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Media of Sudan | The official Sudan News Agency (Suna) was established in 1971 and continues to distribute information in Arabic, English, and French.
Before the 1989 coup, Sudan had a lively press. There were 22 daily papers, 19 in Arabic and three in English, published in Khartoum. In total, Sudan had 55 daily or weekly newspapers an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Sudan |
Wedding in Galilee | Writing for the Middle East Research and Information Project, Ella Shohat stated that Khleifi's film "largely transcends traditional mass-media discourse which would reduce the Israeli–Palestinian conflict to 'peace-loving Israelis' versus 'violence-prone Arabs'". Shohat added that "Unlike Kafr Qasim, the 1973 film by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_in_Galilee |
Origins of the Six-Day War | During May and June the Israeli government had worked hard to keep Jordan out of any war; it was concerned about being attacked on multiple fronts, and did not want to have to deal with the Jordanian West Bank. Israel called upon Jordan numerous times to refrain from hostilities. Israel's own sense of concern regarding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War |
Shaykh al-Islām | Like other honorific titles starting with the word sheikh, the term shaykh al-islam was in the classical era reserved for ulama and mystics. It first appeared in Khurasan in the 4th century AH (10th century AD).: 399 In major cities of Khurasan it seems to have had more specific connotations, since only one person hel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m |
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world | When the Republic of Turkey was established in 1923, Aliyah was not particularly popular among Turkish Jewry; migration from Turkey to Palestine was minimal in the 1920s.
During 1923–1948, approximately 7300 Jews emigrated from Turkey to Palestine. After the 1934 Thrace pogroms following the 1934 Turkish Resettlement L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | The Museum of Costume Art was founded by Aline Bernstein and Irene Lewisohn. In 1946, with the financial support of the fashion industry, the Museum of Costume Art merged with The Metropolitan Museum of Art as The Costume Institute, and in 1959 became a curatorial department. Today, its collection contains more than 35... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb | It is recorded by Ibn Abd al-Hakam that during the siege of Tripoli by Amr ibn al-As, seven of his soldiers from the clan of Madhlij, sub branch of Kinana, unintentionally found a section on the western side of Tripoli beach that was not walled during their hunting routine. These seven soldiers managed to infiltrate th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb |
Rohingya language | Seventy or more different forms are available in Rohingya. A hyphen (-) between letters is to be removed, it is used for initial understanding only — how the word is formed.
Command
lek =write (sg.) Tui yián ehón lek. You write this right now.
lek-ó =write (pl.) Tuñí yián ehón lekó. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_language |
History of Palestine | With the overthrow of the Umayyads in a 750 revolution by the Abbasids, who had their power base in Persia, the caliphate's capital was moved to Baghdad in 762. This change meant that Palestine lost its central position and became a province in the caliphate's periphery whose problems weren't tended to very carefully. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine |
Farah Antun | Antun's debate with Muhammad Abduh in 1902 to 1903 was the high point of his career, yet may have been considered only a small event in the life of the Mufti of Egypt, Muhammad Abduh. Abduh had also read Western social thinkers like Renan, Rousseau, Spencer and Tolstoy, just as Antun, but coming to different conclusion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farah_Antun |
Lebanon | Evidence dating back to an early settlement in Lebanon was found in Byblos, considered among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The evidence dates back to earlier than 5000 BC. Archaeologists discovered remnants of prehistoric huts with crushed limestone floors, primitive weapons, and burial jars le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Emerald Tablet | The Emerald Tablet has been found in various ancient Arabic works in different versions. The oldest version is found as an appendix in a treatise believed to have been composed in the 9th century, known as the Book of the Secret of Creation, Kitâb sirr al-Halîka in Arabic. This text presents itself as a translation of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Tablet |
Hounds and jackals | This game is also known from Mesopotamia and the Caucasus.
The game was spread to Mesopotamia in the late 3rd millennium BC and was popular until the 1st millennium BC. The game spread into Assyria, Israel, Anatolia, Babylon and Persia.
During the archaeological excavations, boards were found from remains of Assyrian m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hounds_and_jackals |
Muslim conquest of Armenia | According to the Arabic sources, the first Arab expedition reached Armenia in 639/640, on the heels of their conquest of the Levant from the Byzantines and the start of the Muslim conquest of Persia. The Arabs were led by Iyad ibn Ghanim, who had previously conquered Upper Mesopotamia, and penetrated as far as Bitlis. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia |
Saudi Arabia | Saudi Wahhabism is hostile to any reverence given to historical or religious places of significance for fear that it may give rise to 'shirk' (idolatry), and the most significant historic Muslim sites (in Mecca and Medina) are located in the western Saudi region of the Hejaz. As a consequence, under Saudi rule an estim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Six-Day War | One of the Jordanian brigades stationed in the West Bank was sent to the Hebron area in order to link with the Egyptians.
The IDF's strategic plan was to remain on the defensive along the Jordanian front, to enable focus in the expected campaign against Egypt.
Intermittent machine-gun exchanges began taking place in Je... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Doll | The earliest dolls were made from available materials such as clay, stone, wood, bone, ivory, leather, or wax. Archaeological evidence places dolls as the foremost candidate for the oldest known toy. Wooden paddle dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs dating to as early as the 21st century BC. Dolls with movable limb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll |
Tunis | At the beginning of the 20th century, a number of sports institutions were established in Tunis, particularly in school and college settings. In 1905 the Muslim Association of Tunisia brought together students from Lycée Alaoui and Sadiki College to organize gymnastics. A regional gymnastics competition was held in Tun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis |
Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region | Since its creation in 2006 the Bahraini Labour Market Regulation Authority (LMRA) is tasked, not only with the regulation of, inter alia, employment transfers, recruitment agencies and work visas, but also with informing migrant workers of their rights and obligations. Furthermore, the existing legal regime regarding l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region |
Sudan | In April 2023 – as an internationally brokered plan for a transition to civilian rule was discussed – power struggles grew between army commander (and de facto national leader) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and his deputy, Hemedti, head of the heavily armed paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), formed from the Janjaweed m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
China–Saudi Arabia relations | China-Saudi trade has increased significantly since 2000. In 2005 alone, trade increased 59%, allowing Saudi Arabia to overtake Angola as China's largest source of oil for the first time. After claiming the throne in 2005, King Abdullah adopted a pro-Asian, "look east" trade policy, with more than half of Saudi oil goi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations |
Egyptian mythology | Many gods appear in artwork from the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt's history (c. 3100–2686 BC), but little about the gods' actions can be gleaned from these sources because they include minimal writing. The Egyptians began using writing more extensively in the Old Kingdom, in which appeared the first major source of E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mythology |
Constitution of Syria | Articles 83-150 of the new constitution increased the Presidential powers in the executive, legislature and judiciary. The executive role of the Syrian President presumes his control over all three branches, bestowing the President with unchecked powers through at least 21 articles. Some of the extraordinary powers bes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria |
Qadi | The jurisdiction of a qadi was theoretically coextensive with the scope of the law that he applied. That law was fundamentally a law for Muslims, and the internal affairs of the non-Muslim, or dhimmīs, communities living within the Islamic state were left under the jurisdictions of those communities. Islamic law govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi |
Mu'tazilism | The Mu'tazilis had a nuanced theory regarding reason, Divine revelation, and the relationship between them. They celebrated power of reason and human intellectual power. To them, it is the human intellect that guides a human to know God, his attributes, and the very basics of morality. Once this foundational knowledge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilism |
Israeli West Bank barrier | In 2003, when the Bush administration was considering reducing loan guarantees to Israel to discourage construction of the fence, then Secretary of State Colin Powell criticized the project. He said, "A nation is within its rights to put up a fence if it sees the need for one. However, in the case of the Israeli fence,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier |
Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia | Dammam's King Fahd International Airport, operating since October 1999, the largest airport in the world in terms of land area, serves as the primary hub for the entirety of the Eastern Province. Located 30 km northwest of the city, the airport is well connected by air to 43 destinations in the Middle East, Asia, and E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia |
Cilicia | In 1516, Selim I incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his conquest of the Mamluk state. The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman sanjak of Adana in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the area serving as a vassal of the Ottomans.
Ottomans ended the Ramadanid administration of Ada... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilicia |
Almohad Caliphate | The Almohad dynasty embraced a style of cursive Maghrebi script known today as "Maghrebi thuluth" as an official style used in manuscripts, coinage, documents, and architecture. However, the more angular Kufic script was still used, albeit in a reworked form in Qur'an epigraphy, and was seen detailed in silver in some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Samanid Empire | During the 9th and 10th centuries, there was a large amount of growth in literature, mostly in poetry. It was during the Samanid period that Persian literature appeared in Transoxiana and was formally recognized. The advancement of an Islamic New Persian literature thus started in Transoxiana and Khorasan instead of Fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire |
Lehi (militant group) | Late in 1940, Lehi, having identified a common interest between the intentions of the new German order and Jewish national aspirations, proposed forming an alliance in World War II with Nazi Germany. The organization offered cooperation in the following terms: Lehi would rebel against the British, while Germany would r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group) |
Fatimid art | The Fatimid caliphate, ruling Egypt from 969 to 1171, was based in what is today’s Tunisia in the early tenth century. The caliphs were known for their generous patronage of artworks for extravagant ceremonies. Unfortunately, very few manuscripts and buildings survived to explicate the sudden artistic flourish. The onl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_art |
20th century in literature | The intermediate postwar period separating "Modernism" from "Postmodernism" (1950s literature) is the floruit of the beat generation and the classical science fiction of Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke and Robert A. Heinlein. This period also saw the publication of Samuel Beckett's trilogy of novels, Molloy, Malone Dies... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_century_in_literature |
Enjoining good and forbidding wrong | Al-Ghazali provides "a survey" of wrongs commonly found in the mosque, the market, the street, the bath-house and hospitality".
For example, in "hospitality" there may be,
"laying out silk coverings for men, using censers made of silver or gold, hanging curtains with images on them [images of sentient beings are forb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong |
Arabization | Since the independence of Syria in 1946, the ethnically diverse Rojava region in northern Syria suffered grave human rights violations, because all governments pursued a most brutal policy of Arabization. While all non-Arab ethnic groups within Syria, such as Assyrians, Armenians, Turcomans, and Mhallami have faced pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization |
Cairo | The name of Cairo is derived from the Arabic al-Qāhirah (القاهرة), meaning 'the Vanquisher' or 'the Conqueror', given by the Fatimid Caliph al-Mu'izz following the establishment of the city as the capital of the Fatimid dynasty. Its full, formal name was al-Qāhirah al-Mu'izziyyah (القاهرة المعزيّة), meaning 'the Vanqui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo |
An-Najah National University | 1918: Established as a primary school (An-Najah Nabulsi School) educating students, both local and from abroad.
1941: The institution was named An-Najah College.
1965: Became a teacher preparation institute, also granting intermediate university degrees.
1977: Evolved into a full-fledged university, An-Najah National U... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An-Najah_National_University |
LGBT people and Islam | In 2007, the documentary film A Jihad for Love was released. It was produced by Sandi Simcha DuBowski and directed by Parvez Sharma. As of 2016 the film has been shown in 49 nations to four million plus viewers.
Out in the Dark is a 2012 film about the gay love story of a Palestinian Muslim and an Israeli Jew.
Breaking... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_people_and_Islam |
Fula people | Fula are primarily known to be pastoralists, but are also traders in some areas. Most Fula in the countryside spend long times alone on foot, and can be seen frequently parading with their cattle throughout the west African hinterland, moving their herds in search of water and better pasture. They were, and still are, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people |
Elections in Jordan | Grievances brought on by two decades of political and social stagnation, and in some cases backsliding on reforms, emerged as part of the wider protests during the Arab Spring. Protests spread beyond traditional opposition groups to the usually loyal East Bank communities. Alongside protests caused by economic hardship... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Jordan |
Banking in Sudan | The Faisal Islamic Bank, whose principal patron was the Saudi prince, Muhammad ibn Faisal al-Saud, was established in 1977. The open-door policy enabled Saudi Arabia, which had a huge surplus after the 1973 OPEC increases in the price of petroleum, to invest in Sudan. Members of the Muslim Brotherhood and its political... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Sudan |
Ayman al-Zawahiri | Al-Zawahiri allegedly worked with the Islamic Republic of Iran on behalf of al-Qaeda. Author Lawrence Wright reports that EIJ operative Ali Mohammed "told the FBI that al-Jihad had planned a coup in Egypt in 1990." Al-Zawahiri had studied the 1979 Islamist Islamic Revolution and "sought training from the Iranians" as t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri |
Rufus of Ephesus | Although Rufus was a voluminous author, the majority of his works no longer survive in full. The most recent attempt to publish his corpus as a whole remains C. Daremberg and E. Ruelle's Oeuvres de Rufus d'Éphèse: texte collationé sur les manuscrits, traduits pour la première fois en français, avec une introduction (18... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_of_Ephesus |
Arab citizens of Israel | Christian Arabs comprise about 9% of the Arab population in Israel. At the end of 2019, approximately 70.6% reside in the Northern District, 13.3% in the Haifa District, 9.5% in the Jerusalem District, 3.4% in the Central District, 2.7% in the Tel Aviv District and 0.5% in the Southern District. There are 135,000 or mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel |
Carrot | When they were first cultivated, carrots were grown for their aromatic leaves and seeds rather than their roots. Carrot seeds have been found in Switzerland and Southern Germany dating back to 2000–3000 BC. Some close relatives of the carrot are still grown for their leaves and seeds, such as parsley, coriander (cilant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot |
Aristotle | Aristotle writes in his Poetics that epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, dithyrambic poetry, painting, sculpture, music, and dance are all fundamentally acts of mimesis ("imitation"), each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner. He applies the term mimesis both as a property of a work of art and also as the produ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle |
HIV/AIDS | HIV/AIDS is considered a global pandemic. As of 2022, approximately 39.0 million people worldwide are living with HIV, the number of new infections that year being about 1.3 million. This is down from 2.1 million new infections in 2010. Among new infections, 46% are in women and are children globally. There were 630,00... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS |
Kingdom of Valencia | In 1479, Ferdinand ascended to the throne as King of Aragon. With his earlier marriage to Queen Isabella I of Castile, the modern Kingdom of Spain was born. Valencia began a slow process of integration with the rest of Spain. When Ferdinand and Isabella's grandson Charles came to the throne, the crowns were permanen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia |
Spherical trigonometry | The six parts of a triangle may be written in cyclic order as (aCbAcB). The cotangent, or four-part, formulae relate two sides and two angles forming four consecutive parts around the triangle, for example (aCbA) or BaCb). In such a set there are inner and outer parts: for example in the set (BaCb) the inner angle is C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry |
Mohamed ElBaradei | ElBaradei has received many awards for his work as director of the IAEA:
Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria (Grand Decoration in Gold with Sash) (2009)
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Grand Cross with Star and Sash) (2010)
"El Athir" award of the National Order of Merit, Algeria's on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei |
Fountain | In Nepal there were public drinking fountains at least as early as 550 AD. They are called dhunge dharas or hitis. They consist of intricately carved stone spouts through which water flows uninterrupted from underground water sources. They are found extensively in Nepal and some of them are still operational. Construct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain |
Qasida | In Burushaski, the Qasida refers broadly to Isma'ili devotional literature in general rather than a specific style of poetry and is interchangeably used with the word Ginan in the language. It was regularly performed in the jamat-khana and has been a cornerstone of Ismaili practics in the Hunza Valley. The Burushaski Q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasida |
Human rights in Morocco | Freedom of the press is quasi-absent and many journalists are thought to practice self-censorship. Questioning the legitimacy of the monarchy or the actions of the King is taboo and questioning the kingdom's "territorial integrity" (i.e. the annexation of Western Sahara) is illegal. In 2005 the well-known Moroccan jour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Morocco |
El Jadida | El Jadida traces its origins to the 5th century BC, when it was founded and settled by the Phoenicians.
Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, an anchorage used by boats appears to have existed at the current site of El Jadida throughout the Middle Ages and in ancient times. The name Mazighan was f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Jadida |
History of the Malay language | The beginning of the common era saw the growing influence of Indian civilisation in the archipelago. With the penetration and proliferation of Old Tamil vocabulary and the influence of major Indian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, Ancient Malay evolved into the Old Malay. The Dong Yen Chau inscription, believed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language |
Lebanon | On 17 October 2019, the first of a series of mass civil demonstrations erupted; they were initially triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco and online phone calls such as through WhatsApp, but quickly expanded into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule, a stagnant economy and liquidity crisis, unemploym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon |
Shamshi-Adad I | Shamshi-Adad I inherited the throne in Ekallatum from Ila-kabkabu (fl. c. 1836 BC – c. 1833 BC). Ila-kabkabu is mentioned as the father of Shamshi-Adad I in the "Assyrian King List" (AKL); a similar name (not necessarily the same figure) is listed in the preceding section of the AKL among the “kings whose fathers are k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I |
Sasanian Empire | From Shapur II's death until Kavad I's first coronation, there was a largely peaceful period with the Romans (by this time the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire) engaged in just two brief wars with the Sassanian Empire, the first in 421–422 and the second in 440. Throughout this era, Sasanian religious policy differed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Aceh | The western coastal areas of Aceh, including the cities of Banda Aceh, Calang, and Meulaboh, were among the areas hardest-hit by the tsunami resulting from the magnitude 9.2 Indian Ocean earthquake on 26 December 2004. While estimates vary, over 170,000 people were killed by tsunami in Aceh and about 500,000 were left ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh |
Israel | The 1977 Knesset elections marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as Menachem Begin's Likud party took control from the Labor Party. Later that year, Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat made a trip to Israel and spoke before the Knesset in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Al-Awasim | The entire frontier zone was initially part of the jund (one of the military administrative divisions into which Muslim Syria was divided) of Homs. After 680 it formed part of the new jund of Qinnasrin (Gr. Chalkis), until Harun al-Rashid established a separate jund al-ʿAwāṣim (جُـنْـد الْـعَـوَاصِـم) in 786, covering... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Awasim |
Jacob | As Isaac aged, he became blind and was uncertain when he would die, so he decided to bestow Esau's birthright upon him. He requested that Esau go out to the fields with his weapons (quiver and bow) to kill some venison. Isaac then requested that Esau make "savory meat" for him out of the venison, according to the way h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob |
Lyres of Ur | The "Golden Lyre of Ur" or "Bull's Lyre" is the finest lyre, and was given to the Iraq Museum in Baghdad. Its reconstructed wooden body was damaged due to flooding during the Second Iraqi War; a replica of it is being played as part of a touring ensemble. The "Golden Lyre" got its name because the whole head of the bul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur |
Tribes of Arabia | The tribes of Arabia were engaged in nomadic herding and agriculture by around 6,000 BCE. By about 1,200 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps was established. Kingdoms in the southern region of Arabia began to form and flourish. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from Bedouins. A major source of income for the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia |
Islamic philosophy | The Arab polymath al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen; died c. 1041) presented a thorough mathematical critique and refutation of Aristotle's conception of place (topos) in his Risala/Qawl fi’l-makan (Treatise/Discourse on Place).
Aristotle's Physics (Book IV – Delta) stated that the place of something is the two-dimensio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Reginald Wingate | He entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and was commissioned a lieutenant in the Royal Artillery on 27 July 1880. He served in India and Aden from March 1881 to 1883, when he joined the 4th Battalion of the Egyptian Army on its reorganisation by Sir Evelyn Wood with the brevet rank of major. In the Gordon Reli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Wingate |
Freedom of religion in Jordan | On April 29, 2007, government authorities reportedly deported Pastor Mazhar Izzat Bishay of the Aqaba Free Evangelical Church, an Egyptian national and long-time resident, to Egypt. It was reported that they had previously interrogated him and that they offered him no reason for his deportation. At the end of the repor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Jordan |
Anti-Iranian sentiment | Predominantly-Shia Islamic Iran has always exhibited a sympathetic side for Ali (the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad) and his progeny. Even when Persia was largely Sunni, that was still evident, as can be seen from the writings remaining from that era. Rumi for example praises Ali in a section entitled "Learn from ʻA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment |
Arabic | There are a number of different standards for the romanization of Arabic, i.e. methods of accurately and efficiently representing Arabic with the Latin script. There are various conflicting motivations involved, which leads to multiple systems. Some are interested in transliteration, i.e. representing the spelling of A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic |
President of Algeria | The Tripoli Program, which served as Algeria's constitution when it won its war for independence from France in 1962, established the president as the head of state with a prime minister assisting in the operation of government. Internal political maneuvering resulted in a new constitution in 1963 that abolished the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Algeria |
Ba'athist Iraq | The Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), the largest oil company in Iraq, was a private company. In March 1970, the IPC was forced to concede 20 percent of the company's share to the government. The full nationalisation of the IPC occurred after the company cut its oil production by half in March 1972; the decision would, in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq |
2011 military intervention in Libya | Albania: Prime Minister Sali Berisha said that Albania was ready to help. Berisha supported the decision of the coalition to protect civilians from the Gaddafi regime. He also offered assistance to facilitate the coalition's actions. A press release from the Prime Minister's office stated that these operations are enti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya |
Elisha | By means of the mantle left to fall from Elijah, Elisha miraculously recrossed the Jordan and returned to Jericho, where he won the gratitude of the people by purifying the unwholesome waters of their spring and making them drinkable.
When the armies of Judah, Israel and Edom, then allied against Mesha, the Moabite kin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha |
Cyperus papyrus | Boar, R. R., D. M. Harper and C. S. Adams. 1999. Biomass Allocation in Cyperus papyrus in a Tropical Wetland, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. 1999. Biotropica 3: 411.
Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, M. Chandler, L. Kaufman and A.E. Keiter. 1996. Refugia for endangered fishes from an introduced predator in Lake Nabu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus |
1982 Lebanon War | The advance along the coastal road was preceded by heavy artillery bombardment and airstrikes, but quickly became bogged down and was soon behind schedule. The narrowness of the road forced a slow advance, and Israeli armor became stuck in a large traffic jam. Several armored vehicles were knocked out by PLO fighters w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War |
Ba'athist Iraq | In the aftermath of the Iran–Iraq War, Kuwait intentionally increased the country's oil output; this led to an international price decrease in oil. Saddam reacted by threatening to invade Kuwait if it continued to increase its oil output (which Kuwait did nevertheless). Saudi Arabia, frightened by Saddam's military str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq |
Conversion to Christianity | According to sociologist Ines W. Jindra, there is a "theological dimension" to conversion. Avery Dulles quotes Bernard Lonergan saying "The subject of theology, then, is the person undergoing conversion to God". The conversion experience is basic and has the characteristics of being "concrete, dynamic, personal, commun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity |
Music of Mesopotamia | The Akkadian word for music, nigūtu, also meant ‘joy’ and ‘merriment’, well illustrated by a seal in the Louvre showing a peaceful scene of a shepherd playing a flute to his flock. Music was a normal part of social life in Mesopotamia and was used in many secular contexts. Music played important roles at funerals, amon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia |
Mokha | Based on the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, many believe that the important ancient emporium of Muza is located near Mocha. The exact location has been debated, either being present-day Mocha itself, the coastal village of Maushij or the inland settlement Mauza'.
Prior to the arrival of the Ottomans in Yemen, in 1538, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokha |
Rashidun Caliphate | The Rashidun army was divided into infantry and light cavalry. Reconstructing the military equipment of early Muslim armies is problematic. Compared with Roman armies or later medieval Muslim armies, the range of visual representation is very small, often imprecise. Physically, very little material evidence has survive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Safavid Iran | From 1540 and onwards, Shah Tahmasp initiated a gradual transformation of the Iranian society by slowly constructing a new branch and layer solely composed of ethnic Caucasians. The implementation of this branch would be completed and significantly widened under Abbas the Great (Abbas I).
According to the Encyclopædia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Muqaddimah | Ibn Khaldun wrote the first version of the Muqaddimah in Qalʿat ibn Salama, where he secluded himself for almost four years after withdrawing from political life. It is the first of three parts of a project he worked on for almost thirty years: his Kitab al-ʿIbar, a massive work of universal history filling seventeen v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah |
History of Syria | Upon assuming power, Hafez al-Assad moved quickly to create an organizational infrastructure for his government and to consolidate control. The Provisional Regional Command of Assad's Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party nominated a 173-member legislature, the People's Council, in which the Ba'ath Party took 87 seats. The remai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Homs | After long periods of stagnation under Ottoman rule, Homs started to flourish again in the 20th century. Its geographic and strategic location has made it a centre of agriculture and industry. The "Homs Irrigation Scheme", the first of its kind in modern Syria, brought prosperity to cultivators and the long-established... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs |
Al-Andalus | After the fall of Toledo, most of the major taifa rulers agreed to request the intervention of the Almoravids, a Berber empire based in Marrakesh (present-day Morocco) that had conquered much of northwest Africa. The Almoravid leader, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin, led several campaigns into al-Andalus, initially in defense of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
History of Algeria | The Almohad movement originated with Ibn Tumart, a member of the Masmuda, a Berber tribal confederation of the Atlas Mountains of southern Morocco. At the time, Morocco, western Algeria and Spain (al-Andalus), were under the rule of the Almoravids, a Sanhaja Berber dynasty. Early in his life, Ibn Tumart went to Spain t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria |
Pomegranate | The pomegranate is native to a region from modern-day Iran to northern India. Pomegranates have been cultivated throughout the Middle East, India, and Mediterranean region for several millennia, and it is also cultivated in the Central Valley of California and in Arizona. Pomegranates may have been domesticated as earl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate |
Arab Peace Initiative | Outside of the Middle East, the Arab Peace Initiative has received praise of chiefs of state throughout the world, international organisations, and a large number of political commentators specializing in the Israeli/Palestinian conflict.
Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary General of the United Nations, has led this chorus of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative |
Kingdom of Yemen | In order to seize power, the Al-Wazirids ambushed Imam Yahya on 17 February 1948 in Savad Hizyaz, south of Sana'a. Ali Kardey's group opened fire on the convoy, which had to stop because of a stone placed in the middle of the road, and Imam Yahya, his grandson and two soldiers were killed. It was said that 50 bullets w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | Dr. Ido Hart, an Israeli defence analyst specialising in underground warfare, defined three types of Gaza tunnels, namely those intended for 'smuggling' from Egypt, those which are 'defensive' in nature designed for storage and protection, and those that are 'offensive' permitting cross-border penetrations into Israel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Kollam | Hindus and temples
Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple is a 400 years old ancient Hindu temple in the city. The 400-year-old Sanctum sanctorum of this temple is finished in teak.
Ammachiveedu Muhurthi temple is another major temple in the city that have been founded around 600 years ago by the Ammachi Veedu famil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollam |
Quran | According to M. Shamsher Ali, there are around 750 verses in the Quran dealing with natural phenomena and many verses of the Quran ask mankind to study nature, and this has been interpreted to mean an encouragement for scientific inquiry, and of the truth. Some include, “Travel throughout the earth and see how He bring... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Women in Islam | Islamic law and practice recognize gender disparity, in part, by assigning separate rights and obligations to a woman in married life. A woman's space is in the private sphere of the home, and a man's is in the public sphere. Women must primarily fulfill marital and maternal responsibilities, whereas men are financial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Islam |
Alodia | Archaeological evidence from Soba suggests a decline of the town, and therefore possibly the Alodian kingdom, from the 12th century. By c. 1300 the decline of Alodia was well advanced. No pottery or glassware postdating the 13th century has been identified at Soba. Two churches were apparently destroyed during the 13th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia |
Status of Jerusalem | Chile: The Chilean government considers Jerusalem to be a city with special status, whose final sovereignty must be decided by both Israel and Palestine. It also considers Israel's occupation and control over East Jerusalem illegal. Chile maintains its embassy to Israel in Tel Aviv, while its representative office to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem |
Fatimid art | History of art
Barrucand, Marianne, ed. (1999), L'Égypte fatimide: son art et son histoire : actes du colloque organisé à Paris les 28, 29 et 30 mai 1998, Presses de l'université de Paris-Sorbonne
Bloom, Jonathan M. (2007). Arts of the City Victorious: Islamic Art and Architecture in Fatimid North Africa and Egypt. New... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_art |
Al-Khwarizmi | Few details of al-Khwārizmī's life are known with certainty. Ibn al-Nadim gives his birthplace as Khwarazm, and he is generally thought to have come from this region. Of Persian stock, his name means 'of Khwarazm', a region that was part of Greater Iran, and is now part of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Al-Tabari gives h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi |
Human rights in Tunisia | Tunisia, according to de Bellaigue, "has taken important strides toward a more representative and accountable political system. The institutions are working, albeit imperfectly. Freedom of speech is being observed to a degree that is unprecedented in the country’s modern history. To be sure, secularists and Islamists e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tunisia |
Greater and Lesser Tunbs | In 1835, the Bani Yas attacked a British ship off Greater Tonb. In the ensuing maritime peace arranged by the British Political Resident Samuel Hennell, a restrictive line was established between Abu Musa and Sirri islands, and pledges were obtained from the tribes of the lower Persian Gulf not to venture their war boa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs |
Axis of evil | In January 2006, Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz implicated "the axis of terror that operates between Iran and Syria" following a suicide bomb in Tel Aviv.
In April 2006 the phrase axis of terror earned more publicity. Israel's UN Ambassador, Dan Gillerman, cautioned of a new axis of terror—Iran, Syria and the Ham... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_of_evil |
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