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Tunisian revolution | President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali had ruled Tunisia since 1987, mostly as a one-party state with the Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD), following the overthrowing of his predecessor Habib Bourguiba. His government was characterised by the development of Tunisia's private sector in favor of foreign investment, and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_revolution |
Salafi movement | Further along the spectrum are the Salafi-Activists (or haraki) who advocate the transformation of societies through political action. They include Islamist organizations such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Hizb al-Nour (Party of Light), the Al Islah Party of Yemen, the Al Asalah of Bahrain, and the ulema affiliat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem | A gallery in the museum also displays the David Salomons clock and watch collection. Salomons was the nephew of the first Jewish Lord Mayor of London.
On 15 April 1983, some 200 items, including paintings and dozens of rare clocks and watches, were stolen when the museum was burgled. Among the stolen timepieces was the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem |
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine | January 2 – A British soldier was killed when the Bren gun carrier he was riding was hit by a mine. The Irgun also launched a flamethrower attack against a military car park in Tiberias.
January 8 - Twelve Irgun members were arrested in Rishon LeZion.
January 5 – Eleven British soldiers were injured in a grenade attack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Samaritans | The narratives in Genesis about the rivalries among the twelve sons of Jacob are viewed by some as describing tensions between north and south. According to the Hebrew Bible, they were temporarily united under a United Monarchy, but after the death of Solomon, the kingdom split in two, the northern Kingdom of Israel wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans |
Abiy Ahmed | Following three years of protest and unrest, on 15 February 2018 the Ethiopian Prime Minister, Hailemariam Desalegn, announced his resignation – which included his resignation from the post of EPRDF chairman.
With the EPRDF's large majority in Parliament, its EPRDF chairman was all but assured of becoming the next Prim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed |
Sand cat | The sand cat inhabits both sandy and stony deserts. It is widely but not contiguously distributed in the deserts of North Africa and Southwest and Central Asia.
It prefers flat or undulating terrain with sparse vegetation of grasses or small bushes; it avoids bare and shifting sand dunes, where little prey is available... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_cat |
Drum | The shell almost always has a circular opening over which the drumhead is stretched, but the shape of the remainder of the shell varies widely. In the Western musical tradition, the most usual shape is a cylinder, although timpani, for example, use bowl-shaped shells. Other shapes include a frame design (tar, Bodhrán),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum |
Ba'athism | Ba'athism originated in the political thought of Syrian philosophers Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, and Zaki Arsuzi. They are considered the founders of the ideology, despite forming different organizations. In the 1940s, Bitar and Aflaq co-founded the Ba'ath Party, while Arsuzi founded the Arab National Party an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
Christopher Columbus | On 9 May 1502, Columbus left Cádiz with his flagship Santa María and three other vessels. The ships were crewed by 140 men, including his brother Bartholomew as second in command and his son Fernando. He sailed to Asilah on the Moroccan coast to rescue Portuguese soldiers said to be besieged by the Moors. The siege had... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus |
Farag Foda | On 8 June 1992, Foda, after leaving his office, was shot dead by two assassins. His son and other bystanders were seriously wounded in the attack. The two gunmen had reportedly been "monitoring Farag Foda’s movements and watching his house in al-Nuzha area in Heliopolis for several weeks". The jihadist group Al-Gama'a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farag_Foda |
Fatimid Caliphate | Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.
Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
History of slavery in the Muslim world | Bernard Lewis writes: "In one of the sad paradoxes of human history, it was the humanitarian reforms brought by Islam that resulted in a vast development of the slave trade inside, and still more outside, the Islamic empire." He notes that the Islamic injunctions against the enslavement of Muslims led to the massive im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world |
Arabic miniature | The following manuscripts are listed in a chronological order, it should be noted however that the date estimates of a codex may be concurrent or similar to those of other manuscripts due to the wide range of date estimates offered by radiocarbon dating:
The Birmingham Quran manuscript is a parchment on which two leave... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_miniature |
Invasion of Algiers (1775) | By June the task force that had been assembled was enormous, with seven ships of the line, twelve frigates, twenty-seven gunboats, five hulks, nine feluccas, four mortar boats, seven galleys and three smaller warships, along with two hundred and thirty transport ships. Twenty thousand soldiers, sailors and marines comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775) |
Mediterranean cuisine | The concept of a Mediterranean cuisine is very recent, probably dating from the publication of David's A Book of Mediterranean Food (1950). David herself did not use the term, speaking instead of Mediterranean "food", "cookery", or "cooking". The usefulness of the concept is disputed. Carol Helstosky, author of the boo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine |
Authoritarianism | Since 2005, observers noted what some have called a "democratic recession", although some such as Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way have disputed that there was a significant democratic decline before 2013. In 2018, the Freedom House declared that from 2006 to 2018 "113 countries" around the world showed "a net decline" in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism |
History of the Middle East | The modern Middle East was shaped by three things: departure of European powers, the founding of Israel, and the growing importance of the oil industry. These developments eventually led to increased U.S. involvement in the region. The United States was the ultimate guarantor of the region's stability as well as the do... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East |
Copts | Religious freedom in Egypt is hampered to varying degrees by discriminatory and restrictive government policies. Coptic Christians, being the largest religious minority in Egypt, are also negatively affected. Copts have faced increasing marginalization after the 1952 coup d'état led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Until recentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts |
17 October Revolution | On 2 March 2021, the Lebanese pound hit a new record against the dollar at L.L.10.000 to one dollar. Some areas in Lebanon have been reported to be experiencing power cuts for more than 12 hours a day because of the delay in the provision of fuel shipments, which has been caused by a shortage of hard currency. During t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution |
Arabic | Like other Semitic languages, and unlike most other languages, Arabic makes much more use of nonconcatenative morphology, applying many templates applied to roots, to derive words than adding prefixes or suffixes to words.
For verbs, a given root can occur in many different derived verb stems, of which there are about ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Arabic | The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of diglossia, which is the normal use of two separate varieties of the same language, usually in different social situations. Tawleed is the process of giving a new shade of meaning to an old classical word. Fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
Astarte | In Carthage and in Phoenico-Punic Africa in general, the goddess Tanit appears to have displaced ʿAštart and taken over her roles, due to which she became called 𐤕𐤍𐤕 𐤐𐤍 𐤁𐤏𐤋 (Tinnit panē Baʿl, lit. 'Tanit-Face-of-Baal'), who was often paired with the supreme Carthaginian god Baal Hammon.
Although the goddess ʿA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte |
Bedouin | A widely quoted Bedouin apothegm is "I am against my brother, my brother and I are against my cousin, my cousin and I are against the stranger" sometimes quoted as "I and my brother are against my cousin, I and my cousin are against the stranger." This saying signifies a hierarchy of loyalties based on the proximity of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin |
Tourism in Libya | The Sahara desert represents more than 92% of Libyan territory, more than any other North African country. This provided an important resource with many tourist attractions and landmarks. Highlights included the superb pre-historic rock art sites of the Acacus Mountains (contiguous with the Tassili n’Ajjer in adjacent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Libya |
Operation Opera | After the approval for Operation Opera, the Israelis began to plan their mission against Osirak. The basic procedure for the airstrike had been formulated as early as 1979. However, the Israelis needed photographic intelligence about the layout of the plant. That task allegedly fell to the Iranians. Rather than carryin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Opera |
Almohad Caliphate | The Almohads had taken control of the Almoravid Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147. The Almohads rejected the mainstream Islamic doctrine that established the status of dhimmi, a Non-Muslim resident of a Muslim country who was allowed to practice his religion on condition of submission to Muslim rule and payme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Afghanistan | By the early 19th century the Afghan empire was under threat from the Persians in the west and the Sikh Empire in the east. Fateh Khan, leader of the Barakzai tribe, installed many of his brothers in positions of power throughout the empire. Fateh Khan was brutally murdered in 1818 by Mahmud Shah. As a result, the brot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan |
Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) | The first pro-Iraqi activities was in 1968, but it was organizationally established in 1972. The Mauritanian Ba'athist divide their history into two phases: founding (1976–1982) and deployment (1982–1990). There is little available information on the 1968–1970 period and Ba'athist activity started in earnest in the ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction) |
Islam and blasphemy | A number of verses in the Qur'an have been interpreted as relating to blasphemy. In these verses God admonishes those who commit blasphemy. Some verses are cited as evidence that the Qur'an does not prescribe punishments for blasphemy, while other verses are cited as evidence that it does.
The only verse that directly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy |
Al-Shabaab (militant group) | According to the International Crisis Group, Salafism has been the core unifying principle of al-Shabaab, although this principle is not interpreted uniformly by the group's members and leaders. In particular, al-Shabaab officially and generally advocates a form of Salafi jihadism with transnational aims, linking Somal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group) |
Hamas | The vision that Hamas has unfolded in its original 1988 charter – as several author have noted – seems similar to, and (partly) the mirror image of, the vision of certain Zionist groups concerning nearly the same territory, and might even have been derived from, or inspired by, those Zionist views.
Several (other) auth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas |
Fatimid Caliphate | After al-Aziz's unexpected death, his young son al-Mansur, 11 years old, was installed on the throne as al-Hakim. Hasan ibn Ammar, the leader of the Kalbid clan in Egypt, a military veteran, and one of the last remaining members of al-Mu'izz's old guard, initially became regent, but he was soon forced to flee by Barjaw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Mauritania | In December 1984 Haidallah was deposed by Colonel Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who, while retaining tight military control, relaxed the political climate. Ould Taya moderated Mauritania's previous pro-Algerian stance, and re-established ties with Morocco during the late 1980s. He deepened these ties during the late 199... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania |
Mamluk Sultanate | By the time the Mamluks took power, Arabic had already been established as the language of religion, culture and the bureaucracy in Egypt, and was widespread among non-Muslim communities there as well. Arabic's wide usage among Muslim and non-Muslim commoners had likely been motivated by their aspiration to learn the l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Battle of Opis | The Babylonian defeat at Opis appears to have ended any serious resistance to the Persian invasion. The Nabonidus Chronicle states that following the battle, "on the fourteenth day [6 October] Sippar was captured without battle. Nabonidus fled." The chronicle's wording implies that Nabonidus was present in Sippar when ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Opis |
Latin translations of the 12th century | David the Jew (c. 1228–1245) translated the works of al-Razi (Rhazes) into Latin. Arnaldus de Villa Nova's (1235–1313) translations include the works of Galen and Avicenna (Including his Maqala fi Ahkam al-Adwiya al-Qalbiya as De Viribus Cordis), the De Medicinis Simplicibus by Abu al-Salt (Albuzali), and Costa ben Luc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century |
Ahmadiyya | Soon after the death of the first caliph, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad was elected as the second caliph, in accordance with the will of his predecessor. However, a faction led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din strongly opposed his succession and refused to accept him as the next caliph, which soon l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya |
Mappila songs | The early 20th century witnessed the growing influence of Malayalam in the Mappilappattu genre. This period was characterized by the rise of theological reform movements and nationalist mobilization in the Malabar. Songs of the era also involved themes of Pan-Indian nationalism and the Independence movement against the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappila_songs |
Arabic language influence on the Spanish language | nabí: Prophet among arabs. From Arabic nabiy [nabijː] ().
nácar: Innermost of the three layers of a seashell. From Catalan nacre, derived from Arabic naqra[ʔlnːaqr] (), small drum.
nácara: Type of small metallic drum used historically by the Spanish cavalry. Same etymology as nacar.
nacarar: The process of browning ric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language_influence_on_the_Spanish_language |
French Algeria | The most serious native insurrection since the time of Abd al Qadir broke out in 1871 in Kabylia and spread through much of Algeria. The revolt was triggered by Crémieux's extension of civil (that is, colon) authority to previously self-governing tribal reserves and the abrogation of commitments made by the military go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Qatar diplomatic crisis | According to Qatar-based Al Jazeera and the American FBI, the Qatar News Agency website and other government media platforms were hacked in May 2017 resulting in postings on the official Qatar News Agency website of faked remarks attributed to the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, expressing support for I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis |
Yom Kippur War | Israeli forces were by now pouring across the canal on two bridges, including one of Israeli design, and motorized rafts. Israeli engineers under Brigadier-General Dan Even had worked under heavy Egyptian fire to set up the bridges, and over 100 were killed and hundreds more wounded. The crossing was difficult because ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War |
History of Islamic economics | Perhaps the best known Islamic scholar who wrote about economics was Ibn Khaldun of Tunisia (1332–1406), who is considered a forerunner of modern economists. Ibn Khaldun wrote on economic and political theory in the introduction, or Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), of his History of the World (Kitab al-Ibar). In the book, h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics |
Saint Joseph University of Beirut | In 1839, French Jesuit missionaries came to Beirut and established a modest French catholic school. Later, in 1855, the Jesuits missionaries founded a bigger seminary-college in Ghazir. The seminary moved to Beirut in 1875, where it merged with the first school established earlier in 1839. Public authorities quickly gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University_of_Beirut |
Succession to the 52nd Dai al-Mutlaq | On 27 January, Justice Patel asked Senior Counsel Mr. Iqbal Chagla to submit the Defendant's list of witnesses, with a view to beginning cross-examination of the Defendant and their witnesses in April 2020. The lawyers appearing for Mufaddal Saifuddin confirmed that he will not be appearing as a witness.
Cross-examinat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_52nd_Dai_al-Mutlaq |
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan | Mohamed regards the United States as his chief ally and has a strong relationship with United States diplomats including US former Secretary of Defence Jim Mattis and US former national security advisor and counter-terrorism expert Richard A. Clarke. As unpaid advisers, Mohamed consults them and follows their advice on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan |
Caspian Sea | In 2000, negotiations as to the demarcation of the sea had been going on for nearly a decade among all the states bordering it. Whether it was by law a sea, a lake, or an agreed hybrid, the decision would set the demarcation rules and was heavily debated. Access to mineral resources (oil and natural gas), access for fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea |
Alodia | The existence of 400 churches has been recorded throughout the kingdom; most have yet to be located. Only seven have been identified so far, given the simple names of church "A", "B", "C", "E", the "Mound C" church in Soba, the church in Saqadi and the temple-church in Musawwarat as-Sufra. A hypothetical church was rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia |
Nuri al-Said | In November 1946, an oil workers' strike culminated in a massacre of the strikers by the police, and Nuri was brought back as premier. He briefly brought the Liberals and National Democrats into the cabinet, but soon reverted to the more repressive approach he generally favoured, ordering the arrest of numerous communi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Said |
Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi | Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was born in 1506 and hailed from the lowlands of Hubat in the Adal Sultanate. The ethnicity of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim is disputed, with historians regarding him as either an ethnic Somali a Harla/Harari, or a Balaw. Ahmad spent a great deal of time in the city of Harar. Due to the secular rule of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi |
Islamic art | For a long time, Islam was considered aniconic. Existing pictures among the Muslim royalty have been described as an "abberation" by Sir Thomas Arnold and ascribed to only a later Persinate and Turkic cultural period. However, figurative arts existed since the formative stage of Islam. Such arts have been boasted by Ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art |
Ayman Nour | Nour was the first person to ever compete against President Hosni Mubarak in the 2005 presidential election. Shortly after announcing his candidacy for president, Nour was stripped of his parliamentary immunity and arrested on 29 January 2005. He was charged with forging PAs (Powers of Attorney) to secure the formation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_Nour |
Cristóvão da Gama | After this crushing defeat at the hands of the Ottomans, he returned with his brother back to Massawa on May 22, 1541, to rejoin the ships they had left there. While at Massawa, his brother Estêvão da Gama attempted to salvage something from this expedition by dispatching an expeditionary force under Cristóvão to assi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_da_Gama |
History of Islamic economics | The waqf in Islamic law, which developed in the medieval Islamic world from the 7th to 9th centuries, bears a notable resemblance to the English trust law. Every waqf was required to have a waqif (founder), mutawillis (trustee), qadi (judge) and beneficiaries. Under both a waqf and a trust, "property is reserved, and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics |
Sukarno | In 1960 Sukarno began an aggressive foreign policy to secure Indonesian territorial claims. In August of that year, he broke off diplomatic relations with the Netherlands over the continuing failure to commence talks on the future of Netherlands New Guinea, as was agreed at the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno |
Ibn Taymiyya | One of Ibn Taymiyya's most famous fatwas are regarding the Mongols who had conquered and destroyed the Abbasid caliphate in 1258 and had then converted to Islam. Once they were in control the town of Mardin, they behaved unjustly with their subjects so the people of Mardin asked Ibn Taymiyya for a legal verdict regardi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya |
List of Assyrian kings | Incomplete king-lists have been recovered from three of the major ancient Assyrian capitals (Assur, Dur-Sharrukin and Nineveh). The three lists are largely consistent with each other, all originally copies of a single original list, and are based on the yearly appointments of limmy-officials (the eponymous officials fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Sine and cosine | Using the unit circle definition has the advantage of drawing a graph of sine and cosine functions. This can be done by rotating counterclockwise a point along the circumference of a circle, depending on the input
θ
>
0
{\displaystyle \theta >0}
. In a sine fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine |
Palestinian Declaration of Independence | The declaration was accompanied by a PNC call for multilateral negotiations on the basis of UN Security Council Resolution 242. This call was later termed "the Historic Compromise", as it implied acceptance of the "two-state solution", namely that it no longer questioned the legitimacy of the State of Israel. The PNC's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence |
Sayyid Qutb | Qutb had influence on Islamic insurgent/terror groups in Egypt and elsewhere. His influence on al-Qaeda was felt through his writing, his followers and especially through his brother, Muhammad Qutb, who moved to Saudi Arabia following his release from prison in Egypt and became a professor of Islamic Studies and edite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb |
Aelius Gallus | Aelius Gallus was the 2nd praefect of Roman Egypt (Aegyptus) in the reign of Augustus during the years 26–24 BC. He replaced Cornelius Gallus, with whom he has often been confused.
Aelius Gallus was also known to be an intimate friend of the Greek geographer Strabo and has been identified with the Aelius Gallus frequen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelius_Gallus |
Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) | Late on 15 June, after repeated assaults, an insurgent assault, primarily led by the Naqshbandi Army and former Ba'athists, captured Tal Afar and its nearby airbase The defenders, composed largely of Shia Turkmen and soldiers retreating from Mosul, escaped to Kurdish-controlled territory. During the fighting for Tal Af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014) |
Nabataeans | The extent of Nabataean trade resulted in cross-cultural influences that reached as far as the Red Sea coast of southern Arabia. The major gods worshiped at Petra were notably Dushara and Al-‘Uzzá. Dushara was the supreme deity of the Nabataean Arabs, and was the official god of the Nabataean Kingdom who enjoyed specia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataeans |
Shia Islam | In the Nizārī Ismāʿīlī interpretation of Shia Islam, the Imam is the guide and the intercessor between humans and God, and the individual through whom God is recognized. He is also responsible for the esoteric interpretation of the Quran (taʾwīl). He is the possessor of divine knowledge and therefore the "Prime Teacher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Fidel Castro | Castro formed a group called "The Movement" which operated along a clandestine cell system, publishing underground newspaper El Acusador (The Accuser), while arming and training anti-Batista recruits. From July 1952 they went on a recruitment drive, gaining around 1,200 members in a year, the majority from Havana's poo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro |
2013 Egyptian coup d'état | On 14 August 2013, Egyptian security forces raided two camps of protesters in Cairo: one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Mosque. The two sites had been occupied by supporters of ousted President Mohamed Morsi, who was removed from office by the military after mass street protests for and against... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat |
Jizya | Jizya is sanctioned by the Qur'an based on the following verse:
1. "Fight those who believe not in God and the Last Day" (qātilū-lladhīna lā yuʾminūna bi-llāhi wa-lā bi-l-yawmi-l-ākhir).
Commenting on this verse, Muhammad Sa'id Ramadan al-Buti says:[T]he verse commands qitāl (قتال) and not qatl (قتل), and it is known... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizya |
Sasanian Empire | Conflicting accounts shroud the details of the fall of the Parthian Empire and subsequent rise of the Sassanian Empire in mystery. The Sassanian Empire was established in Estakhr by Ardashir I.
Ardashir's father, Papak, was originally the ruler of a region called Khir. However, by 200, Papak had managed to overthrow Go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Battle of al-Mazraa | Following the French defeat at al-Kafr, General Michaud prepared a punitive expedition from his Damascus headquarters to move against the Druze. The total number of French troops has been estimated at 3,500. By 29 July, al-Atrash's rebels had destroyed railroad tracks at al-Mismiyya between Damascus and Daraa and parts... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_al-Mazraa |
Avicenna | While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "floating man"—literally falling man—a thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the sou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna |
Zafar, Yemen | From an archaeological perspective, the settlement's beginnings are little known. The main sources consist of Old South Arabian Musnad inscriptions dated as early as the 1st century BCE. It is mentioned by Pliny in his Natural History, in the anonymous Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (both 1st century CE) as well as in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafar,_Yemen |
Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s | Bahraini author Saeed al-Shehabi criticized the view of some Bahraini nationalists who opposed the reforms because of their opposition to the British. He argued that the oppression of Baharnah by Shaikh Isa's administration and the Sunni tribes required the abdication of Shaikh Isa. Al-Shehabi opposed appointing Shaikh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_administrative_reforms_of_the_1920s |
Cremation | Despite being an obvious source of carbon emissions, cremation does have environmental advantages over burial, depending on local practice. Studies by Elisabeth Keijzer for the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Research found that cremation has less of an environmental impact than a traditional burial (the study did... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation |
Thalassemia | The beta form of thalassemia is particularly prevalent among Mediterranean peoples, and this geographical association is responsible for its original name. Thalassemia resulted in 25,000 deaths in 2013 down from 36,000 deaths in 1990.
In Europe, the highest concentrations of the disease are found in Greece, coastal reg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassemia |
Marinid Sultanate | After the Nasrids of Granada ceded the town of Algeciras to the Marinids, Abu Yusuf went to Al-Andalus to support the ongoing struggle against the Kingdom of Castile. The Marinid dynasty then tried to extend its control to include the commercial traffic of the Strait of Gibraltar.
It was in this period that Iberian Chr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Crusades | The Seventh Crusade (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by Louis IX of France. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, its objective was to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Middle East, then under as-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil. The Crusade wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Muhammad Ali of Egypt | In compensation for his loss at Navarino, Muhammad Ali asked the Porte for the territory of Syria. The Ottomans were indifferent to the request; the Sultan himself asked blandly what would happen if Syria was given over and Muhammad Ali later deposed. But Muhammad Ali was no longer willing to tolerate Ottoman indiffere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt |
Monotheism | The orthodox faith system held by most dynasties of China since at least the Shang dynasty (1766 BCE) until the modern period centered on the worship of Shangdi (literally "Above Sovereign", generally translated as "High-god") or Heaven as a supreme being, standing above other gods. This faith system pre-dated the deve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism |
Hafez al-Assad | Hafez called his domestic reforms a corrective movement, and it achieved some results. He tried to modernize Syria's agricultural and industrial sectors; one of his main achievements was the completion of the Tabqa Dam on the Euphrates River in 1974. One of the world's largest dams, its reservoir was called Lake al-Ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Fasting in Islam | Throughout the duration of the fast itself, Muslims will abstain from certain provisions that the Quran has otherwise allowed; namely eating, drinking, and sexual intercourse. This is in addition to the standard obligation already observed by Muslims of avoiding that which is not permissible under Quranic or shari'a la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam |
Tabriz | Tabriz is the site for 14 of Iran's most prominent universities and higher education institutes. Established in 1947, University of Tabriz is the most prestigious university in north-western Iran. University of Tabriz is also considered one of five mother universities in the country which works as the regional hub of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz |
Islamic art | Despite Hadith sayings prohibiting the wearing of silk, the Byzantine and Sassanian traditions of grand figured silk woven cloth continued under Muslim rule. Some designs are calligraphic, especially when made for palls to cover a tomb, but more are surprisingly conservative versions of the earlier traditions, with man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art |
Arminiya | With the submission of Armenia to Muhammad ibn Marwan after 695, the province was formally incorporated into the Caliphate, and an Arab governor (ostikan) installed at Dvin:
Muhammad ibn Marwan (c. 695–705), represented by the following deputies:
Uthman ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba
Abdallah ibn Hatim al-Bahili
Abd al-Aziz ib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminiya |
Hillah | The Ottomans established modern schools, including the school Al-Rashidiya where material was taught in Turkish. The first elementary school in Hillah was Madrasat Al-Sharqia, which was founded in 1918 with one class and twenty students. It was located in the top floor of the Grand Mosque and the first director of it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillah |
Middle Assyrian Empire | The Assyrians worshipped the same pantheon of gods as the Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia. The chief Assyrian deity was the national deity Ashur. Though the deity and the city are commonly distinguished by modern historians through calling the god Ashur and the city Assur, both were inscribed in the exact same way ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire |
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa | King Hamad has received numerous honours from:
Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan (1 February 1967)
Iraq: Member 1st class of the Order of the Two Rivers (22 February 1969)
Morocco: Member Special Class of the Order of Muhammad (16 October 1970)
Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_bin_Isa_Al_Khalifa |
Hasankeyf | Hasankeyf is rich in history throughout the ages and aside from the sites below, thousands of caves exist in the cliffs that surround the city. Many of the caves are multi-storied and have their own water supply. Churches and mosques were also carved into the cliffs and numerous ancient cemeteries exist throughout the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasankeyf |
Transmission of the Greek Classics | While Muslims were busy translating and adding their own ideas to Greek philosophies, the Latin West was still suspicious of pagan ideas. Leaders of the Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire also frowned upon philosophy, and the Empire had just gone through a period of plague, famine, and war. Further west, several k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Greek_Classics |
Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani | He defined the tangent function, and he established several trigonometric identities in their modern form, where the ancient Greek mathematicians had expressed the equivalent identities in terms of chords. The trigonometric identities he introduced were:
sin
(
a
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Wafa%27_al-Buzjani |
Anwar Sadat | Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu El Kom, part of Monufia Governorate in what was then the Sultanate of Egypt, to a poor family, and he had 14 siblings. One of his brothers, Atef Sadat, later became a pilot and was killed in action in 1973 during the Yom Kippur War. His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat |
Bahram V | Haft Peykar (Persian: هفت پیکر) also known as Bahramnameh (بهرامنامه, The Book of Bahram) is a famous romantic epic written in 1197 by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi. A pre-Islamic story of Persian origin, it was dedicated to the ruler of Maragha, 'Ala' Al-Din korp Arslan. It is a romanticized biography of Bahram, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahram_V |
Augustus | Sextus Pompeius threatened Octavian in Italy by denying shipments of grain through the Mediterranean Sea to the peninsula. Pompeius's own son was put in charge as naval commander in the effort to cause widespread famine in Italy. Pompeius's control over the sea prompted him to take on the name Neptuni filius, "son of N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus |
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi | On 2 May 2011, Saif al-Islam and his older half-brother Muhammad were among the 2,000 mourners who attended his younger brother Saif al-Arab's funeral. He was seen touching his younger brother's chest while fighting back tears before leaving the graveside while pumping his fist to the crowd. Saif al-Arab and three of M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi |
Blockade of the Gaza Strip | In January and February 2011, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) conducted an assessment of the effects of the measures to ease the access restrictions. They concluded that they did not result in a significant improvement in people's livelihoods.
They found that a limited re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip |
Mandate for Palestine | Under the terms of the 1915 McMahon-Hussein Correspondence and the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement, Transjordan was intended to become part of an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states. British forces retreated in spring 1918 from Transjordan after their first and second attacks on the territory, indicating their poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine |
Islamic philosophy | Theologians, particularly among the Muʿtazilites, agreed with Aristotelian metaphysics that non-existence is a thing (s̲h̲ayʾ) and an entity (d̲h̲āt). According to Aristotelian philosophy, non-existence has to be distinguished by absolute non-existence, that is absolute nothingness, and relative non-existence. The latt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
First Islamic State | Abu Sufyan, the military leader of the Quraysh, with the help of Banu Nadir, had mustered a force numbering 10,000 men. Muhammad was able to prepare a force of about 3,000 men. He had however adopted a new form of defense, unknown in Arabia at that time: Muslims had dug trenches wherever Medina lay open to cavalry atta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Islamic_State |
Lateen | Anderson, Atholl (2018). "SEAFARING IN REMOTE OCEANIA Traditionalism and Beyond in Maritime Technology and Migration". In Cochrane, Ethan E; Hunt, Terry L. (eds.). The Oxford handbook of prehistoric Oceania. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992507-0.
Basch, Lucien (2001), "La voile latine, son origine, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateen |
Variety (linguistics) | A register (sometimes called a style) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby talk, which is used in many western cultures to talk to small children or as a joking register used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics) |
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