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Tunisian national movement | The independence came rather incrementally, through small steps. In September 1949, after he was exiled, Bourguiba was allowed to come back to Tunisia. A few months later, he put into place a programme in seven points, confirming that a cooperation between the French authorities and the Tunisians was necessary. The Neo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_national_movement |
LGBT people and Islam | In Kecia Ali's book, she cites that "contemporary scholars disagree sharply about the Qur'anic perspective on same-sex intimacy." One scholar represents the conventional perspective by arguing that the Qur'an "is very explicit in its condemnation of homosexuality leaving scarcely any loophole for a theological accommod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_people_and_Islam |
Middle Ages | Prominent late-medieval philosophers departed from Aristotelian logic. Among them, William of Ockham (d. c. 1348) concluded that natural philosophy could not prove God's existence. Under his influence, most scholars who researched subjects yielding verifiable conclusions (such as mathematics or physics) no longer analy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi | Al-Tusi has been credited with proposing the idea of a function, however his approach being not very explicit, algebra's decisive move to the dynamic function was made 5 centuries after him, by German polymath Gottfried Leibniz.
Sharaf al-Din used what would later be known as the "Ruffini-Horner method" to numerically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_al-Tusi |
Menes | The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record and the comparative wealth of evidence of Narmer, a protodynastic figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, has given rise to a theory identifying Menes wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menes |
Israeli settlement | Four prominent jurists cited the concept of the "sovereignty vacuum" in the immediate aftermath of the Six-Day War to describe the legal status of the West Bank and Gaza: Yehuda Zvi Blum in 1968, Elihu Lauterpacht in 1968, Julius Stone in 1969 and 1981, and Stephen M. Schwebel in 1970. Eugene V. Rostow also argued in 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Kebra Nagast | According to the colophon attached to most of the existing copies, the Kebra Nagast originally was written in Coptic, then translated into Arabic in the "year of mercy" 409 (dated to AD 1225), and then into Ge'ez by a team of clerics in Ethiopia—Yəsḥaq, Yəmḥarännä ˀAb, Ḥəzbä-Krəstos, Ǝndrəyas, Filəp̣p̣os, and Mäḥari ˀA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebra_Nagast |
Timbuktu | Starting in 2008, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb began kidnapping groups of tourists in the Sahel region. In January 2009, four tourists were kidnapped near the Mali–Niger border after attending a cultural festival at Anderamboukané. One of these tourists was subsequently murdered. As a result of this and various othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu |
Galilee | After the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, nearly the whole of Galilee came under Israel's control. A large portion of the population fled or was forced to leave, leaving dozens of entire villages empty; however, a large Israeli Arab community remained based in and near the cities of Nazareth, Acre, Tamra, Sakhnin, and Shefa-'Am... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee |
Arabization | Modern Arabization in Algeria took place to develop and promote Arabic into the nation's education system, government, and media in order to replace the former language that was enforced due to colonization, French. Algeria had been conquered by France and even made to be part of its metropolitan core for 132 years, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization |
Economy of Jordan | Energy remains perhaps the biggest challenge for continued growth for Jordan's economy. Spurred by the surge in the price of oil to more than $145 a barrel at its peak, the Jordanian government has responded with an ambitious plan for the sector. The country's lack of domestic resources is being addressed via a $14bn i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan |
Antelope | More species of antelope are native to Africa than to any other continent, almost exclusively in savannahs, with 25-40 species co-occurring over much of East Africa. Because savannah habitat in Africa has expanded and contracted five times over the last three million years, and the fossil record indicates this is when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope |
Battle of Hattin | Guy of Lusignan became king of Jerusalem in 1186, in right of his wife, Sibylla, after the death of her son Baldwin V. The Kingdom of Jerusalem was divided between the "court faction" of Guy, consisting of Sibylla and relative newcomers to the kingdom such as Raynald of Châtillon, Gerard of Ridefort and the Knights Tem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin |
History of slavery | The 15th-century Portuguese exploration of the African coast is commonly regarded as the harbinger of European colonialism. In 1452, Pope Nicholas V issued the papal bull Dum Diversas, granting Afonso V of Portugal the right to reduce any "Saracens, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery which legitimi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Arabian horse | Historically, Egyptian breeders imported horses bred in the deserts of Palestine and the Arabian peninsula as the source of their foundation bloodstock. By the time that the Ottoman Empire dominated Egypt, the political elites of the region still recognized the need for quality bloodstock for both war and for horse rac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse |
Yazidis | In 2014, with the territorial gains of the Salafist militant group calling itself the Islamic State there was much upheaval in the Iraqi Yazidi population. Islamic State captured Sinjar in August 2014 following the withdrawal of Peshmerga troops of Masoud Barzani, forcing up to 50,000 Yazidis to flee into the nearby mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
Philosophy | Philosophy is closely related to many other fields. It is sometimes understood as a metadiscipline that clarifies their nature and limits. It does this by critically examining their basic concepts, background assumptions, and methods. In this regard, it plays a key role in providing an interdisciplinary perspective. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy |
Muslim Brotherhood | As its influence grew, it opposed British rule in Egypt starting in 1936.
al-Banna had been in contact with Amin al-Husseini since 1927.
A central concern for the early Muslim Brotherhood was its pro-Arab activism for the Arab-Zionist conflict in Palestine, which in 1936–1939 culminated in the great Arab revolt. While ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood |
Rationale for the Iraq War | Post-Iraq invasion opinion polls conducted in Jordan, Morocco, Pakistan, and Turkey showed that the majority of each country's population tended to "doubt the sincerity of the War on Terrorism", which they characterized instead as "an effort to control Middle East oil and to dominate the world".
Although there has been... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Iraq_War |
World War I | For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe. After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Arab citizens of Israel | Most Israeli Druze reside in the northern part of the country and are officially recognized as a separate religious community with their own courts. They maintain Arabic language and culture as integral parts of their identity, and Arabic is their primary language. The Galilean Druze and Druze of the Haifa region recei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel |
Quran | Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2022). The Religion and Rituals of the Nomads of Pre-Islamic Arabia: A Reconstruction Based on the Safaitic Inscriptions. Brill.
Allen, Roger (2000). An Introduction to Arabic literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77657-8.
Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin; Reichmut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
History of the Middle East | While the Byzantine Roman and Sassanid Persian empires were both weakened by warfare (602–628), a new power in the form of Islam grew in the Middle East. In a series of rapid Muslim conquests, Arab armies, led by the Caliphs and skilled military commanders such as Khalid ibn al-Walid, swept through most of the Middle E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East |
Suez Crisis | The canal continued to be strategically important after the Second World War for oil shipment. Petroleum historian Daniel Yergin wrote: "In 1948, the canal abruptly lost its traditional rationale. ... [British] control over the canal could no longer be preserved on grounds that it was critical to the defence either of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Maimonides | Maimonides equated the God of Abraham to what philosophers refer to as the Necessary Being. God is unique in the universe, and the Torah commands that one love and fear God (Deut 10:12) on account of that uniqueness. To Maimonides, this meant that one ought to contemplate God's works and to marvel at the order and wisd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides |
Himyarite Kingdom | After the spread of Islam in Yemen, Himyarite noble families were able to re-establish control over parts of Yemen.
Yufirid Dynasty over most of Yemen (847–997)
Mahdid Dynasty over Southern Tihama (1159–1174)
Manakhis over Taiz (ninth century)
Many Himyarites participated in the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 630s an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom |
Aristotle | Aristotle wrote his works on papyrus scrolls, the common writing medium of that era. His writings are divisible into two groups: the "exoteric", intended for the public, and the "esoteric", for use within the Lyceum school. Aristotle's "lost" works stray considerably in characterization from the surviving Aristotelian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle |
Madrasa | In northwestern Africa (the Maghrib or Maghreb), including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, the appearance of madrasas was delayed until after the fall of the Almohad dynasty, who espoused a reformist doctrine generally considered unorthodox by other Sunnis. As such, it only came to flourish in the region in the 13th cen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa |
Islam and democracy | Officially, Indonesia does not have a state religion, and is in many respects a secular democracy. The constitution of Indonesia gives its people the freedom of worship, according to their religion or belief. This is based on the state ideology of "Pancasila" whose first tenet, Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa, translates as "T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_democracy |
Ancient Egyptian race controversy | However, Manu Ampim, a professor at Merritt College specializing in African and African American history and culture, claims in the book Modern Fraud: The Forged Ancient Egyptian Statues of Ra-Hotep and Nofret, that many ancient Egyptian statues and artworks are modern frauds that have been created specifically to hide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy |
Ibn al-'Awwam | The work is mostly compiled from the writings of other authors. Al-'Awwam cites information from 112 different prior authors. His citations of earlier authors have been analyzed with the following summary results: about 1900 direct and indirect citations altogether, of which 615 are to Greek authors (the great majority... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam |
Ancient Egypt in the Western imagination | In 1912, the discovery of a well-preserved painted limestone bust of Nefertiti, unearthed from its sculptor's workshop near the royal city of Amarna, raised interest in ancient Egypt. The bust, now in Berlin's Egyptian Museum, became well known through the medium of photography and is one of the most copied works of an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt_in_the_Western_imagination |
Arabic music | In the early 20th century, Egypt was the first in a series of Arab countries to experience a sudden emergence of nationalism, as it became independent after 2000 years of foreign rule. Any English, French or European songs got replaced by national Egyptian music. Cairo became a center for musical innovation.
Female sin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_music |
Himyarite Kingdom | After the spread of Islam in Yemen, Himyarite noble families were able to re-establish control over parts of Yemen.
Yufirid Dynasty over most of Yemen (847–997)
Mahdid Dynasty over Southern Tihama (1159–1174)
Manakhis over Taiz (ninth century)
Many Himyarites participated in the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 630s an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom |
Arithmetic | Rational number arithmetic is the branch of arithmetic that deals with the manipulation of numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers. Most arithmetic operations on rational numbers can be calculated by performing a series of integer arithmetic operations on the numerators and the denominators of the invo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic |
Akshak | Akshak first appears in a Sumerian literary composition Dumuzid's dream, where Dumuzid king of Uruk is said to have been toppled from his opulence by a hungry mob composed of men from the major cities of Sumer, including Akshak. The partially literary Sumerian king list mentions Unzi, Undalulu, Urur, Puzur-Nirah, Ishu-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshak |
House of Sabah | Kuwaiti political scientist Mohammed Alwuhaib has argued that "members of the Al Sabah [have] interfered in and manipulated political and economic factions as a tool to weaken each other, with allegations of corruption a particularly common tactic."
In August 2011, supporters of Sheikh Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Sabah |
Blue Line (withdrawal line) | On 11 March 1978 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operatives, led by Dalal Mugrabi, carried out the Coastal Road massacre within Israel which resulted in the deaths of 37 Israelis, including 13 children, and 76 wounded. In response, Israeli forces invaded southern Lebanon from which the PLO operated regularly du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(withdrawal_line) |
Commiphora | 181 species are accepted:
Commiphora acuminata Mattick
Commiphora africana (A.Rich.) Engl. (syn. Heudelotia africana), sometimes identified with ancient bdellium. Used indirectly by the San bushmen to poison their arrow tips for hunting
Commiphora alata Chiov.
Commiphora alaticaulis J.B.Gillett & Vollesen
Commiphora ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commiphora |
Asbab al-Nuzul | The function of asbāb is most straightforward at the narratological level, where the context given identifies the characters of a story, their motivations, and ambient circumstances which influence their behavior.
An extensive example of this is the sabab attributed to Ibn Ishāq (al-Wāhidī, Kitāb 22) for verses Q.2:258... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbab_al-Nuzul |
Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet | As early as 18 June 2012, UGTT had been calling for Ennahda, Nidaa Tounes, and other relevant parties to come to the table for a convention centered around the constitution and electoral regulations. At this stage in the transition, UGTT was still largely viewed as being beholden to partisan interests, particularly op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet |
Orhan | A twenty-year period of peace followed the acquisition of Karesi. During this time, the Ottoman sovereign was actively occupied in perfecting the civil and military institutions which his brother had introduced, in securing internal order, in founding and endowing mosques and schools, and in the construction of vast pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan |
Timur | After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur |
Fatimid Caliphate | Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.
Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus | International
The 1860 Damascus Massacre was followed by a period of international tensions. Reports of the riots had made the international media, which led to international outrage. The French sent six thousand soldiers to the Levant in order to protect the Syrian Christians and increase their own power in the region... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus |
Aladdin | Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp (1917), directed by Chester M. Franklin and Sidney A. Franklin and released by the Fox Film Corporation, told the story using child actors. It is the earliest known filmed adaptation of the story.
The 1940 British movie The Thief of Bagdad borrows elements of the Aladdin story, although i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin |
Punic people | The destruction of Carthage did not mean the end of the Punic people. After the wars, the city of Carthage was completely razed and the land around it was turned into farmland for Roman citizens. There were, however, other Punic cities in northwest Africa, and Carthage itself was rebuilt and regained some importance, i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_people |
Solomon | In a brief, unelaborated, and enigmatic passage, the Hebrew Bible describes how the fame of Solomon's wisdom and wealth reached even the far-off Queen of Sheba. The queen is described as visiting with gifts including gold, spices and precious stones. When Solomon gave her "all her desire, whatsoever she asked", she lef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon |
Canaan | During the 2nd millennium BC, Ancient Egyptian texts use the term "Canaan" to refer to an Egyptian-ruled colony, whose boundaries generally corroborate the definition of Canaan found in the Hebrew Bible, bounded to the west by the Mediterranean Sea, to the north in the vicinity of Hamath in Syria, to the east by the Jo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan |
Aurangzeb | By 1689, the conquest of Golconda, Mughal victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres, with a population estimated to be over 158 million. But this supremacy was short-lived. Jos Gommans, Professor of Colonial and Global History at the University of Leiden, says that "... the highpo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb |
Malays (ethnic group) | The early Malay communities were largely animists, believing in the existence of semangat (spirits) in everything. Around the opening of the common era, Hinduism and Buddhism were introduced by South Asian traders to the Malay Archipelago, where they flourished until the 13th century, just before the arrival of Islam b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group) |
Ghazan | Ghazan was a man of high culture, with many hobbies including linguistics, agro-techniques, painting, and chemistry. According to the Byzantine historian Pachymeres (1242–1310): "No one surpassed him, in making saddles, bridles, spurs, greaves and helmets; he could hammer, stitch and polish, and in such occupations emp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazan |
Naftali Bennett | Bennett was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces in 1990. He served in the elite Sayeret Matkal commando unit, and after his regular service was selected for officer training. He was given a choice of remaining in Sayeret Matkal but as a regular operator rather than a commander or transferring to the Maglan commando ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftali_Bennett |
Mass media in Egypt | Radio has also historically been utilized as a political tool in Egypt beginning under the rule of President Gamal Abdel Nasser.(10) Nasser became president of Egypt in 1954 and served until his death in 1970.(10) When Nasser came to power he realized that radio could be utilized as a powerful political tool for two re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt |
Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz | After the Caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, Hussein was proclaimed as Caliph. The accounts on the official date and proceedings vary, some place the beginning of the Caliphate on 3 March 1924, when Hussein would have declared himself Caliph at his son Abdullah's winter camp in Shunah, Tran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz |
Arameans | The ancient Arameans lived in a close relationship with other distinct societies in the region. Throughout much of their history, they were heavily influenced by the cuneiform culture of Mesopotamia and the surrounding areas. Bilingual texts in Aramaic and the Assyrian dialect of Akkadian are among the earliest example... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arameans |
Zoroastrianism | The Avesta is a collection of the central religious texts of Zoroastrianism written in the old Iranian dialect of Avestan. The history of the Avesta is speculated upon in many Pahlavi texts with varying degrees of authority, with the current version of the Avesta dating at oldest from the times of the Sasanian Empire. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism |
Mahmudiyah rape and killings | On March 12, 2006, soldiers at the checkpoint (from the 502nd Infantry Regiment) – consisting of Green, Specialist Paul E. Cortez, Specialist James P. Barker, Private First Class Jesse V. Spielman, and Private First Class Bryan L. Howard – had been playing cards, illegally drinking alcohol (whiskey mixed with an energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmudiyah_rape_and_killings |
Rojava conflict | Turkey has long called the PYD as a Syrian extension of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), and has therefore taken a hardline stance against the group, the official talking point being that it would not allow a Kurdish state to form along their southern border with Syria. Turkey's policy towards Rojava is based on an ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojava_conflict |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | The events of this civil war began in the summer of 30 August 1859, with a simple dispute, possibly over a game of marble (although some sources believe that the cause of the dispute isn't known) between a Druze and a Maronite kid in the town of Beit Meri, the parents of each of the kids participated in the dispute, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Kashmiri cuisine | Kashmiris are gregarious and like to share. Language and Food are the two vital parts of the region's identity. 'One who eats properly shall rule the country' it is said. An interesting wedding tradition from Kashmir involves newlyweds making roti together. While the bride flattens the dough and puts it on the griddle,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine |
Umayyad Caliphate | In contrast to Uthman, Mu'awiya restricted the influence of his Umayyad kinsmen to the governorship of Medina, where the dispossessed Islamic elite, including the Umayyads, was suspicious or hostile toward his rule. However, in an unprecedented move in Islamic politics, Mu'awiya nominated his own son, Yazid I, as his s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia) | Other accusations leveled at the CPVPV include that some of its members have been involved in political subversion, and/or are ex-convicts/prisoners who became Hafiz (i.e. memorized the Quran) to reduce their prison sentences. Author Lawrence Wright has written of a conflict between the Mutaween and at least one allied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia) |
Fallujah during the Iraq War | In response to the killing of the four US citizens, and intense political pressure, the US Marines commenced Operation Vigilant Resolve. They surrounded the city and attempted to capture the individuals responsible as well as others in the region who might have been involved in insurgencies. One out of every two mosque... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah_during_the_Iraq_War |
Creationism | For Orthodox Jews who seek to reconcile discrepancies between science and the creation myths in the Bible, the notion that science and the Bible should even be reconciled through traditional scientific means is questioned. To these groups, science is as true as the Torah and if there seems to be a problem, epistemologi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism |
Arab conquest of Egypt | According to tradition, Cyrus of Alexandria had a beautiful daughter named Armenousa, who he desired to marry to Heraclius Constantine. Constantine accepted the marriage proposal, so in late 639 Armenousa left Babylon in a grand marriage procession which included two thousand horsemen, along with slaves and a long cara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt |
1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine | The strike began on 19 April in Nablus, where an Arab National Committee was formed, and by the end of the month National Committees had been formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages. On the same day, the High Commissioner Wauchope issued Emergency Regulations that laid the legal basis for suppressing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine |
Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya | Al-Hadi's reign was marked by instability: he could only rely on the loyalty of his own relatives, other Alids, and a small number of "Ṭabarīs", Zaydi followers from Tabaristan, who arrived in 898 and 902. Although al-Hadi was not always a successful ruler, he made a lasting impression on the tribal groups in the Yemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya |
Babak Khorramdin | Babak was born in 795 (or 798) in Bilalabad in the Mimadh district of the Ardabil area, which was part of Azerbaijan, a region in north-western Iran. The Mimadh district had provided the Sasanian marzban ("margrave") of Ardabil with troops during the Muslim conquest of Iran in 633–654, which resulted in the fall of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin |
Marrakesh | The Koutoubia Mosque is one of the largest and most famous mosques in the city, located southwest of Jemaa el-Fnaa. The mosque was founded in 1147 by the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min. A second version of the mosque was entirely rebuilt by Abd al-Mu'min around 1158, with Ya'qub al-Mansur possibly finalizing construction... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh |
Aswan Dam | Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. With irrigation, two crops per year can be produced, except for sugar cane which has a growing period of almost one year.
The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft) water per year, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam |
Roman–Persian Wars | War broke again shortly after Armenia and Iberia revolted against Sasanian rule in 571 AD, following clashes involving Roman and Persian proxies in Yemen (between the Axumites and the Himyarites) and the Syrian desert, and after Roman negotiations for an alliance with the Western Turkic Khaganate against Persia. Justin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars |
Sudan | On 19 December 2018, massive protests began after a government decision to triple the price of goods at a time when the country was suffering an acute shortage of foreign currency and inflation of 70 percent. In addition, President al-Bashir, who had been in power for more than 30 years, refused to step down, resulting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Isma'ilism | For some partisans of Isma'il, the Imamate ended with Isma'il ibn Ja'far. Most Ismailis recognized Muhammad ibn Ismaʻil as the next Imam and some saw him as the expected Mahdi that Ja'far al-Sadiq had preached about. However, at this point the Isma'ili Imams according to the Nizari and Mustaali found areas where they w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Agriculture in Mauritania | The system of land tenure was in transition in the 1980s. Factors contributing to this transition included government abolition of centuries-old slavery practices involving tribal and ethnic relations between various herding and sedentary communities, including adwaba; government development policies, particularly with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mauritania |
Wild boar | The wild boar features prominently in the cultures of Indo-European people, many of which saw the animal as embodying warrior virtues. Cultures throughout Europe and Asia Minor saw the killing of a boar as proof of one's valor and strength. Neolithic hunter gatherers depicted reliefs of ferocious wild boars on their te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar |
Islamic fundamentalism in Iran | Both Iranian principle-ism and neo principle-ism are accompanied by art, cinema and literature.
Neo-principalist and Iranian journalist, Masoud Dehnamaki was the managing director and chief editor of the weeklies Shalamcheh and Jebheh. These journals were among the main neo-principalist publications. Dehnamaki was one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran |
Hezbollah | Hezbollah has been one of the main parties of the March 8 Alliance since March 2005. Although Hezbollah had joined the new government in 2005, it remained staunchly opposed to the March 14 Alliance. On 1 December 2006, these groups began a series of political protests and sit-ins in opposition to the government of Prim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah |
Jebel Dahar | Jebel Dahar is known for its cave dwellings. These are excavated in two forms: dugouts and tunnels into the mountainside.
For a dugout dwelling, a shaft 5–9 metres (16–30 ft) deep and up to 12 metres (39 ft) in diameter is sunk, from the bottom of which horizontal tunnels radiate to serve as rooms; the openings to thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Dahar |
Khor Al Adaid | The area of Khor Al Adaid had been a point of friction between Qatar and what is now Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Khor Al Adaid had served as a refuge for pirates from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (now part of the UAE) during the 19th century. Members of the Bani Yas tribe migrated and settled in the ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid |
Caliphate | The following hadith from Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal can be understood to prophesy two eras of the caliphate (both on the lines/precepts of prophethood).
Hadhrat Huzaifa narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: Prophethood will remain among you as long as Allah wills. Then Caliphate (Khilafah) on the lines of Prophetho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Safa Khulusi | Nifous Maridha (Sick Souls), novel in Arabic 1941
نفوس مريضة
Bint al-Siraj, Rihla ila Spania (The Saddlers Daughter, Travels Through Spain) 1952
بنت السراج ، رحلة الى اسبانيا
Abu-Nuwas fi Amrika (Abu-Nuwas in America) 1956
أبو نؤاس في أمريكا
Fann al-Tarjama (The Art of Translation) 1956
فن الترجمة
Dirasat fi al-Adab al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safa_Khulusi |
Hafizi Isma'ilism | The Hafizi branch of Isma'ilism has its origin in the assassination of the tenth Fatimid caliph, and twentieth Musta'li Isma'ili imam, al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (r. 1101–1130) on 7 October 1130. Al-Amir left only a six-month-old son, al-Tayyib, to succeed him, with no designated regent or a serving vizier who could assume... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism |
Inzak | In contrast with Mesopotamian sources, which typically label Inzak as a god of Dilmun, the Dilmunites themselves typically referred to him as the god of Agarum. According to Khaled al-Nashef, the only possible exception is a copy of an Old Babylonian description mentioning "Inzak of Dilmun," which might have originated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzak |
Yazidis | Yezidis are mentioned in Van Tarihi, a 1715/1716 account by the local imam of the Van city, Ibn-i Nuh, which was about the history of Van. The report describes an Ottoman attack on the Yezidis of Van which took place in 1715. It addresses Yezidi victory during the first waves of attacks and Yezidis capturing the Pasha ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
North Yemen civil war | On June 12, Egyptian infantry numbering at about 4,000, reinforced by the republican army and mercenaries from the Aden protectorate invaded the town of Beit Adaqah, about 30 miles (48 km) west of San'a, where Prince Abdullah held a front extending from the Hodeida road, through Kawakaban Province, to southern Hajjah. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war |
French Algeria | The most serious native insurrection since the time of Abd al Qadir broke out in 1871 in Kabylia and spread through much of Algeria. The revolt was triggered by Crémieux's extension of civil (that is, colon) authority to previously self-governing tribal reserves and the abrogation of commitments made by the military go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Portuguese conquest of Ceuta | On the morning of 21 August 1415, John I of Portugal gave out the orders for the landing of the troops and a general assault on the city. As the king boarded a longboat to be taken ashore however, he was wounded in a leg. Prince Henry was signalled to lead the troops ashore instead.
The first to land was Ruy Gonsalves,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ceuta |
US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) | The United States and international partners have undertaken a large humanitarian effort to support refugees stranded in northern Iraq with airdropped supplies.
On 7 August, two Lockheed C-130 Hercules's and one Boeing C-17 Globemaster III dropped tens of thousands of meals and thousands of gallons of drinking water to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021) |
List of cities in Qatar | 1. Population: 138,573; area: 1,541.1 km; includes Fereej Al Soudan, Al Waab, Al Aziziya, New Fereej Al Ghanim, Fereej Al Murra, Fereej Al Manaseer, Bu Sidra, Muaither, Al Sailiya and Al Mearad.
2. Population: 24,722; area: 167.1 km; includes Leabaib, Al Ebb, Jeryan Jenaihat, Al Kheesa, Rawdat Al Hamama, Wadi Al Wasaah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Qatar |
Takaful | According to this principle the al-Mudharib (takaful operator) accepts payment of the takaful installments or takaful contributions (premiums, known as ra's-ul-mal) from investors or providers of capital or funds (takaful participants), acting as sahib-ul-mal. The contract specifies how the profits (or surplus) from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaful |
Sasanian Empire | Although Middle Persian was the native language of the Sasanians (who, however, were not originally from Pars), it was only a minority spoken-language in the vast Sasanian Empire; it only formed the majority of Pars, while it was widespread around Media and its surrounding regions. However, there were several different... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Khanqah of Faraj ibn Barquq | Sultan Faraj's monument is considered by many, including Mamluk historians, to be one of the finest buildings of Mamluk architecture in Cairo. Its creation is considered all the more remarkable considering that Faraj's reign was characterized by political unrest, destruction, and economic difficulties. Faraj was unable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanqah_of_Faraj_ibn_Barquq |
Al-Walid I | Ahmed, Asad Q. (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. ISBN 978-1-900934-13-8.
Allan, J. W. (1991). "New Additions to the New Edition". Muqarnas. 8: 12–22. doi:10.2307/1523148. JSTOR 15... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I |
Oualata | The Oualata area is believed to have been first settled by an agro-pastoral people akin to the Mandé Soninke people who lived along the rocky promontories of the Tichitt-Oualata and Tagant cliffs of Mauritania facing the Aoukar basin. There, they built what are among the oldest stone settlements on the African continen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oualata |
Architecture of Mesopotamia | Assyrian buildings were almost entirely rectangular at the base but could be topped by a minaret or a circular or octagonal dome. Slabs from Kouyunjik show domes of varied form, and tower-like structures, each rising from a square base. Whether sloping roofs were used is uncertain. Mr. Bonomi believes that they were, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia |
Fascist architecture | Important for the turning point in the style of Italian Fascist Architecture was the rivalry with Nazi Germany. The two countries chased and imitated each other in many fields, including that of architecture. It's impossible not to see the resemblance between the façades of the New Reich Chancellery (built between 1938... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_architecture |
Ishmael in Islam | While the Tawrat (the Arabic-language name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book), mentions that it was Isaac who was bound, some Muslims believe that Abraham was told to sacrifice his other son, Ishmael, though the Qur'an does not mention the name of the son. The multiple versions suggest that the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam |
Hasmonean dynasty | It is difficult to state at what time the Pharisees, as a party, arose. Josephus first mentions them in connection with Jonathan, the successor of Judas Maccabeus ("Ant." xiii. 5, § 9). One of the factors that distinguished the Pharisees from other groups prior to the destruction of the Temple was their belief that all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty |
Isaac Israeli ben Solomon | In 956 his pupil Dunash Ibn Tamim wrote an extensive commentary on Sefer Yetzirah, a mystical work of cosmogony which attributes great importance to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet and their combinations in determining the structure of the universe. In this work he cites Israeli so extensively that a few nineteenth-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon |
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