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Sanaa | Yemen has a rich, lively tradition of theatre-going back at least a century. In Sanaa, most performances take place at the Cultural Center (Markaz al-Thaqafi), which was originally designed as an auditorium instead of a theatre. It "possesses only the most basic of lighting and sound equipment, and the smallest of wing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa |
Ibn al-Haytham | Two major theories on vision prevailed in classical antiquity. The first theory, the emission theory, was supported by such thinkers as Euclid and Ptolemy, who believed that sight worked by the eye emitting rays of light. The second theory, the intromission theory supported by Aristotle and his followers, had physical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Erasistratus | Erasistratus is generally supposed to have been born at Ioulis on the island of Ceos, though Stephanus of Byzantium refers to him as a native of Cos; Galen, as a native of Chios; and the emperor Julian, as a native of Samos. Pliny says he was the grandson of Aristotle by his daughter Pythias, but this is not confirmed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasistratus |
Tuareg people | According to the anthropologist Jeffrey Heath, Tuareg artisans belong to separate endogamous castes known as the Inhăḍăn (Inadan). These have included the blacksmith, jewelers, wood workers and leather artisan castes. They produced and repaired the saddles, tools, household items and other items for the Tuareg communit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people |
Herat | At the time of the Arab invasion in the middle of the 7th century, the Sasanian central power seemed already largely nominal in the province in contrast with the role of the Hephthalites tribal lords, who were settled in the Herat region and in the neighboring districts, mainly in pastoral Bādghis and in Qohestān. It m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat |
Adulis | Pliny the Elder is the earliest European writer to mention Adulis (N.H. 6.34). He misunderstood the name of the place, thinking the toponym meant that it had been founded by escaped Egyptian slaves. Pliny further stated that it was the 'principal mart for the Troglodytae and the people of Aethiopia'. Adulis is also men... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulis |
Islamic terrorism | Techniques of war are restricted by classical Islamic jurisprudence, but its scope is not. Bernard Lewis states that ultimately Jihad ends when the entire world is brought under Islamic rule and law. Classical Islamic jurisprudence imposes, without limit of time or space, the duty to subjugate non-Muslims, (according t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Kingdom of Galicia | The Junta, Junta General, Juntas, or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia was the representative assembly of the Kingdom from the 15th century, when it originated as a general assembly of all the powers of Galicia aimed at the constitution of hermandades (brotherhood), and until 1834, when the Kingdom and its General Assem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia |
Ibn al-Haytham | Therefore, the seeker after the truth is not one who studies the writings of the ancients and, following his natural disposition, puts his trust in them, but rather the one who suspects his faith in them and questions what he gathers from them, the one who submits to argument and demonstration, and not to the sayings o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Western Desert | In pre-historic times the Western desert is thought to have been a semi-arid grassland, home to savanna animals and hunter-gatherers; evidence of abundant wildlife can be found in the cave paintings of the Gilf Kebir.
It is thought that over-grazing and climate change led to desertification and the current geography. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert |
Oil shale | Humans have used oil shale as a fuel since prehistoric times, since it generally burns without any processing. Around 3000 BC, "rock oil" was used in Mesopotamia for road construction and making architectural adhesives. Britons of the Iron Age used tractable oil shales to fashion cists for burial, or just polish it to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale |
Al-Shanfara | The Ta’iyya of al-Shanfarā (Mufaḍḍaliyya no. 20) is the poet's most renowned poem after the Lamiyya, and its authorship has rarely been disputed. The nasib (amatory prelude) of the poem is admired by scholars for its "striking beauty" (verses 1–14). In Charles James Lyall's translation, the poem beings:
Alas! Ummu 'A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shanfara |
Criticism of the Quran | The Quran maintains that Jesus was not actually crucified and did not die on the cross. The general Islamic view supporting the denial of crucifixion may have been influenced by Manichaeism (Docetism), which holds that someone else was crucified instead of Jesus, while concluding that Jesus will return during the end-t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran |
Abdul Rahman Arif | Abdul Rahman Arif was a career soldier. He supported the military coup in 1958 that overthrew the monarchy. He also supported the coup that brought his brother, Abdul Salam Arif, to power in 1963. His brother appointed him head of the army following the coup, and when the younger Arif died in an aircraft crash in Apri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Arif |
Jinn | Jinn is an Arabic collective noun deriving from the Semitic root JNN (Arabic: جَنّ / جُنّ, jann), whose primary meaning is 'to hide' or 'to adapt'. Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, 'beings that are concealed from the senses'. Cognates include the Arabic majnūn (مَجْنُون, 'possessed' or, generally, 'i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn |
Suez Crisis | The operation, aimed at taking control of the Suez Canal, Gaza, and parts of Sinai, was highly successful for the invaders from a military point of view, but was a disaster from a political point of view, resulting in international criticism and diplomatic pressure. Along with the Suez crisis, the United States was als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | Physicians like al-Razi wrote about the importance of morality in medicine, and may have presented, together with Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafis, the first concept of ethics or "practical philosophy" in Islamic medicine. Al-Razi wrote his treatise "Kitab al-tibb al-ruhani" also known as "Book on Spritual Physick" on popular... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Al-Aqsa | In 637, the Rashidun Caliphate under Umar, the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, besieged and captured Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire. There are no contemporary records, but many traditions, about the origin of the main Islamic buildings on the Temple Mount. A popular account from later centuries is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa |
Uzair | As in Islam, a fundamental tenet of Judaism is that God is not bound by any limitations of time, matter, or space, and that the idea of any person being God, a part of God, or a mediator to God, is heresy. The Book of Ezra, which Judaism accepts as a chronicle of the life of Ezra and which predates Muhammad and the Qur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzair |
Seal of the Prophets | Hartwig Hirschfeld doubted the authenticity of the verse 33:40 and claimed it to be of late origin. Yohanan Friedmann states that Hirschfeld's arguments "that the title khatam an-nabiyyin is unusual, that it only appears once in the Qur'an, that the word khatam is not Arabic…do not seem valid arguments against the auth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_the_Prophets |
Arwa al-Sulayhi | Asma died in 1074/5 (467 CE), and Ahmad became bedridden due to paralysis soon after. Based on Umara's account, Ahmad's paralysis (or paraplegia) may have been caused by wounds sustained in battle at Zabid against the Najahids at the start of his reign. While Ahmad remained the de jure ruler of Yemen, Arwa became the d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi |
Ibn al-Haytham | In his Al-Shukūk ‛alā Batlamyūs, variously translated as Doubts Concerning Ptolemy or Aporias against Ptolemy, published at some time between 1025 and 1028, Alhazen criticized Ptolemy's Almagest, Planetary Hypotheses, and Optics, pointing out various contradictions he found in these works, particularly in astronomy. Pt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham |
Ex-Muslims | One of Simon Cottee's ex-Muslim respondent says that actually many of them are originally very devote and when they study original scriptures and Prophets life to defend against doubts about Islam they end up on side of confirming doubts being valid enough. According to Aki Muthali, apologist claims of persecution of M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Muslims |
Spaniards | The earliest modern humans inhabiting the region of Spain are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples, who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000–40,000 years ago. The Iberians are believed to have arrived or emerged in the region as a culture between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards |
Aliyah | From 2000 to 2009, more than 13,000 French Jews immigrated to Israel, largely as a result of growing anti-semitism in the country. A peak was reached in 2005, with 2,951 immigrants. However, between 20 and 30% eventually returned to France.
In 2012, some 200,000 French citizens lived in Israel. During the same year, fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah |
Dromedary | The dromedary is specially adapted to its desert habitat; these adaptations are aimed at conserving water and regulating body temperature. The bushy eyebrows and the double row of eyelashes prevent sand and dust from entering the eyes during strong windstorms, and shield them from the sun's glare. The dromedary is able... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary |
2006 Lebanon War | On 18 July 2006 Hezbollah Press Officer Hussein Nabulsi took CNN's Nic Robertson on an exclusive tour of southern Beirut. Robertson noted that despite his minder's anxiety about explosions in the area, it was clear that Hezbollah had sophisticated media relations and were in control of the situation. Hezbollah designat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War |
Abdülmecid I | Abdülmecid I had at least twenty-six consorts, but only two were also legal wives:
Servetseza Kadin (1823 - 24 September 1878). Başkadin (first consort), born Princess Temruko. She had no children because Abdülmecid was not attracted to her, but he respected and entrusted her to raise his children Mehmed V Reşad, Fatm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I |
Biblical narratives in the Quran | The narratives of Joseph can be found in Genesis 37–45 and in the first 102 verses of Surah Yusuf (Joseph) (Quran 12:1-102)
In both the Bible and the Quran, Joseph has a vision of eleven stars and the sun and the moon all bowing to him which he shares with his family (with his father in the Quran, who forbids Joseph fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran |
Ibadi Islam | Ibadis believe that all who profess the belief in oneness of God and belief in the prophethood of Muhammad as the last messenger are members of the Islamic community. It is the duty of Ibadis to correct those who differ with them in their beliefs. Only the righteous Ibadis, referred to as the ahl al-istiqāmah "people o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_Islam |
Fethullah Gülen | In 1999, Gülen relocated to the United States for medical treatment, and has remained there since. According to the Kemalist Turkish law of the time, intending to ensure modernity and secularism, non-state sanctioned religious endeavors were outlawed and Gülen was under investigation for subverting the government, espe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen |
Arabs | The Ghassanids, Lakhmids and Kindites were the last major migration of pre-Islamic Arabs out of Yemen to the north. The Ghassanids increased the Semitic presence in then-Hellenized Syria, the majority of Semites were Aramaic peoples. They mainly settled in the Hauran region and spread to modern Lebanon, Palestine and J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Religion | The Baháʼí Faith teaches the unity of all religious philosophies.
Cao Đài is a syncretistic, monotheistic religion, established in Vietnam in 1926.
Eckankar is a pantheistic religion with the purpose of making God an everyday reality in one's life.
Epicureanism is a Hellenistic philosophy that is considered by many of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion |
Islam in India | I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.
The partition of India was the partition of British India led to the creation of the dominions of Pakistan (that later split into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_India |
Rape in Egypt | There is a tendency in Egypt, though, to not report rapes due to the fear of social rejection as well as cultural reasons. Although that has recently improved significantly due to social awareness by TV shows and by the president Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi himself.
Rania Hamid from Centre for Egyptian Women's Legal Assistan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt |
Western Sahara | FiSahara International Film Festival is an annual film festival that takes place in one of the southwestern refugee camps in Algeria. At this event, actors, directors, and film industry insiders from around the world join the Sahrawi people for a week-long festival of screenings, parallel activities, and concerts. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara |
Palestinians | Since 1967, Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip have lived under military occupation, creating, according to Avram Bornstein, a carceralization of their society. In the meantime, pan-Arabism has waned as an aspect of Palestinian identity. The Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip and West Bank triggered a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians |
Aşıklı Höyük | Aşıklı Höyük had a tradition to reconstruct or rebuild earlier structures. It followed a pattern where the structures were built "exactly on the same spot and with the same alignment as earlier buildings, using older walls as a foundation". The structural continuity at Aşıklı Höyük is outstanding, but there is no infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk |
Capital punishment | Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture. Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman and de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment |
Salafi movement | "Salafi Jihadism" was a term invented by Gilles Kepel to describe those self-claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in (armed) jihad during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis", "Salafi jihadists", "Revolutionary Salafis" or "armed Salafis". Journalist Bruce Livesey es... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Ma'n dynasty | According to the historian Kamal Salibi, the "origins of the house of Ma'n remains unclear, what is related about it by the traditional Lebanese historians being without foundation". The traditional account holds that the eponymous progenitor of the Banu Ma'n belonged to a clan of the Rabi'a, a large Arab tribal confed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty |
Water supply and sanitation in Morocco | Morocco has about 22 billion cubic meters of conventional renewable water resources per year equivalent to 730 cubic meter/capita/year. Before taking into account drought years of the 1990s and 2000s total renewable water resources were estimated to be much higher at around 29 billion cubic meters However, only up to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Morocco |
Latin translations of the 12th century | This list is of translations after c. 1100 of works written originally in Greek.
Hippocrates and school (5th, 4th centuries B.C.)
Aphorisms: Burgundio of Pisa, from Greek, 12th century
Various treatises: Gerard of Cremona and others, from Arabic, Toledo 12th century
William of Moerbeke, from Greek, after 1260
Aristotl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century |
Islam in the Netherlands | The first traces of Islam in the Netherlands date back to the 16th century. Ottoman and Persian traders settled in many Dutch and Flemish trading towns, and were allowed to practice their faith, although most of them belonged to the Jewish or Greek Orthodox community under the Sultan. The English traveler Andrew Marvel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands |
Jordanian annexation of the West Bank | Following the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank (including East Jerusalem). Although the sides were technically at war, a policy known as "open bridges" meant that Jordan continued to pay salaries and pensions to civil servants and to provide services to endowments and educational affairs and in genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank |
Pan Am Flight 103 | On 25 July 2009, Megrahi applied to be released from jail on compassionate grounds. Three weeks later, on 12 August 2009, Megrahi applied to have his second appeal dropped and was granted compassionate release for his terminal prostate cancer. On 20 August 2009, Megrahi was released from prison and traveled by chartere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103 |
Southern Transitional Council | On 27 April 2017, a presidential decree was given by Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi dismissing Aidarus al-Zoubaidi from his post as governor of Aden due to his close ties with the United Arab Emirates, which President Hadi described as "acting like occupiers" in the city. This was met with large demonstrations in the city in su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Transitional_Council |
Shukri al-Quwatli | By 1960, Quwatli had quarreled with Nasser and criticized his policies in Syria. In particular, he condemned the institution of land distribution and industrial nationalization in July 1961, stating it would harm the economy severely. He was also personally affronted that his son-in-law Fayez al-Ujl had much of his pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
Uday Hussein | Personal accounts state Uday grew up idolizing his father, Saddam Hussein, although their relationship later became strained due to his father's many mistresses. Uday maintained a close cordial relationship with his mother, Sajida Talfah. The otherwise apathetic Uday, at his uncle Adnan Khairallah's funeral in 1989, sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uday_Hussein |
Al-Muqtadir | Bonner, Michael (2010). "The waning of empire, 861–945". In Robinson, Chase F. (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359. ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8.
Bowen, Harold (1928). The Life and Times of ʿAl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muqtadir |
Ibn Battuta | After returning home from his travels in 1354, and at the suggestion of the Marinid ruler of Morocco, Abu Inan Faris, Ibn Battuta dictated an account in Arabic of his journeys to Ibn Juzayy, a scholar whom he had previously met in Granada. The account is the only source for Ibn Battuta's adventures. The full title of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta |
Shipbuilding | Shipbuilders in the Ming dynasty (1368~1644) were not the same as the shipbuilders in other Chinese dynasties, due to hundreds of years of accumulated experiences and rapid changes in the Ming dynasty. Shipbuilders in the Ming dynasty primarily worked for the government, under command of the Ministry of Public Works.
D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding |
Islamism | The first modern "Islamist state" (with the possible exception of Zia's Pakistan) was established among the Shia of Iran. In a major shock to the rest of the world, Muslim and non-Muslim, a revolution led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini overthrew the secular, oil-rich, well-armed, pro-American monarchy of Shah Muhammad ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
Sayfo | Mar Shimun learned about the massacre of Assyrians in lowland areas, and believed that the highland tribes would be next. Via Agha Petros, an Assyrian interpreter for the Russian consulate in Urmia, he contacted the Russian authorities. Shimun traveled to Bashkale to meet Mehmed Shefik Bey, an Ottoman official sent fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo |
Emesene dynasty | After the death of Sampsiceramus II, his first son Azizus succeeded him. He reigned from 42 until 54. Little is known of the reign of Azizus, except for his childless marriage to the Herodian Princess Drusilla. Azizus married Drusilla in 53, on the condition that he was to be circumcised. She was briefly married to Azi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesene_dynasty |
2012 Benghazi attack | The US had not had regular diplomatic presence in Libya since withdrawing its ambassador in 1972 and then closing its embassy after the 1979 U.S. embassy burning in Libya, but since the early 2000s had been starting to normalise relations. During Congressional hearings, Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens' top deputy in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack |
Al-Kindi | According to al-Kindi, the goal of metaphysics is knowledge of God. For this reason, he does not make a clear distinction between philosophy and theology, because he believes they are both concerned with the same subject. Later philosophers, particularly al-Farabi and Avicenna, would strongly disagree with him on this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi |
World religions | Cotter and Robertson noted that the history of the world religions paradigm is "intimately tied up" with the history of the study of religion as an academic discipline. It emerged from within the phenomenology of religion approach which placed an emphasis on description rather than critical analysis.
The paradigm was i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_religions |
Iranian Revolution | The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered. The motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious, political and economic reasons and women participating were from various classes and back... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution |
National Liberation Front (Algeria) | Anti-Colonialism is widely considered as the core value in Algerian official discourse during its entire contemporary political and social history, especially during the formation of the FLN and later during the Islamist movement. The Muslim population had been discriminated against at a constitutional level, as illust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria) |
Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011) | In the months following the Libyan uprising, the Sahel region saw thousands of combatants originating from Mali and Niger, mostly ethnic Tuareg who supported either Gaddafi or the NTC, returning from Libya to their respective countries with a wide range of weapons. Mali's defence minister, Natie Plea, said that the ris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011) |
Ghassanids | Significant remnants of the Ghassan remained in Syria, residing in Damascus and the city's Ghouta countryside. At least nominally and probably gradually, many of these Ghassanids embraced Islam, especially under Mu'awiya's rule. According to the historian Nancy Khalek, they consequently became an "indispensable" group ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassanids |
Jordan | Increasing policies of Turkification and centralization adopted by the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution disenchanted the Arabs of the Levant, which contributed to the development of an Arab nationalist movement. These changes led to the outbreak of the 1916 Arab Revolt during World War I, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
20th century in literature | 1940
Native Son by Richard Wright (US, France)
Darkness at Noon by Arthur Koestler (Hungary, England)
The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov – published in English 1966
For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway
The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter by Carson McCullers (US)
Portr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century_in_literature |
Ancient Carthage | By 410 BC, Carthage had recovered from its serious defeats in Sicily. It had conquered much of modern-day Tunisia and founded new colonies across northern Africa. It also extended its reach well beyond the Mediterranean; Hanno the Navigator journeyed down the West African coast, and Himilco the Navigator had explored t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Sayfo | In Tur Abdin, some Syriac Christians fought their attempted extermination. This was considered treason by Ottoman officials, who reported massacre victims as rebels. Christians in Midyat considered resistance after hearing about massacres elsewhere, but the local Syriac Orthodox community initially refused to support t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayfo |
Emirate of Transjordan | In early 1921, prior to the convening of the Cairo Conference, the Middle East Department of the Colonial Office set out the situation as follows:
Distinction to be drawn between Palestine and Trans-Jordan under the Mandate. His Majesty's Government are responsible under the terms of the Mandate for establishing in Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan |
Arab world | Many of the modern borders of the Arab World were drawn by European imperial powers during the 19th and early 20th century. However, some of the larger states (in particular Egypt and Syria) have historically maintained geographically definable boundaries, on which some of the modern states are roughly based. The 14th-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world |
Zoroaster | The Greeks—in the Hellenistic sense of the term—had an understanding of Zoroaster as expressed by Plutarch, Diogenes Laertius, and Agathias that saw him, at the core, to be the "prophet and founder of the religion of the Iranian peoples," Beck notes that "the rest was mostly fantasy". Zoroaster was set in the ancient p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroaster |
Gaza Strip | Part of the territory is depopulated because of the imposition of buffer zones on both the Israeli and Egyptian borders.
Initially, Israel imposed a 50-meter buffer zone in Gaza. In 2000, it was expanded to 150 meters. Following the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza, an undefined buffer zone was maintained, includin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip |
Early Islamic philosophy | The pioneering development of the scientific method by the Arab Ash'ari polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) was an important contribution to the philosophy of science. In The Model of the Motions, Ibn al-Haytham also describes an early version of Occam's razor, where he employs only minimal hypotheses regarding the prope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy |
Mandaeans | Mandaeans are a closed ethno-religious community, practicing Mandaeism, which is a monotheistic, Gnostic, and ethnic religion: 4 (Aramaic manda means "knowledge," and is conceptually related to the Greek term gnosis.) Its adherents revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enosh, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Mand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeans |
Aleppo | The main role of the city was as a trading place throughout the history, as it sat at the crossroads of two trade routes and mediated the trade from India, the Tigris and Euphrates regions and the route coming from Damascus in the South, which traced the base of the mountains rather than the rugged seacoast. Although t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo |
1970s | As the 1960s ended, the United States had made two successful crewed lunar landings. Many Americans lost interest afterward, feeling that since the country had accomplished President John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, there was no need for further missions. There was also a growing s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s |
Dagger | The earliest daggers were made of materials such as flint, ivory or bone in Neolithic times.
Copper daggers appeared first in the early Bronze Age, in the 3rd millennium BC, and copper daggers of Early Minoan III (2400–2000 BC) were recovered at Knossos.
In ancient Egypt, daggers were usually made of copper or bronze,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger |
Mahdi | Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2000). "Origins and Development of Apocalypticism and Messianism in Early Islam: 610–750 CE". Oslo: Congress of the International Committee of the Historical Sciences.
Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2007). "The Concept of Mahdi in Sunni Islam". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 14, Fasc. 2. Encyclopædia Iranica Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi |
Arabic verbs | There are three tenses in Arabic: the past tense (اَلْمَاضِي al-māḍī), the present tense (اَلْمُضَارِع al-muḍāriʿ) and the future tense. The future tense in Classical Arabic is formed by adding either the prefix سَـ sa- or the separate word سَوْفَ sawfa onto the beginning of the present tense verb, e.g. سَيَكْتُبُ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_verbs |
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | In view of the lack of internal resistance, it appeared that the chief danger to the new government lay in the possibility of a reaction inspired by the absent King Idris or his designated heir, Crown Prince Hasan, who had been taken into custody at the time of the coup along with other senior civil and military offici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Marinid Sultanate | The Marinids were eager patrons of Islamic scholarship and intellectual culture. It was in this period that the Qarawiyyin, the main center of learning in Fes, reached its apogee in terms of prestige, patronage, and intellectual scope.: 141 Additionally, the Marinids were prolific builders of madrasas, a type of insti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Berlin Conference | The principle of effective occupation stated that a power could acquire rights over colonial lands only if it possessed them or had effective occupation: if it had treaties with local leaders, flew its flag there, and established an administration in the territory to govern it with a police force to keep order. The col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference |
Persian art | A Persian miniature is a small painting on paper, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works called a muraqqa. The techniques are broadly comparable to the Western and Byzantine traditions of miniatures in illuminated manuscripts. Although there is an older Persi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_art |
War of Attrition | Israel's victory in the Six-Day War left the entirety of the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula up to the eastern bank of the Suez Canal under Israeli control. Egypt was determined to regain Sinai, and also sought to mitigate the severity of its defeat. Sporadic clashes were taking place along the cease-fire line, and Egyptian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Attrition |
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb | This development brought about a return of domestic order that allowed the caliph to resume the Islamic conquest of North Africa. It began with the renewed invasion of Ifriqiya. Gibbon writes:
the standard was delivered to Hassan governor of Egypt, and the revenue of that kingdom, with an army of forty thousand men, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb |
Syrian literature | Al Natour, Manal (2022). Home, identity, and place in Syrian literature: Maha Hassan's Drums of Love and Ghassan Jubbaʿi's Qahwat Al-General, Contemporary Levant, 7:1, 66-80, doi:10.1080/2022.2058717
Anis, Rida, Fozya Aldared, Bahriye Kemal & Agnes Woolley (2023). Diasporic Syrian women writers: stories of resilience a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_literature |
Amr ibn al-As | As early as 656/57, Amr and Mu'awiya persuaded Ibn Abi Hudhayfa, who had seized control of Egypt after Uthman's assassination, to meet them in al-Arish, where they took him captive in a ruse. Amr and Mu'awiya did not advance further than this point and Ibn Abi Hudhayfa was executed. Ali's second governor in Egypt, Qays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As |
Multi-National Force – Iraq | Italy – The original contingent consisted of about 3,200 troops, but on July 9, 2005, former PM Berlusconi announced that Italian soldiers would gradually be withdrawn in groups of 300. New Prime Minister Romano Prodi had pledged to withdraw the troops in his first speech to the senate and called the war "a grave mista... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq |
Abbasid Caliphate | The best-known fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights, a collection of fantastical folk tales, legends and parables compiled primarily during the Abbasid era. The collection is recorded as having originated from an Arabic translation of a Sassanian-era Persian prototype, with likely origins in In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Aja'ib al-Makhluqat | God created the birds because He knew that many people would deny the existence of flying creatures, especially the angels. Furthermore, Qazwini adds as proofs that God created birds with three wings, as He did the unicorn, the Indian ass with a horn or the bat without wings; why not angels? Among the birds Qazwini cla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat |
Nasir Khusraw | Bosworth, C. E. (1988). "Balḵ ii. From the Arab conquest to the Mongols.". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/6: Baḵtīārī tribe II–Banān. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 587–596. ISBN 978-0-71009-118-5.
Bosworth, C. E. (1990). "Čaḡrī Beg Dāwūd". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw |
Assyrians in Syria | Most of the current population of Assyrians in Hasakah dates back to the French Mandate of Syria, when refugees from the now-Turkish areas north of present-day Syria (such as Tur Abdin) were settled together with displaced Armenians who had survived the Assyrian genocide and Armenian genocide in the area by the authori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria |
Byzantine music | The former genre and glory of Romanos' kontakion was not abandoned by the reformers, even contemporary poets in a monastic context continued to compose new liturgical kontakia (mainly for the menaion), it likely preserved a modality different from Hagiopolitan oktoechos hymnography of the sticherarion and the heirmolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_music |
Malik | Primarily a malik is the ruling monarch of a kingdom, called mamlaka; that term is however also used in a broader sense, like realm, for rulers with another, generally lower titles, as in Sahib al-Mamlaka. Malik is also used for tribal leaders, e.g. among the Pashtuns.
Some Arab kingdoms are currently ruled by a Malik:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik |
Great power | Shifts of international power have most notably occurred through major conflicts. The conclusion of World War I and the resulting treaties of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly, Trianon, and Sèvres made Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States the chief arbiters of the new world order. The German Empire ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power |
Qalb | The Quran frequently employs the term "qalb" (heart), which appears 132 times, and at times substitutes it with similar terms. The word's root meaning denotes concepts of change, transformation, and fluctuation, implying that the heart is constantly in motion and may undergo reversal or alteration. The Quran uses the t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalb |
Punjabi language | When Pakistan was created in 1947, despite Punjabi being the majority language in West Pakistan and Bengali the majority in East Pakistan and Pakistan as whole, English and Urdu were chosen as the official languages. The selection of Urdu was due to its association with South Asian Muslim nationalism and because the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language |
Great Mosque of Kairouan | The Mosque of Uqba, one of the few religious buildings of Islam has remained intact almost all of its architectural and decorative elements, is due to the richness of its repertoire which is a veritable museum of Islamic decorative art and architecture. Most of the works on which rests the reputation of the mosque are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan |
Jannah | Muslim scholars differ on whether the Garden of Eden (jannāt ʿadni), in which Adam and Eve (Adam and Hawwa) dwelled before being expelled by God, is the same as the afterlife abode of the righteous believers: paradise. Most scholars in the early centuries of Islamic theology and the centuries onwards thought it was and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannah |
Water resources management in Egypt | Several ministries are involved in water resources management in Egypt. The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) plays a key role. It is in charge of development and management of water resources, and operating and maintaining dams, weirs, irrigation canals and drainage canals. It also monitors water quali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | On 25 January 1952, at a time of growing fedayeen attacks on British forces occupying the Suez Canal Zone, some 7,000 British soldiers attacked the main police station in the Canal city Ismailia. In the ensuing battle, which lasted two hours, 50 Egyptian policeman were killed, sparking outrage across Egypt, and the Cai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
Akhbari | It was Shahīd ath-Thānī (Zayn al-Din al-Juba'i al'Amili) who took the concept of Nā'ib al-'Amm to its logical conclusion in the religious sphere and applied it to all of the religious functions and prerogatives of the Hidden Imām. Thus the judicial authority of the ulamā' now became a direct reflection of the authority... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhbari |
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