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Demak Sultanate | Pati Unus died childless, leading to the Demak succession crisis. The throne was contested between his brothers, the older Raden Kikin and the younger Raden Trenggana. According to tradition, the eldest son of Prince Trenggana, Prince Prawata, also known as Raden Mukmin, stole Keris Setan Kober, a powerful magical kris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demak_Sultanate |
Capital punishment | The United Nations introduced a resolution during the General Assembly's 62nd sessions in 2007 calling for a universal ban. The approval of a draft resolution by the Assembly's third committee, which deals with human rights issues, voted 99 to 52, with 33 abstentions, in support of the resolution on 15 November 2007 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment |
Muhammad | On the exact day the Quraysh forces and their allies withdrew, Muhammad, while bathing at his wife's abode, received a visit from the angel Gabriel, who instructed him to attack the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza. Islamic sources recount that during the preceding Meccan siege, the Quraysh leader Abu Sufyan incited the Qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad |
Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011) | For several months the United States maintained that it intended to convene a constitutional convention, composed of influential Iraqis. However, European demands for an early election and Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani's insistence eventually forced the United States to let the appointed Governing Council serve this functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011) |
Al Wasl F.C. | The 2010s are considered the worst decade for Al Wasl as a club, as not a single trophy has been won during this period. The team went into a state of decline and would constantly finish in either the mid table or the bottom, but was still far from relegation.
In the year 2010, Ultras Junoon was founded. Ultras Junoon ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Wasl_F.C. |
Prayer rug | Prayer rugs are used in some traditions of Oriental Orthodox Christianity and Western Orthodox Christianity, to provide a clean space for believers to offer Christian prayers to God.
During the seven fixed prayer times of Oriental Orthodox Christians, believers incorporate prostrations in the praying of the canonical h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_rug |
Kuwait | Kuwait is part of the Tigris–Euphrates river system basin. Several Tigris–Euphrates confluences form parts of the Kuwait–Iraq border. Bubiyan Island is part of the Shatt al-Arab delta. Kuwait is partially part of the Mesopotamian Marshes. Kuwait does not currently have any permanent rivers within its territory. However... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
Ahmed II | During his reign, Ahmed II devoted most of his attention to the wars against the Habsburgs and related foreign policy, governmental and economic issues. Of these, the most important were the tax reforms and the introduction of the lifelong tax farm system (malikâne). Following the recovery of Belgrade under his predece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_II |
Neo-Mandaic | Neo-Mandaic preserves the SVO word order of Classical Mandaic, despite its longstanding contact with Persian (which follows SOV word order). Topic-fronting, which tends to obscure the word order, is typical of all three languages. Simple sentences consist of a subject, which may be implied in the verb, and a predicate,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Mandaic |
Harem | ʿĀżod-al-Dawla, Solṭān-Aḥmad Mirzā (1997) [1376 Š.]. ʿAbd-al-Ḥosayn Navāʾi (ed.). Tāriḵ-e ʿażodi. Tehran.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Ahmed, Leila (1992). Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Ansary, Tamim (2009). Destiny disrupted: a history of the world through ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem |
Bábism | In most of his prominent writings, the Báb alluded to a Promised One, most commonly referred to as "He whom God shall make manifest", and that he himself was "but a ring upon the hand of Him Whom God shall make manifest." Within 20 years of the Báb's death, over 25 people claimed to be the Promised One, most significan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bism |
ArchNet | The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) is an agency of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN). Through various programmes, partnerships, and initiatives, the AKTC seeks to improve the built environment in Asia and Africa where there is a significant Muslim presence. Archnet complements the work of the Trust by making i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchNet |
Dromedary | Camels have a slow growth rate and reach sexual maturity slower than sheep or goat. The age of sexual maturity varies geographically and depends on the individual, as does the reproductive period. Both sexes might mature by three to five years of age, though successful breeding could take longer. Camels are described a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary |
Yazid I | Yazid is considered an evil figure by many Muslims to the present day, not only by the Shia, who hold that the ruling position rightly belonged to Husayn's father Ali and his descendants, including Husayn, whom Yazid killed to strip him of his right, but also by many Sunnis, to whom he was an affront to Islamic values.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_I |
Internationalized country code top-level domain | The ICANN board approved the establishment of an internationalized top-level domain name working group within the Country Code Names Supporting Organization (ccNSO) in December 2006. They resolved in June 2007 inter alia to proceed and asked the IDNC Working Group to prepare a proposal, which the group delivered in Jun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain |
Abbasid Caliphate | A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting Islamic science to the Christian West. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the Alexandrian mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of Euclid and Claudius Ptolemy. These recovered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Nahda | Arab Christians played a crucial role in the Nahda movement. Their status as an educated minority enabled them to significantly influence and contribute to the fields of literature, politics, business, philosophy, music, theatre and cinema, medicine, and science. Damascus, Beirut, Cairo, and Aleppo were the main center... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahda |
Euphrates | The Euphrates flows through a number of distinct vegetation zones. Although millennia-long human occupation in most parts of the Euphrates basin has significantly degraded the landscape, patches of original vegetation remain. The steady drop in annual rainfall from the sources of the Euphrates toward the Persian Gulf i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates |
Nabta Playa | A 2007 article by a team of University of Colorado archaeoastronomers and archaeologists (Malville, Schild, Wendorf and Brenmer, three of whom had been involved in the original discovery of the site and its astronomical alignment) responded to the work of Brophy and Rosen, in particular their claims for an alignment wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabta_Playa |
Sudanese Armed Forces | "In the aftermath of the 1954 Torit mutiny, Northern servicemen who had left the forces after the Second World War were allowed to return to the colours, and additional recruitment took place."
On independence in 1956, the army was "regarded as a highly trained, competent ... force, but its character changed in succeed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces |
Quranic hermeneutics | The growing influence of women in the Muslim world and their increasing access to higher levels of education, combined with the Western interest in the position of women in the Muslim world has a profound influence on Islamic hermeneutics, which must deal with transnationalism and its effect on gender roles. Zayn R. Ka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranic_hermeneutics |
List of United Arab Emirates–related topics | Template:UAE-stub
21st Century Tower
Abdul Rehman (UAE cricketer)
Abu Dhabi Indian School
Abu Dhabi Investment Authority
Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey
Abu Dhabi Men's College
Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company
Abu Dhabi TV
Abu Dhabi Women's College
Adnan Al Talyani
Ahmad Al Tayer
Ahmad Bin Majid
Ahmed Bin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93related_topics |
Shamash | The sun god was one of the principal deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon. In the Early Dynastic god list from Fara, he is the sixth among the deities listed, after Anu, Enlil, Inanna, Enki and Nanna. In later god lists, for example in An = Anum, he and his circle appears between Nanna (Sin) and Ishkur (Adad). The Old ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash |
Astrology in the medieval Islamic world | Medieval Islamic astrology and astronomy continued Hellenistic and Roman era traditions based on Ptolemy's Almagest. Centres of learning in medicine and astronomy/astrology were set up in Baghdad and Damascus, and the Caliph Al-Mansur of Baghdad established a major observatory and library in the city, making it the wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Kateb Yacine | Kateb Yacine was officially born on 6 August 1929 in Constantine, though it is likely that his birth occurred four days earlier. Although his birth name is Yacine Kateb, he once said that he was so used to hearing his teachers calling out names with the last name first that he adopted Kateb Yacine as a pen name.
He was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateb_Yacine |
French language in Morocco | French is mainly used in administration, banking, commerce, education, and industry. Rouchdy said that within Morocco, French "is the vehicle of science, technology, and modern culture." Rouchdy further explained that the language had been "maintained for instrumental purposes and for building contacts with the West in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_Morocco |
List of Egyptian inventions and discoveries | Numeral system: Written evidence of the use of mathematics dates back to at least 3200 BC with the ivory labels found in Tomb U-j at Abydos. These labels appear to have been used as tags for grave goods and some are inscribed with numbers. Further evidence of the use of the base 10 number system can be found on the Nar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_inventions_and_discoveries |
Arabization | Modern Arabization in Algeria took place to develop and promote Arabic into the nation's education system, government, and media in order to replace the former language that was enforced due to colonization, French. Algeria had been conquered by France and even made to be part of its metropolitan core for 132 years, a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization |
Pamiris | In 1895, Badakhshan was divided between Afghanistan, which was under British influence, and the Emirate of Bukhara, which was under the protectorate of the Tsarist Russian Empire. The central lands of Badakhshan, however, remained on the Afghan side of the demarcation line. On 2 January 1925, the Soviet government deci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamiris |
Endemism | The evolutionary history of a species can lead to endemism in multiple ways. Allopatric speciation, or geographic speciation, is when two populations of a species become geographically separated from each other and as a result develop into different species. In isolated areas where there is little possibility for organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism |
Arab Kingdom of Syria | These events in Europe led Syrian nationalist societies like al-Fatat (the Young Arab Society) to make preparations for a national congress. These Syrian nationalist societies advocated complete independence for an Arab Kingdom that united Arabs under Faisal. The King–Crane Commission encouraged efforts to unify, and h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria |
Ba'athism | We did not adopt socialism out of books, abstractions, humanism, or pity, but rather out of need ... for the Arab working class is the mover of history in this period.
Socialism is an important pillar of the Ba'athist programme. Although influenced by Western socialists and Marxist parties, the Ba'ath party founders co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
History of the Quran | Some Sunni reports allege that the official Uthmanid codex of the Quran is incomplete, as detailed in Fada'il al-Qur'an by the Sunni exegete Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam (d. 838), among others. Supporting Ali's right to the caliphate after Muhammad, Shia polemists readily cited such reports to charge that explicit refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quran |
Mevlevi Order | Approximately 750 years old, the Mevlevi Order was once a living tradition based on the teachings of Rumi, also known as Mevlevi or Mevlana, who is perhaps one of the most celebrated poets of Turkey. He is also venerated as a mystic within Islam. Rumi's friend and mentor, Shams of Tabriz, is also revered within the ord... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevlevi_Order |
Khidr | In Sufi tradition, al-Khiḍr holds a distinguished position as a figure who receives illumination directly from God without human mediation. He is considered to be alive and many respected figures, shaykhs, and prominent leaders in the Sufi community claim to have had personal encounters with him. Examples of those who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khidr |
Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali | A chapter on the Grammarians of al-Baṣra in the tenth century book Kitab al-Fihrist by Ibn an-Nadim, contains quotes about ad-Duʾalī from several early commentators:
Most scholars think that grammar was invented by Abu al-Aswad ad-Duʾalī, and that he had been taught by the Commander of the Faithful, Ali ibn Abi Talib.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Aswad_ad-Du%27ali |
Sunni Islam | The seeds of metamorphosis of caliphate into kingship were sown, as the second caliph Umar had feared, as early as the regime of the third caliph Uthman, who appointed many of his kinsmen from his clan Banu Umayya, including Marwān and Walid bin Uqba on important government positions, becoming the main cause of turmoil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State | On 22 September 2014, the United States Secretary of State John Kerry announced that the Department of State had partnered with the American Schools of Orient Research Cultural Heritage Initiatives to "comprehensively document the condition of, and threats to, cultural heritage sites in Iraq and Syria to assess their f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State |
Mining industry of Egypt | Gold mining in Upper Egypt can be traced back to predynastic times, and the earliest map known in the world from the Ramesside Period dating to about 1160 BCE, shows the route to the gold mines in the Wadi Hammamat, Eastern Desert. The mines in Ancient Egypt were worked by slaves who were made to work under astonishing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt |
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan | Mohamed maintains a strong relationship with Russia and Vladimir Putin, and has brokered talks between Russia and the Trump administration. In 2016, Mohamed was found involved in the Russian meddling of the US presidential elections, where his adviser George Nader arranged a meeting for him and Saudi Crown Prince Moha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan |
Sheep | Sheep are an important part of the global agricultural economy. However, their once vital status has been largely replaced by other livestock species, especially the pig, chicken, and cow. China, Australia, India, and Iran have the largest modern flocks, and serve both local and exportation needs for wool and mutton. O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep |
Human rights in the State of Palestine | As of 2006, sixteen Palestinian journalists have been killed or wounded by PA security forces or armed groups.
Abdullah Issa, Palestinian publisher and editor of the on-line magazine Donia al Watan was detained in July 2006 by the Palestinian Authority for publishing a story about the theft of $400,000 from PA Foreign ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Mauro-Roman Kingdom | Pointing to the large group of dated Latin inscriptions at Altava and Tlemcen, Fisher and Drost suggest that "a political entity with some state-like features" originating with Masuna continued there until roughly 589–599.
Gabriel Camps identifies Garmul (also known as Garmules), a military leader who resisted Eastern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom |
Islamic philosophy | The Islamic philosophers, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis, were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional novel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Suez Company (1858–1997) | Following the granting of the first concession in 1854, Lesseps was in near constant travel to assemble diplomatic approvals perceived as necessary to build the canal from other foreign governments involved. Although the first concession was granted by Egypt, at the time Egypt was an administrative subdivision of the O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Company_(1858%E2%80%931997) |
Al-Musta'in | The new caliph was almost immediately faced with a large riot in Samarra in support of the disenfranchised al-Mu'tazz; the rioters were put down by the military but casualties on both sides were heavy. Al-Musta'in, worried that al-Mu'tazz or al-Mua'yyad could press their claims to the caliphate, first attempted to buy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musta%27in |
Harem | The model of the royal harem of Zanzibar were similar to most royal harems at the time. Enslaved eunuchs were employed to guard and manage the affairs of the harem, while female slave maids were employed to see to the needs of the slave concubines, the wives and the female relatives.
The memoirs of Princess Emily Ruete... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harem |
Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic | The contemporary Arabic language originated further north than Yemen, in and around the region of Hejaz, and arrived to the modern area of south-western Yemen following the early Muslim conquests of the Arabian Peninsula.
Prior to the advent of Arabic, a cluster of languages collectively known as “Old South Arabian” we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic |
Israel–Hamas war | The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas blamed each other for failing to agree on extension. The disagreement centered on "how to define soldiers versus civilians and how many Palestinian prisoners Israel would release for its hostages". The remaining Israeli hostages include a year old baby, his 4-year-ol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war |
Palestinian territories | In 1922, after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire that ruled Greater Syria for four centuries (1517–1917), the British Mandate for Palestine was established. Large-scale Jewish immigration from abroad, mainly from Eastern Europe took place during the British Mandate, though Jewish immigration started during the Ottoman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories |
2014 Gaza War | Leading up to the collapse of the 2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks, in the face of Netanyahu's perceived reluctance to make desired concessions, Mahmoud Abbas decided to forge a deal with Hamas. With its alliance with Syria and Iran weakened, the loss of power by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt after a coup d'èt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Gaza_War |
Kahlil Gibran | Gibran acted as a secretary of the Syrian–Mount Lebanon Relief Committee, which was formed in June 1916. The same year, Gibran met Lebanese author Mikhail Naimy after Naimy had moved from the University of Washington to New York. Naimy, whom Gibran would nickname "Mischa," had previously made a review of Broken Wings i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran |
Human rights in the Middle East | All the states in the Middle East region have ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Following the ratification of the CRC, Middle Eastern countries have enacted or proposed to enact laws to protect children from violence, abuse, neglect or exploitation. A number of countries have put ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East |
Hafez al-Assad | After the coup, Hafez was appointed Minister of Defense. This was his first cabinet post, and through his position, he would be thrust into the forefront of the Syrian–Israeli conflict. His government was radically socialist, and sought to remake society from top to bottom. Although Hafez was a radical, he opposed the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Assassination of Anwar Sadat | On 6 October 1981, a victory parade was held in Cairo to commemorate the eighth anniversary of Egypt's crossing of the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War. Sadat was protected by four layers of security and eight bodyguards, and the army parade should have been safe due to ammunition-seizure rules. As Egyptian Air For... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat |
Zengid dynasty | After the defeats of the Seljuk Empire in Khorasan and the death of the Seljuk ruler Ahmad Sanjar in 1157, the Zengids remained nominally under Seljuk suzerainty, but in practice became essentially independent.
In the 1160s, Nur ad-Din's attention was mostly held by a competition with the King of Jerusalem, Amalric of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zengid_dynasty |
Boko Haram | On 12 January, Boko Haram attacked a Cameroonian military base in Kolofata, a commune in the Far North region. Government forces report killing 143 militants, while one Cameroonian soldier was killed. On 18 January, Boko Haram raided two Tourou Cameroon area villages, torching houses, killing some residents and kidnapp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram |
Hafez al-Assad | Hafez was not content with a professional military career, regarding it as a gateway to politics. After the creation of the UAR, Ba'ath Party leader Michel Aflaq was forced by Nasser to dissolve the party. During the UAR's existence, the Ba'ath Party experienced a crisis for which several of its members—mostly young—bl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Pyramid Texts | The spells, or utterances, of the Pyramid Texts were primarily concerned with enabling the transformation of the deceased into an akh (where those judged worthy could mix with the gods). The spells of the Pyramid Texts are divided into two broad categories: Sacerdotal texts and Personal texts.
The sacerdotal texts are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Texts |
Bloody Thursday (Bahrain) | Supranational bodies
The United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon asked for bringing to justice those responsible for the violence. He expressed his deep concern and disturbance "by the violent means used to disperse demonstrators." A spokesperson for Catherine Ashton, the European Union's High Representative, said... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Thursday_(Bahrain) |
Druze | Various scholars agree that the Druze community's cultural identity is deeply intertwined with their Arab heritage. Historian Nejla Abu-Izzedin and Kamal Salibi both argue that the Druze are profoundly embedded within the Arab cultural framework, as demonstrated by their common language and social customs. They assert ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Transitional Federal Government of Somalia | Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia's federal government and the moderate Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in Djibouti brokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah. The conference ended wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia |
Abyei | Following the clashes in Abyei during May 2008, in June 2008 the Sudanese President, Omar al-Bashir, and the President of the autonomous Government of Southern Sudan, Salva Kiir Mayardit, agreed to refer the disputes between the Government and the SPLM/A concerning the ABC's determination of the Abyei area's boundaries... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei |
Iraqi art | Iraq has produced a number of world-class painters and sculptors including Ismail Fatah Al Turk (1934–2008), Khalid Al-Jadir (1924–1990), and Mohammed Ghani Hikmat.
Faeq Hassan (1914–1992), considered the founder of modern plastic art in Iraq, was among several Iraqi artists who were selected to study art at the Ecole ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_art |
Cinema of the Middle East | Initially, Saudi Arabia did not refute the idea of movie theaters and allowed independent improvised cinemas which functioned outside of government oversight. Similar to many of the other Arab countries, cinema was introduced into Saudi Arabia by westerners, who were working for oil and gas companies in Saudi Arabia, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East |
History of biology | The most significant evolutionary theory before Darwin's was that of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics (an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20th century), it described a chain of development stretching from the lowliest microbe to humans. The British nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biology |
Zoroastrianism | Some scholars believe Zoroastrianism started as an Indo-Iranian polytheistic religion: according to Yujin Nagasawa, "like the rest of the Zoroastrian texts, the Old Avesta does not teach monotheism". By contrast, Md. Sayem characterizes Zoroastrianism as being one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world.
Zoro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism |
Islamic feminism | Since the mid-nineteenth century, Muslim women and men have been critical of restrictions placed on women regarding education, seclusion, veiling, polygyny, slavery, and concubinage. Modern Muslims have questioned these practices and advocated for reform. There is an ongoing debate about the status of women in Islam. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_feminism |
Regency of Algiers | Determined to remove the Spanish from Oran, Algerian Dey Mohammed Bektash took the opportunity afforded by the War of the Spanish Succession to send Mustapha Bouchelaghem Bey at the head of a contingent of janissaries and local volunteers to take the city. He succeeded in 1707, but in 1732 Duke of Montemar's forces rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Mass media in Iraq | After the end of full state control in 2003, a period of considerable growth occurred in Iraq's broadcast media. Immediately, the ban on satellite dishes was no longer in place, and by mid-2003, according to a BBC report, there were 20 radio stations, 15-17 Iraqi-owned television stations, and 200 Iraqi-owned and opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq |
Battle of Jenin (2002) | According to Efraim Karsh, before the fighting started, the IDF used loudspeakers broadcasting in Arabic to urge the locals to evacuate the camp, and he estimates that some 11,000 left. Stephanie Gutmann also noted that the IDF used bullhorns and announcements in Arabic to inform the residents of the invasion, and that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002) |
One Thousand and One Nights | Several tales in the One Thousand and One Nights use the self-fulfilling prophecy, as a special form of literary prolepsis, to foreshadow what is going to happen. This literary device dates back to the story of Krishna in ancient Sanskrit literature, and Oedipus or the death of Heracles in the plays of Sophocles. A var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Fasting in Islam | Throughout the duration of the fast itself, Muslims will abstain from certain provisions that the Quran has otherwise allowed; namely eating, drinking, and sexual intercourse. This is in addition to the standard obligation already observed by Muslims of avoiding that which is not permissible under Quranic or shari'a la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam |
Shamash | In the Early Dynastic period kings of Mari most likely visited the Ebabbar in Sippar to pay homage to its deity. In later periods, it was renovated by multiple rulers, including Naram-Sin of Akkad (who installed his daughter Šumšani as ēntum-priestess), Sabium of Babylon, Samsu-iluna of Babylon, who called himself "bel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash |
Madrasa | Madrasas were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the ninth century after the formation of the madhāhib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa |
History of the Malay language | The flourishing of pre-modern Malay literature in 19th century led to the rise of intellectual movement among the locals and the emergence of new community of Malay linguists. The appreciation of the language grew, and various efforts were undertaken by the community to further enhance the usage of Malay as well as to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language |
Ayyubid dynasty | In the east, the Khwarezemids under Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu captured the town of Khilat from al-Ashraf, while the traditionally loyalist Rasulids began to encroach on Ayyubid holdings in Arabia. In 1222 the Ayyubids appointed the Rasulid leader Ali ibn Rasul as governor of Mecca. Ayyubid rule in Yemen and the Hejaz was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Lihyan | Situated in Wadi al-Qura within modern al-ʿUla, al-Khuraybah is believed to be ancient Dadān—a significant hub of culture and commerce in ancient northwest Arabia. It thrived in the 1st millennium BC, fostering through the development of long-distance trade along the ‘Incense Road,’ acting as an important and strategic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lihyan |
Equatorial Guinea | Before the nation's independence from Spain, Equatorial Guinea exported cocoa, coffee and timber, mostly to its colonial ruler, Spain, but also to Germany and the UK. On 1 January 1985, the country became the first non-Francophone African member of the franc zone, adopting the CFA franc as its currency. The national cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea |
Sectarian violence in Iraq | Following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the toppling of Saddam Hussein, the country slowly descended into a sectarian civil war. This rise in sectarian tensions was the result of a multiplicity of factors. First of all, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), under leadership of Paul Bremer, started a campaign o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq |
Tunisian revolution | On 28 November 2010, WikiLeaks and five major newspapers (Spain's El País, France's Le Monde, Germany's Der Spiegel, the United Kingdom's The Guardian, and the United States' The New York Times) simultaneously published the first 220 of 251,287 leaked documents labeled confidential. These included descriptions of corru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_revolution |
Deir Alla inscription | When the text was found, it was broken into fragments, which were lying on the ground. The fragments are poorly preserved, and only a part of the text has been found. In all, 119 pieces of ink-inscribed plaster were recovered. The wall, near the summit of the tel, was felled by a tremor.
Scholars have succeeded in arra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Alla_inscription |
Ivory | While many uses of ivory are purely ornamental in nature, it often must be carved and manipulated into different shapes to achieve the desired form. Other applications, such as ivory piano keys, introduce repeated wear and surface handling of the material. It is therefore essential to consider the mechanical properties... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory |
Simeon I of Bulgaria | By 917, Simeon was preparing for yet another war against Byzantium. He attempted to conclude an anti-Byzantine union with the Pechenegs, but his envoys could not match the financial resources of the Byzantines, who succeeded in outbidding them. The Byzantines hatched a large-scale campaign against Bulgaria and also tri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria |
Al-Battani | Al-Battānī is considered to be the greatest and most famous of the known astronomers of the medieval Islamic world. He made more accurate observations of the night sky than any of his contemporaries, and was the first of a generation of new Islamic astronomers that followed the founding of the House of Wisdom in the 8t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Battani |
Arab Spring | The protests in Bahrain started on 14 February, and were initially aimed at achieving greater political freedom and respect for human rights; they were not intended to directly threaten the monarchy.: 162–3 Lingering frustration among the Shiite majority with being ruled by the Sunni government was a major root cause,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Ottoman Empire | Several historians, such as British historian Edward Gibbon and the Greek historian Dimitri Kitsikis, have argued that after the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman state took over the machinery of the Byzantine (Roman) state and that the Ottoman Empire was in essence a continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire under a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire |
Lebanese Civil War | World War II and the 1940s brought great change to Lebanon and the Middle East. Lebanon was promised independence, which was achieved on 22 November 1943. Free French troops, who had invaded Lebanon in 1941 to rid Beirut of the Vichy French forces, left the country in 1946. The Maronites assumed power over the country ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War |
Avempace | In Islamic astronomy, Maimonides wrote the following on the planetary model proposed by Avempace:
"I have heard that Abu Bakr [Ibn Bajja] discovered a system in which no epicycles occur, but eccentric spheres are not excluded by him. I have not heard it from his pupils; and even if it be correct that he discovered suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avempace |
Great Pyramid of Giza | Historically the Great Pyramid had been attributed to Khufu based on the words of authors of classical antiquity, first and foremost Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus. During the Middle Ages other people were credited with the construction of the pyramid as well, for example Joseph from the Book of Genesis, Nimrod, or the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza |
Ancient Egyptian deities | Most Egyptian deities represent natural or social phenomena. The gods were generally said to be immanent in these phenomena—to be present within nature. The types of phenomena they represented include physical places and objects as well as abstract concepts and forces. The god Shu was the deification of all the world's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities |
Eurofighter Typhoon | The Typhoon is a multi-role fighter with maturing air-to-ground capabilities. The initial absence of air-to-ground capability is believed to have been a factor in the type's rejection from Singapore's fighter competition in 2005. At the time it was claimed that Singapore was concerned about the delivery timescale and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon |
M60 tank | Composite armor made with fused silica glass sandwiched between plates of steel were intended to be fitted to the hull. This led to a redesign of the front of the hull into the shape of a flat wedge, instead of the M48's elliptical front, as it simplified the installation of this armor. It was also envisioned that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_tank |
Fula people | Common Fulani family names in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau and Southern Senegal are: Diallo (French regions), Jallow or Jalloh (Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia), Djalo (Cap Verde and Guinea Bissau), Sow, Barry, Bah or Ba, Baldé, and Diouldé. Other Fulani (Toucouleur) family names in Guinea and northern Senegal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people |
Hellenistic period | In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period |
Mohammed Racim | Racim was born in The Casbah of Algiers in 1896 into a distinguished family of artists of Turkish descent, whose pre-colonial prosperity had been undermined by the French regime's confiscation of property. In 1880, Racim's father had re-established a wood-carving and copper-working workshop in the Casbah of Algiers, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Racim |
Anti-Sunnism | In response to the growth of the Sunni Islam, the Safavid dynasty killed many Sunnis, attempted to convert them to Shi'ism, many of the burials of the Sunni saints were burned by the orders of Safavid shahs, the Sunni states were also occupied. They also cursed the first three caliphs of Sunni Muslims, and also Aisha ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Sunnism |
Al-Shadhili | It was in a hermitage on top of Jabal al-'Alam, near Tétouan, that he met the sheikh who he was searching for and who was to have the greatest influence on his life, Abd as-Salam ibn Mashish (d. 625/1228), known as "the Pole of the West", just as Abd al-Qadir Gilani (d. 561/1166) was called "the Pole of the East". Whil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shadhili |
History of trigonometry | In China, Aryabhata's table of sines were translated into the Chinese mathematical book of the Kaiyuan Zhanjing, compiled in 718 AD during the Tang dynasty. Although the Chinese excelled in other fields of mathematics such as solid geometry, binomial theorem, and complex algebraic formulas, early forms of trigonometry ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trigonometry |
Mouride | Islam is central to the political sociology of Senegal: the religious elite carry great weight in national politics; political discourse is replete with references and appeals to Islam. There is virtually no opposition to the principle of the secular state, socio-political cleavages based on religion, whether between M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouride |
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