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Saladin | According to Imad ad-Din, Nur ad-Din wrote to Saladin in June 1171, telling him to reestablish the Abbasid caliphate in Egypt, which Saladin coordinated two months later after additional encouragement by Najm ad-Din al-Khabushani, the Shafi'i faqih, who vehemently opposed Shia rule in the country. Several Egyptian emir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin |
Capital punishment | In 724 AD in Japan, the death penalty was banned during the reign of Emperor Shōmu but the abolition only lasted a few years. In 818, Emperor Saga abolished the death penalty under the influence of Shinto and it lasted until 1156. In China, the death penalty was banned by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang in 747, replacing it w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Both military and political relations between Egypt and Russia witnessed significant improvements after Morsi's overthrow coinciding with the deterioration in relations between the United States and Egypt, once considered its important ally in the Middle East. Unlike the US, Russia supported Sisi's actions from the sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) | The deal was described on 5 July as including the creation of a "transparent and independent investigation" into the events that followed the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état, including the Khartoum massacre. On 8 July, Associated Press described the investigation as "Sudanese". The 17 July written political agreement stated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019%E2%80%932021) |
Ancient Egypt | The medical problems of the ancient Egyptians stemmed directly from their environment. Living and working close to the Nile brought hazards from malaria and debilitating schistosomiasis parasites, which caused liver and intestinal damage. Dangerous wildlife such as crocodiles and hippos were also a common threat. The l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt |
Approximations of π | In the second half of the 16th century, the French mathematician François Viète discovered an infinite product that converged on π known as Viète's formula.
The German-Dutch mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen (circa 1600) computed the first 35 decimal places of π with a 262-gon. He was so proud of this accomplishment tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80 |
Delhi | Currently, the NCT of Delhi is made up of one division, 11 districts, 33 subdivisions, 59 census towns, and 300 villages.
On the other way, the NCT of Delhi is divided into three municipalities. The boundaries of municipalities may be different from district boundaries:
Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), which occu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi |
Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan | Upon its founding, Ansar al-Islam declared a holy war on all secular political parties in Iraqi Kurdistan. Throughout 2002, AAI carried out attacks on those Kurdish groups and targeted assassinations, particularly on high-level PUK members, as well as engaging in battles and skirmishes with the PUK. The attacks allowed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan |
Butrus al-Bustani | In the late 1840s, al-Bustani obtained the position of the official dragoman for the American Consulate in Beirut which he held until he passed it on to his son Salim in 1862. Through the 1850s Bustani continued to work closely with the Protestant Missionaries in their attempt of proselytizing and educating Arab Christ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butrus_al-Bustani |
Islamic State | Documents found after the death of Samir Abd Muhammad al-Khlifawi, a former colonel in the intelligence service of the Iraqi Air Force before the US invasion who had been described as "the strategic head" of ISIL, detailed planning for the ISIL takeover of northern Syria which made possible "the group's later advances ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State |
City of the Dead (Cairo) | The beginnings of Cairo's necropolis date back to the foundation and subsequent growth of the city of Fustat, founded in 642 CE by 'Amr ibn al-'As, the Arab Muslim commander who led the conquest of Egypt. The early Muslim city was divided into multiple khittat or plots of land that were allocated to different tribes, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_the_Dead_(Cairo) |
African Standby Force | Before the founding of the African Union (AU) in 2001, its predecessor Organisation of African Unity (OAU) did not provide appropriate tools for a collective and comprehensive acting of African states in times of violent crisis, mostly due to the shared value of non-interference into the internal affairs of states. Dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Standby_Force |
National Reconciliation (Sudan) | In 1980 and 1981, Sudan faced significant challenges due to Libya's involvement in Chad and its complex relationship with Libya's Muammar Gaddafi. Tensions were further exacerbated by a history of mistrust and the fallout from a failed coup attempt in Khartoum in July 1976, in which Libyan elements played a role. This ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Reconciliation_(Sudan) |
Muhammad | Various sources present a probable description of Muhammad in the prime of his life. He was slightly above average in height, with a sturdy frame and wide chest. His neck was long, bearing a large head with a broad forehead. His eyes were described as dark and intense, accentuated by long, dark eyelashes. His hair, bla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad |
Politics of Saudi Arabia | The royal family dominates the political system. The family's vast numbers allow it to hold most of the kingdom's important posts and to have an involvement and presence at all levels of government.
The number of princes is estimated to be anything from 7,000 upwards, with the most power and influence being wielded by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Levantine Arabic | Scholars use "Levantine Arabic" to describe the continuum of mutually intelligible dialects spoken across the Levant. Other terms include "Syro-Palestinian", "Eastern Arabic", "East Mediterranean Arabic", "Syro-Lebanese" (as a broad term covering Jordan and Palestine as well), "Greater Syrian", or "Syrian Arabic" (in a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic |
Vistahm | Vistahm and his brother Vinduyih were sons of Shapur and grandsons of Bawi. They belonged to the Ispahbudhan, one of the seven Parthian clans that formed the elite aristocracy of the Sasanian Empire. The Ispahbudhan in particular enjoyed such a high status that they were acknowledged as "kin and partners of the Sasania... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistahm |
Outline of Islam | Muslim world
Islam by country
List of Muslim-majority countries
List of countries by Muslim population
Islamic organizations
International organization
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
International Association of Islamic Banks
Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Statistical, Economic and Socia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Islam |
Hizb ut-Tahrir | In the late 1990, the former president of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov launched an extensive crackdown on Islamic organizations, such as HT, forcing their members to flee abroad. Russia being the top destination for the labour migrants from Uzbekistan accommodated a significant number of silent HT adepts from Uzbekistan. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir |
Arab Christians | During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, a number of Palestinian Greek Orthodox and Melkite communities were ethnically cleansed and driven out of their towns, including al-Bassa, Ramla, Lod, Safed, Kafr Bir'im, Iqrit, Tarbikha, Eilabun and Haifa. Many Christian towns or neighborhoods were ethnically cleansed and destroyed du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians |
Gideon | According to Louis Ginzberg's Midrash anthology The Legends of the Jews: "Elated by the victory over Sisera, Israel sang a hymn of praise, the song of Deborah, and God, to reward them for their pious sentiments, pardoned the transgression of the people. But they soon slipped back into the old ways, and the old troubles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon |
Islamic eschatology | The arrival of Judgement Day is prophesied to be preceded by apocalyptic signs of its arrival in various hadith collections.
Senseless immorality would prevail.
Unnatural phenomenons would occur.
The recurring emergence of Kharijites from time to time (more than twenty times) across generations, until their final rise... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_eschatology |
Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph) | Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2016). "Les Idrissides entre Fatimides et Omeyyades". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée (in French). 139: 29–50. doi:10.4000/remmm.9412.
Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph) |
Ibn Butlan | His name being ruined in Egypt due to the Battle of the Physicians Ibn Buṭlān travelled to Syria via Jaffa in 442 AH/1050 AD. There he remarked the high child mortality of the city and the lack of a teacher for the city's boys. From there he went on to Antioch, Abū Dharr al-Harauī suggests he spent time in both Antioch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan |
2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid | The IDF confirmed the capture of the two Israeli soldiers on 13 July. They were both reservists on their last day of operational duty.
Hezbollah released a statement saying "Implementing our promise to free Arab prisoners in Israeli jails, our strugglers have captured two Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon." Later on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid |
Falconry | Ash, Lydia, Modern Apprentice: site for North Americans interested in falconry. Much information for this entry was due to her research.
Beebe, FL; Webster, HM (2000), North American Falconry and Hunting Hawks (8th ed.), North American Falconry and Hunting Hawks, ISBN 0-685-66290-X.
Chenu, Jean Charles; Des Murs, Marc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry |
South West State of Somalia | On 23 June 2014, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed, and Parliament Speaker Mohamed Osman Jawari oversaw a ceremony in Mogadishu marking the merger of the two competing administrations into a single three-region state, which is to be composed of the Bay, Bakool and Lower Sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia |
Sub-Saharan Africa | African countries below the Sahara are largely Christian, while those above the Sahara, in North Africa, are predominantly Islamic. There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa (Djibouti and Somalia) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions (the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Burkin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa |
Safavid Iran | Safavid history begins with the establishment of the Safaviyya by its eponymous founder Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252–1334). In 700/1301, Safi al-Din assumed the leadership of the Zahediyeh, a significant Sufi order in Gilan, from his spiritual master and father-in-law Zahed Gilani. Due to the great spiritual charisma of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Bani Khalid (tribe) | The Khalidis of Jerusalem rose to prominence during Mamluk rule. They became one of the most powerful families in Palestine, rivaled by the equally powerful Husayni clan as well as the Nashashibis. The Khalidi family held the banner of the Qaysi faction in Jerusalem while the Husaynis held the banner of the Yamanis. Af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid_(tribe) |
Temple Mount | According to the Qur'an, Muhammad was transported to a site named Al-Aqsa Mosque – "the furthest place of prayer" (al-Masjid al-'Aqṣā) during his Night Journey (Isra and Mi'raj). The Qur'an describes how Muhammad was taken by the miraculous steed Buraq from the Great Mosque of Mecca to al-Aqsa Mosque where he prayed. A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount |
Houthi movement | In 2013, an Iranian vessel was seized and discovered to be carrying Katyusha rockets, heat-seeking surface-to-air missiles, RPG-7s, Iranian-made night vision goggles and artillery systems that track land and navy targets 40 km away. That was en route to the Houthis.
In March 2017, Qasem Soleimani, the head of Iran's Qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_movement |
Shahnameh | Illustrated copies of the work are among the most sumptuous examples of Persian miniature painting. Several copies remain intact, although two of the most famous, the Houghton Shahnameh and the Great Mongol Shahnameh, were broken up for sheets to be sold separately in the 20th century. A single sheet from the former wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahnameh |
Kingdom of Kush | Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32501-4.
Emberling, Geoff (2023). "Kush under the Dynasty of Napata". In Karen Radner; Nadine Moeller; D.T. Potts (eds.). The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4. Oxford University. pp. 82–160.
Edwards, David N. (2004). The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush |
Tlemcen | In 1551, Tlemcen came under Ottoman rule after the Campaign of Tlemcen. Tlemcen and the Algerian provinces regained effective independence in their own affairs in 1671, although Tlemcen was no longer a government seat as before. The Spanish were evicted from Oran in 1792, but thirty years later, they were replaced by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlemcen |
Al-Rastan | Ar-Rastan was one of the first cities to participate in the Syrian uprising against the government of Bashar al-Assad that would lead to the ongoing Syrian Civil War. In mid-April 2011 large anti-government demonstrations began taking place in ar-Rastan as well as nearby Talbiseh. On 28 April about 50 local Ba'ath Part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rastan |
Health in Sudan | It is difficult to generalize health care in Sudan because of the great disparity between the major urban areas and the rest of the country. Indeed, the availability of health care in urban settings is one cause of rural to urban migration. In terms of access to health care, Sudan can be subdivided into three categorie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Sudan |
Water supply and sanitation in the State of Palestine | The region of Israel/Palestine is "water-stressed", like many other countries in the region, and macroanalysts consider working out how to share water resources the "single most important problem" for Middle Eastern peoples. One third of all water consumed in Israel was by the 1990s drawn from groundwater that in turn ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Sahara | The growth of speleothems (which requires rainwater) was detected in Hol-Zakh, Ashalim, Even-Sid, Ma'ale-ha-Meyshar, Ktora Cracks, Nagev Tzavoa Cave, and elsewhere, and has allowed tracking of prehistoric rainfall. The Red Sea coastal route was extremely arid before 140 and after 115 kya (thousands of years ago). Sligh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara |
Iranian peoples | The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age Indo-Iranian cultures that flourished c. 1800–900 BC in western Siberia and the west Asiatic steppe. It is probably better termed an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon. The name derives from the village of Andronovo (55°53′N 55°42′E), where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples |
Nasr Abu Zayd | Al-Ghazali's Theory of Interpretation, Journal of Osaka University of Foreign Studies, Japan, 72, 1986, pp. 1–24.
The Perfect Man in the Qur'an: Textual Analysis, Journal of Osaka University of Foreign Studies, Japan, no. 73, 1988, pp. 111–133.
The Case of Abu-Zaid, Index on Censorship, London, 4, 1996, pp. 30–39.
Ling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd |
Baggara Arabs | Like other Arabic speaking tribes in Sudan and the Sahel, Baggara tribes claim to have ancestry from the Juhaynah Arab tribe. They are of Arab and Arabized African ancestry. However the first documented evidence of Arab settlements in this region was in 1391 when the Mai, Kanuri title for King, of Bornu, Abu 'Amr Uthma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggara_Arabs |
Cave of the Patriarchs | In 1100, after the area was captured by the Crusaders, the enclosure once again became a church and Muslims were no longer permitted to enter. During this period, the area was given a new gabled roof, clerestory windows and vaulting.
When the Crusaders took control of the site Jews were banned from using the synagogues... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs |
Caliphate | Rashidun ("Righteously Guided")
Abu Bakr, first Rashidun caliph. Subdued rebel tribes in the Ridda wars.
Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab), second Rashidun caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem and Persia.
Uthman, (Uthman ibn Affan) third Rashidun caliph, When Caliph Umar died in of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Córdoba, Spain | Under rule of the Banu Yahwar, Cordobese power did not extend far from the city, as other independent polities emerged in the rest of the former caliphate. An estimation of 65,000 inhabitants has been proposed for 11th-century Córdoba.
In 1070, forces from the Abbadid Taifa of Seville entered Córdoba to help in the def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain |
Mosque-Madrasa of Sultan Hasan | The position of the mausoleum relative to the rest of the building was unusual in that it was located directly behind the qibla wall of the mosque, meaning it stood in the direction towards which Muslims in the mosque would pray. This is something not found in any other Mamluk religious building, though there is appare... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque-Madrasa_of_Sultan_Hasan |
Sasanian Empire | 224–241: Reign of Ardashir I:
224: Overthrow of the Parthian Empire
229–232: War with Rome
Zoroastrianism is revived as official religion
The collection of texts known as the Zend Avesta is assembled
241–271: Reign of Shapur I "the Great":
241–244: War with Rome
252–261: War with Rome. Decisive victory of Persian at Ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Arabic literature | Al-Risalah al-Kamiliyyah fil Sira al-Nabawiyyah (The Treatise of Kamil on the Prophet's Biography), known in English as Theologus Autodidactus (which is a phonetic transliteration of the Greek name Θεολόγος Αὐτοδίδακτος, meaning self-taught theologian), written by the Arab polymath Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), is the earl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature |
Seljuk Empire | Starting around the middle of the 12th century, there appears to have been a major increase in the number of artistic metalwork objects produced in the eastern Islamic world (roughly Iran and Central Asia). More of these objects have survived from after the 1140s than from before this period. The major centers of produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire |
15th century in literature | 1403 – A guild of stationers is founded in the City of London. As the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers (the "Stationers' Company"), it continues to be a Livery Company in the 21st century.
1403–08 – The Yongle Encyclopedia is written in China.
c. 1408–11 – An Leabhar Breac is probably compiled by M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century_in_literature |
Iraq Petroleum Company | The forerunner of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) was the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC), which was established in the early 20th century in the belief that Mesopotamia (Iraq and parts of Syria) contained substantial reservoirs of oil.
Since Mesopotamia was an Ottoman possession, early negotiations for an oil concess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company |
Ijazah | According to the Lexikon des Mittelalters and A History of the University in Europe, the origin of the European doctorate lies in high medieval teaching with its roots going back to late antiquity and the early days of Christian teaching of the Bible. This view does not suggest any link between the ijazah and the docto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijazah |
Golden jackal | The golden jackal is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widespread distribution, with it being common throughout its range and with high densities in those areas where food and shelter are abundant. In Europe, golden jackals are not listed under the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endange... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal |
Mahmoud Harbi | When he returned to Djibouti in 1946, and began his career working in the port of Djibouti, and then became president of the Union of Somali workers, and in 1947 founded the Democratic Union Party, which branched off from the union, he was able in his youth that dominates the political scene for a decade. He increased ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Harbi |
Nasr Abu Zayd | From the beginning of his academic career, Abu Zaid developed a renewed hermeneutic view (the theory and methodology of text interpretation) of the Qur'an and further Islamic holy texts, arguing that they should be interpreted in the historical and cultural context of their time. The mistake of many Muslim scholars was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd |
Education in Kuwait | Students are required to spend 4 years at the intermediate level, up to grade 9, after which they move on to the secondary level. Secondary education is for 3 years, after which students can adopt the higher education track by entering university or gaining admission into a vocational college to study for technical or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Kuwait |
Islamic calligraphy | In the post-colonial era, artists working in North Africa and the Middle East transformed Arabic calligraphy into a modern art movement, known as the Hurufiyya movement. Artists working in this style use calligraphy as a graphic element within contemporary artwork.
The term, hurufiyya is derived from the Arabic term, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy |
Spice trade | One of the most important technological exchanges of the spice trade network was the early introduction of maritime technologies to India, the Middle East, East Africa, and China by the Austronesian peoples. These technologies include the plank-sewn hulls, catamarans, outrigger boats, and possibly the lateen sail. This... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_trade |
Khor Al Adaid | The British, after having conducted an investigation into these so-called piratical acts, concluded that the culprits were not the Bani Hajer, but the Al Murrah tribe; and that the Sheikh of Khor Al Adaid had not been implicated, but that "he was too weak to prevent his ports being made use of". Colonel Prideaux, who w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid |
Ibn al-Haytham | Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Bukhara | Po-i-Kalyan Complex. The title Po-i Kalan (also Poi Kalân, Persian: پای کلان meaning the "Grand Foundation") belongs to the architectural complex located at the base of the great minaret Kalân.
Kalyan minaret. More properly, Minâra-i Kalân, (Persian/Tajik for the "Grand Minaret"). Also known as the Tower of Death, as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara |
Juan Cole | Reference:
"Islamophobia and American Foreign Policy Rhetoric: The Bush Years and After". In John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, eds., Islamophobia: the Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 127–142.
"Shi'ite Parties and the Democratic Process in Iraq". In Mary Ann Tet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Cole |
Derbent | Народное Собрание Республики Дагестан. Закон №16 от 10 апреля 2002 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №106 от 30 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Дагестан». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent |
Refugees of the Syrian civil war | On 27 January 2017, new US President Donald Trump announced that he had signed an executive order suspending any further resettlement of Syrian refugees to the United States indefinitely until further notice due to security concerns (excluding "refugee claims made by individuals on the basis of religious-based persecut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war |
Middle Ages | Since prolonged papal elections and conflicts with the Roman aristocracy had undermined papal authority in Italy, the seat of the papacy was moved to the city of Avignon in 1309. During the period of the Avignon Papacy, Frenchmen assumed leadership of the Catholic Church. When the French king Philip IV (r. 1285–1314) b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Dromedary | The dromedary is specially adapted to its desert habitat; these adaptations are aimed at conserving water and regulating body temperature. The bushy eyebrows and the double row of eyelashes prevent sand and dust from entering the eyes during strong windstorms, and shield them from the sun's glare. The dromedary is able... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary |
History of the Arabs |
Most Arabs in modern times live in the Arab world, which comprises 22 countries in Middle East, North Africa, and parts of the Horn of Africa. All are all modern states and became significant as distinct political entities. There is also a large Arab diaspora worldwide following the fall, defeat and dissolution of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arabs |
First Sealand dynasty | Al-Zubaidi, Ahmed K. Taher, and Mohammed S. Attia, "A Cylinder Seal From TELL Abu Al-Dhahab Dated To THE First Sealand Dynasty (1740–1374 BC)", IRAQ 83, pp. 13-24, 2021
Boivin, Odette, "Kār-Šamaš as a South-Western Palace Town of the Sealand I Kingdom", NABU, pp. 162–64, 2015
Boivin, Odette, "Taxpayers and the Palace a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty |
Apostasy in Islam by country | Although the Constitution of Iraq recognises Islam as the official religion and states that no law may be enacted that contradicts the established provisions of Islam, it also guarantees freedom of thought, conscience, and religious belief and practice. While the Government generally endorses these rights, unsettled co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country |
History of alcoholic drinks | The ability to metabolize alcohol likely predates humanity with primates eating fermenting fruit.
The oldest verifiable brewery has been found in a prehistoric burial site in a cave near Haifa in modern-day Israel. Researchers have found residue of 13,000-year-old beer that they think might have been used for ritual fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks |
Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi | al-Risāla al-Mufaḍḍaliyya (Mufaddali Epistle) is a brief dialogue between al-Mufaddal and Ja'far al-Sadiq of unclear date and origin. It strongly resembles the Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla and the Kitāb al-Ṣirāṭ in doctrine and terminology. Its main subject is the classical theological question of the relationship between... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi |
Late Bronze Age collapse | While it survived the Bronze Age collapse, the Egyptian Empire of the New Kingdom era receded considerably in territorial and economic strength during the mid-twelfth century (during the reign of Ramesses VI, 1145 to 1137). Previously, the Merneptah Stele (c. 1200) spoke of attacks (Libyan War) from Putrians (from mode... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse |
Dragut | Turgut Reis later sailed back towards Corsica and docked his ships at Girolata on the western shores of the island. Taken by surprise in the Battle of Girolata while repairing his ships, Turgut Reis and his men were attacked by the combined forces of Giannettino Doria (Andrea Doria's nephew), Giorgio Doria and Gentile ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragut |
Bábism | The Báb abrogated Islamic law and in the Persian Bayán promulgated a system of Bábí law, thus establishing a separate religion distinct from Islam. Some of the new laws included changing the direction of the Qibla to the Báb's house in Shiraz, Iran and changing the calendar to a solar calendar of nineteen months and ni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bism |
United Arab Emirates | Migrant workers in the UAE are not allowed to join trade unions or go on strike. Those who strike may risk prison and deportation, as seen in 2014 when dozens of workers were deported for striking. The International Trade Union Confederation has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that thousands of mig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates |
History of Bahrain | In 1782, war broke out between the army of Sheikh Nasr Al-Madhkur, the ruler of Bahrain and Bushehr and the Zubarah-based Bani Utbah clan, though hostilities arose since 1777 after the Persians saw the Zubarah base as a threat.: 35 The prosperity of Zubarah, which is in modern Qatar, had brought it to the attention of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain |
Imamate in Nizari doctrine | At al-Ghadir Khumm, by God's direct and emphatic command, Muhammad designated his cousin and son-in-law Ali—husband of his daughter Fatima-tz-Zahra—as his successor to his spiritual office as the first Imam in the continuing line of hereditary Imams and as his successor to his temporal office as the first Caliph of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine |
Compass | There are other ways to find north than the use of magnetism, and from a navigational point of view a total of seven possible ways exist (where magnetism is one of the seven). Two sensors that use two of the remaining six principles are often also called compasses, i.e. the gyrocompass and GPS-compass.
A gyrocompass is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass |
Nile | The Greek historian Herodotus wrote that "Egypt was the gift of the Nile". An unending source of sustenance, it played a crucial role in the development of Egyptian civilization. Because the river overflowed its banks annually and deposited new layers of silt, the surrounding land was very fertile. The Ancient Egyptian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile |
Battle of Khaybar | After they were sent into exile in 625 from Medina by Muslim forces, the Banu Nadir had settled in Khaybar. In 627, the Nadir chief Huyayy ibn Akhtab together with his son joined the Meccans and Bedouins besieging Medina during the Battle of the Trench. In addition, the Nadir paid Arabian tribes to go to war against th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | Armed Houthis ransacked Al Jazeera's news bureau in Sanaʽa on 27 March 2015, amid Qatar's participation in the military intervention against the group. The Qatar-based news channel condemned the attack on its bureau. On 28 March, Ali Abdullah Saleh stated neither he nor anyone in his family would run for president, des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Idries Shah | A hostile critic was James Moore, a Gurdjieffian who disagreed with Shah's assertion that Gurdjieff's teaching was essentially Sufic in nature and took exception to the publication of a chronologically impossible, pseudonymous book on the matter (The Teachers of Gurdjieff by Rafael Lefort) that was linked to Shah. In a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idries_Shah |
Jebel Ali | Palm Jebel Ali (نخلة جبل علي) is an artificial archipelago in Dubai, United Arab Emirates which began construction in October 2002, was originally planned to be completed by mid-2008 and has been on hold since. Creative Kingdom provided master planning services for the island and Leisure Quest International (USA) devel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Ali |
Second Intifada | Between 2 and 11 April, a siege and fierce fighting took place in the Palestinian refugee camp of the city of Jenin. The camp was targeted during Operation Defensive Shield after Israel determined that it had "served as a launch site for numerous terrorist attacks against both Israeli civilians and Israeli towns and vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Intifada |
History of Algeria | After the resignation of Abdelaziz Bouteflika on 9 April 2019, the President of the Council of the Nation Abdelkader Bensalah became acting president of Algeria.
Following the presidential election on 12 December 2019, Abdelmadjid Tebboune was elected president after taking 58% of the votes, beating the candidates from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria |
Afroasiatic languages | In current scholarship, the most common names for the family are Afroasiatic (or Afro-Asiatic), Hamito-Semitic, and Semito-Hamitic. Other proposed names that have yet to find widespread acceptance include Erythraic/Erythraean, Lisramic, Noahitic, and Lamekhite.
Friedrich Müller introduced the name Hamito-Semitic to des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran between two revolutions. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691101345.
Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520081730. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Eastern Orthodox Church | In the ninth and tenth centuries, Christianity made great inroads into pagan Europe, including Bulgaria (864) and later Kievan Rus' (988). This work was made possible by Cyril and Methodius of Thessaloniki, two brothers chosen by Byzantine emperor Michael III to fulfil the request of Rastislav of Moravia for teachers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church |
Amin al-Husseini | On 19 April 1936, a wave of protest strikes and attacks against both the British authorities and Jews was unleashed in Palestine. Initially, the riots were led by Farhan al-Sa'di, a militant sheik of the northern al-Qassam group, with links to the Nashashibis. After the arrest and execution of Farhan, al-Husseini seize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini |
Egyptian Armed Forces | In the second decade of the 21st century, the Armed Forces enjoy considerable power and independence within the Egyptian state. They are also influential in business, engaging in road and housing construction, consumer goods, resort management, and own vast tracts of real estate. A significant amount of military inform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces |
Abbas the Great | Like almost all other Safavid monarchs, Abbas was a Shi'ite Muslim. He had a particular veneration for Imam Hussein. In 1601, he made a pilgrimage on foot from Isfahan to Mashhad, site of the shrine of Imam Reza, which he restored (it had been despoiled by the Uzbeks). Since Sunni Islam was the religion of Iran's main ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great |
Islamic State | The Islamic State (IS) is also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; ), Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS; ), and by its Arabic acronym Da'ish or Daesh (داعش, Dāʿish, IPA: [ˈdaːʕɪʃ]), and also as Dawlat al-Islam (Arabic: دولة الإسلام).
In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State |
Women in Islam | The fornicating woman and the fornicating man, flog each one of them with one hundred stripes. No pity for them should prevail upon you in the matter of Allah's religion, if you really believe in Allah and the Last Day; and a group of believers must witness their punishment. A man who is fornicator will not marry but a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Angel | The Latter Day Saint movement views angels as the messengers of God. They are sent to mankind to deliver messages, minister to humanity, teach doctrines of salvation, call mankind to repentance, give priesthood keys, save individuals in perilous times, and guide humankind.
Latter Day Saints believe that angels either a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel |
Government of National Accord | The Government of National Accord under the Libyan Political Agreement comprises a Cabinet of Ministers and a Presidential Council. The Presidential Council, made up of nine members and chaired by the Prime Minister, acts collectively as head of state and supreme commander of the armed forces, appointing thus the count... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_National_Accord |
The Holocaust in Libya | According to Maurice Roumani, a Libyan emigrant who was previously the Executive Director of WOJAC, the most important factors which influenced the Libyan Jewish community to emigrate were "the scars left from the last years of the Italian occupation and the entry of the British Military in 1943 accompanied by the Jewi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya |
Languages of Algeria | The first President of Algeria, Ahmed ben Bella, introduced Arabization in the education system in 1962. The Arabic language was introduced in all levels and all programmes in the 1963–1964 period. As time passed, the time in the educational system spent on French gradually declined. In 1964–1965 primary grade one was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria |
Mount Sinai (Bible) | According to the Documentary hypothesis, the name "Sinai" is only used in the Torah by the Jahwist and Priestly source, whereas Horeb is only used by the Elohist and Deuteronomist.
Horeb is thought to mean "glowing/heat", which seems to be a reference to the sun, while Sinai may have derived from the name of Sin, the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible) |
Ilkhanate | When Muhammad II of Khwarazm ordered a contingent of merchants, dispatched by the Mongols, to be killed, Genghis Khan declared war on the Anushtegin dynasty in 1219. The Mongols overran the empire, occupying the major cities and population centers between 1219 and 1221. Iran was ravaged by the Mongol detachment under J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate |
Orientalism | The Moresque style of Renaissance ornament is a European adaptation of the Islamic arabesque that began in the late 15th century and was to be used in some types of work, such as bookbinding, until almost the present day. Early architectural use of motifs lifted from the Indian subcontinent is known as Indo-Saracenic R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism |
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