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Icosium | In 146 BC, Icosium became part of the Roman Empire. Tacfarinas's revolt damaged the city, but Icosium was revived by the introduction of a colony of veteran Roman soldiers during the reign of Juba II. The city was given Latin rights (colonia Latina) by the emperor Vespasian. Roman Icosium existed on what was the "marin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosium |
2000 Ramallah lynching | After he assumed office, Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon ordered the Israeli security services to find and arrest the lynchers. Israel subsequently tracked down those responsible:
Aziz Salha was arrested in 2001. He admitted to being one of those who broke into the police station and to choking one of the soldier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Ramallah_lynching |
Almoravid dynasty | The term "Almoravid" comes from the Arabic "al-Murabit" (المرابط), through the Spanish: almorávide. The transformation of the b in "al-Murabit" to the v in almorávide is an example of betacism in Spanish.
In Arabic, "al-Murabit" literally means "one who is tying" but figuratively means "one who is ready for battle at a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Slavery | In 1839, the world's oldest international human rights organization, Anti-Slavery International, was formed in Britain by Joseph Sturge, which campaigned to outlaw slavery in other countries. There were celebrations in 2007 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade in the United Kingdom t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Bilad al-Sham | Umar divided Syria into the four ajnad of Filastin, al-Urdunn, Dimashq, and Hims. The new garrisons were assigned to the urban centers of Lydda, Tiberias, Damascus, and Homs, respectively. In effect, Umar gave his sanction of the existing military situation in Syria, where different army units operated independently on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham |
Qizilbash | In Turkey, there is a community of so-called Alevis, which were formed out of Qizilbash groups in Anatolia in the 16th century. Historically, however, it wouldn't be appropriate to use the term Alevi to describe these groups, seeing as it was originally used for descendants of Ali, the fourth Rashidun Caliph. In the 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qizilbash |
Bosnian language | The name "Bosnian language" is a controversial issue for some Croats and Serbs, who also refer to it as the "Bosniak" language (Serbo-Croatian: bošnjački / бошњачки, [bǒʃɲaːtʃkiː]). Bosniak linguists however insist that the only legitimate name is "Bosnian" language (bosanski) and that that is the name that both Croats... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_language |
Funerary art | The Catacombs of Rome contain most of the surviving Christian art of the Early Christian period, mainly in the form of frescos and sculpted sarcophagi. They show a Christian iconography emerging, initially from Roman popular decorative art, but later borrowing from official imperial and pagan motifs. Initially, Christ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerary_art |
Al-Fatat | Al-Fatat was formed in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution in 1908. The original founders of the movement were Arab students who felt offended by what they perceived as the Young Turks' Turkish nationalist agenda and Turkish domination over ethnic groups within the Ottoman Empire. The three Arab students were Ah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fatat |
Mughlai cuisine | Although the ruling class and administrative elite of the Mughal Empire could variously identify themselves as Turani (Turkic), Irani (Persian), Shaikhzada (Indian Muslim) and Hindu Rajput, the empire itself was Indo-Persian, having a hybridized, pluralistic Persianate culture. Decorated Indo-Persian cookbooks and culi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine |
Toubkal | The first recorded ascent was on 12 June 1923 by the Marquis de Segonzac, Vincent Berger and Hubert Dolbeau, but the mountain may well have been climbed before that date. Toubkal's height was measured the following year, and determined as being 4,165 metres (13,665 ft) Nowadays measured at 4,167 metres, the summit is c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toubkal |
Salafi movement | Due to its approach of rejecting taqlid, Salafiyya school is considered as deviant by certain ulema (clerics) of the orthodox Sunnis like Ash'arite and Maturidite schools, who champion themselves as the Sunni Islamic orthodoxy and believe Taqlid of the four madhabs to be wajib (obligatory) for the matter of Fiqh (Islam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
HIV/AIDS | The origin of HIV / AIDS and the circumstances that led to its emergence remain unsolved.
Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa and were transferred to humans in the early 20th century. HIV-1 appears to have originated in southern Cameroon through the evolutio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS |
Nelson Mandela | In 1964, Mandela and his co-accused were transferred from Pretoria to the prison on Robben Island, remaining there for the next 18 years. Isolated from non-political prisoners in Section B, Mandela was imprisoned in a damp concrete cell measuring 8 feet (2.4 m) by 7 feet (2.1 m), with a straw mat on which to sleep. Ver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Kurds in Iraq | A major weakness of Kurdish national cohesiveness has been the strength of tribal and regional factions, often resulting in strong breaks between political parties. The Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), founded by Masoud Barzani, leans toward conservative nationalism and has a strong presence in the north. Given their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq |
Salafi movement | The first phase of the Salafiyya movement emerged amidst the reform-minded ulema of the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the late nineteenth century. The movement relied primarily upon the works of Hanbali theologian Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya, whose call to follow the path of Salaf, inspired their name. The early p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Iraqi Air Force | The Iraqi Air Force considers its founding day as 22 April 1931. This day, the first Royal Iraqi Air Force (RIrAF) pilots returned to the country from training in the United Kingdom together with the air force's first aircraft: five de Havilland Gipsy Moths. These formed No. 1 Squadron, based at RAF Hinaidi. Before the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force |
Library of Alexandria | The Library of Alexandria was not affiliated with any particular philosophical school; consequently, scholars who studied there had considerable academic freedom. They were, however, subject to the authority of the king. One likely apocryphal story is told of a poet named Sotades who wrote an obscene epigram making fun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria |
Kingdom of Hejaz | In their capacity as Caliphs, the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire would appoint an official known as the Sharif of Mecca. The role went to a member of the Hashemite family, but the Sultans typically promoted Hashemite intra-familial rivalries in their choice, preventing the building of a solid base of power in the Sharif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz |
Iznik pottery | From the late 15th century, potters in Iznik began producing wares that were decorated in cobalt blue on a white fritware body under a clear glaze. Both the manufacturing technique and the underglaze designs were very different from that used in the production of Miletus ware. Fritware had been made in the Near East fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iznik_pottery |
Al-Mutawakkil | One of al-Mutawakkil's wives was Farida. She belonged to the household of his brother caliph al-Wathiq, who kept her as a concubine and favorite although she belonged to the singer Amr ibn Banah. When al-Wathiq died, Amr presented her to al-Mutawakkil. He married her, and she became one of his favourites. Another wife ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil |
History of the Jews in Iraq | The agents behind the 1950-1951 Baghdad bombings are a subject of controversy. A secret Israeli inquiry in 1960 found no evidence that they were ordered by Israel or any motive that would have explained the attack, though it did find out that most of the witnesses believed that Jews had been responsible for the bombin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq |
Cultural heritage | Much of heritage preservation work is done at the national, regional, or local levels of society. Various national and regional regimes include:
Australia:
Burra Charter
Heritage Overlay in Victoria, Australia
Bosnia
KONS
Brazil:
National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage
Canada
Heritage conservation in Cana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage |
Banu Khazrun | During the 10th century, the region of Ifriqiya and Tripolitania came under the control of the Fatimid Caliphate. After the Fatimids moved their capital to Cairo in the 970s, they left their territories in the Maghreb under the control of their vassals, the Zirid dynasty. After 1001, Tripolitania broke away from Zirid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Khazrun |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | As the Arab League summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6 p.m. at age 52. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
Islam in Saudi Arabia | Islam plays a central role in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulema, the religious establishment, is all-pervasive. Article one of the 1992 Saudi "Basic Law of Governance" states,
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia |
Medina | Toward the end of the 5th century, the Jewish rulers lost control of the city to the two Arab tribes.
Most modern historians accept the claim of the Muslim sources that after the revolt, the Jewish tribes became clients of the 'Aws and the Khazraj. However, according to Scottish scholar, William Montgomery Watt, the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina |
Characene | Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–99. ISBN 0-521-20092-X..
Bosworth, C. E. (1986). "ʿArab i. Arabs and Iran in the pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characene |
Jewish Agency for Israel | Throughout the years 1934–1948, in a phenomenon known as the Ha'apala (ascension), the Jewish Agency facilitated clandestine immigration beyond the British quotas. In 1938 it established HaMosad LeAliyah Bet ('המוסד לעלייה ב, lit. Institution for Immigration B), which took charge of the effort. Overall, in these years,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel |
Sudan | The Kingdom of Kush was an ancient Nubian state centred on the confluences of the Blue Nile and White Nile, and the Atbarah River and the Nile River. It was established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt; it was centred at Napata in its early phase.
After King Kashta ("the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Islam in Malta | Islam is believed to have been introduced to Malta when the North African Aghlabids, first led by Halaf al-Hadim and later by Sawada ibn Muhammad, conquered the islands from the Byzantines, after arriving from Sicily in 870 (as part of the wider Arab–Byzantine wars). However, it has also been argued that the islands we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Malta |
Shaitan | The ḥādīth speak about shayāṭīn as malevolent forces, linked to the psychological life of humans.(p46)(pp. 254) The emphasis on the devils' evil nature, sometimes veils the Quranic depiction of the shayāṭīn as forces under God's control.(pp. 255) However, ḥādīth clarify that God is ultimately in control of both angels ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaitan |
Al-Muti' | The future al-Muti' was born in Baghdad in 913/14 as al-Fadl, a son of the Abbasid caliph, al-Muqtadir (r. 908–932), and a Slavic concubine, Mash'ala. He was the brother of caliphs al-Radi (r. 934–940) and al-Muttaqi (r. 940–944). Al-Muti' grew up in a time of crisis. Al-Muqtadir's reign was marked by factional strife,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muti%27 |
List of naval battles | 1601 December 27 Bantam – Dutch defeat Portuguese in Bantam Bay
1602 October 3 Sluis – Dutch under Jacob van Duivenvoorde defeat Spanish under Frederik Spinola
1603 May 26 Sluis – Dutch under Joos de Moor beat back Spanish under Frederik Spinola
?? 1603 October – Tuscan galleys defeat Tunisians
1604 October – Tuscans d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_naval_battles |
Tehran | After World War I, the constituent assembly elected Reza Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty as the new monarch, who immediately suspended the Baladie law of 1907, replacing the decentralized and autonomous city councils with centralist approaches to governance and planning.
From the 1920s to the 1930s, under the rule of Reza ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran |
Berlin–Baghdad railway | Had it been completed earlier, the Berlin-Baghdad (ultimately a Hamburg to Basra) railway would have enabled transport and trade from a port in Germany through a port on the Persian Gulf, from which trade goods and supplies could be exchanged directly with the farthest of the German colonies, and the world. The journey... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway |
Arab folk dances | Historically, dance has always been an important part of the Arabic culture. Some examples of the various social dances enjoyed in the Arab world are Debke (Arabic: دبكة, also spelled Dabkeh), Raqs Baladi (Arabic: بلدي, romanized: baladī; relative-adjective "of town", "local", "rural", comparable to English "folk", wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_folk_dances |
Almohad Caliphate | The Almohads had taken control of the Almoravid Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147. The Almohads rejected the mainstream Islamic doctrine that established the status of dhimmi, a Non-Muslim resident of a Muslim country who was allowed to practice his religion on condition of submission to Muslim rule and payme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Damascus | Damascus is linked with other major cities in Syria via a motorway network. The M5 connects Damascus with Homs, Hama, Aleppo and Turkey in the north and Jordan in the south. The M1 is going from Homs onto Latakia and Tartus.
The M4 links the city with Al-Hasakah and Iraq. The M1 highway connects the city to western Syr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus |
Syro-Hittite states | One of the most contested issues within the field is related to the choice of proper terms for this group of states. On that issue, scholars are divided into several categories. Some prefer terms that are derived from endonymic (native) names for Luwians and Arameans, thus using terms like Luwian-Aramean or Aramean-Luw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states |
Aisha | Islamic sources of the classical era list Aisha's age at the time of her marriage as six or seven and nine or ten at its consummation. In a hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari, Aisha recollects having been married at six years of age. Ibn Sa'd's biography holds her age at the time of marriage as between six and seven, and giv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha |
Augustinianism | Pelagius' teachings on human nature, divine grace, and sin were opposed to those of Augustine, who declared Pelagius "the enemy of the grace of God". Augustine distilled what he called Pelagianism into three heretical tenets: "to think that God redeems according to some scale of human merit; to imagine that some human ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinianism |
Druze | The name Druze is derived from the name of Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazī (from Persian darzi, "seamster") who was an early preacher. Although the Druze consider ad-Darazī a heretic, the name has been used to identify them, possibly by their historical opponents as a way to attach their community with ad-Daraz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze |
Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah | Ali ibn Musa al-Rida sent his dissertation to Ma'mun who was very pleased to receive it and showed his great interest by ordering that the treatise be written down in gold ink, hence it came to be known as the "Gold Treatise". Ma'mun praised it and said:I have reviewed the dissertation of my learned cousin, the loved a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah |
African studies | The current major problem in African studies that Mohamed (2010/2012) identified is the inherited religious, Orientalist, colonial paradigm that European Africanists have preserved in present-day secularist, post-colonial, Anglophone African historiography. African and African-American scholars also bear some responsib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_studies |
International recognition of the State of Palestine | After a two-year impasse in negotiations with Israel, the Palestinian Authority began a diplomatic campaign to gain recognition for the State of Palestine on the borders prior to the Six-Day War, with East Jerusalem as its capital. The efforts, which began in late 2009, gained widespread attention in September 2011, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine |
Husayn ibn Ali | Despite the advice of Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya, Abdullah ibn Umar, and the constant insistence of Abd Allah ibn Abbas in Mecca, Husayn did not back down from his decision to go to Kufa. Ibn 'Abbas pointed out that the Kufis had left both his father Ali and his brother Hasan alone, and suggested that Husayn go to Yemen in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali |
Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia | The second half of the sixth century was a period of political disorder in Arabia and communication routes were no longer secure. Religious divisions were an important cause of the crisis. Judaism became the dominant religion in Yemen while Christianity took root in the Persian Gulf area. In line with the broader trend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia |
Islam in Vietnam | The Cham Muslim communities in the Mekong Delta have generally been viewed as “poor” and “backward”, residing in remote areas. They are physically isolated from the economic centers of the country amidst a web of waterways and socially distant from their neighbors due to their strict observance of religious practices. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam |
Mamluk architecture | Despite their military character, the Mamluks were also prolific builders and left a rich architectural legacy throughout Cairo and in other major cities of their empire. Continuing a practice started by the Ayyubids, much of the land occupied by former Fatimid palaces in Cairo was sold and replaced by newer buildings,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_architecture |
United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine | Zionists launched an intense White House lobby to have the UNSCOP plan endorsed, and the effects were not trivial. The Democratic Party, a large part of whose contributions came from Jews, informed Truman that failure to live up to promises to support the Jews in Palestine would constitute a danger to the party. The de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine |
Ibn Ishaq | Born in Medina circa A.H. 85 (A.D. 704), ibn Isḥaq's grandfather was Yasār ibn Khiyar (according to some ibn Khabbar, Kuman or Kutan), one of forty Christian or Jewish boys who had been held captive in a monastery at Ayn al-Tamr. After being found in one of Khalid ibn al-Walid's campaigns, Yasār was taken to Medina and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq |
Asia Cup | The 7th edition took place in Bangladesh for the second time in 2000. Pakistan and Sri Lanka made it to the final while India only won one match against Bangladesh and surprisingly did not qualify for the final for the first time. In the final, Pakistan beat Sri Lanka to win the Asia Cup for the first time. Yousuf Youh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Cup |
1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine | On 10 May, Golda Meir and Ezra Danin secretly went to Amman, to the palace of King Abdullah to discuss the situation with him. The situation that Abdullah found himself in was difficult. On one hand, his personal ambitions, the promises made by the Yishuv in November 1947 and the British approval of these promises push... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi | Suhrawardi thought of himself as a reviver or resuscitator of the ancient Persian wisdom. He states in Hikmat al-'Ishraq that:There was among the ancient Persians a community of people guided by God who thus walked the true way, worthy Sage-Philosophers, with no resemblance to the Magi (Dualists). It is their precious... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi |
Islamic fundamentalism in Iran | Shortly after the revolution Khomeini declared that Islam and not the economy was important. In one of his comments, he dismissed the concerns of his first prime minister, Mehdi Bazargan, about the economy stating, "Economics is for donkeys!" However, on many occasions he advised his followers about justice and giving ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran |
Ishmaelites | According to the Quran, "Allah has gifted all of Ishmael, Alyasa, Yunus and Lut a favor above the nations. With some of their forefathers and their offspring and their brethren, We chose them and guided them unto a straight path". (Quran 6:86). Ibrahim and Hajar bore the prophetic child, who was named Ishmael by Allah ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmaelites |
South Sudan People's Defence Forces | The first fully-fledged SPLA battalion graduated in 1984 in the village of Bilpam. The name 'Bilpam' carried great symbolic importance for SPLA for years to come, as the epicentre of the uprising. After Bilpam, other SPLA training camps were established at Dimma, Bonga and Panyido.
In the mid-1980s the SPLA armed strug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_People%27s_Defence_Forces |
Constitution of Pakistan | The law experts, constitutional analysts, and country's reputed clergymen worked on formulating a constitution that they hoped would represent the will and desire of people. Unlike earlier attempts, the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations, but for the "sole and express purpose of revising the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan |
Habib Bourguiba | At the outbreak of World War II, Bourguiba was transferred on board of a destroyer, into the fort of Saint-Nicolas in Marseille on 26 May 1940. There he shared his cell with Hédi Nouira. Convinced that the war would end with the victory of the Allies, he wrote a letter to Habib Thameur, on 10 August 1942, to define his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba |
Oldowan | While the exact hominid is up for debate, it is believed that some of the first Oldowan makers did fall within the Homo line. However, fossil evidence showed evolutionary features for human precision grip capabilities in Australopithecines. This leads to current anthropological thinking in which Oldowan tools were made... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldowan |
History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt | In 2005, the Brotherhood participated in pro-democracy demonstrations with the Kifaya movement. In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood's candidates could only stand as independents under the emergency law, but identified themselves by campaigning under the most famous of their slogans - 'Islam Is the Solu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt |
Omar Khayyam | Omar Khayyam was born in Nishapur—a metropolis in Khorasan province, of Persian stock, in 1048. In medieval Persian texts he is usually simply called Omar Khayyam.: 658 Although open to doubt, it has often been assumed that his forebears followed the trade of tent-making, since Khayyam means 'tent-maker' in Arabic.: 3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam |
List of Muslim states and dynasties | Saudi Arabia
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Emirate of Mecca (1916–1924) Saudi State
Emirate of Riyadh (1903–1918) Saudi State
Manfuha Sheikhdom (1682–1834)
Abu Arish Sheikhdom (1200–1863)
Al Bir Sheikhdom (1600–1850)
Al Rawdah Sheikhdom (1697–1790)
Al-Kharj Emirate (1688–1865)
Unaizah Emirate (1768–1904)
Buraidah Emira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties |
Almoravid dynasty | It was around this time that Abu Bakr ibn Umar founded the new capital of Marrakesh. Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this event ranging from 1062, given by Ibn Abi Zar and Ibn Khaldun, to 1078 (470 AH), given by Muhammad al-Idrisi. The year 1070, given by Ibn Idhari, is more commonly used by modern histo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Basra | Why Basra was chosen as a site for the new city remains unclear. The original site lay 15 km from the Shatt al-Arab and thus lacked access to maritime trade and, more importantly, to fresh water. Additionally, neither historical texts nor archaeological finds indicate that there was much of an agricultural hinterland i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra |
Madiha Omar | Madiha Umar was born in Aleppo, Ottoman Empire, now Syria. Her father was Circassian and her mother was Syrian; mixed parentage was typical in the multicultural Turkish Empire. However, the family moved to Iraq when she was a young girl.
Umar attended the Sultaniyya School in Istanbul, where she drew praise from Ali R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madiha_Omar |
Christian mission | Missionaries say that the government in India has passed anti-conversion laws in several states that are supposedly meant to prevent conversions from "force or allurement", but are primarily used, they say, to persecute and criminalize voluntary conversion due to the government's broad definition of "force and allureme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission |
Niya Kingdom | EA 59, title: "From the citizens of Tunip"
"To the king of Egypt, our lord: Message of "the citizens of Tunip", your servant. For you may all go well. And we fall at the feet of my lord.
My lord, thus says "Tunip", your servant: Tunip—who ruled it in the past? Did not Manakhpirya-(i.e. "Men-Kheper-Rê-iya"): am-ma-ti-wu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niya_Kingdom |
Iraq–Palestine relations | Iraq declared war on the newly established Jewish state of Israel in 1948; since then, relations between the two states have remained hostile. Iraq has strongly supported the cause of the Palestinians since then.
Iraq sent armies to fight Israel in 1948 and 1967. Iraq also sent troops to provide back-up for Syria's arm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Palestine_relations |
Aniconism in Islam | Narrated Aisha:The wife of the Prophet purchased a cushion with pictures of animals on it for the Prophet to sit on and recline on. The Prophet disapproved of the making of such pictures, saying the makers would be punished on the Day of Resurrection when God would ask them to bring their creations to life. The Hadith ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam |
Emirates (airline) | In the 1990s, Emirates launched its first set of commercials all with the slogan "So be good to yourself, Fly Emirates". In 1999, it launched a very rare A330-200 commercial with different pictures showing the aircraft painted in the original livery and the livery used from 1999 until 2023, which was launched a few mon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_(airline) |
Arabian horse | Arabians dominate the sport of endurance riding because of their stamina. They are the leading breed in competitions such as the Tevis Cup that can cover up to 100 miles (160 km) in a day, and they participate in FEI-sanctioned endurance events worldwide, including the World Equestrian Games.
There is an extensive seri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_horse |
University of Khartoum | In 1898 after Britain gained dominance in Sudan as part of a condominium arrangement, Lord Kitchener proposed founding a college in the memory of Gordon of Khartoum, who was killed in the Siege of Khartoum. The request for donations of £100,000 to build the college was achieved in six weeks and the Gordon Memorial Col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Khartoum |
Slavery | In the early 17th century, the majority of the labour in Barbados was provided by European indentured servants, mainly English, Irish and Scottish, with African and native American slaves providing little of the workforce. The introduction of sugar cane in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Italian invasion of British Somaliland | The Italians had shown the ability to coordinate columns separated by many miles of desert; the forces under British command had kept their discipline during the retreat and preserved most of their men. British Somaliland was annexed to Italian East Africa and Mussolini boasted that Italy had conquered a territory the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland |
Upper Yafa | The Yafa'i tribe has traditionally inhabited the mountainous hinterland of the Aden area. Upper Yafa was formed in the 18th century. It included the sheikhdoms of Al-Busi, Al-Dhubi, Al-Hadrami, Al-Muflihi, Al-Mausata, Na'wah and Rubeitein.
In 1895 Sultan Qahtan bin Umar succeeded to the titular chieftainship on the dea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Yafa |
Russian Compound | Soon after their conversion to Christianity, the people of Russia began performing pilgrimages to the Holy Land. By the 19th century, thousands of pilgrims flocked annually to the Ottoman-ruled Holy Land, mainly at Easter. In 1911, over 10,000 Russian made the pilgrimage for Easter. The Russian Orthodox Church sent mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Compound |
Antisemitism | The first clear examples of anti-Jewish sentiment can be traced to the 3rd century BCE to Alexandria, the home to the largest Jewish diaspora community in the world at the time and where the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, was produced. Manetho, an Egyptian priest and historian of that era, wrote s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism |
History of Morocco | By the second half of the 8th century the westernmost regions of the Maghreb, including present-day Morocco, had been effectively independent of the Umayyad Caliphate since the Khariji-led Berber revolts that started in 739–740. The Abbasid Caliphate after 750 had no more success in re-establishing control over Morocco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Morocco |
Tigray War | Throughout 2020, tensions between the federal government and the TPLF escalated in the months leading up to November. In March, the National Election Board of Ethiopia delayed the general elections – originally scheduled for 29 August 2020 – to a then-undetermined date, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The terms of federa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_War |
Ottoman Empire | Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutze... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire |
1948 Palestine war | The adoption of Plan Dalet marked the war's second phase, in which the Haganah took the offensive.
The first operation, Nachshon, was directed at lifting the blockade on Jerusalem. In the last week of March, 136 supply trucks had tried to reach Jerusalem; only 41 had made it. The Arab attacks on communications and road... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war |
Al-Aqsa Mosque | The mosque is located on the southern part of the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif, an enclosure expanded by King Herod the Great beginning in 20 BCE during his reconstruction of the Second Jewish Temple. The mosque resides on an artificial platform that is supported by arches constructed by Herod's engineers to overcom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque |
Abdul Hamid I | Abdul Hamid's long imprisonment had left him indifferent to state affairs and malleable to the designs of his advisors. Yet he was also very religious and a pacifist by nature. At his accession, the financial straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be given to the Janissary Corps. The new Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I |
Conversion to Christianity | According to a 2001 study by religion professor David B. Barrett of Columbia University and historian George Thomas Kurian, approximately 2.7 million people were converted to Christianity that year from another religion, while approximately 3.8 million people overall were converting annually. In the first decades of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity |
Cairo Citadel | Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and remained under Ottoman rule for centuries. Sultan Selim I stripped the monumental Mamluk buildings of their precious materials, especially their marble panels and decoration, and shipped them to Istanbul for use in his own building projects.
During this period the C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Citadel |
Battle of Hattin | In late May, Saladin assembled the largest army he had ever commanded on the Golan Heights, around 40,000 men including about 12,000 regular cavalry. He inspected his forces at Tell-Ashtara before crossing the River Jordan on 30 June. Saladin had also unexpectedly gained the alliance of the Druze community based in Sar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin |
Pharyngeal consonant | The IPA first distinguished epiglottal consonants in 1989, with a contrast between pharyngeal and epiglottal fricatives, but advances in laryngoscopy since then have caused specialists to re-evaluate their position. Since a trill can be made only in the pharynx with the aryepiglottic folds (in the pharyngeal trill of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant |
Abu Dhabi | Abu Dhabi in the 1970s was planned for a predicted topmost population of 600,000. Following the urban planning ideals of the time period, the city has high-density tower blocks and wide grid-pattern roads. The population density is at its apex on the most northerly part of the island. At this point, the main streets ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi |
Adana | Early in May 1915, Vali Ismail Hakkı Bey received an order from Constantinople (now İstanbul) to deport the Armenians of Adana. The Vali was able to delay the deportations and let the Armenians sell their movable assets to acquire money for the journey. The first convoy of deportees consisting of more than 4,000 Armeni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana |
Malta | The Knights' reign ended when Napoleon captured Malta on his way to Egypt during the French Revolutionary Wars in 1798. During 12–18 June 1798, Napoleon resided at the Palazzo Parisio in Valletta. He reformed national administration with the creation of a Government Commission, twelve municipalities, a public finance a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta |
Fez, Morocco | In 1069–1070 (or possibly a few years later), Fez was conquered by the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin. In the same year of this conquest, Yusuf ibn Tashfin unified Madinat Fas and al-ʿĀliyá into one city. The walls dividing them were destroyed, bridges connecting them were built or renovated, and a new circuit of w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Shukri al-Quwatli | On 1 October 1918, an Arab army under the leadership of Emir Faisal and British general T. E. Lawrence entered Damascus, and by the end of October the rest of Ottoman Syria fell to the Allied Forces. Emir Faisal became in charge of administering the liberated territory. He appointed Rida al-Rikabi as prime minister, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
17 October Revolution | Protesters in Lebanon on 1 May, rejected the government's rescue plan which was announced on Thursday, as hundreds of protesters gathered outside the Central bank in Beirut and across the country. The protesters condemned the government's approach towards tackling the economic crisis which plummeted their local currenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution |
Almoravid architecture | In domestic architecture, none of the Almoravid palaces or residences have survived, and they are known only through texts and archaeology. During his reign, Ali Ibn Yusuf added a large palace and royal residence on the south side of the Ksar el-Hajjar (on the present site of the Kutubiyya Mosque). This palace was late... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_architecture |
Natural history | A significant contribution to English natural history was made by parson-naturalists such as Gilbert White, William Kirby, John George Wood, and John Ray, who wrote about plants, animals, and other aspects of nature. Many of these men wrote about nature to make the natural theology argument for the existence or goodnes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history |
Black Death | European writers contemporary with the plague described the disease in Latin as pestis or pestilentia, 'pestilence'; epidemia, 'epidemic'; mortalitas, 'mortality'. In English prior to the 18th century, the event was called the "pestilence" or "great pestilence", "the plague" or the "great death". Subsequent to the pand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death |
Aleppo | The increasing disagreements between Aleppo and Damascus led eventually to the split of the National Block into two factions: the National Party, established in Damascus in 1946, and the People's Party, established in Aleppo in 1948 by Rushdi al-Kikhya, Nazim Qudsi and Mustafa Bey Barmada. An underlying cause of the di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo |
Arab–American relations | The historical ties between the Kingdom of Morocco and the United States of America date back to the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), notably deepening in 1777 when Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah became the first monarch to offer aid to the United States, hence making Morocco the first major country or kingdom to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations |
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