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Romanticism | An early German influence came from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whose 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther had young men throughout Europe emulating its protagonist, a young artist with a very sensitive and passionate temperament. At that time Germany was a multitude of small separate states, and Goethe's works woul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism |
Abd al-Rahman III | Abd al-Rahman's next objective was to quash the long-standing rebellion of Umar ibn Hafsun.
His troops left Córdoba on 7 May 914 and, after a few days, encamped before the walls of Balda (identified with today's Cuevas de San Marcos). His cavalry ravaged the nearby woods and the countryside, while the rest of the troop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III |
One Thousand and One Nights | The Nights continued to be a favourite book of many British authors of the Romantic and Victorian eras. According to A. S. Byatt, "In British Romantic poetry the Arabian Nights stood for the wonderful against the mundane, the imaginative against the prosaically and reductively rational." In their autobiographical writi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Funj Sultanate | Aregay, Merid Wolde; Selassie, Sergew Hable (1971). "Sudanese-Ethiopian Relations Before the 19th Century". In Yusuf Fadl Hasan (ed.). Sudan in Africa. Khartoum University. pp. 62–72. OCLC 248684619.
Beswick, Stephanie (2004). Sudan's Blood Memory. University of Rochester. ISBN 978-1580462310.
Beška, Emanuel (2020). "S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Sultanate |
Syrian civil war | The U.S. Congress has enacted punitive sanctions on the Syrian government for its actions during the Civil War. These sanctions would penalize any entities lending support to the Syrian government, and any companies operating in Syria. U.S. President Donald Trump tried to protect the Turkish President Erdogan from the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war |
Zidan Abu Maali | By historical coincidence, a part of the library of this sultan, known as the Zidani Library, has been kept in Spain to the present day. During the revolt of Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli in 1612, Muley Zidan commissioned a French privateer, Jehan Philippe de Castelane, to move his household goods from Safi to Santa Cruz do Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidan_Abu_Maali |
Israel Defense Forces | The Israel Defense Forces has several types of uniforms:
Service dress (מדי אלף Madei Alef – Uniform "A") – the everyday uniform, worn by everybody.
Field dress (מדי ב Madei Bet – Uniform "B") – worn into combat, training, work on base.
The first two resemble each other but the Madei Alef is made of higher quality mat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces |
Yemenite Jews | Emigration from Yemen to the area now known as Israel began in 1881, and continued almost without interruption until 1914. It was during this time that about 10% of the Yemenite Jews left. Due to the changes in the Ottoman Empire, citizens could move more freely, and in 1869, travel was improved with the opening of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews |
Chaldean Catholic Church | For many centuries, from at least the time of Jerome (c. 347 – 420), the term "Chaldean" was a misnomer that indicated the Biblical Aramaic language and was still the normal name in the nineteenth century. Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to mean Aramaic speakers in communion with the Catholic Church, on the basis ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church |
History of Lebanon | Fakhr al-Din II was born in Baakline to a Druze family, his father died when he was 13, and his mother entrusted her son to another princely family, probably the Khazens (al-Khazin).
In 1608, Fakhr-al-Din forged an alliance with the Italian Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The alliance contained both a public economic section ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lebanon |
Assassination of Rafic Hariri | On 7 April 2005 the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1595 to send an investigative team to look into Hariri's assassination. The team, led by German judge Detlev Mehlis, presented its initial findings in the so-called Mehlis report to the Security Council on 20 October 2005.
The report imp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Rafic_Hariri |
History of Yemen | In January 2009, the Saudi and Yemeni al-Qaeda branches merged to form Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is based in Yemen, and many of its members were Saudi nationals who had been released from Guantanamo Bay. Saleh released 176 al-Qaeda suspects on condition of good behaviou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yemen |
Palestinian Authority | A poll conducted by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research revealed that 71% of Palestinians believe there is corruption in the Palestinian Authority institutions in the West Bank, and 57% say there is corruption in the institutions of the dismissed Palestinian government in the Gaza Strip. 34% say that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority |
Islam in France | According to the French Government, which does not have the right to ask direct questions about religion and uses a criterion of people's geographic origin as a basis for calculation, there were between 3 and 3.2 million Muslims in metropolitan France in 2010. Thirteen years later, the proportion of Muslims in France r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_France |
Kafir | The mushrikun are those who believe in shirk 'association', which refers to accepting other gods and divinities alongside God. The term is often translated as polytheist.
The Quran distinguishes between mushrikun and People of the Book, reserving the former term for idol worshipers, although some classical commentators... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafir |
Canada–Saudi Arabia relations | After the incident, the Saudi government has received official backing from the vast majority of the Arab League, while Canada received support from some members of the European Parliament. The day after Saudi Arabia downgraded ties, Yemen's Hadi government, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain expressed support to Sau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations |
Independence Day (Algeria) | The Algerian War of Independence began in November 1954 and ended in 1962. The war was very brutal and long, and was the most recent major turning point in Algeria's history. Although often fratricidal, it ultimately united Algerians and raised the value of independence and the philosophy of anticolonialism into the na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(Algeria) |
Culture of Africa | Traditional Sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region's various populations. The common perception of Sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered on the drums, and indeed, a large part of Sub-Saharan music, mainly among speakers of Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages, is rhythmic and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Africa |
Israeli occupation of the West Bank | According to Major General Tal Rousso, the IDF undertakes operations "all the time, every night, in all divisions." Israeli night raids are usually undertaken between 2 am and 4 am. The units, whose members are often masked and accompanied by dogs, arrive in full battle gear and secure entry by banging on doors or blow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank |
Syria | Muhammad's first interaction with the people and tribes of Syria was during the Invasion of Dumatul Jandal in July 626 where he ordered his followers to invade Duma, because Muhammad received intelligence that some tribes there were involved in highway robbery and preparing to attack Medina itself. William Montgomery W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
Wahhabism | While Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself was not inclined to adhere to a particular madhab, many of his followers would perpetuate the Hanbali legal theory. Hanbali jurist Hamad ibn Nasir ibn Mu'ammar (1160–1125 A.H/ 1747–1810 C.E) laid out a comprehensive legal theory in his treatises like Risala al-Ijtihad wal Taqlid ("Treat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
2011 South Sudanese independence referendum | Talks on resolving the status and of the eligibility criteria for voters in the disputed Abyei region broke down in October 2010, although both the central ruling NCP and southern SPLM said their respective teams "will meet again in Ethiopia toward the end of October to continue their discussions. The parties continue ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_South_Sudanese_independence_referendum |
Young Turks | To organize the opposition, forward-thinking medical students Ibrahim Temo, Abdullah Cevdet and others formed a secret organization named the Committee of Ottoman Union, which grew in size and included exiles, civil servants, and army officers.
In 1894, Ahmed Rıza joined Ottoman Union, and requested it change its name... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turks |
Arab Revolt | The rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire dates from at least 1821. Arab nationalism has its roots in the Mashriq, the Arab lands east of Egypt, particularly in countries of the Levant. The political orientation of Arab nationalists before World War I was generally moderate. Their demands were of a reformist nature... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt |
Sham Ennessim | As Egypt became Islamized, the term Shemu/Shom Ennisim found a rough phono-semantic match in Sham Ennesim, or "Smelling/Taking In the Zephyrs," which fairly accurately represents the way in which the festival is celebrated.
The Islamic calendar being lunar and thus unfixed relative to the solar year, the date of Sham E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sham_Ennessim |
Christianity in Algeria | Protestants numbered approximately 45,000 in Algeria in 2011, according to more conservative estimates. Figures in 2020 suggest that Protestants make up 0.03% of the country's population (or one in 10 Christians).
Since 2006 missionary outreach among Muslims can be punished with up to five years of prison. The Protesta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria |
Hamdallah Mustawfi | Mustawfi was born in 1281 in the town of Qazvin, located in Persian Iraq (Irāq-i Ajam), a region corresponding to the western part of Iran. His family was descended from Arabs that had occupied the governorship of the town in the 9th and 10th-centuries, later to serve as mustawfis (high-ranking financial accountants) a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi |
Druze | Al-Hakim disappeared one night while on his evening ride—presumably assassinated, perhaps at the behest of his formidable elder sister Sitt al-Mulk. The Druze believe he went into Occultation with Hamza ibn Ali and three other prominent preachers, leaving the care of the "Unitarian missionary movement" to a new leader,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Photography in Sudan | With the rise of colour photography, coffee table books and magazines specialising on lavish photo essays and international tourism, various styles of documentary photography evolved. In Sudan, this includes photo stories about its historic heritage, such as the Nubian pyramids. The growing concerns of social repercuss... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan |
Hispano-Moresque ware | The earliest major centre of fine pottery in Al-Andalus was Málaga in southern Spain. This is the major centre whose best-known wares were produced in a Muslim kingdom, as opposed to by a workforce presumed to be largely Muslim, or Morisco, under Christian rule. It was already celebrated for its gold lustrewares in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Moresque_ware |
Persian carpet | A distinct group of Safavid carpets can be attributed to the region of Kirmān in southern Persia. May H. Beattie identified these carpets by their common structure: Seven different types of carpets were identified: Garden carpets (depicting formal gardens and water channels); carpets with centralized designs, character... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_carpet |
Wallace Fard Muhammad | Dodd moved to Los Angeles, using the name Wallie Dodd Ford. A World War I draft registration card for Wallie Dodd Fard from 1917 indicated that he was living in Los Angeles, unmarried, as a restaurant owner, and reported that he was born in Shinka, Afghanistan, on February 26, 1893. He further reported that he was a re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad |
Anatolia | After 1180 BCE, during the Late Bronze Age collapse, the Hittite Empire disintegrated into several independent Syro-Hittite states, subsequent to losing much territory to the Middle Assyrian Empire and being finally overrun by the Phrygians, another Indo-European people who are believed to have migrated from the Balkan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia |
Israeli Ground Forces | The Israel Defense Forces has several types of uniforms:
Service dress (מדי אלף Madei Alef – Uniform "A") – the everyday uniform, worn by everybody.
Field dress ( מדי ב Madei Bet – Uniform "B") – worn into combat, training, work on base.
The first two resemble each other but the Madei Alef is made of higher quality ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Ground_Forces |
Cleopatra | Ptolemy XIII arrived at Alexandria at the head of his army, in clear defiance of Caesar's demand that he disband and leave his army before his arrival. Cleopatra initially sent emissaries to Caesar, but upon allegedly hearing that Caesar was inclined to having affairs with royal women, she came to Alexandria to see him... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Alim Louis Benabid | Alim Louis Benabid was born May 2, 1942, in Grenoble, France. The son of a doctor from Algeria and of a French nurse, Benabid was quoted as saying he could not easily decide between studying physics or medicine. He received his medical degree in 1970 and a doctorate in physics in 1978, both from Joseph Fourier Universi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alim_Louis_Benabid |
Naskh (tafsir) | Q2:106 and Q16:101 are the two "verses of abrogation" contained in the Quran.
What We abrogate (of) a sign or [We] cause it to be forgotten, We bring better than it or similar (to) it. Do not you know that Allah over every thing (is) All-Powerful?
(tr. Abdel Haleem)
When We substitute one revelation for (another) re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir) |
Al-Saffah | During his reign a great battle took place in 751 known as the Battle of Talas or Battle of Artlakh was a military engagement between the Abbasid Caliphate along with their ally the Tibetan Empire against the Chinese Tang dynasty. In July 751 AD, Tang and Abbasid forces met in the valley of the Talas River to vie for c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saffah |
Kuwait | Between 1946 and 1980, Kuwait experienced a period of prosperity driven by oil and its liberal cultural atmosphere; this period is called the "golden era of Kuwait". In 1946, crude oil was exported for the first time. In 1950, a major public-work programme began to enable Kuwaiti citizens to enjoy a luxurious standard ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Euphrates | The early occupation of the Euphrates basin was limited to its upper reaches; that is, the area that is popularly known as the Fertile Crescent. Acheulean stone artifacts have been found in the Sajur basin and in the El Kowm oasis in the central Syrian steppe; the latter together with remains of Homo erectus that were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates |
Marinid Sultanate | After arriving in present-day Morocco, they initially submitted to the Almohad dynasty, which was at the time the ruling regime. Their leader Muhyu contributed to the Almohad victory at Battle of Alarcos in 1195, in central Iberian Peninsula, though he died of his wounds. His son and successor, Abd al-Haqq, was the eff... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Saqifa | Veccia Vaglieri is uncertain whether Ali actually hoped to succeed Muhammad because he made no effort in Sunni sources to seize the rule, despite being advised to do so by Abbas and Abu Sufyan. Alternatively, Ayoub describes the mild opposition of Ali in Sunni sources as apologetic. He and some others maintain that Ali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqifa |
Al-Qaeda | In the disagreement over whether al-Qaeda's objectives are religious or political, Mark Sedgwick describes al-Qaeda's strategy as political in the immediate term but with ultimate aims that are religious.
On March 11, 2005, Al-Quds Al-Arabi published extracts from Saif al-Adel's document "Al Qaeda's Strategy to the Yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda |
Poetry | Some 20th-century literary theorists rely less on the ostensible opposition of prose and poetry, instead focusing on the poet as simply one who creates using language, and poetry as what the poet creates. The underlying concept of the poet as creator is not uncommon, and some modernist poets essentially do not distingu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry |
Salman al-Ouda | In 1990 Salman al-Ouda was a teacher at the main mosque in Burayda. He gave weekly lessons for the general public at the mosque and other lessons where he gave commentary on the book Bulûgh al-Marâm. He gave daily lessons after the Morning Prayer, where he talked about the authoritative collections of Hadith - Sahîh al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda |
Tarawih | The Sunni prayer Tarawih has been mentioned in traditions as Qiyam al-Layl min Ramadan ("Standing of night in Ramadan") and Qiyam al-Ramadan ("Standing of Ramadan"). Some Sunni Muslims regard the Tarawih prayers as confirmed traditional prayer (sunnat al-mu'akkadah). Other Sunni Muslims believe Tarawih is an optional p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarawih |
Fallujah | Fallujah was one of the least affected areas of Iraq immediately after the 2003 invasion by the US-led Coalition. Iraqi Army units stationed in the area abandoned their positions and disappeared into the local population, leaving unsecured military equipment behind. Fallujah was also the site of a Ba'athist resort faci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah |
Abaza family | Sources indicate that the Abaza family was well established in the Nile Delta by the late 18th century especially in their stronghold, Sharqia.
Historian al-Sayyid-Marsot in her study 'Egypt in the reign of Muhammed Ali' states that they were named after "a beloved grandmother ... or her place of birth". This maternal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_family |
Fishing village | Coastal fishing villages are often somewhat isolated, and sited around a small natural harbour which provides a safe haven for a village fleet of fishing boats. The village needs to provide a safe way of landing fish and securing boats when they are not in use. Fishing villages may operate from a beach, particularly ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_village |
Achaemenid Empire | The reduction of Sidon was followed closely by the invasion of Egypt. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes III, in addition to his 330,000 Persians, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks furnished by the Greek cities of Asia Minor: 4,000 under Mentor, consisting of the troops that he had brought to the aid of Tennes from Egypt; 3,000 sent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire |
Macedonia (ancient kingdom) | In 215 BC, at the height of the Second Punic War with the Carthaginian Empire, Roman authorities intercepted a ship off the Calabrian coast holding a Macedonian envoy and a Carthaginian ambassador in possession of a treaty composed by Hannibal declaring an alliance with Philip V. The treaty stipulated that Carthage had... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom) |
Levantine Arabic | Until recently, Levantine was rarely written. Brustad and Zuniga report that in 1988, they did not find anything published in Levantine in Syria. By the late 2010s, written Levantine was used in many public venues and on the internet, especially social media. There is no standard Levantine orthography. There have been ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic |
Indus Valley Civilisation | Between 400 and as many as 600 distinct Indus symbols have been found on stamp seals, small tablets, ceramic pots and more than a dozen other materials, including a "signboard" that apparently once hung over the gate of the inner citadel of the Indus city of Dholavira. Typical Indus inscriptions are around five charact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation |
LGBT rights in Qatar | In 2016, an opinion piece that appeared in the outlet Doha News by a gay Qatari man under the pseudonym Majid Al-Qatari that described being gay in Qatar as "jarring" and spoke of the "irreparable damage to [his] mental health", was criticised for "allowing the topic of 'homosexuality' in Qatar to be discussed". It was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Qatar |
Power (social and political) | One can regard power as evil or unjust; however, power can also be seen as good and as something inherited or given for exercising humanistic objectives that will help, move, and empower others as well. In general, power derives from the factors of interdependence between two entities and the environment. The use of po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political) |
Neo-Mandaic | There are five types of pronouns in Neo-Mandaic: personal pronouns (both independent and enclitic), demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns (introduced in 3.2. above), interrogative pronouns, and relativizers (introduced in 6. below). The personal pronouns are illustrated to the right.
The independent personal pron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Mandaic |
Bahram IV | During the reign of Shapur III, an agreement was made between Iran and Rome to partition Kingdom of Armenia. The boundary stretched through Theodosiopolis in the north and Amida in the south, which meant that most of Armenia remained in Sasanian hands. When this treaty exactly took place is unsure; most scholars believ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_IV |
Lebanon | Lebanon is the most religiously diverse country in West Asia and the Mediterranean. Because the relative sizes of different religions and religious sects remains a sensitive issue, a national census has not been conducted since 1932. There are 18 state-recognized religious sects – four Muslim, 12 Christian, one Druze, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
The Guide for the Perplexed | By Maimonides' own design, most readers of the Guide have come to the conclusion that his beliefs were orthodox, i.e. in line with the thinking of most rabbis of his day. He wrote that his Guide was addressed to only a select and educated readership, and that he is proposing ideas that are deliberately concealed from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed |
Mesopotamian campaign | Prior to Ottoman entry into World War I, the British had gained exclusive rights to oil fields in southwestern Persia (modern Iran), many in Arabistan, under the jurisdiction of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. Persia had previously been divided by the British and Russian Empires into spheres of influence in 1907, with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign |
Palestinians | The timing and causes behind the emergence of a distinctively Palestinian national identity among the Arabs of Palestine are matters of scholarly disagreement. Some argue that it can be traced as far back as the peasants' revolt in Palestine in 1834 (or even as early as the 17th century), while others argue that it did... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians |
The Perfumed Garden | Nefzawi quotes a poem which describes what it is that women desire in a man. These things are described as "youth, health, wealth, and not coming too fast". According to Nefzawi and the quoted poem, a man of high sexual quality has a large and vigorous shaft, possesses thick thighs and is not big bellied. Such a man sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perfumed_Garden |
Baba Ishak | When Kayqubad I became sultan, he had appointed “Mūhy’ad-Dîn Muhammad bin Ali bin Ahmad Tahīmī”, an Iranian Shia as the kadı of Sivas. "Bābā Ishāk Kafarsudī" was the student of this bātīn’īyyah Sufi philosopher in Shiraz. According to Turkish historian Hüseyin Hüsameddin (1869-1939), Bābā Ishāk Kafarsudī was actually a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Ishak |
Education in Oman | The Omani higher education system is relatively young, as the first public university in Oman, Sultan Qaboos University was founded in 1986. Prior to the establishment of SQU, the government sent some students to pursue higher education studies in neighbouring Arab countries like UAE, Kuwait, Jordan and Egypt. Also som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Oman |
Sharia | In both the rules of civil disputes and application of penal law, classical Sharia distinguishes between men and women, between Muslims and non-Muslims, and between free persons and slaves.
Traditional Islamic law assumes a patriarchal society with a man at the head of the household. Different legal schools formulated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Hamas | When Hamas won a majority in the January 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Ismail Haniyeh, the then newly elected Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority, sent messages both to US President George W. Bush and to Israel's leaders, asking to be recognized and offering a long-term truce and the establish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas |
Mu'allaqat | The seven Mu'allaqat, and also the poems appended to them, represent almost every type of ancient Arabian poetry. Tarafa's poem includes a long, anatomically exact description of his camel, common in pre-Islamic poetry. The Mu'allaqat of 'Amr and Harith contain fakhr (boasting) about the splendors of their tribe. The s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27allaqat |
Hellenistic-era warships | Lucien Basch (1989) "Le 'navire invaincu à neuf rangées de rameurs' de Pausanias (I, 29.1) et le 'Monument des Taureaux', à Delos", in TROPIS III, ed. H. Tzalas, Athens. ISBN 978-1-107-00133-6
Casson, Lionel (1991). The Ancient Mariners (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01477-9.
Casson, Lionel (1995). S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships |
Al-Albani | Al-Albani has been regarded as one of the leading Islamic scholars of the 20th-century. Al-Albani's revaluation of the kutub al-sitta gained him criticism amongst a number of Sunni Muslim scholars. Al-Albani's critics amongst the clerical and intellectual classes consisted of various theological and political opponents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Albani |
Sardinia | Italian, which is the official language throughout Italy, is the most widely spoken language today, followed by the island's indigenous language, Sardinian (sardu).
Sardinian is a distinct branch of the Romance language family, going either by the same name or by Southern Romance: it is therefore a separate language ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia |
Hilya | The standard layout for the Ottoman ḥilya panel is generally attributed to Hâfiz Osman. This layout is generally considered to be the best and has come to be the classical form. It contains the following elements:
The baş makam "head station", a top panel containing the basmala or a blessing
The göbek ("belly"), a rou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilya |
Al-Ghazali | Al-Ghazali's economic philosophy was primarily influenced by his Islamic beliefs. He argued that the importance of economic activity lay both in its benefit to society, as well being necessary for salvation.
He established three goals of economic activity that he believed were part of one's religious obligation: "achie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali |
Sunni Islam | Since the second half of the 20th century, there have been fierce clashes within the Sunni camps between Ashʿarites on the one hand and Salafiyya on the other, who exclude each other from Sunnism. In Indonesia, the Ashʿarite scholar Sirajuddin Abbas (d. 1980) wrote several books in the 1960s in which he explicitly excl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Arabs | Arabic music, while independent and flourishing in the 2010s, has a long history of interaction with many other regional musical styles and genres. It is an amalgam of the music of the Arab people in the Arabian Peninsula and the music of all the peoples that make up the Arab world today. Pre-Islamic Arab music was sim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Kurds | Kurds constitute approximately 17% of Iraq's population. They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq which are together known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kurds also have a presence in Kirkuk, Mosul, Khanaqin, and Baghdad. Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 50,000 in the city of Mosul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds |
Tourism in Syria | There are the six UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country. Twelve other sites submitted to UNESCO are on the organisation's tentative list: Norias of Hama, Ugrarit (Tell Shamra), Ebla (Tell Mardikh), Apamée (Afamia), Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, Maaloula, Tartus, Arwad and two sites in the Euphrates valley: Mari (Tell H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Syria |
Assyrian people | From the 1st century BC, Assyria was the theatre of the protracted Roman–Persian Wars. Much of the region would become the Roman province of Assyria from 116 AD to 118 AD following the conquests of Trajan. Still, after a Parthian-inspired Assyrian rebellion, the new emperor Hadrian withdrew from the short-lived provinc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people |
City of the Dead (Cairo) | The Mamluk sultans (1250 to 1517) were prolific builders, but most of the sultans and Mamluk elites preferred to be buried in monumental mausoleums attached to mosques and madrasas built in the city rather than in the Qarafa. In 1290, they established a new cemetery just south of the Citadel, east of the existing cemet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo) |
Israeli–Palestinian peace process | Another approach was taken by a team of negotiators led by former Israeli Justice Minister Yossi Beilin, and former Palestinian Information Minister Yasser Abed Rabbo following two and a half years of secret negotiations. On 1 December 2003, the two parties signed an unofficial suggested plan for peace in Geneva (dubbe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process |
Islamic modernism | The rise of pan-Islamism across the Muslim World after the First World War and the collapse of the Ottoman empire, would herald the emergence of Salafi religious purism that fervently opposed modernist trends. The anti-colonial struggle to restore the Khilafah would become the top priority; manifesting in the formation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism |
Barelvi movement | Public celebration of Muhammad's birthday, a practice of Sunni majority world wide
Tawassul-(Veneration of pious). This consists of the intervention of an ascending, linked and unbroken chain of holy persons claimed to reach ultimately to Muhammad who Barelvis believe intercede on their behalf with God.
The Qur'an stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barelvi_movement |
Umayyad Mosque | The mosque was richly decorated. A rich composition of marble paneling covered the lower walls, though only minor examples of the original marbles have survived today near the east gate. The walls of the prayer hall were raised above the level of the old temenos walls, which allowed for new windows to be inserted in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque |
Tatars | Tatar became a name for populations of the former Golden Horde in Europe, such as those of the former Kazan, Crimean, Astrakhan, Qasim, and Siberian Khanates. The form Tartar has its origins in either Latin or French, coming to Western European languages from Turkish and the Persian language (tātār, "mounted messenger"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars |
Burao | The people of Burao clashed with the British in 1922 after a heavy tax was imposed upon them. They revolted in opposition to the tax and this caused them to riot and attack British government officials. In the ensuing disturbances a shootout between the British and Burao residents broke out; Captain Allan Gibb, a Dervi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burao |
Ptolemy VI Philometor | A new claimant to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, appeared in 153 BC. John Grainger proposes that Ptolemy VI provided Alexander with financial backing, naval transport, and secured Ptolemais Akko as a landing base for him. He argues that Alexander's chancellor Ammonius should be seen as a Ptolemaic agent. There i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor |
Iraq–Jordan border | At the start of the 20th century the Ottoman Empire controlled what is now Jordan and Iraq, with the interior further south consisting of loosely organised Arab groupings, occasionally forming emirates, most prominent of which was the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa ruled by the al-Saud family. During the First World War an A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Jordan_border |
Mahdist State | Six months after the capture of Khartoum, the Mahdi died, probably of typhus (22 June 1885). The task of establishing and maintaining a government fell to his deputies—three caliphs chosen by the Mahdi in emulation of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Rivalry among the three had begun even before the Mahdi's death, when he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_State |
Augustine of Hippo | Augustine is considered an influential figure in the history of education. A work early in Augustine's writings is De Magistro (On the Teacher), which contains insights into education. His ideas changed as he found better directions or better ways of expressing his ideas. In the last years of his life, Augustine wrote ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo |
Slavery | Slavery in India was widespread by the 6th century BC, and perhaps even as far back as the Vedic period. Slavery intensified during the Muslim domination of northern India after the 11th-century. Slavery existed in Portuguese India after the 16th century. The Dutch, too, largely dealt in Abyssian slaves, known in India... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Similarly, Sistani's mentor the late Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abul Qasim al-Musawi al-Khoei (1899-1992), (also transliterated Khuʾi) the leading Shia ayatollah at the time Khomeini's book on his theory of Wilayat al-Faqih was published, rejected Khomeini's argument on the grounds that
The authority of faqih — is limited... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Macedonia (ancient kingdom) | Antigonid Macedonian kings relied on various regional officials to conduct affairs of state. This included high-ranking municipal officials, such as the military strategos and the politarch, i.e. the elected governor (archon) of a large city (polis), as well as the politico-religious office of the epistates. No evidenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom) |
Muslim world | There are sizeable non-Muslim minorities in many Muslim-majority countries, includes, Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, Bahai's, Druzes, Yazidis, Mandaeans, Yarsanis and Zoroastrians.
The Muslim world is home to some of the world's most ancient Christian communities, and some of the most important cities of the Chr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world |
Mecca Province | Ancient Mecca was an oasis on the old caravan trade route that linked the Mediterranean world with South Arabia, East Africa, and South Asia. The town was located about midway between Maʾrib in the south and Petra in the north, and it gradually developed by Roman and Byzantine times into an important trade and religiou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca_Province |
Mehmed II | During the post-Seljuks era in the second half of the Middle Ages, numerous Turkmen principalities collectively known as Anatolian beyliks emerged in Anatolia. Karamanids initially centred around the modern provinces of Karaman and Konya, the most important power in Anatolia. But towards the end of the 14th century, Ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II |
Islamic poetry | In English, Islamic poetry now tends to be free-form (unrhymed). Current Muslim poets in English include Rafey Habib, Joel Hayward, Dawud Wharnsby, and the late Daniel Moore.
In Arabic poetry, the qasida (ode) is considered by scholars to be one of its most distinguishing aspects. originating around 500 bc, it is also ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_poetry |
Economy of Jordan | Services accounted for more than 70% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004. The sector employed nearly 75% of the labor force in 2002.
Jordan's banking system consists of 25 commercial banks, three Islamic banks, and nine foreign banks, with total assets of Jordanian dinar, JOD 57 billion (or EUR69.6 billion). Betwee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan |
History of Yemen | Imam Yahya hamid ed-Din al-Mutawakkil was ruling the northern highlands independently since 1911. After the Ottoman departure in 1918 he sought to recapture the lands of his Qasimid ancestors. He dreamed of Greater Yemen stretching from Asir to Dhofar. These schemes brought him into conflict with the de facto rulers in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yemen |
Adhan | While listening to the adhan, it is recommended to silently repeat after the caller, except when they say "come to prayer" (ḥayya ʿala ṣ-ṣalāhti) and "come to success" (ḥayya ʿala l-falāḥi), to which it is recommended to silently say "there is no ability and no power except by God, [the Most High, Most Great]" (lā ḥawl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhan |
Dhofar Governorate | The Dhofar Governorate, situated in the western extremity of Oman's territories, is enclosed by the Indian Ocean on its southern side and by the Dhofar Mountains, a semi-circular formation of mountains running into the sea at Ras Hamar and Mirbat, which shut it off from the mountains and deserts to the north, east and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate |
Dala'il al-Khayrat | Moroccan hadith scholar Abdullah al-Talidi wrote of the Dala'il al-Khayrat: "Millions of Muslims from East to West tried it and found its good, its blessing, and its benefit for centuries and over generations, and witnessed its unbelievable spiritual blessings and light. Muslims avidly recited it, alone and in groups, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dala%27il_al-Khayrat |
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