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Banu Nadir | After defeat by the Quraish at the Mount Uhud in March, 625, the Banu Nadir challenged Muhammad as the leader of Medina.
In July of the same year, two men were killed by a Muslim named ʿAmr ibn Umayya al-Ḍamrī. Because he and the Banū al-Naḍīr were both obliged by virtue of an agreement with the Banū ʿĀmir to pay the b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Nadir |
Great Mosque of Kairouan | At the foundation of Kairouan in 670, the Arab general and conqueror Uqba ibn Nafi (himself the founder of the city) chose the site of his mosque in the center of the city, near the headquarters of the governor. Around 690, shortly after its construction, the mosque was destroyed during the occupation of Kairouan by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan |
Nubian pyramids | The Nubian pyramids were built over a period of a few hundred years to serve as tombs for the kings and queens and wealthy citizens of Napata and Meroë.
The first three sites are located around Napata in Lower Nubia, near the modern town of Karima. They were constructed using a shadoof counterbalanced lever hoist, of w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubian_pyramids |
Bactrian language | A major difficulty in determining Bactrian phonology is that affricates and voiced stops were not consistently distinguished from the corresponding fricatives in the Greek script.
Proto-Iranian *b, *d, *g have generally become spirants, as in most other Eastern Iranian languages. A distinctive feature of Bactrian, sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrian_language |
Central Bank of Iraq | After World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq's monetary system was administered by the British Mandate of Mesopotamia until 1931, when the Iraq Currency Board was established in London to issue the new Iraqi dinar and maintain its reserves. The Iraq Currency Board pursued a "conservative monetary p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq |
Berbers | Numidia (202 – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom in modern Algeria and part of Tunisia. It later alternated between being a Roman province and being a Roman client state. The kingdom was located on the eastern border of modern Algeria, bordered by the Roman province of Mauretania (in modern Algeria and Morocco) to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers |
Mamluk Sultanate | Barsbay died on 7 June 1438 and, per his wishes, was succeeded by his fourteen-year-old son, al-Aziz Yusuf, with a leading emir of Barsbay, Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq, appointed regent. The usual disputes over succession ensued and after three months Jaqmaq won and became sultan, exiling Yusuf to Alexandria. Jaqmaq maintained ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Oriental rug | In the early fourteenth century, Marco Polo wrote in the account of his travels about Anatolian rugs. Other thirteenth-century European travellers who journeyed to the court of the Mongol Empire were André de Longjumeau, William of Rubruck and Giovanni da Pian del Carpine with Benedykt Polak. None of them visited China... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_rug |
Richard Francis Burton | Burton had long had an interest in sexuality and some erotic literature. However, the Obscene Publications Act of 1857 had resulted in many jail sentences for publishers, with prosecutions being brought by the Society for the Suppression of Vice. Burton referred to the society and those who shared its views as Mrs Grun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton |
Abdul-Karim Qasim | During Qasim's term, there was much debate over whether Iraq should join the United Arab Republic, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Having dissolved the Hashemite Arab Federation with the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Qasim refused to allow Iraq to enter the federation, although his government recognized the republic and cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Qasim |
Arab world | The political borders of the Arab world have wandered, leaving Arab minorities in non-Arab countries of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa as well as in the Middle Eastern countries of Cyprus, Turkey and Iran, and also leaving non-Arab minorities in Arab countries. However, the basic geography of sea, desert and mountain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world |
Culture of Tunisia | The Bardo National Museum is one of the largest institutions of its kind in the Mediterranean, consisting of archaeological treasures from over several millennia by many cultures. The museum officially opened on May 7, 1888, and offers one of the finest and largest collections of mosaics of ancient Rome. The Archaeolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Tunisia |
Ben Gurion Airport | Terminal 3, which opened on 28 October 2004, replaced Terminal 1 as the main international gateway to and from Israel. The building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). Moshe Safdie & Associates and TRA (now Black and Veatch) designed a linking structure and the airside departure areas and gates. Ram Karmi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport |
Punic people | It is unclear when the Phoenicians began to seriously colonize North Africa. Writers in antiquity, such as Pliny the Elder, dated the beginning of the colonization efforts to the 12th and 11th centuries BC, as several legends describe interactions between Phoenician colonists and famous figures from the Trojan War, suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_people |
History of Yemen | In 2014, the Houthi movement, which had been waging an insurgency against the Yemeni government since 2004, began a gradual takeover of Yemen, defeating government forces in the Battle of Amran and the Battle of Sana'a (2014). Their advance continued throughout Yemen, prompting the start of the Saudi Arabian-led interv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Yemen |
Qibla | The qibla is the direction of the Kaaba, a cube-like building at the centre of the Sacred Mosque (al-Masjid al-Haram) in Mecca, in the Hijaz region of Saudi Arabia. Other than its role as qibla, it is also the holiest site for Muslims, also known as the House of God (Bayt Allah) and where the tawaf (the circumambulatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla |
Italian Somaliland | By 1935, Mogadishu began to serve as a major naval base and port for the Italians. Then Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini regarded Greater Somalia (La Grande Somalia) as the crown jewel in Italy's colonial empire on the continent. He viewed himself less as an invader than as a liberator of the occupied Somali te... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Somaliland |
Wahhabism | Pakistani poet Muhammad Iqbal praised the movement as an influential endeavour of Islamic Golden Age that campaigned to put an end to the general stagnation of Muslims, while saying that
The essential thing to note is the spirit of freedom manifested in it, though inwardly this movement, too, is conservative in its ow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Merv | Sassanian rule ended when the last Sassanian ruler, Yazdegerd III (632–651) was killed near the city and the Sassanian military governor surrendered to the approaching Arab army. Representatives of the caliph, Umar occupied the city, which became the capital of the Umayyad province of Khorasan. In 671, Ziyad ibn Abi Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merv |
Mohammed bin Salman | Mohammed took the leadership in the restructuring of Saudi Arabia's economy, which he officially announced in April 2016 when he introduced Vision 2030, the country's strategic orientation for the next 15 years. Vision 2030 plans to reform Saudi Arabia's economy towards a more diversified and privatised structure. It d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman |
Solomon's Temple | 1 Kings 8:10–66 and 2 Chronicles 6:1–42 recount the events of the temple's dedication. When the priests emerged from the holy of holies after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with an overpowering cloud that interrupted the dedication ceremony, "for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord [suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple |
Healthcare in the State of Palestine | To provide an informative overview of the current state of healthcare within the Palestinian Territories, some statistical information about the current system will provide greater clarity on the state of affairs. Currently, the Palestinian territories have approximately sixty hospitals and medical centers within the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Odaenathus | Odaenathus was married twice. Nothing is known about his first wife's name or fate. Zenobia was the King's second wife, whom he married in the late 250s when she was 17 or 18.
How many children Odaenathus had with his first wife is unknown and only one is attested:
Hairan I – Herodianus: the name Hairan appears on a 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odaenathus |
Zenobia | Less than a hundred years after Zenobia's reign, Athanasius of Alexandria called her a "Jewess" in his History of the Arians. In 391, archbishop John Chrysostom wrote that Zenobia was Jewish; so did a Syriac chronicler around 664 and bishop Bar Hebraeus in the thirteenth century. According to French scholar Javier Teix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia |
Syria Palaestina | During the 1st and 2nd centuries, Judaea became the epicenter of a series of unsuccessful large-scale Jewish rebellions against Rome, known as the Jewish-Roman Wars. The Roman suppression of these revolts led to wide-scale destruction, a very high toll of life and enslavement. The First Jewish-Roman War (66-73) resulte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina |
Alawi dynasty | Suleyman's successor, Abd al-Rahman (or Abderrahmane; ruled 1822–1859), tried to reinforce national unity by recruiting local elites of the country and orchestrating military campaigns designed to bolster his image as a defender of Islam against encroaching European powers. The French conquest of Algeria in 1830, howev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawi_dynasty |
Slavery | In the early 17th century, the majority of the labour in Barbados was provided by European indentured servants, mainly English, Irish and Scottish, with African and native American slaves providing little of the workforce. The introduction of sugar cane in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Pepi I Meryre | Trade with settlements along the Levantine coast, which had existed during the Fifth Dynasty, seems to have peaked under Pepi I and Pepi II. Their chief trade partner there might have been Byblos, where dozens of inscriptions on stone vessels showing Pepi's cartouches have been found, and a large alabaster vessel beari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre |
New York University | NYU has successfully completed a seven-year, $2.5 billion campaign, surpassing expectations by raising more than $3 billion over the seven-year period. Started in 2001, this campaign was the university's largest in its history, in which they planned to "raise $1 million per day for scholarships and financial aid, facul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University |
Sephardic Jewish cuisine | Sephardic Jewish cuisine underwent significant changes following the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, representing a pivotal moment for Sephardic Jews, who were faced with the choice of converting to Christianity or fleeing their homes. Many resettled across the Mediterranean, with a significant number finding ref... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine |
Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement | On August 16, 2020, Israel and the UAE inaugurated direct telephone services. The Emirati company APEX National Investment and Israel's Tera Group signed an agreement to partner in research on COVID-19, making it the first business deal signed between companies of the two nations since normalization of ties. The direct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement |
Islamic marital jurisprudence | An engagement may be arranged between families for their children, but Islamic requirements for a legal marriage include the requirement that both parties, bride, groom and guardian for the bride (wali), give their legal consent. A marriage without the consent of the bride or performed under coercion is illegal accordi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence |
Second Syrian Republic | The project of a new constitution was discussed by a Constituent Assembly elected in April 1928, but as the pro-independence National Bloc had won a majority and insisted on the insertion of several articles "that did not preserve the prerogatives of the mandatary power", the Assembly was dissolved on 9 August 1928. On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic |
Athena | Athena is associated with the city of Athens. The name of the city in ancient Greek is Ἀθῆναι (Athȇnai), a plural toponym, designating the place where—according to myth—she presided over the Athenai, a sisterhood devoted to her worship. In ancient times, scholars argued whether Athena was named after Athens or Athens a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena |
Lebanese Shia Muslims | Isma'ilism, or "Sevener Shi'ism", is a branch of Shia Islam which emerged in 765 from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad. Isma'ilis hold that Isma'il ibn Jafar was the true seventh imam, and not Musa al-Kadhim as the Twelvers believe. Isma'ili Shi'ism also differs doctrinally from Imami Shi'ism, having beli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims |
Delhi | Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 km2 in India. It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, NH 2, NH 8, NH 10 and NH 24. The Delhi–Mumbai and Delhi–Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral start from the city. The majority of the city's roads which are 60 ft (18 m) wide or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi |
Politics of Libya | Political parties were banned in Libya from 1972 until the removal of Gaddafi's government, and all elections were nonpartisan under law. However, during the revolution, the National Transitional Council (NTC), a body formed on 27 February 2011 by anti-Gaddafi forces to act as the "political face of the revolution", ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Libya |
Middle Persian | The consonant phonemes were the following:
A major distinction between the pronunciation of the early Middle Persian of the Arsacid period (until the 3rd century CE) and the Middle Persian of the Sassanid period (3rd – 7th century CE) is due to a process of consonant lenition after voiced sounds that took place during... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Persian |
Hadad | In religious texts, Ba‘al/Hadad is the lord of the sky who governs rain and crops, master of fertility and protector of life and growth. His absence brings drought, starvation, and chaos. Texts of the Baal Cycle from Ugarit are fragmentary and assume much background knowledge.
The supreme god El resides on Mount Lel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad |
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston | After nine months as acting Secretary while Balfour was at the Paris Peace Conference, Curzon was appointed Foreign Secretary in October 1919. He gave his name to the British government's proposed Soviet-Polish boundary, the Curzon Line of December 1919. Although during the subsequent Polish-Soviet War, Poland conquere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston |
Bishriyya | Specifically focusing on the Bishriyya school following the thoughts of Bishr ibn al-Mu'tamir, there were six distinctions between them and the general Mu'tazila doctrine.
They believed that senses like color, taste, and smell may stem from the secondary effects of man's actions. They've taken this from the naturalist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishriyya |
Regency of Algiers | The tribe was a primary social and political structure based upon family. Competition among tribes for land and water was mediated through a sense of unity based on consanguinity, shared Islamic faith and their economic need to trade with each other, preventing dangerous social frictions and allowing union against exte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Christian denomination | In the Eastern world, the largest body of believers in modern times is the Eastern Orthodox Church, sometimes imprecisely called "Greek Orthodox" because from the time of Christ through the Byzantine empire, Greek was its common language. However, the term "Greek Orthodox" actually refers to only one portion of the ent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denomination |
Sharia | Early Islamic law developed a number of legal concepts that anticipated similar such concepts that later appeared in English common law. Similarities exist between the royal English contract protected by the action of debt and the Islamic Aqd, between the English assize of novel disseisin and the Islamic Istihqaq, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Slavery | Slavery in Haiti started with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on the island in 1492. The practice was devastating to the native population. Following the indigenous Taíno's near decimation from forced labour, disease and war, the Spanish, under advisement of the Catholic priest Bartolomé de las Casas, and with the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Tafsir-i Kabir | A peculiar feature of this work is that the author claimed to have been divinely taught the meanings and purport of Quranic verses and chapters. Throughout the commentary he suggests the vital importance of the order in which chapters were arranged in the present form. The commentary stresses the importance of a number... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir-i_Kabir |
Regency of Algiers | Algiers' refusal to follow Ottoman foreign policy led European powers to negotiate treaties with it directly on trade, tribute and slave ransoms, recognizing Algerian autonomy despite its formal subordination to the Ottomans. Algiers used privateering as a foreign policy tool, playing its European counterparts against ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | Re-establishing Umayyad rule across the Caliphate was the major priority of Abd al-Malik. His initial focus was the reconquest of Iraq, the Caliphate's wealthiest province. Iraq was also home to a large population of Arab tribesmen, the group from which the Caliphate derived the bulk of its troops. In contrast, Egypt, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan |
Oman | Torture methods in use in Oman include mock execution, beating, hooding, solitary confinement, subjection to extremes of temperature and to constant noise, abuse and humiliation. There have been numerous reports of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by Omani security forces on protesters and det... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman |
Aram (region) | The Arameans appear to have displaced the earlier Semitic Amorite (Aḫlamū) populations of ancient Syria during the period from 1100 BC to 900 BC, which was a Dark Age for the entire Near East, North Africa, Caucasus, Mediterranean regions, with great upheavals and mass movements of people. The early history of the Aram... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_(region) |
Bible | The following list presents the books of Ketuvim in the order they appear in most current printed editions.
Tehillim (Psalms) תְהִלִּים is an anthology of individual Hebrew religious hymns.
Mishlei (Book of Proverbs) מִשְלֵי is a "collection of collections" on values, moral behaviour, the meaning of life and right con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible |
Arwa al-Sulayhi | In 1067, Ali al-Sulayhi was killed by the Najahid ruler of Zabid, Sa'id. Queen Asma was taken prisoner in Zabid along with several other women. Al-Mukarram Ahmad succeeded Ali as both king and da'i, bringing Arwa to the new rank of queen consort. Local rulers across Yemen were rising up in defiance of Sulayhid authorit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi |
15th century in literature | Early 15th c. – Henry Lovelich, English poet and translator from London
1405: 18 October – Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Italian erotic poet and novelist, later Pope Pius II (died 1464)
1406 – Matteo Palmieri, Florentine humanist and historian (died 1475)
1413 – Giosafat Barbaro, Venetian travel writer (died 1494)
c. 142... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century_in_literature |
Azali Assoumani | Assoumani became the President of the Council of State of the Comoros in 1999 after overthrowing interim president Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde in a coup d'état. His troops justified the coup on the basis of protecting territorial integrity after Massounde had begun negotiations with representatives of the island of An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azali_Assoumani |
Fez, Morocco | In 1069–1070 (or possibly a few years later), Fez was conquered by the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin. In the same year of this conquest, Yusuf ibn Tashfin unified Madinat Fas and al-ʿĀliyá into one city. The walls dividing them were destroyed, bridges connecting them were built or renovated, and a new circuit of w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Geography of Syria | The most striking feature of the climate is the contrast. Between the humid Mediterranean coast and the arid desert regions lies a semiarid steppe zone extending across three-quarters of the country and bordered on the west by the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and the Jabal an Nusayriyah, on the north by the Turkish mountain ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Syria |
Philosophy | Methods of philosophy are ways of conducting philosophical inquiry. They include techniques for arriving at philosophical knowledge and justifying philosophical claims as well as principles used for choosing between competing theories. A great variety of methods have been employed throughout the history of philosophy. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy |
1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine | Following the 'fiasco' of Mishmar HaEmek, Fawzi Al-Qawuqji ordered the Druze regiment of the Arab Liberation Army into action, to carry out diversion operations. Druze soldiers took position in several Arab villages 12 kilometres to the east of Haifa, whence they occasionally attacked traffic and Jewish settlements, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Bedouin | Prior to the 1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence, an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev desert. According to Encyclopedia Judaica, 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948; other sources put the number as low as 11,000. Another source states that in 1999 110,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin |
Suriname | Due to the variety of habitats and temperatures, biodiversity in Suriname is considered high. In October 2013, 16 international scientists researching the ecosystems during a three-week expedition in Suriname's Upper Palumeu River Watershed catalogued 1,378 species and found 60—including six frogs, one snake, and 11 fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname |
Christianity and Druze | Conversion of Druze to Christianity used to be common practice in the Levant region. Over the centuries, a number prominent Druze embraced Christianity, such as some of Shihab dynasty members, as well as the Abi-Lamma clan. Since emir Bashir III was among the Shehab princes who converted to Christianity at an earlier t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_Druze |
Anwar Sadat | The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout Egypt and the Arab World and, for many years after, Sadat was known as the "Hero of the Crossing". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat |
Ottoman Egypt | Ali went to war against the sultan on the pretext of chastising the ex-Mamluk Abdullah Pasha of Acre, for refusing to send back Egyptian fugitives from the effects of Muhammad Ali's reforms. The true reason was the refusal of Sultan Mahmud II to hand over Syria according to agreement.
For ten years from this date the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt |
Astarte | In various cultures Astarte was connected with some combination of the following spheres: war, sexuality, royal power, beauty, healing and - especially in Ugarit and Emar - hunting; however, known sources do not indicate she was a fertility goddess, contrary to opinions in early scholarship. Her symbol was the lion and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte |
Byzantine Empire | The ecclesiastical forms of Byzantine music—composed to Greek texts as ceremonial, festival, or church music—are today the most well-known forms. Ecclesiastical chants were a fundamental part of this genre. Greek and foreign historians agree that the ecclesiastical tones and in general the whole system of Byzantine mus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire |
Education in Saudi Arabia | Education is free for all students at all levels. The education system in Saudi Arabia is primarily under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education and the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC). Other authorities such as the Ministry of Defense and Aviation, the Presidency of the National Guard, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Mu'tazilism | During the Abbasid dynasty, the poet, theologian, and jurist, Ibrahim an-Nazzam founded a madhhab called the Nazzamiyya that rejected the authority of Hadiths by Abu Hurayra. His famous student, Al-Jahiz, was also critical of those who followed such Hadiths, referring to his Hadithist opponents as al-nabita ("the conte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilism |
Kharijites | Many Kharijites were well-versed in traditional Arabic eloquence and poetry, which the orientalist Giorgio Levi Della Vida attributes to the majority of their early leaders being from Bedouin stock. The sermons and poems of many Kharijite leaders were compiled into collections (diwans). Kharijite poetry is mainly conce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Northern Cyprus | The share of the transport and communications industry in the GDP of Northern Cyprus is constantly varying; it decreased from 12.1% in 2008 to 8.5% in 2011, but rose again to 9.3% in 2012.
Air transport is a major route of entry into Northern Cyprus. The country is home to two airports, the Ercan International Airport ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus |
Raqqa | In the 16th century, Raqqa again entered the historical record as an Ottoman customs post on the Euphrates. The eyalet (province) of Raqqa was created in 1586. However, the capital of the eyalet and seat of the Wāli was not Raqqa but Al-Ruha', which is about 160 kilometres (99 mi) north of Raqqa. In the 17th century th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqqa |
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict | The first chapter of the Iraqi–Kurdish dispute followed the end of World War I and the arrival of British forces. Mahmud Barzanji began secession attempts in 1919 and in 1922 proclaimed the short-lived Kingdom of Kurdistan. Though Mahmud's insurrections were defeated, another Kurdish sheikh, Ahmed Barzani, began to act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict |
Sultan Isa Medrese | The long southern façade of the building is easily visible, arranged along a street on higher ground overlooking the city below. The other sides of the building are largely obscured by the sloping terrain around it. The two fluted domes of the complex, visible from the outside, correspond to the mosque and the mausoleu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Isa_Medrese |
Ibn al-Bawwab | The sole surviving Qur'an penned by Ibn al-Bawwab, housed at the Chester Beatty Library, is the earliest example of a paper-based Qur'an manuscript. Representing a transition from Kufic or semi-Kufic Qur'ans transcribed on parchment or vellum, the Chester Beatty manuscript is written fully in rounded, cursive script on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Bawwab |
Sayf al-Dawla | Sayf al-Dawla has remained to modern times one of the best-known medieval Arab leaders. His bravery and leadership of the war against the Byzantines, despite the heavy odds against him, his literary activities and patronage of poets which lent his court an unmatched cultural brilliance, the calamities which struck him ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla |
Battle of Uhud | A group of approximately 1,000 Muslim men set out northward from Madinah toward Mount Uhud late on Friday, 21 December 624. Early the next morning, they took a position on the lower slopes of the hill of Uhud. Shortly before the battle commenced, 'Abdallah ibn Ubayy, chief of the Khazraj, along with 300 other men, with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud |
Apostasy | The term atrocity story, also referred to as an atrocity tale, as it is defined by the American sociologists David G. Bromley and Anson D. Shupe refers to the symbolic presentation of action or events (real or imaginary) in such a context that they are made flagrantly to violate the (presumably) shared premises upon wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy |
Israeli disengagement from Gaza | The disengagement began with Operation "Yad l'Achim" (Hebrew: מבצע יד לאחים, "Giving brothers a hand").
The aim of the operation was to give the Gush Katif settlers the option to leave voluntarily. IDF soldiers helped the settlers who chose to do so by packing their belongings and carrying them. During the operation, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza |
Faifi language | The consonant inventory of Faifi is as follows according to both Alfaifi & Behnstedt (2010), Alfaife (2018) and Alaslani (2017); allophones are in parentheses and phonemes attested only in Alaslani (2017) are in brackets:
Some important features regarding consonant inventory of Faifi include:
The phoneme /ðˤ/ is atte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faifi_language |
Women in Islam | While Islam has sometimes been lauded for a historically more progressive portrayal of women, there are differing viewpoints on the fairness of its personal status laws and criminal code as they pertain to women. Islam's patriarchal values continue to be a subject of debate, with the understanding that these values exh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Hiran, Somalia | Somalia's civil war started around 1990. Since 1994, the Sharia law has been increasingly applied in Hiran.: 20
In June 1995, Mohamed Farrah Aidid declared himself president of Somalia and attempted to rule Hiran, but was ousted by local clans in late 1995.: 8
According to a 1998 report, Hiran is considered a relativ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia |
List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world | 15th century
Iznik pottery: Produced in Ottoman Turkey as early as the 15th century AD. It consists of a body, slip, and glaze, where the body and glaze are "quartz-frit." The "frits" in both cases "are unusual in that they contain lead oxide as well as soda"; the lead oxide would help reduce the thermal expansion coef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Sin (mythology) | A number of sources attest the existence of a tradition in which Sin was regarded as the sole head of the Mesopotamian pantheon or a deity equal in rank to the traditional kings of the gods, Anu and Enlil. According to Wilfred G. Lambert, most of the evidence for this view postdates the reign of Meli-Shipak II, and ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(mythology) |
Ba'ath Party | The disillusionment felt among party members on the pan-Arab project, led to the radicalization of the party's interpretation of socialism. Yasin al-Hafiz, a former member of the Syrian Communist Party, was an early frontrunner for the party's radicalization. While he didn't oppose the pan-Arab project, he wanted to tu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party |
Italian Libya | In 1939 some Libyans were granted special (though limited) Italian citizenship by Royal Decree No. 70 on 9 January 1939. This citizenship was necessary for any Libyan with ambitions to rise in the military or civil organizations. The recipients were officially referred to as Moslem Italians. Libya had become "the fourt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Libya |
Bullfighting | In Bolivia, bulls are not killed nor injured with any sticks. The goal of Bolivian toreros is to provoke the bull with taunts without getting harmed themselves.
In El Seibo Province of the Dominican Republic bullfights are not about killing or harming the animal, but taunting and evading it until it is tired.
In Canada... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfighting |
Islamic banking and finance | The Islamic Interbank Money Market was established by Bank Negara Malaysia on 3 January 1994, and has developed instruments to manage the liquidity needs of the Islamic financial institutions – "funding and adjusting portfolios over the short term".
The Islamic Financial Services Board was founded on 3 November 2002 at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent | To make sense of the continuous, systematic and multi-dimensional persecution of the Shias of Pakistan, Abbas Zaidi has applied model of genocide to the phenomena, what he terms as a slow-genocide, a term used by Nobel Laureates Professor Amartya Sen and Desmond Tutu for describing the plight of the Rohingya. In 1996, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_the_Indian_subcontinent |
Shia Islam | The Idrisids (Arabic: الأدارسة) were Arab Zaydī Shias whose dynasty, named after its first sultan, Idris I, ruled in the western Maghreb from 788 to 985 CE. Another Zaydī State was established in the region of Gilan, Deylaman, and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864 CE by the Alavids; it lasted until the death of its lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Houthi movement | In course of the Yemeni Civil War, the Houthis developed tactics to combat their opponents' navies. At first, their anti-ship operations were unsophisticated and limited to rocket-propelled grenades being shot at vessels close to the shore. In the fight to secure the port city of Aden in 2015, the Yemeni Navy was large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_movement |
Sibawayh | In a story from the debate held by the Abbasid vizier Yahya ibn Khalid of Baghdad on standard Arabic usage, Sibawayh, representing the Basra school of grammar, and al-Kisa'i, one of the canonical Quran readers and the leading figure in the rival school of Kufa, had a dispute on the following point of grammar, which lat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibawayh |
Printemps | The first Printemps store, now commonly known as "Printemps Haussmann", was opened on 3 November 1865 under the name "Grands Magasins du Printemps" (abbreviated as "Au Printemps") by Jules Jaluzot his wife Augustine Jaluzot and Jean-Alfred Duclos. The store was located on the corner of Rue du Havre and Boulevard Haussm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printemps |
Middle Ages | The average annual temperature began declining c. 1200, gradually introducing the Little Ice Age. Climate anomalies caused agricultural crises, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–1317. Starving peasants slaughtered their draft animals, and survivors had to make extraordinary efforts to revive farming. This was fol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Yemeni Armed Forces | When the Republican Government took power in a coup much of the stability and any remaining professionalism in the army was destroyed. The new government had to build a new army to fight the royalist insurgents. First training centers and recruitment offices were established in every province. The Egyptians played a re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces |
Iraqi Armed Forces | The Iraqi Army, officially the Iraqi Ground Forces (Arabic: القوات البرية العراقية), is the ground force component of the Iraqi Armed Forces. It was known as the Royal Iraqi Army up until the coup of July 1958.
The Iraqi Army in its modern form was first created by the United Kingdom during the inter-war period of Brit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces |
State of Palestine | The defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I resulted in the dismantling of their rule. In 1920, the League of Nations granted Britain the mandate to govern Palestine, leading to the subsequent period of British administration. In 1917, Jerusalem was captured by British forces led by General Allenby, marking the end... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine |
Al-Walid I | According to the historian Giorgio Levi Della Vida, "The caliphate of al-Walīd saw the harvest of the seed planted by the long work of ʿAbd al-Malik". In the assessment of Shaban: Walīd I's reign (705–15/86–96) was in every way a direct continuation of his father's and was unruffled. Ḥajjāj remained in power, in fact ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I |
Wars of Alexander the Great | The Battle of Issus took place in southern Anatolia on November 333 BC. After Alexander's forces defeated the Persians at the Battle of the Granicus, Darius took personal charge of his army, gathered a large army from the depths of the empire, and maneuvered to cut the Greek line of supply, requiring Alexander to count... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great |
Deir Yassin massacre | In 1949, despite protests, the Jerusalem neighborhood of Givat Shaul Bet was built on what had been Deir Yassin's land, now considered part of Har Nof, an Orthodox area. Historian Tom Segev writes that "Several hundred guests came to the opening ceremony, including the Ministers Kaplan and Shapira, as well as the Chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre |
Ons Jabeur | Jabeur participated in both tournaments of the Charleston Open, reaching the semifinal at the Volvo Car Open, and the final of the second, the MUSC Health Women's Open, which she lost to Australian Astra Sharma. She reached a career-high ranking of world No. 24 on 10 May 2021. Seeded 25th at the French Open, she took h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ons_Jabeur |
World War I | Upon mobilisation, 80% of the German Army was located on the Western Front, with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East; officially titled Aufmarsch II West, it is better known as the Schlieffen Plan after its creator, Alfred von Schlieffen, head of the German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. Rather than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
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