish parliament ceased to meet in May 1996, the fragile cease-fire between the PUK and KDP held until the summer of 1996. During this period, the Iraqi government was permitted by the KDP to establish a smuggling route through the Khabur River basin for the transportation of illegal petroleum exports. B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War |
Shamash | The sun god was traditionally viewed as a son of the moon god in Mesopotamian religion, both in Sumerian and Akkadian texts. They are already attested as father and son in the Early Dynastic god list from Fara. The relation between them could be illustrated by matching epithets, for example in the god list An = Anum Ut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash |
Abbasid Caliphate | The Abbasid period saw a large fashion development throughout its existence. While the development of fashion began during the Umayyad period, its genuine cosmopolitan styles and influence were realized at their finest during Abbasid rule. Fashion was a thriving industry during the Abbasid period that was also strictly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Syrian civil war | The war is fought by several factions. The Syrian Arab Armed Forces, alongside its domestic and foreign allies, represent the Syrian Arab Republic and Assad government. Opposed to it is the Syrian Interim Government, a big-tent alliance of pro-democratic, nationalist opposition groups (whose military forces consist of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war |
One Thousand and One Nights | The Nights continued to be a favourite book of many British authors of the Romantic and Victorian eras. According to A. S. Byatt, "In British Romantic poetry the Arabian Nights stood for the wonderful against the mundane, the imaginative against the prosaically and reductively rational." In their autobiographical writi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Paganism | It is crucial to stress right from the start that until the 20th century, people did not call themselves pagans to describe the religion they practised. The notion of paganism, as it is generally understood today, was created by the early Christian Church. It was a label that Christians applied to others, one of the an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism |
Menachem Begin | As Prime Minister, Begin presided over various reforms in the domestic field. Tuition fees for secondary education were eliminated and compulsory education was extended to the tenth grade, while new social programmes were introduced such as long-term care insurance and a national income support system. A ban on color t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Begin |
Ibn Butlan | A large supernova named SN 1054 in modern astronomy occurred in the year 1054 AD/446 AH. It was well observed by Chinese and Japanese astronomers in their writings, the great detail of which allowed for it to be identified as the origin of the Crab Nebula in the modern day. But modern astronomers were puzzled by the la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan |
Kurds | Kurds account for 9% of Syria's population, a total of around 1.6 million people. This makes them the largest ethnic minority in the country. They are mostly concentrated in the northeast and the north, but there are also significant Kurdish populations in Aleppo and Damascus. Kurds often speak Kurdish in public, unles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds |
Mu'awiya I | Although the Arabs had not advanced beyond Cyrenaica since the 640s other than periodic raids, the expeditions against Byzantine North Africa were renewed during Mu'awiya's reign. In 665 or 666 Ibn Hudayj led an army which raided Byzacena (southern district of Byzantine Africa) and Gabes and temporarily captured Bizert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I |
Sokoto Caliphate | Although it has lost its former political power, the Sokoto Sultanate Council continues to exist, and the Sokoto Sultans are still "leading figures in Nigerian society". Even the Presidents of Nigeria have sought their support.
Due to its impact, the Sokoto Caliphate is also revered by Islamists in modern Nigeria. For ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | Physicians like al-Razi wrote about the importance of morality in medicine, and may have presented, together with Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafis, the first concept of ethics or "practical philosophy" in Islamic medicine. Al-Razi wrote his treatise "Kitab al-tibb al-ruhani" also known as "Book on Spritual Physick" on popular... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Indus Valley Civilisation | A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley Civilisation, making them the first urban centre in the region. The quality of municipal town planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which placed a high priority on hygiene, or, alter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation |
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine | Jews gathered in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem to celebrate the U.N. resolution during the whole night after the vote. Great bonfires blazed at Jewish collective farms in the north. Many big cafes in Tel Aviv served free champagne. Mainstream Zionist leaders emphasized the "heavy responsibility" of building a modern Jewish St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine |
Akbar | Akbar's reign was chronicled extensively by his court historian Abul Fazl in the books Akbarnama and Ain-i-akbari. Other contemporary sources of Akbar's reign include the works of Badayuni, Shaikhzada Rashidi, and Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi.
Akbar was a warrior, emperor, general, animal trainer (reputedly keeping thousands ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar |
Sunni Islam | Later Sunni scholars also present the Sunnis as the center of Muslim community. The idea already appears to some extent in the Ashʿarite ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Baghdādī, who emphasizes on several dogmatic questions that the Sunnis hold a position that lies in the middle between the positions of the other Islamic groups. An e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Hebron glass | The glass industry in Hebron was established during Roman rule in Palestine. As the ancient Phoenician glass industry shrank from the exposed cities along the eastern Mediterranean coastline, the industry migrated inland, to Hebron in particular. Glass artifacts from Hebron dating to the 1st and 2nd centuries have been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron_glass |
Jeddah | In 969 AD, the Fatimids from Algeria took control in Egypt from the Ikhshidid Governors of Abbasids and expanded their empire to the surrounding regions, including The Hijaz and Jeddah. The Fatimids developed an extensive trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea. Their trade and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah |
Golden jackal | The golden jackal often hunts alone, and sometimes in pairs, but rarely hunts in a pack. When hunting alone, it trots around an area and occasionally stops to sniff and listen. Once prey is located, the jackal conceals itself, quickly approaches its prey and then pounces on it. Single jackals hunt rodents, hares, and b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal |
Palestinian Authority | In theory the Palestinian Authority has guaranteed freedom of assembly to the Palestinian citizens residing in its territory. Nevertheless, the right to demonstrate for opponents of the PA regime or of PA policy has become increasingly subject to police control and restriction and is a source of concern for human right... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority |
Azerbaijanis | The Safavids, who rose from around Ardabil in Iranian Azerbaijan and lasted until 1722, established the foundations of the modern Iranian state. The Safavids, alongside their Ottoman archrivals, dominated the entire West Asian region and beyond for centuries. At its peak under Shah Abbas the Great, it rivaled its polit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis |
Iran–Iraq border | The Ottoman Empire had conquered much of what is now Iraq from Safavid Persia in the Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555. The war concluded with the Peace of Amasya, by which Ottoman rule over Mesopotamia was confirmed. Ottoman control of Mesopotamia was strengthened following the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639), which wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_border |
Narjis | Pierce, Matthew (2016). Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674737075.
Eliash, J. (2022). "Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī". In Bearman, P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1981). Islamic Messianism: The Id... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narjis |
Cinema of Iraq | While Iraq's first film projection took place in 1909, cinema was not truly regarded as a cultural activity or pastime until the 1920s. The first cinemas, like the famous al-Zawra'a Cinema on Baghdad's bustling thoroughfare al-Rasheed Street, played mostly American silent films for British citizens.
In the 1940s under ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq |
Slavery | Slavery in Haiti started with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on the island in 1492. The practice was devastating to the native population. Following the indigenous Taíno's near decimation from forced labour, disease and war, the Spanish, under advisement of the Catholic priest Bartolomé de las Casas, and with the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Water supply and sanitation in Jordan | Amman management contract. In 1999, a public-private partnership (PPP) started with the signing of a Management Contract between WAJ and the private joint venture Lyonnaise des Eaux - Montgomery Watson - Arabtech Jardaneh (LEMA), led by the French company Lyonnaise des Eaux, now known as Suez Environnement. According t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Jordan |
Malta | Historically a land of emigration, since the early 21st century Malta has seen a significant increase in net migration; the foreign-born population has grown nearly eightfold between 2005 and 2020. Most of the foreign community in Malta consists of active or retired British nationals and their dependents, centred on Sl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta |
Science in the medieval Islamic world | Islamic mathematicians gathered, organised and clarified the mathematics they inherited from ancient Egypt, Greece, India, Mesopotamia and Persia, and went on to make innovations of their own. Islamic mathematics covered algebra, geometry and arithmetic. Algebra was mainly used for recreation: it had few practical appl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
2019–2021 Iraqi protests | 2 July: With the temperature reaching more than 50 degrees across some parts of Iraq amid deteriorating power and water cuts, several Iraqi protesters reportedly took to the streets of Baghdad. Particularly the southern provinces of Iraq and most of Baghdad were said to have faced more of the effects of the power cuts.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests |
Arab Spring | Protests occurred in many towns in both the north and south of Yemen starting in mid-January 2011. Demonstrators in the South mainly protested against President Saleh's support of Al Qaeda in South Yemen, the marginalization of the Southern people and the exploitation of Southern natural resources. Other parts of the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Punic people | The Punic religion was a direct continuation of the Phoenician variety of the polytheistic ancient Canaanite religion. At Carthage, the chief gods were Baal Hammon (purportedly "Lord of the Brazier"). and his consort Tanit, but other deities are attested, such as Eshmun, Melqart, Ashtart, Reshef, Sakon, and Shamash. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_people |
Human trafficking in Yemen | Yemen is a country of origin for children, mostly boys, trafficked for forced begging, forced unskilled labor, or forced street vending.
Yemeni children are trafficked across the northern border into Saudi Arabia, or to the Yemeni cities of Aden and Sana’a for forced work, primarily as beggars.
Unconfirmed estimates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Yemen |
Ptolemaic Kingdom | Cleopatra VII ascended the Egyptian throne on 22 March 51 BC upon the death of her father, Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos. She reigned as queen "philopator" and pharaoh with various male co-regents from 51 to 30 BC.
The demise of the Ptolemies' power coincided with the growing dominance of the Roman Republic. With one empir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom |
Ammon | The Ammonites, still numerous in the south of Palestine in the second century CE according to Justin Martyr, presented a serious problem to the Pharisaic scribes because many marriages with Ammonite and Moabite wives had taken place in the days of Nehemiah (Neh. 13). Still later, it is not improbable that when Judas Ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammon |
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan | On 17 July 2020, a French investigating magistrate was appointed to carry out the probe targeting Mohamed bin Zayed for "complicity in the of torture" citing the UAE's involvement in the Yemen civil war. One of the two complaints was filed with the constitution of civil party by six Yemenis, who claimed to have been to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan |
Alavi Bohras | Knowledge (‘ilm-علم) and wisdom (hikmah-حكمۃ) are, according to Isma’ili belief, eternal gifts from God, revealed to humanity through His prophets. God has successively dispatched six prophets bearing a law (shari’ah): Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ and Muhammad. These prophets are ‘speakers’ (naatiq-ناطق), b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavi_Bohras |
Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq | The 1958 military coup that overthrew the Hashemite monarchy brought to power members of "rural groups that lacked the cosmopolitan thinking found among Iraqi elites". Iraq's new leaders had an "exclusivist mentality [that] produced tribal conflict and rivalry, which in turn called forth internal oppression [...]"
Acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported that the Gaza humanitarian crisis is significant and should not be understated. It also states that the situation is a "human dignity crisis" in the Gaza strip, entailing "a massive destruction of livelihoods and a significant deterioration... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Irgun | On May 14, 1948 the establishment of the State of Israel was proclaimed. The declaration of independence was followed by the establishment of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), and the process of absorbing all military organizations into the IDF started. On June 1, an agreement had been signed between Menachem Begin and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irgun |
Al-Biruni | Al-Biruni spent the first twenty-five years of his life in Khwarezm where he studied Islamic jurisprudence, theology, grammar, mathematics, astronomy, medicine and philosophy and dabbled not only in the field of physics, but also in those of most of the other sciences. The Iranian Khwarezmian language, which was Biruni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Biruni |
Dassault Rafale | Data from Dassault Aviation, Superfighters, French Navy, International Directory of Military AircraftGeneral characteristics
Crew: 1 or 2
Length: 15.27 m (50 ft 1 in)
Wingspan: 10.90 m (35 ft 9 in)
Height: 5.34 m (17 ft 6 in)
Wing area: 45.7 m2 (492 sq ft)
Empty weight: 10,300 kg (22,708 lb) (B)
9,850 kg (21,720 lb) (C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Rafale |
Islamic modernism | Many orthodox, fundamentalist, puritan, and traditionalist Muslims strongly opposed modernism as bid'ah and the most dangerous heresy of the day, for its association with Westernization and Western education, although some orthodox/traditionalist Muslims, and Muslim scholars agree that going back to the Qur'an and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism |
Anthony Eden | During the last months of peace in 1939, Eden joined the Territorial Army with the rank of major, in the London Rangers motorised battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps and was at annual camp with them in Beaulieu, Hampshire, when he heard news of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.
Two days after the outbreak of war, on 3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden |
Egyptian Arabic | Abdel-Massih, Ernest T.; Bahig, A. Fathy (1978). A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic, Vol. 1: Conversations, Cultural Texts, Sociolinguistic Notes (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies. ISBN 978-0-932098-11-5. OCLC 777140122. OL 11480326M.
Abu Elhija, Dua'a (23 January 2014). "A N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic |
Ḥaʼil | Barzan Palace was a historic palace that used to be located in Ha'il up until the 1920s. It was built in 1808 by Prince Muhammad bin Abdul-Muhsin Al Ali over an area of more than 300,000 square meters. The Palace was completed during the rule of the 2nd Rashidi amir, Talal bin Abdullah (1848–68). The Palace consisted o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4a%CA%BCil |
Revival of the Hebrew language | As the Second Aliyah began, Hebrew usage began to break out of the family and school framework into the public venue. Motivated by an ideology of rejecting the Diaspora and its Yiddish culture, the members of the Second Aliyah established relatively closed-off social cells of young people with a common world view. In t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language |
Oil shale | Oil shale, an organic-rich sedimentary rock, belongs to the group of sapropel fuels. It does not have a definite geological definition nor a specific chemical formula, and its seams do not always have discrete boundaries. Oil shales vary considerably in their mineral content, chemical composition, age, type of kerogen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale |
Criminalization of homosexuality | Criticism of the criminalization of homosexuality began to be expressed by Enlightenment thinkers such as legal philosopher Cesare Beccaria in his 1764 treatise On Crimes and Punishments. Early opponents argued that the laws were impractical to enforce, ineffective at deterring homosexuality, and overly intrusive into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality |
Golden Horde | Mengu-Timur was succeeded in 1281 by his brother Töde Möngke, who was a Muslim. However, Nogai Khan was now strong enough to establish himself as an independent ruler. The Golden Horde was thus ruled by two khans.
Töde Möngke made peace with Kublai, returned his sons to him, and acknowledged his supremacy. Nogai and Kö... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde |
Fula people | Common Fulani family names in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau and Southern Senegal are: Diallo (French regions), Jallow or Jalloh (Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia), Djalo (Cap Verde and Guinea Bissau), Sow, Barry, Bah or Ba, Baldé, and Diouldé. Other Fulani (Toucouleur) family names in Guinea and northern Senegal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people |
Kurdistan Democratic Party | On July 14, 1958, Brigadier Abd al-Karim Qasim and his fellow "Free Officers" (modeled after Nasser's Egyptian Free Officers) staged a successful coup that promised a brighter future for the Kurds of Iraq. Although the KDP and ICP were excluded from the new United National Front government, Qasim formed a three-man "So... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party |
Berberis | The genus Berberis has dimorphic shoots: long shoots which form the structure of the plant, and short shoots only 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long. The leaves on long shoots are non-photosynthetic, developed into one to three or more spines: 96 3–30 mm (0.12–1.18 in) long. The bud in the axil of each thorn-leaf then devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberis |
749 Galilee earthquake | Al-Suyuti reports on two distinct earthquakes events which damaged Jerusalem and Damascus. The first event can be dated to Hijri year 130 (747/748 Anno Domini), and the second to Hijri year 141 (748/749). Al-Suyuti uses as a primary source the narrative of historian Abdalla al-Katir (8th–9th century), as transmitted by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/749_Galilee_earthquake |
Mass media in Iraq | The Iraqi News Agency, which operated as a mouthpiece of the government under the regime of Saddam Hussein continued to operate post 2003, but it was challenged by the independent news agency Aswat al-Iraq, which is backed by the United Nations; major foreign news agencies with offices in Iraq are the Anadolu Ajansı of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq |
Nancy Ajram | In July 2015, Ajram was officially confirmed as a judge in the first season of the highly acclaimed TV show The Voice Kids alongside Kadim Al Sahir and Tamer Hosny. The show premiered on MBC1 on January 2, 2016. As of 2020, Nancy was still a judge on the show's 3rd and most recent season wherein her contestant won.
On ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ajram |
Slavery in the Trucial States | Female slaves were primarily used as either domestic servants, or as concubines (sex slaves).
The sex slave-concubines of rich urban men who had given birth to the son of their enslaver were counted as the most privileged, since they became an Umm Walad and became free upon the death of their enslaver; the concubine of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Trucial_States |
Agriculture in Sudan | Livestock raising is important throughout Sudan except in the extremely dry areas of the North. It provides a large part or the entire livelihood of nearly half the population of Sudan, mainly in the traditional farming sector. In recent years, the government has encouraged commercial livestock production of camels, go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sudan |
List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire | The Ottoman Empire was an absolute monarchy during much of its existence. By the second half of the fifteenth century, the sultan sat at the apex of a hierarchical system and acted in political, military, judicial, social, and religious capacities under a variety of titles.[a] He was theoretically responsible only to G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Yasser Arafat | Numerous theories have circulated regarding Arafat's death, with the most prominent being poisoning (possibly by polonium) and AIDS-related illnesses, as well as liver disease or a platelet disorder.
In September 2005, an Israeli AIDS expert claimed that Arafat bore all the symptoms of AIDS based on obtained medical re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat |
Qanat | Construction of a qanat is usually performed by a crew of 3–4 muqannīs. For a shallow qanat, one worker typically digs the horizontal shaft, one raises the excavated earth from the shaft and one distributes the excavated earth at the top.
The crew typically begins from the destination to which the water will be deliver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat |
Cyrene, Libya | Asolati, Michele; Crisafulli, Cristina (2018). Cirene e la Cirenaica in età greca e romana. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788891317155.
Cariddi, Lorenzo (2020). Cirene e l'acqua: ricerche e documenti sulla gestione delle risorse idriche in città e nella chora. Roma: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. ISBN 978889131962... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya |
Marriage | Laws banning "race-mixing" were enforced in certain North American jurisdictions from 1691 until 1967, in Nazi Germany (the Nuremberg Laws) from 1935 until 1945, and in South Africa during most part of the apartheid era (1949–1985). All these laws primarily banned marriage between persons of different racially or ethni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage |
Assyrian people | The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century Muslim conquest of Persia. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates by translating works of Greek philo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
World War I | Upon mobilisation, 80% of the German Army was located on the Western Front, with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East; officially titled Aufmarsch II West, it is better known as the Schlieffen Plan after its creator, Alfred von Schlieffen, head of the German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. Rather than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Hermann Burchardt | After his death, Burchardt's nephew, Max Ginsberg, donated in 1911 more than 500 photographic plates and contact sheets of the traveler (taken from the estate of Hermann Burchardt) to the Berlin Museum of Ethnology (Museum für Völkerkunde), today, the Ethnological Museum of Berlin, for a total of nearly 2000 negatives,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Burchardt |
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana | Tokharistan was named after the Tokharians who overran the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom in the 2nd century BC. In the works of the Arab geographers of the 9th–10th centuries, Tokharistan proper was defined as the region south of the Oxus and east of Balkh, but in its wider sense encompassed the region of the upper Oxus valle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana |
Syrian civil war | The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), also known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria. The region does not claim to pursue full independence but autonomy within a federal and democratic Syria. Rojava consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war |
Roman–Persian Wars | When the Roman and Parthian Empires first collided in the 1st century BC, it appeared that Parthia had the potential to push its frontier to the Aegean and the Mediterranean. However, the Romans repulsed the great invasion of Syria and Anatolia by Pacorus and Labienus, and were gradually able to take advantage of the w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars |
Water supply and sanitation in Egypt | Genesis of the reforms. When donors expressed their dissatisfaction with the poor performance of the sector, the government initiated another sector reform that, again, aimed at improving service quality, gradually attaining a financial equilibrium and improving staff skills. The Ministry of Housing charged NOPWASD wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt |
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