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Child marriage | A 2013 report claims 53% of all married women in Afghanistan were married before age 18, and 21% of all were married before age 15. Afghanistan's official minimum age of marriage for girls is 15 with her father's permission. In all 34 provinces of Afghanistan, the customary practice of ba'ad is another reason for child... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage |
Old Assyrian period | The Assyrians worshipped the same pantheon of gods as the Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia. As known Old Assyrian texts are concerned mainly with trade, knowledge of Assyrian religion in the Old Assyrian period is not as detailed as in later periods. The chief deity in Assur in the Old Assyrian period, and in later ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
Turkish people | Anatolia was first inhabited by hunter-gatherers during the Paleolithic era, and was inhabited by various civilizations such as Hattians and ancient Anatolian peoples. After Alexander the Great's conquest in 334 BC, the area was culturally Hellenized, and by the first century BC it is generally thought that the native... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people |
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam | The CDHRI has been criticized for being implemented by a set of states with widely disparate religious policies and practices who had "a shared interest in disarming international criticism of their domestic human rights record."
Article 24 of the declaration states: "All the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Decl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam |
Persian literature | In the 19th century, Persian literature experienced dramatic change and entered a new era. The beginning of this change was exemplified by an incident in the mid-19th century at the court of Nasereddin Shah, when the reform-minded prime minister, Amir Kabir, chastised the poet Habibollah Qa'ani Shirazi for "lying" in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature |
Circassians | As early as 1859, the Russian government had sought potential avenues for expelling the native Circassian population, and found a solution in the Ottoman Empire. Despite their numerous historical and ongoing disputes, the two empires negotiated on the impending migrations and resettlements. The Russians promised a grad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians |
Second Sudanese Civil War | Wars in Sudan are often characterized as fights between the central government expanding and dominating peoples of the periphery, raising allegations of marginalization. Kingdoms and great powers based along the Nile River have fought against the people of inland Sudan for centuries. Since at least the 18th century, ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War |
Islamic banking and finance | The influx of "petro-dollars" and a "general re-Islamisation" following the Yom Kippur War and 1973 oil crisis encouraged the development of the Islamic banking sector, and since 1975 it has spread globally.
In 1975, the Islamic Development Bank was set up with the mission to provide funding to projects in the member c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement | Netanyahu said there was "no change" to his plans to annex parts of the West Bank if it was approved by the US, but added they were on temporary hold. Before the agreement, the plan to annex 30% of the West Bank were already on hold due to a majority of Israelis and the government coalition partner Benny Gantz rejectin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement |
Colonial Mauritania | Mauritania's first government was invested in May 1957 and symbolically chose as its new capital Nouakchott, which by design was situated almost exactly between the Senegal River Valley, populated primarily by black farmers, and the Maure stronghold in Adrar. The choice represented a compromise between these two compet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania |
2017 Shayrat missile strike | Hours after the U.S. missile strike, Syrian military aircraft took off from the Shayrat base to attack rebel positions again, including the town of Khan Shaykhun. Commentators attributed the ability of the Syrian government to continue to operate from the base to the fact that the US gave Russia, Syria's ally, an advan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike |
Reem Kelani | Kelani is a regular broadcaster on BBC Radio Four.
In 1995, Kelani co-presented "A Day in the Life of a Palestinian Woman" for the BBC World Service. The programme was produced by Sara Bradshaw.
In 1997, Kelani performed traditional Palestinian songs for "Your Land is My Land," a documentary series for Radio Four to ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reem_Kelani |
Delhi | There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi. One of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50 BCE and named it after himself. Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi |
Anthony Eden | Eden was well-mannered, well-groomed, and good-looking. This image gave him huge popular support throughout his political life, but some contemporaries felt he was merely a superficial person lacking any deeper convictions. That view was enforced by his very pragmatic approach to politics. Sir Oswald Mosley, for exampl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Eden |
Mahdist State | In 1892, Herbert Kitchener (later Lord Kitchener) became sirdar, or commander, of the Egyptian army and started preparations for the reconquest of Sudan. The British thought they needed to occupy Sudan in part because of international developments. By the early 1890s, British, French, and Belgian claims had converged a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_State |
History of the Jews in Egypt | During British rule, and under King Fuad I, Egypt was friendly towards its Jewish population, although between 86% and 94% of Jews in Egypt, mostly European immigrants, did not possess Egyptian nationality. Jews played important roles in the economy, and their population climbed to nearly 80,000 as Jewish refugees sett... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt |
Samanid Empire | Following Nasr's death, Ismail moved the capital of the Samanid dynasty from Samarkand to Bukhara. A few months later the Saffarid emir, Ya'qub al-Saffar, also died and was succeeded by his brother Amr ibn al-Layth, who saw himself as the heir of the Saffarids. In the spring of 900, Amr clashed with Ismail near Balkh, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire |
Mourning of Muharram | In Shia Islam, the Battle of Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil, where Husayn is viewed as the exemplar of piety, sacrifice, and perseverance, while Yazid represents injustice, tyranny, and corruption. The fate of Husayn, the third Shia imam, is regarded in Shi'ism as the acme of human suffer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram |
History of modern Tunisia | Ben Ali ascended to the office of President on 7 November 1987, after attending physicians to the former president filed an official medical report declaring Habib Bourguiba medically incapacitated and unable to fulfill the duties of the presidency. Two of the names given to Ben Ali's rise to the presidency include "th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia |
Islamic banking and finance | As noted above, the primary focus of Islamic banking is on financing without interest to avoid riba, while trade is not an issue (per the Quranic statement that "God has permitted trade and forbidden riba [usury]". However trade transactions that involve gambling (maisir), or excessive risk (bayu al-gharar) are not per... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Islamic Golden Age | The centrality of scripture and its study in the Islamic tradition helped to make education a central pillar of the religion in virtually all times and places in the history of Islam. The importance of learning in the Islamic tradition is reflected in a number of hadiths attributed to Muhammad, including one that state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age |
Syria | The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), also known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria. It consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, Manbij and Deir Ez-Zor. The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
2017 Shayrat missile strike | The governments of Albania, Australia, Bahrain, Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kosovo, Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike |
History of Iraq (2011–present) | By mid-2014 the country was in chaos with a new government yet to be formed following national elections, and the insurgency reaching new heights. In early June 2014 the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) took over the cities of Mosul and Tikrit and said it was ready to march on Baghdad, while Iraqi Kurdish fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2011%E2%80%93present) |
Islam and secularism | The concept of secularism was imported along with many of the ideas of post-Enlightenment modernity from Europe into the Muslim world, namely the Middle East and North Africa. Among Muslim intellectuals, the early debate on secularism centered mainly on the relationship between religion and state, and how this relation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_secularism |
Genetic history of the Middle East | A study published by the National Academy of Sciences found that "the paternal gene pools of Jewish communities from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East descended from a common Middle Eastern ancestral population", and suggested that "most Jewish communities have remained relatively isolated from neighbouring non... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East |
Islamism | By 2020, approximately 40 years after the Islamic overthrow of the Shah of Iran and the seizure of the Grand Mosque by extremists, a number of observers (Olivier Roy, Mustafa Akyol, Nader Hashemi) detected a decline in the vigor and popularity of Islamism. Islamism had been an idealized/utopian concept to compare with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston | Curzon joined the Cabinet, as Lord Privy Seal, when Asquith formed his coalition in May 1915. Like other politicians (e.g. Austen Chamberlain, Arthur Balfour) Curzon favoured British Empire efforts in Mesopotamia, believing that the increase in British prestige would discourage a German-inspired Muslim revolt in India.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston |
Ba'ath Party | A "region" (quṭr), in Ba'athist parlance, is an Arab state, e.g., Syria, Iraq, or Lebanon. Use of the term region reflected the Party's refusal to acknowledge these countries as separate nation-states. The Regional Congress, which combined all the provincial branches, was the region's highest authority and elected a Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party |
Madrasa | In the late 11th century, during the late ʻAbbāsid period, the Seljuk vizier Niẓām al-Mulk created one of the first major official academic institutions known in history as the Madrasah Niẓāmīyah, based on the informal majālis (sessions of the shaykhs). Niẓām al-Mulk, who would later be murdered by the Assassins (Ḥashs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa |
Bashar al-Assad | At the onset of the Syrian revolution, corruption in Syria was endemic, and the country was ranked 129th in the 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index. Since the 1970s, Syria's economy has been dominated by the patronage networks of Ba'ath party elites and Alawite loyalists of the Assad family, who established control over ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad |
Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi | The teachings of Gohar Shahi have been a source of controversy. Many mainstream Muslim scholars have condemned his teachings as blasphemy.
Claims made by Shahi and his followers have been strongly opposed by orthodox Islamic theologians in Pakistan and abroad. Shahi has been accused of claiming the status of a prophet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi |
Hassan al-Banna | Al-Banna learned of the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, while he was still a student. This event influenced him greatly; although the caliphate had no power, he viewed its end as a "calamity". He later called the events a "declaration of war against all shapes of Islam".
After completing his studies at a Da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna |
Eurofighter Typhoon | Austria
Austrian Air Force – 15 delivered and 3 more ordered as of October 2022.
Zeltweg Air Base
Überwachungsgeschwader
Germany
German Air Force – 143 ordered, and all delivered. As of 30 November 2023, 141 are in service. 38 Tranche 4 aircraft on order under Project Quadriga. 15 Aircraft to be upgraded to Typhoon EW... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon |
Harran | Harran mainly attracts attention today due to the distinctive vernacular architecture of the houses in its old town, known as beehive houses (kümbets). This building type is not seen elsewhere in Turkey and is rare in the rest of the world. Houses similar to the modern beehive houses have long been present in Harran; t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harran |
Ankara | The city is well known during the 4th century as a center of Christian activity (see also below), due to frequent imperial visits, and through the letters of the pagan scholar Libanius. Bishop Marcellus of Ancyra and Basil of Ancyra were active in the theological controversies of their day, and the city was the site of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara |
Politics of Saudi Arabia | The significance of the ulama (the body of Islamic religious leaders and jurists) is derived from the central role of religion in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulama is pervasive. Saudi Arabia is almost uni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq | Even after his death, Zia-ul-Haq remained a highly polarizing and widely discussed figure in the country's intellectual and political circles. Out of the country's short history, Zia-ul-Haq's legacy remains a most toxic, enduring, and tamper-proof legacy, according to the editorial written in Dawn. He is also praised f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq |
Jerusalem | Jerusalem is home to several prestigious universities offering courses in Hebrew, Arabic and English.
Founded in 1925, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem has been ranked among the top 100 schools in the world. The Board of Governors has included such prominent Jewish intellectuals as Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem |
Israel–Jordan peace treaty | Wolfsfeld et al. (2002) said that Prime Minister Rabin and King Hussein collaborated in selling the agreement to their people. The Knesset approved the agreement 92 to 3, but "The level of elite support in Jordan was considerably lower. ... [A] number of political parties and institutions were opposed to making peace w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty |
Babylonia | Medical diagnosis and prognosis
We find [medical semiotics] in a whole constellation of disciplines. ... There was a real common ground among these [Babylonian] forms of knowledge ... an approach involving analysis of particular cases, constructed only through traces, symptoms, hints. ... In short, we can speak about ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia |
Israel | The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consists of the army, air force and navy. It was founded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Transhumance | In the southern Appalachians of the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries, settlers often pastured livestock, especially sheep, on grassy bald mountain tops where wild oats predominate. Historians have speculated that these "balds" are remnants of ancient bison grazing lands (which were possibly maintained... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance |
Marinid Sultanate | After arriving in present-day Morocco, they initially submitted to the Almohad dynasty, which was at the time the ruling regime. Their leader Muhyu contributed to the Almohad victory at Battle of Alarcos in 1195, in central Iberian Peninsula, though he died of his wounds. His son and successor, Abd al-Haqq, was the eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Mudawana | There are social, legal, logistical, and political barriers to the actual implementation of many of the reforms in the new Mudawana. The top-down nature of the reforms has resulted in many members of the judicial system simply ignoring the new laws’ provisions. Other problems with the judicial system include a lack of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudawana |
Lebanese Civil War | Maronite Christian militias acquired arms from Romania and Bulgaria as well as from West Germany, Belgium and Israel, and drew supporters from the larger Maronite population in the north of the country, they were generally right-wing in their political outlook, and all the major Christian militias were Maronite-dominat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War |
Environmental issues in Egypt | Sea levels are another environmental problem faced by those charged with protecting Egypt's archaeological sites. The city of Rosetta, nearby which the Rosetta Stone was found, for example, is on the Mediterranean coast and will be underwater in a matter of decades unless climate change is addressed on a global scale. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt |
Caliphate | The following hadith from Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal can be understood to prophesy two eras of the caliphate (both on the lines/precepts of prophethood).
Hadhrat Huzaifa narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: Prophethood will remain among you as long as Allah wills. Then Caliphate (Khilafah) on the lines of Prophetho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Mamluk Sultanate | Mamluk architecture is distinguished in part by the construction of multi-functional buildings whose floor plans became increasingly creative and complex due to the limited available space in the city and the desire to make monuments visually dominant in their urban surroundings. While Cairo was the main center of patr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Darius the Great | Darius's European expedition was a major event in his reign, which began with the invasion of Thrace. Darius also conquered many cities of the northern Aegean, Paeonia, while Macedonia submitted voluntarily, after the demand of earth and water, becoming a vassal kingdom. He then left Megabyzus to conquer Thrace, return... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_the_Great |
Hijrah | In 620, having lost all hope of winning converts among his fellow townspeople, Muhammad limited his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages. During these efforts, Muhammad met six members of the Banu Khazraj tribe who were visiting Mecca, on a pilgrimage to the holy sites around the city. These si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah |
Osman I | After establishing his beylik, Osman had to fight on two fronts: one against the Byzantine, and the other against the Turkomen beyliks that opposed his rule, especially the Germiyanids. Osman focused on expanding at the expense of the Byzantines, and since that time, the primary Ottoman goal became the conquest of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_I |
Algiers | Algiers is an important economic, commercial and financial center, with a stock exchange capitalized at 60 million euros. The city has the highest cost of living of any city in North Africa, as well as the 50th highest worldwide, as of March 2007, having gained one position compared to the previous year.
Mohamed Ben Al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers |
Satan | The Book of Revelation represents Satan as the supernatural ruler of the Roman Empire and the ultimate cause of all evil in the world. In Revelation 2:9–10, as part of the letter to the church at Smyrna, John of Patmos refers to the Jews of Smyrna as "a synagogue of Satan" and warns that "the Devil is about to cast som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan |
Calligraphy | In ancient China, the oldest known Chinese characters are oracle bone script (甲骨文), carved on ox scapulae and tortoise plastrons, because the rulers in the Shang dynasty carved pits on such animals' bones and then baked them to gain auspice of military affairs, agricultural harvest, or even procreating and weather. Dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy |
Sudan | Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbours and much of the international community, owing to what is viewed as its radical Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia formed an ad hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" with support from the United States to check the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Sunni Islam | The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi, also known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah (People of the Prophet's Way and the Community) is a Sunni revivalist movement following the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, and Maturidi and Ashʿari schools of theology with hundreds of millions of followers.
The movement is moderate form o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Piri Reis | Piri Reis sailed under his uncle and later Hayreddin Barbarossa in the Ottoman Navy. To bolster the empire's navy, Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II recruited Barbary and Aegean corsairs, including Piri and Kemal. Before Barbarossa reorganized the navy, sultans commonly employed former pirates. The addition of experienced cors... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis |
International sanctions against Iraq | Throughout the Ba'ath Party's rule over Iraq, the agricultural sector had been under-performing. Those in the U.S. who supported sanctions believed that low agricultural production in Iraq (coupled with sanctions) would lead to "a hungry population", and "a hungry population was an unruly one". The Iraqi government, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq |
Six-Day War | The Israeli army had a total strength, including reservists, of 264000, though this number could not be sustained during a long conflict, as the reservists were vital to civilian life.
Against Jordan's forces on the West Bank, Israel deployed about 40000 troops and 200 tanks (eight brigades). Israeli Central Command fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Islamic philosophy | The Arab polymath al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen; died c. 1041) presented a thorough mathematical critique and refutation of Aristotle's conception of place (topos) in his Risala/Qawl fi’l-makan (Treatise/Discourse on Place).
Aristotle's Physics (Book IV – Delta) stated that the place of something is the two-dimensio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Ba'athist Iraq | Following Iraq's defeat in the Gulf War, the United Nations Security Council introduced Resolution 661, which imposed sanctions against Iraq. At the beginning, most American observers believed the sanctions would lead to Saddam's downfall. U.S. President George H. W. Bush said, "Economic sanctions in this instance if f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq |
Tétouan | As early as the 1530s and 1540s, at the time when Spain and the Ottoman Empire were disputing control over the western part of the Mediterranean, piracy was spreading and soon Tétouan became one of the main centers of piracy in the region. Corsairs considered it as a form of retaliation against the Spanish Reconquista ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9touan |
Akbar | Akbar's father Humayun had regained control of the Punjab, Delhi, and Agra with Safavid support, but Mughal rule was still precarious when Akbar took the throne. When the Surs reconquered Agra and Delhi following the death of Humayun, Akbar's young age and the lack of military assistance from the Mughal stronghold of K... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar |
2007 Sudan floods | Within four weeks after torrential rains started to devastate many parts of the Sudan, the United Nations and partners, in support of the Government, have assisted up to half a million people affected by the floods. This includes aid of a preventive nature, designed to avert the huge risk of epidemics.
David Gressly, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Sudan_floods |
Hellenistic period | The concept of Hellenization, meaning the adoption of Greek culture in non-Greek regions, has long been controversial. Undoubtedly Greek influence did spread through the Hellenistic realms, but to what extent, and whether this was a deliberate policy or mere cultural diffusion, have been hotly debated.
It seems likely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Arab Christians | The designation "Greek" in the Greek Orthodox Church and Melkite Greek Catholic Church refers to the use of Koine Greek in liturgy, used today alongside Arabic. As a result, the Greek dominated clergy was commonplace serving the Arabic speaking Christians, the majority who couldn't speak Greek. Some viewed Greek rule a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians |
Ba'athism | Assadism (Assadiyah) is a neo-Ba'athist ideology based on the policies of Hafez al-Assad after his seizure of power in the 1970 coup, described in official Ba'athist history as the "Corrective Movement". It enshrines the Assad family's leadership role in Syrian politics and constructed the Assad regime in a highly pers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
Emirati Arabic | Due to the coexistence of the Modern Standard Arabic (high language) and the dialect (low language), it is possible to speak about diglossia of the Arabic language.
The UAE, extending over a total area of about 83,000 km² and hosting more than 200 different nationalities, represent one of the nations with the largest a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirati_Arabic |
Criticism of the Quran | In 1972, a cache of 12,000 ancient Quranic parchment fragments was discovered in a mosque in Sana'a, Yemen – commonly known as the Sana'a manuscripts.
Of the fragments, all except 1500–2000 were assigned to 926 distinct Quranic manuscripts as of 1997.
The manuscript is a palimpsest and comprises two layers of text, bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran |
Al-Mu'tazz | Rivalries between the Turkish leaders led to a split in 865, when al-Musta'in, Wasif, and Bugha left Samarra for Baghdad, where they arrived on 5/6 February 865. There they were joined by many of their followers, and allied with the city's Tahirid governor, Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Tahir, who began fortifying the city... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz |
Sultanate of Ifat | Ifat's inhabitants, according to Nehemia Levtzion Randall Pouwels, and Ulrich Brakumper include nomadic groups such as Somalis, Afars and Warjih people whom were already Muslims by the thirteenth century, the Hararis, Argobbas, the extinct Doba and Harla. Arabic was Lingua franca but the inhabitants of Ifat spoke Cushi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat |
Roman Egypt | As Rome overtook the Ptolemaic system in place for areas of Egypt, they made many changes. The effect of the Roman conquest was at first to strengthen the position of the Greeks and of Hellenism against Egyptian influences. Some of the previous offices and names of offices under the Hellenistic Ptolemaic rule were kept... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt |
Satan | If he was once as handsome as he now is ugly and, despite that, raised his brows against his Maker, one can understand,how every sorrow has its source in him!
Here we may reign secure, and in my choiceto reign is worth ambition though in Hell:Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven.
In Dante Alighieri's Inferno, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan |
Non-denominational Muslim | Western-born Muslims are more likely to be non-affiliated than immigrant Muslims, and when pressed may suggest they try to follow Islamic religious texts "as closely as possible". Although Pew has given comprehensive figures on Muslims with an unspecified branch or affiliation, earlier research from 2006 has also come ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim |
Cappella Palatina | The intricate and striking muqarnas that still exist in Italy are all in Palermo, mostly in the Zisa Palace and Capella Palatina. They are also a rare case of non-Islamic manifestations. They appeared in Sicily suddenly, meaning that a system as sophisticated as this one was likely imported from elsewhere. Scholars are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappella_Palatina |
Petroleum industry in Syria | In 2005, Norwegian Wavefield Inseis conducted seismic surveys off Syria's Eastern Mediterranean coast, the subsequent report which was published in 2011 by French company CGGVeritas, showed "encouraging results" of oil and gas reserves in the Syrian territorial waters.
In May 2007, Syria's Ministry of Oil and Mineral R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Syria |
Augustine of Hippo | For Augustine, the evil of sexual immorality was not in the sexual act itself, but in the emotions that typically accompany it. In On Christian Doctrine Augustine contrasts love, which is enjoyment on account of God, and lust, which is not on account of God. Augustine claims that, following the Fall, sexual lust (concu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | The Met's Department of Arms and Armor is one of the museum's most popular collections. Several early trustees of the museum were armor enthusiasts. The 1904 purchase of the collection of Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, duc de Dino, served as the foundational collection. It became a great collection with the gift and b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Western Turkic Khaganate | For the origin of the Onoq two contradicting accounts are given:
In the beginning [after 552], Shidianmi [Istämi] followed the Shanyu [Qaghan] and commanded the ten great chiefs. Together with their 100,000 soldiers, he marched to the Western Regions and subdued the barbarian statelets. There he declared himself as qa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate |
Farrukh Hormizd | During the late Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Farrukh Hormizd, and his son Rostam Farrokhzad, rebelled against Khosrau II, allowing the Byzantine emperor Heraclius to invade Atropatene, where he sacked several cities, including the Adur Gushnasp temple.
In 628, the feudal families of Iran secretly mutinied against... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd |
Chalcolithic | The multiple names result from multiple definitions of the period. Originally, the term Bronze Age meant that either copper or bronze was being used as the chief hard substance for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Ancient writers, who provided the essential cultural references for educated people during the 19th c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic |
Sasanian Empire | From Shapur II's death until Kavad I's first coronation, there was a largely peaceful period with the Romans (by this time the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire) engaged in just two brief wars with the Sassanian Empire, the first in 421–422 and the second in 440. Throughout this era, Sasanian religious policy differed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Bahrain | Bahrain is the first nation other than United States of America to host International Mixed Martial Arts Federation World Championships of Amateur MMA in partnership with Brave Combat Federation. Bahrain have recorded an influx in global athletes visiting the nation for Mixed Martial Arts training during 2017. Brave Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain |
Bábism | The Báb affirms that the verses revealed by a Manifestation of God are the greatest proof of His mission and the writings of the Báb comprise over two thousand tablets, epistles, prayers, and philosophical treatises. These writings form part of Baháʼí scripture, particularly his prayers, which are often recited individ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bism |
Richard Francis Burton | In the short story "The Aleph" (1945) by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, a manuscript by Burton is discovered in a library. The manuscript contains a description of a mirror in which the whole universe is reflected.
The Riverworld series of science fiction novels (1971–83) by Philip José Farmer has a fictional and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton |
Islamism | Salafi Jihadism or revolutionary Salafism emerged prominent during the 80s when Osama bin Laden and thousands of other militant Muslims came from around the Muslim world to help fight the Soviet Union after it invaded Afghanistan. Local Afghan Muslims had declared jihad against the Soviets (mujahideen) and were aided w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
Middle Ages | The High Middle Ages saw the development of institutions that would dominate political life in Europe beyond the late 18th century. The kings' right to rule without a foreign power's intercession became widely accepted, introducing the idea of state sovereignty. The concept of hereditary monarchy was strengthening, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Urabi revolt | Egypt in the 1870s was under foreign influence, corruption, misgovernment, and in a state of financial ruin. Huge debts rung up by its ruler Ismaʻil Pasha could no longer be repaid, and under pressure from the European banks that held the debt, the country's finances were being controlled by representatives of France a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urabi_revolt |
Sub-Saharan Africa | Sub-Saharan African cuisine is very diverse. A lot of regional overlapping occurs, but there are dominant elements region by region.
West African cuisine can be described as starchy, flavorfully spicey. Dishes include fufu, kenkey, couscous, garri, foutou, and banku. Ingredients are of native starchy tubers, yams, coco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa |
Hamites | In the African Great Lakes region, Europeans based the various migration theories of Hamitic provenance in part on the long-held oral traditions of local populations such as the Tutsi and Hima (Bahima, Wahuma or Mhuma). These groups asserted that their founders were "white" migrants from the north (interpreted as the H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamites |
Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf | Taqī al-Dīn was born in Damascus in 1526 according to most sources. His ethnicity has been described as Ottoman Arab, Ottoman Kurdish, Ottoman Turkish and Ottoman Syrian. In his treatise, titled "Rayḥānat al-rūḥ", Taqī al-Dīn himself claimed descent from the Ayyubids tracing his lineage back to the Ayyubid prince Nasir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf |
Ahl-i Hadith | The Wahhabi movement was a revivalist movement that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the 18th century, and shared reformist, traditionalist heritage of Ahl-i Hadith. During the late 19th century, Wahhabi scholars would establish contacts with Ahl-i-Hadith and many Wahhabi students would travel to South Asia to study... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith |
British Empire | England's early efforts at colonisation in the Americas met with mixed success. An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Colonies on the Caribbean islands of St Lucia (1605) and Grenada (1609) rapidly folded. The first permanent Eng... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire |
Kingdom of Kongo | The universal currency in Kongo and the surrounding region of Central Africa was the shell of Olivella nana; a sea snail known locally as nzimbu. One hundred nzimbu could purchase a hen; 300 a garden hoe and 2,000 a goat. Slaves, which were always a part of Kongo's economy, were also bought in nzimbu. A female slave co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo |
Fula people | Fula are primarily known to be pastoralists, but are also traders in some areas. Most Fula in the countryside spend long times alone on foot, and can be seen frequently parading with their cattle throughout the west African hinterland, moving their herds in search of water and better pasture. They were, and still are, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people |
Jabir ibn Hayyan | The Jabirian writings contain a number of references to Greco-Egyptian alchemists such as pseudo-Democritus (fl. c. 60), Mary the Jewess (fl. c. 0–300), Agathodaemon (fl. c. 300), and Zosimos of Panopolis (fl. c. 300), as well as to legendary figures such as Hermes Trismegistus and Ostanes, and to scriptural figures su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan |
Hell | The Seventh-day Adventist Church's official beliefs support annihilationism. They deny the Catholic purgatory and teach that the dead lie in the grave until they are raised for a last judgment, both the righteous and wicked await the resurrection at the Second Coming. Seventh-day Adventists believe that death is a stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell |
Shukri al-Quwatli | On 1 October 1918, an Arab army under the leadership of Emir Faisal and British general T. E. Lawrence entered Damascus, and by the end of October the rest of Ottoman Syria fell to the Allied Forces. Emir Faisal became in charge of administering the liberated territory. He appointed Rida al-Rikabi as prime minister, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
Augustus | Meanwhile, Antony's campaign turned disastrous against Parthia, tarnishing his image as a leader, and the mere 2,000 legionaries sent by Octavian to Antony were hardly enough to replenish his forces. On the other hand, Cleopatra could restore his army to full strength; he already was engaged in a romantic affair with h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus |
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