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World War I | Faced with Russia in the east, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital, Belgrade. A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Visa policy of Saudi Arabia | In December 2013 Saudi Arabia announced its intention to begin issuing tourist visas for the first time in its history. Council of Ministers entrusted the Supreme Commission for Tourism and Antiquities with visa issuing on the basis of certain regulations approved by the Ministries of Interior and Foreign Affairs. A li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Seleucus I Nicator | After the death of Antipater in 319 BC, the satrap of Media began to expand his power. Peithon assembled a large army of perhaps over 20,000 soldiers. Under the leadership of Peucestas the other satraps of the region brought together an opposing army of their own. Peithon was finally defeated in a battle waged in Parth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator |
Shihab dynasty | The 19th-century family histories of the Shihabs by Haydar al-Shihabi and his associate Tannus al-Shidyaq claim that the clan's leader during its migration to Wadi al-Taym was Munqidh ibn Amr (d. 1193), who defeated the Crusaders in an engagement there the following year. The same sources note that he was appointed gov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_dynasty |
Jordan | Jordan was home to 2,175,491 Palestinian refugees as of December 2016; most of them, but not all, had been granted Jordanian citizenship. The first wave of Palestinian refugees arrived during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and peaked in the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1990 Gulf War. In the past, Jordan had given many Palestini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan |
Golden jackal | The golden jackal fills much the same ecological niche in Eurasia as the coyote does in North America; it is both a predator and a scavenger, and an omnivorous and opportunistic forager with a diet that varies according to its habitat and the season. In Keoladeo National Park, India, over 60% of its diet was measured t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal |
Mu'awiya I | There is little information in the early Muslim sources about Mu'awiya's rule in Syria, the center of his caliphate. He established his court in Damascus and moved the caliphal treasury there from Kufa. He relied on his Syrian tribal soldiery, numbering about 100,000 men, increasing their pay at the expense of the Iraq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I |
Mina'i ware | Mina'i ware began to be made when Persia was, in theory, part of the Seljuk Empire, whose ruling dynasty and top elite were ethnically Turkish. But Persia was ruled by the Khwarazmian dynasty, also of Turkic origin, initially as vassals of the Seljuk, until in 1190, they severed these ties and ruled independently unti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina%27i_ware |
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt | The twenty-fifth dynasty originated in Kush, which is presently in Northern Sudan. The city-state of Napata was the spiritual capital and it was from there that Piye (spelled Piankhi or Piankhy in older works) invaded and took control of Egypt. Piye personally led the attack on Egypt and recorded his victory in a lengt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt |
Texas | In 1900, Texas suffered the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history during the Galveston hurricane. On January 10, 1901, the first major oil well in Texas, Spindletop, was found south of Beaumont. Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas, West Texas, and under the Gulf of Mexico. The resulting "oil bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas |
History of Palestine | Following Cyrus the Great's conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE, Palestine became part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. At least five Persian provinces existed in the region: Yehud Medinata, Samaria, Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon. The Phoenician city-states continued to prosper in present-day Lebanon, while the Arabian tribes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine |
Shia–Sunni relations | Shia–Sunni strife in Pakistan is strongly intertwined with that in Afghanistan. The anti-Shia Afghan Taliban regime helped anti-Shia Pakistani groups and vice versa. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan, have sent thousands of volunteers to fight with the Taliban regime and "in return the Taliban gave sanctuar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations |
Positional notation | Positional numeral systems work using exponentiation of the base. A digit's value is the digit multiplied by the value of its place. Place values are the number of the base raised to the nth power, where n is the number of other digits between a given digit and the radix point. If a given digit is on the left hand side... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
Art Deco | Many Art Deco buildings in Asia were designed by European architects. But in the Philippines, local architects such as Juan Nakpil, Juan Arellano, Pablo Antonio and others were preeminent. Many Art Deco landmarks in Asia were demolished during the great economic expansion of Asia the late 20th century, but some notable... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco |
Israeli settlement | A 1996 amendment to an Israeli military order states that land privately owned can not be part of a settlement unless the land in question has been confiscated for military purposes. In 2006 Peace Now acquired a report, which it claims was leaked from the Israeli Government's Civil Administration, indicating that up to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement |
Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia is unique in giving the ulema (the body of Islamic religious leaders and jurists) a direct role in government. The preferred ulema are of the Salafi movement. The ulema have been a key influence in major government decisions, for example the imposition of the oil embargo in 1973 and the invitation to forei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Suez Canal | On 23 March 2021, at around 05:40 UTC (07:40 local time), the Suez Canal was blocked in both directions by ultra-large Evergreen G-class container ship Ever Given. The ship, operated by Evergreen Marine, was en route from Malaysia to the Netherlands when it ran aground after strong winds allegedly blew the ship off cou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal |
Libyan civil war (2014–2020) | Algeria – Early in May 2014, the Algerian military said it was engaged in an operation aimed at tracking down militants who infiltrated the country's territory in Tamanrasset near the Libyan border, during which it announced that it managed to kill 10 "terrorists" and seized a large cache of weapons near the town of Ja... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020) |
Ming dynasty | During the last years of the Wanli era and those of his two successors, an economic crisis developed that was centered on a sudden widespread lack of the empire's chief medium of exchange: silver. The Portuguese first established trade with China in 1516. Following the Ming Emperor's decision to ban direct trade with J... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty |
Semitic languages | Arabic is currently the native language of majorities from Mauritania to Oman, and from Iraq to Sudan. Classical Arabic is the language of the Quran. It is also studied widely in the non-Arabic-speaking Muslim world. The Maltese language is a descendant of the extinct Siculo-Arabic, a variety of Maghrebi Arabic formerl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages |
Yemen | The Rasulid dynasty was established in 1229 by Umar ibn Rasul, who was appointed deputy governor by the Ayyubids in 1223. When the last Ayyubid ruler left Yemen in 1229, Umar stayed in the country as caretaker. He subsequently declared himself an independent king by assuming the title "al-Malik Al-Mansur" (the king ass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen |
2012–2013 Egyptian protests | On 8 September, the Administrative Court of the State Council postponed its decision on the constitutionality of Egypt's Constituent Assembly until 2 October 2012.
On 11 September, a protest was organized by Wesam Abdel-Wareth, a Salafist leader and president of Egypt's Hekma television channel, who called for a gather... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Egyptian_protests |
2003 invasion of Iraq | While there had been some earlier talk of action against Iraq, the Bush administration waited until September 2002 to call for action, with White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card saying, "From a marketing point of view, you don't introduce new products in August." Bush began formally making his case to the internationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Phoenicia | A 2008 study led by Pierre Zalloua found that six subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 (J2)—thought to have originated between the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia and the Levant—were of a "Phoenician signature" and present amongst the male populations of coastal Lebanon as well as the wider Levant (the "Phoenician Periphery"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia |
Mahdist War | At this time, the British Empire was increasingly entrenching itself in the workings of the Egyptian government. Egypt was struggling under a barely maintainable debt repayment structure for its enormous European debt. For the Egyptian government to avoid further interference from its European creditors, it had to ensu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War |
Mandaeism | The two most important ceremonies in Mandaean worship are baptism (Masbuta) and 'the ascent' (Masiqta – a mass for the dead or ascent of the soul ceremony). Unlike in Christianity, baptism is not a one-off event but is performed every Sunday, the Mandaean holy day, as a ritual of purification. Baptism usually involves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism |
Al-Zamakhshari | Al-Zamakhshari's Al-Mofassal Fi Sina’at Al-E’rab ‘Detailed Analyses of Arabic Parsing’ (1120 – 1122 AD) is considered by Arabic grammarians to be one of the most influential books about Arabic syntax (and morphosyntax). Indeed, some grammarians believed that it is the second syntactic book after Sibawayh's books on Ara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari |
Caliphate | A contemporary effort to re-establish the caliphate by supporters of armed jihad that predates Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and the Islamic State and was much less successful, was "the forgotten caliphate" of Muhammad bin ʿIssa bin Musa al Rifaʿi ("known to his followers as Abu ʿIssa"). This "microcaliphate" was founded on 3 A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | In response to rumors that Saudi Arabia could intervene in Yemen, Houthi commander Ali al-Shami boasted on 24 March 2015 that his forces would invade the larger kingdom and not stop at Mecca, but rather Riyadh.
The following evening, answering a request by Yemen's internationally recognized government, Saudi Arabia beg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Sumerian language | Sumerian writing expressed pronunciation only roughly. It was often morphophonemic, so much of the allomorphic variation could be ignored. Especially in earlier Sumerian, coda consonants were also often ignored in spelling; e.g. /mung̃areš/ 'they put it here' could be written 𒈬𒃻𒌷 mu-g̃ar-re2. The use of VC signs for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language |
Mamluk | Daniel Pipes argued that the first indication of the Mamluk military class was rooted in the practice of early Muslims such as Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Uthman ibn Affan who, before Islam, owned many slaves and practiced Mawla (Islamic manumission of slaves). The Zubayrids army under Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, son of Zubay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk |
Doha Metro | Doha Metro Phase 1 was implemented by multiple joint ventures involving local and international contractors. Qatar Rail has previously specified that consortiums looking to build different parts of the network should partner with a Qatari firm, which has led to companies such as Qatar Building Company, Galfar Al-Misnad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_Metro |
Islam in the United States | In the 2000 Presidential election, 78 percent of Muslim Americans supported Republican candidate George W. Bush over Democratic candidate Al Gore. However, due to the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq which took place under the Bush Administration, as well as what some call an increased anti-Muslim rhetoric from the Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States |
Ottoman Arabia | When the Ottomans conquered Mamluk territory in 1517, the role of the Ottoman sultan in the Hijaz was first and foremost to take care of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina and provide safe passage for the many Muslims from various regions who traveled to Mecca to perform the Hajj. The Sultan was sometimes referred to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Arabia |
Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State | In anticipation of IS's capture of Palmyra, archaeologists removed hundreds of artefacts from the nearby museum. Following the capture of Palmyra in Syria, IS was reported as not intending to demolish the city's World Heritage Site (while still intending to destroy any statues deemed 'polytheistic'). On 27 May 2015, IS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State |
2012–2013 Egyptian protests | On 1 October, Egypt's doctors began a partial strike that lasted for weeks.
On 2 October, The Administrative Court of the State Council postponed its decision on the constitutionality of Egypt's Constituent Assembly until 9 October 2012.
On 8 October, Egyptian president Morsi ordered a pardon for all persons who alread... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Egyptian_protests |
Neo Destour | Eventually the Neo Destour led the Tunisian independence movement after the tumultuous period during World War II. Then Bourguiba was imprisoned and after the war in Egypt, while Ben Salih was the local, hands-on party leader. A significant break within the party ranks occurred in the final year of the independence str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Destour |
Al-Zaytuna Mosque | The al-Zaytuna Mosque followed the design and architecture of previous mosques, particularly the Mosque of Uqba in Kairouan that was built in its current form a few decades earlier.: 41 The layout of the building and its interior is irregular, with many of its lines not quite parallel or perpendicular, but this is not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque |
Islam in Algeria | After independence the Algerian government asserted state control over religious activities for purposes of national consolidation and political control. Islam became the religion of the state in the new constitution (Article 2), and was the religion of its leaders. The state monopolized the building of mosques, and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria |
Middle Ages | Charlemagne continued the Frankish tradition of dividing his empire between his sons, but only one son – Louis the Pious (r. 814–40) – was still alive by 813. Louis's reign was marked by divisions of the empire among his sons and civil wars between various alliances of father and sons. Three years after his death, his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Nasr Abu Zayd | Al-Ghazali's Theory of Interpretation, Journal of Osaka University of Foreign Studies, Japan, 72, 1986, pp. 1–24.
The Perfect Man in the Qur'an: Textual Analysis, Journal of Osaka University of Foreign Studies, Japan, no. 73, 1988, pp. 111–133.
The Case of Abu-Zaid, Index on Censorship, London, 4, 1996, pp. 30–39.
Ling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd |
Early Islamic philosophy | There are several cosmological verses in the Qur'an (610–632) which some modern writers have interpreted as foreshadowing the expansion of the universe and possibly even the Big Bang theory:
Do the disbelievers not realize that the heavens and earth were ˹once˺ one mass then We split them apart? And We created from wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy |
Arab Spring | In the aftermath of the Arab Spring in various countries, there was a wave of violence and instability commonly known as the Arab Winter or Islamist Winter. The Arab Winter was characterized by extensive civil wars, general regional instability, economic and demographic decline of the Arab League and overall religious ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Manasir | Similar to other Arab tribes, the people trace their origins back to one historical ancestor. According to the current oral tradition of many Manasir, this person is called Mansur and belongs to the line of descendants of al-'Abbas, the uncle of Muhammad.
According to their self-presentation in a publication by a commi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasir |
French Algeria | The most serious native insurrection since the time of Abd al Qadir broke out in 1871 in Kabylia and spread through much of Algeria. The revolt was triggered by Crémieux's extension of civil (that is, colon) authority to previously self-governing tribal reserves and the abrogation of commitments made by the military go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Algeria |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | After the removal of Prince Bashir III, the Lebanese Chehab emirate, which had been the ruling entity of the country and its population for many years, collapsed. The Ottomans appointed one of the most senior officials as direct ruler on the mountain, with the ruler being a Sunni Muslim of Austrian origins named Omar P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi | Al-Baghdadi and his group Jamaat Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jamaah joined the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) in 2006, in which he served as a member of the MSC's sharia committee. Following the renaming of the MSC as the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006, al-Baghdadi became the general supervisor of the ISI's sharia co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi |
Madrasa | Prior to the 12th century, women accounted for less than one percent of the world's Islamic scholars. However, al-Sakhawi and Mohammad Akram Nadwi have since found evidence of over 8,000 female scholars since the 15th century. al-Sakhawi devotes an entire volume of his 12-volume biographical dictionary al-Ḍawʾ al-lāmiʻ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa |
Anatolian rug | As a group, Western Anatolian rugs often show a bright brick red and lighter reddish colours. White accents are prominent, and green and yellow are more frequently seen than in rugs from other regions of Anatolia. The wefts are often dyed red. The selvages are reinforced over 3-4 warp cords. The ends of the rug are oft... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rug |
Solar power in the United Arab Emirates | The Dubai Clean Energy Strategy aims to provide 7 per cent of Dubai's energy from clean energy sources by 2020. It will increase this target to 25 per cent by 2030 and 75 per cent by 2050. Due to a variety of factors, a Saudi-backed consortium had a low bid to build the solar farm in Dubai for only 3¢/kWh.
The first ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates |
Liberalism | Liberalism in Britain was based on core concepts such as classical economics, free trade, laissez-faire government with minimal intervention and taxation and a balanced budget. Classical liberals were committed to individualism, liberty and equal rights. Writers such as John Bright and Richard Cobden opposed aristocrat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism |
Maimonides | With the loss of the family funds tied up in David's business venture, Maimonides assumed the vocation of physician, for which he was to become famous. He had trained in medicine in both Spain and in Fez. Gaining widespread recognition, he was appointed court physician to al-Qadi al-Fadil, the chief secretary to Sultan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides |
Salman of Saudi Arabia | Salman bin Abdulaziz has been married thrice and has at least thirteen children, including twelve sons.
Salman's first wife was his first cousin Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi, daughter of his maternal uncle Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi, a former governor of Asir Province. They were married in 1954, when Salman was 18 yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Arab Revolt | By the time of Aqaba's capture, many other officers joined Faisal's campaign. A large number of British officers and advisors, led by Lt. Col.s Stewart F. Newcombe and Cyril E. Wilson, arrived to provide the Arabs rifles, explosives, mortars, and machine guns. Artillery was only sporadically supplied due to a general s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt |
History of Qatar | The scramble for oil raised the stakes in regional territorial disputes and signified the need to establish territorial borders. The first move came in 1922 at a boundary conference in Uqair when prospector Major Frank Holmes attempted to include Qatar in an oil concession he was discussing with Ibn Saud. Sir Percy Cox... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qatar |
Wars of Alexander the Great | After the battle, Alexander buried the dead Greeks and Persians and sent the captured Greek mercenaries back to Greece to work in the mines as an abject lesson for any Greek who decided to fight for the Persians. He sent some of the spoils back to Greece, including three hundred panoplies (complete Persian suits of arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great |
2003 invasion of Iraq | Another justification included the alleged connection between the regime of Saddam Hussein and that of terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda that had attacked the United States during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
While it never made an explicit connection between Iraq and the 11 September attacks, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Sufism | Opposition to Sufi teachers and orders from more literalist and legalist strains of Islam existed in various forms throughout Islamic history. It took on a particularly violent form in the 18th century with the emergence of the Wahhabi movement.
Around the turn of the 20th century, Sufi rituals and doctrines also came... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism |
Islamic architecture | The architecture of the "oriental" Islamic town is based on cultural and sociological concepts which differ from those of European cities. In both cultures, a distinction is made between the areas used by the rulers and their government and administration, public places of everyday common life, and the areas of private... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Ibn Saud | Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Nejd from the Rashidis.
In 1904, Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid appea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud |
Prehistory | Lower Paleolithic
c. 3.3 million BP – Earliest stone tools
c. 2.8 million BP – Genus Homo appears
c. 600,000 BP – Hunting-gathering
c. 400,000 BP – Control of fire by early humans
Middle Paleolithic
c. 300,000 BP – Anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) appear in Africa, one of whose characteristics is a lac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory |
Ancient Carthage | Aspects of Carthage's political system persisted well into the Roman period, albeit to varying degrees and often in Romanized form. Throughout the major settlements of Roman Sardinia, inscriptions mention sufetes, perhaps indicating that Punic descendants used the office or its name to resist both cultural and politica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage |
Music of Mesopotamia | Sumerian and Akkadian language texts provide insight into the role of musicians in society. Two distinct types of musicians are known, the gala and the nar. Both classes of musicians were highly regarded, and associated with religion and royalty, but their roles differed. The gala (Akkadian: kalû) musician was closely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia |
Tunisian revolution | The Ghannouchi administration (15 January – 27 February 2011) was a caretaker government with the primary goal of maintaining the state and providing a legal framework for new elections.
Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi announced his cabinet on 17 January 2011, three days after Ben Ali's departure. The cabinet include... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_revolution |
Turkmens | Before the establishment of Soviet power in Central Asia, it was difficult to identify distinct ethnic groups in the region. Sub-ethnic and supra-ethnic loyalties were more important to people than ethnicity. When asked to identify themselves, most Central Asians would name their kin group, neighborhood, village, relig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens |
Israel–Hamas war | The truce expired on 1 December, as Israel and Hamas blamed each other for failing to agree on extension. The disagreement centered on "how to define soldiers versus civilians and how many Palestinian prisoners Israel would release for its hostages". The remaining Israeli hostages include a year old baby, his 4-year-ol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war |
Israel–Sudan normalization agreement | Sudan is one of the Arab countries that fought wars with Israel, and its capital, Khartoum, witnessed the adoption of an Arab League resolution known as the resolution of the three noes; No peace, no recognition, no negotiations. Sudan had sent troops to fight the Israeli forces in all Arab-Israeli major wars and consi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement |
Gaza Strip | Sunni Muslims make up 99.8 percent of the population in the Gaza Strip, with an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 (0.2 percent) Arab Christians.
From 1987 to 1991, during the First Intifada, Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab head-cover. In the course of this campaign, women who chose not to wear the hijab were verb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip |
Allegiance Council | Previously, under Chapter 2 of the Basic Law promulgated by King Fahd, the appointment of the next in line was the sole prerogative of the King:
The King chooses the Heir Apparent and relieves him of his duties by Royal order.
The appointment of a successor by the King was usually done with some form of informal conse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegiance_Council |
Slavery in Africa | With sea trade from the eastern African Great Lakes region to Persia, China, and India during the first millennium AD, slaves are mentioned as a commodity of secondary importance to gold and ivory. When mentioned, the slave trade appears to have been small-scale and mostly involves slave raiding of women and children a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa |
Feyli (tribe) | Feylis predominately live in Baghdad, Kut, Khanaqin, Mandali, Badra near the Iranian border and consider themselves ethnic Kurds. Feylis of Iraq have taken actively part in the Kurdish fight for independence and many Feylis have risen to position of great power, including Fuad Hussein of Kurdistan Democratic Party. Fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyli_(tribe) |
Al-Jahiz | While still in Basra, al-Jāḥiẓ wrote an article about the institution of the Caliphate. This is said to have been the beginning of his career as a writer, which would become his sole source of living. It is said that his mother once offered him a tray full of notebooks and told him he would earn his living from writing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz |
Algeria | After negligible resistance from the locals, Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Algeria in the early 8th century.
Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria |
First Cabinet of Saad Hariri | Hariri vowed to find a way out of the crisis saying his allies and he would take part in "consultations" to a name a new leader.
Nabih Berri, the Lebanese parliamentary speaker and a member of the March 8 alliance, said Suleiman would formally launch talks to create a new government on 16 January. However, March 8 said... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Saad_Hariri |
Post-classical history | In the context of global history, the label of feudalism has been used to describe any agricultural society where central authority broke down to be replaced by a warrior aristocracy. Feudal societies are characterized by reliance on personal relationships with military elites, rather than a bureaucracy with a state-su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-classical_history |
Sudan | The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient Nubian state centred on the confluences of the Blue Nile and White Nile, and the Atbarah River and the Nile River. It was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt; it was centred at Napata in its early phase.
After King Kashta ("the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Irgun | While continuing to defend settlements, Irgun members began attacks on Arab villages around April 1936, thus ending the policy of restraint. These attacks were intended to instill fear in the Arab side, in order to cause the Arabs to wish for peace and quiet. In March 1938, David Raziel wrote in the underground newspap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irgun |
Al-Aqsa | The Abbasids generally exhibited little interest in Jerusalem, though the historian Shelomo Dov Goitein notes they "paid special tribute" to the city during the early part of their rule, and Grabar asserts that the early Abbasids' work on the mosque suggests "a major attempt to assert Abbasid sponsorship of holy places... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa |
Saudi Aramco | The original concession agreement included Article 23; as Ali Al-Naimi pointed out, this was a "key building block in the shaping of Saudi society for decades to come." It reads, "The enterprise under this contract shall be directed and supervised by Americans who shall employ Saudi nationals as far as practicable, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Aramco |
Tawam (region) | Al-Ain is the main settlement in the Eastern Region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, located on the country's eastern border with Oman, where the adjacent town of Al-Buraimi is located. The region is located to the west of the Western Hajar Mountains and the Gulf of Oman, and in the vicinity of the Rub' al-Khali Desert. On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawam_(region) |
History of neuroscience | The earliest reference to the brain occurs in the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC. The hieroglyph for brain, occurring eight times in this papyrus, describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and prognosis of two patients, wounded in the head, who had compound fractures of the skull. The assessments... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_neuroscience |
Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain | Sayid Majed ibn Sayid Ahmad Al-Jidhafsi was Bahrain's vice governor and the headman of Jidhafs who often clashed with his political nemesis, Ahmad ibn Muhammad Al-Biladi, the headman of the semi-autonomous village of Bilad Al-Qadeem. This rivalry reached its climax when an argument between the Al Khalifas who came to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Utbah_invasion_of_Bahrain |
History of biology | Biotechnology in the modern sense of genetic engineering began in the 1970s, with the invention of recombinant DNA techniques. Restriction enzymes were discovered and characterized in the late 1960s, following on the heels of the isolation, then duplication, then synthesis of viral genes. Beginning with the lab of Paul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biology |
Ulama | The study of, and commentaries on Quran and hadith, debates about ijtihad and taqlid and the issuing of fatwa as well as the use of Arabic, and later also Persian as common languages of discourse constituted the religious authority of the ulama throughout the entire Islamic world. Zaman has demonstrated that, as person... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
Nabeel Rajab | A number of independent United Nations experts including the United Nations Special Rapporteur on human rights defenders and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of peaceful assembly and of association expressed serious concern about the government of Bahrain's "campaign of persecution" directed against rights activists a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabeel_Rajab |
2011 Bahraini uprising | Despite extensive, and sometimes even non-stop coverage of the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, Al Jazeera's coverage of Bahrain was much less comprehensive.
"Despite being banned in Egypt, Al Jazeera went to great lengths to provide non-stop live coverage of events. It did not do that in Bahrain."
In February 2011, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising |
Umayyad Caliphate | The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Acco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | Both al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) and Islamic State had a presence in Yemen before the Saudi-led intervention. AQAP had controlled substantial pieces of territory for some time, while Islamic State claimed for twin bombings in Sanaa the following month that killed 140 people and injured hundreds more.
The t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Operation Outside the Box | On 19 November 2008, IAEA released a report which said the Syrian complex bore features resembling those of an undeclared nuclear reactor and UN inspectors found "significant" traces of uranium at the site. The report said the findings gleaned from inspectors' visit to the site in June were not enough to conclude a rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box |
Popular music | In addition to many changes in specific sounds and technologies used, there has been a shift in the content and key elements of popular music since the 1960s. One major change is that popular music has gotten slower; the average BPM of popular songs from the 1960s was 116, while the average of the 2000s was 100BPM. Add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music |
Hongwu Emperor | As Hongwu came from a peasant family, he was aware of how peasants used to suffer under the oppression of the scholar-bureaucrats, and the wealthy. Many of the latter, relying on their connections with government officials, encroached unscrupulously on peasants' lands and bribed the officials to transfer the burden of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor |
Mitanni | Bryce, Trevor, Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-415-25857-X
Bryce, Trevor (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927908-1.
Sigfried J. de Laet, ed. (1996). History of Humanity: From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century B.C. UNESCO P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni |
Al-Aziz Billah | Bacharach, Jere L. (1975). "The Career of Muḥammad Ibn Ṭughj Al-Ikhshīd, a Tenth-Century Governor of Egypt". Speculum. 50 (4): 586–612. doi:10.2307/2855469. ISSN 0038-7134. JSTOR 2855469. S2CID 161166177.
Bianquis, Thierry (1986). Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fatimide (359-468/969-1076): essai d'interprétation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah |
Music of Qatar | Over 90 traditional folk songs, both urban and sea, have been recorded in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf, many employing percussion instruments and string instruments, while others use only simple clapping or foot stomping or employ all in conjunction.
Traditional musical instruments have undergone extensive refin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Qatar |
History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present) | Throughout the rule of Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser in Egypt, after many assassination attempts and terrorist plots against the State many members of the Muslim Brotherhood were held in concentration camps, where they were tortured. Those who
escaped arrest went into hiding, both in Egypt and in other countries. One of those... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present) |
Christian Palestinian Aramaic | Jan P. N. Land, Anecdota Syriaca IV (Leiden, 1875), pp. 177–233 [Latin], pp. 103–224 [Syropalestinian], pls. I–VI.
James Rendall Harris, Biblical Fragments from Mount Sinai (Cambridge, 1890), pp. 65–68.
Paul de Lagarde, Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum (Bibliothecae syriacae; Göttingen, 1892), pp. 257–402.
George H. Gwill... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Palestinian_Aramaic |
Iraqi dinar | After the Gulf War in 1990, due to UN sanctions, Iraq was no longer able to place orders with De La Rue for further issues of the previously high quality notes, so new notes were produced. The pre-1990 notes became known as Swiss dinars while the new dinar notes were called Saddam dinars. Due to United States and the i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_dinar |
Al-Aqsa | Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders in 1099, during the First Crusade. They named the mosque Templum Solomonis (Solomon's Temple), distinguishing it from the Dome of the Rock, which they named Templum Domini (Temple of God). While the Dome of the Rock was turned into a Christian church under the care of the Augusti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa |
Marrakesh | Marrakesh is a vital component of the economy and culture of Morocco. Improvements to the highways from Marrakesh to Casablanca, Agadir and the local airport have led to a dramatic increase in tourism in the city, which now attracts over two million tourists annually. Because of the importance of tourism to Morocco's e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh |
Abbasid Caliphate | The Abbasid period saw a large fashion development throughout its existence. While the development of fashion began during the Umayyad period, its genuine cosmopolitan styles and influence were realized at their finest during Abbasid rule. Fashion was a thriving industry during the Abbasid period that was also strictly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
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