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Palestinian political violence | In protest against the Balfour Declaration, which proposed Palestine as a homeland for the Jewish people, and its implementation under a League of Nations Mandate for Great Britain, Palestinians, both Muslim and Christian, from November 1918 onwards, began to organize in opposition to Zionism. By the end of Ottoman rul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence |
Arab Spring | In its economic and social manifesto, the Tunisian Ennahda Movement states that the movement "adopts the social and solidarised market economy within a national approach based on free economic activity, freedom of ownership, production and administration on the one hand, and social justice and equal opportunities on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
Yemen | The Ottomans were concerned about the British expansion from the British ruled subcontinent to the Red Sea and Arabia. They returned to the Tihamah in 1849 after an absence of two centuries. Rivalries and disturbances continued among the Zaydi imams, between them and their deputies, with the ulema, with the heads of tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen |
Quraysh | All medieval Muslim sources agree that Qusayy unified Fihr's descendants, and established the Quraysh as the dominant power in Mecca. After conquering Mecca, Qusayy assigned quarters to different Qurayshi clans. Those settled around the Kaaba were known Quraysh al-Biṭāḥ ('Quraysh of the Hollow'), and included all of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh |
Yom Kippur War | By the end of the war, the Israelis had advanced to positions some 101 kilometres from Egypt's capital, Cairo, and occupied 1,600 square kilometres west of the Suez Canal. They had also cut the Cairo–Suez road and encircled the bulk of Egypt's Third Army. The Israelis had also taken many prisoners after Egyptian soldie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War |
Great Mosque of Djenné | The walls of the Great Mosque are made of sun-baked earth bricks (called ferey), and sand and earth based mortar, and are coated with a plaster which gives the building its smooth, sculpted look. The walls of the building are decorated with bundles of rodier palm (Borassus aethiopum) sticks, called toron, that project ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenn%C3%A9 |
Northern bald ibis | In 1504, a decree by Archbishop Leonhard of Salzburg made the northern bald ibis one of the world's earliest officially protected species. They nested in the cliffs and on castles and ruins in the Graz/Steiermark and Salzburg regions of Austria and vanished around 1630–1645. Young birds were hunted as a delicacy at fea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_bald_ibis |
List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt | St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Cathedral (Ramleh, Alexandria)
St. Mary & St. George Coptic Orthodox Church (Alexandria)
St. Peter & St. Paul Coptic Orthodox Church (Alexandria)
St. Samuel & St. Abraam Coptic Orthodox Church (Alexandria)
The Saints Coptic Orthodox Church (Alexandria)
St. Damiana Coptic Orthodox Church (Arif B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt |
Muhammad al-Jawad | Soon after arriving in Baghdad in 204 AH (819 CE), al-Ma'mun summoned the young Muhammad who then stayed at the court of the caliph. The betrothal of Muhammad and Umm Fadl or its proposal was apparently opposed by some of the Abbasids, reportedly because of the dark complexion of Muhammad. An account of their protests ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad |
Çatalhöyük | A feature of Çatalhöyük are its female figurines. Mellaart, the original excavator, argued that these carefully made figurines, carved and molded from marble, blue and brown limestone, schist, calcite, basalt, alabaster, and clay, represented a female deity. Although a male deity existed as well, "statues of a female d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk |
Razihi language | Razihi exhibits wide-scale assimilation of coronal consonants in words. Unlike in Arabic, this is not restricted to obstruents but includes sonorants, most significantly /n/, as can be seen in words such as ssān, "man" and ssānah, "woman", which are cognate words of Arabic insān, "person". Nasal consonant assimilation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razihi_language |
Turoyo language | Turoyo has evolved from the Eastern Aramaic colloquial varieties that have been spoken in Tur Abdin and the surrounding plain for more than a thousand years since the initial introduction of Aramaic to the region. However, it has also been influenced by Classical Syriac, which itself was the variety of the Eastern Midd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turoyo_language |
Remittance | The extent to which remittances produce benefits for developing countries is argued.
World Bank economists contend that remittance receivers' higher propensity to own a bank account means that remittances can promote access to financial services for the sender and recipient, claimed to be an essential aspect of leverag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittance |
French conquest of Algeria | Emir Abdelkader was born Abdelkader Ibn Muhieddine Ibn Mostapha Ibn Mohamed Ibn Mokhtar El-Hasani El-Djezairi (Arabic: عبد القادر ابن محيي الدين ابن مصطفى ابن محمد ابن المختار الحساني الجزائري ) in May 1807, in the Algerian province of Oran. As the son of a religious figure and Marabout, Abdelkader was born into a weal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
Philistines | Many scholars have interpreted the ceramic and technological evidence attested to by archaeology as being associated with the Philistine advent in the area as strongly suggestive that they formed part of a large scale immigration to southern Canaan, probably from Anatolia and Cyprus, in the 12th century BC.
The propose... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines |
Heresy | In the Catholic Church, obstinate and willful manifest heresy is considered to spiritually cut one off from the Church, even before excommunication is incurred. The Codex Justinianus (1:5:12) defines "everyone who is not devoted to the Catholic Church and to our Orthodox holy Faith" a heretic. The Church had always dea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy |
Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi | Zayd was "one of the famous archers among the Prophet's Companions.": 10 He fought at Uhud, Trench and Khaybar, and was present at the expedition to Hudaybiyyah. When Muhammad raided Al-Muraysi, he left Zayd behind as governor in Medina.: 10
Zayd commanded seven military expeditions.: 32
Al-Qarada in November 624. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Haritha_al-Kalbi |
Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi | Amin Razavi, M. (1997) Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination, Richmond: Curzon. (Clear and intelligent account of the main principles of his thought.)
Corbin, H. (1971) En Islam iranien: aspects spirituels et philosophiques, vol. II: Sohrawardi et les Platoniciens de Perse, Paris: Gallimard. (Corbin devoted more of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi |
Rawadid dynasty | The origin of the Rawadid dynasty was connected with the name of the tribal leader Rawad. Rawadids were originally from Azdi Arab ancestry, and arrived in the region in the mid 8th century, but they had become Kurdicized by the early 10th century and began to use Kurdish forms like Mamlan for Muhammad and Ahmadil for A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty |
Upper Paleolithic | The climate of the period in Europe saw dramatic changes, and included the Last Glacial Maximum, the coldest phase of the last glacial period, which lasted from about 26.5 to 19 kya, being coldest at the end, before relatively rapid warming (all dates vary somewhat for different areas, and in different studies). During... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic |
Capital punishment for homosexuality | For the countries listed below, no dispute or uncertainty regarding the legal status of capital punishment as a possible penalty for same-sex sexual conduct exists. While clearly allowable, the application or enforcement of the legally-sanctioned death penalty varies across the jurisdictions, with some not having impos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality |
Tunisia | Hundreds of international festivals, national, regional or local punctuate the calendar year. Music and theatrical festivals dominate the national cultural scene.
Several festivals take place annually in summer: the International Festival of Carthage in July, the International Festival of Arts of Mahr from late July to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia |
Islamic ethics | Islamic ethics was codified, based on the Qur'an and practices of Muhammad, over a period of time and in context of the practices of the Muslim community (ummah). The Quran commands every human being, in all spheres of life, to "command the good and forbid evil", as spelled out by Muhammad. Another key factor in the fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_ethics |
Josephus | Josephus was a very popular writer with Christians in the 4th century and beyond as an independent source to the events before, during, and after the life of Jesus of Nazareth. Josephus was always accessible in the Greek-reading Eastern Mediterranean. His works were translated into Latin, but often in abbreviated for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus |
Iraqi Ground Forces | In August 1921, the British installed Hashemite King Faisal I as the client ruler of Mandatory Iraq. Faisal had been forced out as the King of Syria by the French in the aftermath of the Franco-Syrian War in 1920. Likewise, British authorities selected Sunni Arab elites from the region for appointments to government an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces |
Spaniards | The earliest modern humans inhabiting the region of Spain are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples, who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000–40,000 years ago. The Iberians are believed to have arrived or emerged in the region as a culture between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards |
Sa'ad al-Dawla | Originally from the town of Abhar in western Iran, he was grand vizier from 1289 to 1291 under the Mongolian Ilkhan in Persia, Arghun Khan. According to Abu al-Faraj, Sa'ad was father-in-law of the prefect of Baghdad. Sa'ad held a position in the treasury department, where he so distinguished himself that the Mongolian... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla |
World War I | Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included Eugene Debs in the United States and Bertrand Russell in Britain. In the US, the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed "disloyal". Publications at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Al-Mutawakkil | Al-Wathiq's death was unexpected, and although he had a young son, he had not designated a successor. Consequently, the leading officials, the vizier Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat, the chief qādī, Ahmad ibn Abi Duwad, the Turkish generals Itakh and Wasif al-Turki, and a few others, assembled to determine his successor. Ibn al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil |
Ayyubid dynasty | In 1244–1245, as-Salih Ayyub had seized the area approximate to the modern-day West Bank from an-Nasir Dawud; he gained possession of Jerusalem, then marched on to take Damascus, which fell with relative ease in October 1245. Shortly afterward, Sayf al-Din Ali surrendered his exposed principality of Ajlun and its fortr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Kiffa | Kiffa was allowed to grow haphazardly and to sprawl during the later 20th century, and it has continued to do so. Near Kiffa is Kiffa Airport which has a tarmac runway of over 1,600 yards in length. But all practical travel to other parts of Mauritania is undertaken by taxi cars and trucks.
About two thirds of the po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiffa |
Fidel Castro | In January 1961, Castro ordered Havana's US Embassy to reduce its 300-member staff, suspecting that many of them were spies. The US responded by ending diplomatic relations, and it increased CIA funding for exiled dissidents; these militants began attacking ships that traded with Cuba, and bombed factories, shops, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro |
Seljuk Empire | The general clothing style attributed to the Seljuks is that of the aqbiya turkiyya, or long robe or decorated caftan with “Turkish” cut, with a front opening closing diagonally from right to left. Patterned textiles were used, together with tiraz bands on the upper sleeves. Clothing included tall boots, as well as var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire |
17 October Revolution | On 21 January, Prime Minister Diab announced the formation of a new cabinet of 20 ministers, despite public outrage and protests against the Cabinet of Hassan Diab. According to CNN, during an interview with Lebanon's state news agency, Diab portrayed the newly appointed ministers as "technocrats" who he believes would... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution |
Louis Massignon | In Massignon's view, Islam is a religion based on Muhammad's genuine inspiration, which made him see the oneness (tawhid) of God. This inspiration was completed by research in which Muhammad found the origins of the Arab people in the Biblical person of Ismael. He thus sees the revelation in Islam as a "mysterious answ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Massignon |
Ibn al-Muqaffa' | Isāghūjī: His translation from a Syriac version of Porphyry's Isagoge (Introduction), became the standard introductory logic text in the Arabic and broader Muslim world.
Kalīla wa Dimna : His translation of a Middle Persian collection of animal fables, mostly of Indian origin, involving two jackals, Kalīla and Demna. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa%27 |
Shilha language | The first attempt at a grammatical description of Shilha is the work of the German linguist Hans Stumme (1864–1936), who in 1899 published his Handbuch des Schilḥischen von Tazerwalt. Stumme's grammar remained the richest source of grammatical information on Shilha for half a century. A problem with the work is its use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilha_language |
Fatimid Caliphate | In 975 the Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces retook most of Palestine and Syria, leaving only Tripoli in Fatimid control. He aimed to eventually capture Jerusalem, but he died in 976 on his way back to Constantinople, thus staving off the Byzantine threat to the Fatimids. Meanwhile, the Turkish ghulām (plural: ghilmān, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
History of Jordan | The end of the 17th century saw the Wuld Ali tribe of the Anazah confederation, led by their paramount sheikhs Al-Tayyar and Ibn Smeir, began migrating deeper northwards out of Khaybar and into the Jawf region, which the Sirhan now inhabited. The Anazeh intended on violent conquest and would siege the Sirhan in the Jaw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jordan |
History of painting | In the late 1960s an abstract expressionist painter Philip Guston helped to lead a transition from abstract expressionism to Neo-expressionism in painting, abandoning the so-called "pure abstraction" of abstract expressionism in favor of more cartoonish renderings of various personal symbols and objects. These works we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_painting |
Roman Empire | The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history, with contiguous territories throughout Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ("empire without end") expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire. In Virgil's Aeneid, limitless empire is said to be grant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire |
Fountain | In the 14th century, Italian humanist scholars began to rediscover and translate forgotten Roman texts on architecture by Vitruvius, on hydraulics by Hero of Alexandria, and descriptions of Roman gardens and fountains by Pliny the Younger, Pliny the Elder, and Varro. The treatise on architecture, De re aedificatoria, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain |
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan | Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Oxford: University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research. ISBN 978-1-900934-13-8.
Anjum, Ovamir (2012). Politics, Law, and Community in Islamic Thought: The Taymiyyan Moment. New York: Cambr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan |
Hyderabad | The discovery of Megalithic burial sites and cairn circles in the suburbs of Hyderabad, in 1851 by Philip Meadows Taylor, a polymath in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since the Stone Age. In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad |
Madrasa | "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who help... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa |
Kaaba | Historian Patricia Crone has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost. Other scholars such as Glen Bowersock disagree and assert that it was. Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba |
Ahmed Ben Bella | After the Sétif and Guelma massacre in 1945, Ben Bella returned to Algeria, becoming politically active in the opposition movement against the French regime. French authorities sent assailants with the intention of assassinating him on his farm.
The attempt against his life failed, but the farm was confiscated and he w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella |
Vasco da Gama | Vasco da Gama is one of the most famous and celebrated explorers from the Age of Discovery. As much as anyone after Henry the Navigator, he was responsible for Portugal's success as an early colonizing power. Beside the fact of the first voyage itself, it was his astute mix of politics and war on the other side of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama |
Palestine (region) | In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the region, which changed hands several times during the wars of the Diadochi and later Syrian Wars. It ultimately fell to the Seleucid Empire between 219 and 200 BCE. During that period, the region became heavily hellenized, building tensions between Gree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region) |
Boeing AH-64 Apache | The AH-64 is adaptable to numerous different roles within its context as Close Combat Attack (CCA). In addition to the 30 mm M230E1 Chain Gun, the Apache carries a range of external stores and weapons on its stub-wing pylons, typically a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missiles, and Hydra 70 general-purpose ungui... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache |
Satanic Verses controversy | Some speculate that the fatwa (or at least the reaffirmation of the death threat four days later) was issued with motives other than a sense of duty to protect Islam by punishing blasphemy/apostasy. Namely:
To divide Muslims from the West by "starkly highlight[ing] the conflicting political and intellectual traditions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_Verses_controversy |
Al-Saffah | During his reign a great battle took place in 751 known as the Battle of Talas or Battle of Artlakh was a military engagement between the Abbasid Caliphate along with their ally the Tibetan Empire against the Chinese Tang dynasty. In July 751 AD, Tang and Abbasid forces met in the valley of the Talas River to vie for c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Saffah |
Josephus | Josephus was born into one of Jerusalem's elite families. He was the second-born son of Matthias, a Jewish priest. His older full-blooded brother was also, like his father, called Matthias. Their mother was an aristocratic woman who was descended from the royal and formerly ruling Hasmonean dynasty. Josephus's paternal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus |
Psamtik II | Psamtik II was both a dynamic warrior pharaoh as well as a prolific builder in his brief 6-year reign. A significant Saite temple was likely built by Psamtik II and his son Apries at the village of El-Mahalla El-Kubra which lies equidistant from Sebennytos and Behbeit El-Hagar in the Lower Nile Delta. Officials from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamtik_II |
Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan | RAWA collects funds to support hospitals, schools and orphanages and still run many projects in Pakistan and Afghanistan, including a project in conjunction with CharityHelp.org for orphan sponsorships. In 2020 RAWA restarted its mission inside Afghanistan and organized some of its events in Kabul. They have held event... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Association_of_the_Women_of_Afghanistan |
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi | Some scholars believe that Nicolaus Copernicus may have been influenced by Middle Eastern astronomers due to uncanny similarities between his work and the uncited work of these Islamic scholars, including Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Ibn al-Shatir, Muayyad al-Din al-Urdi, and Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi. al-Tusi specifically, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi |
Democratic Left Movement (Lebanon) | During the late 1990s, there was a growing number of intellectuals (Samir Kassir, Ziad Majed, Elias Khoury) and a network of independent student groups ("Independent Leftist Groups") who advocated democracy, individual liberties, secularism and center-left economic policies in Lebanon. On the other hand, a growing numb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Movement_(Lebanon) |
Ma'n dynasty | Fakhr al-Din lost imperial favor with the death of Murad Pasha in July 1611 and the succession of Nasuh Pasha. By then the Porte, freed up from the wars with Austria and Iran and the Jelali revolts in Anatolia, had turned its attention to affairs in the Levant. The authorities had become wary of Fakhr al-Din's expandin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty |
Black Stone | One tradition holds that the Black Stone was placed by Adam in the original Kaaba.
Muslims believe that the stone was originally pure and dazzling white, but has since turned black because of the sins of the people who touch it.
According to a prophetic tradition, "Touching them both (the Black Stone and al-Rukn al-Ya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Stone |
Western Sahara | The Western Sahara conflict has resulted in severe human-rights abuses, constantly reported by external reporters and human rights activists, most notably the displacement of tens of thousands of Sahrawi civilians from the country, the expulsion of tens of thousands of Moroccan civilians by the Algerian government from... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara |
Lute | Bactria and Gandhara became part of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). Under the Sasanians, a short almond-shaped lute from Bactria came to be called the barbat or barbud, which was developed into the later Islamic world's oud or ud. When the Moors conquered Andalusia in 711, they brought their ud or quitra along, into a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute |
Female genital mutilation | FGM is mostly found in what Gerry Mackie called an "intriguingly contiguous" zone in Africa—east to west from Somalia to Senegal, and north to south from Egypt to Tanzania. Nationally representative figures are available for 27 countries in Africa, as well as Indonesia, Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemen. Over 200 million women... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation |
Tyre, Lebanon | Tyre enjoys a reputation of having some of the cleanest beaches and waters of Lebanon. However, a UN HABITAT profile found that "seawater is also polluted due to wastewater discharge especially in the port area". There is still also considerable pollution by solid waste.
The Tyre Coast Nature Reserve (TCNR) was decree... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon |
Hawazin | The Hawazin were pastoral nomads that inhabited the steppes between Mecca and Medina. Beginning around 550 CE, the Hawazin became a vassal tribe of the Banu 'Abs of Ghatafan under the 'Absi chieftain Zuhayr ibn Jadhima. When the latter was killed by the Banu 'Amir ibn Sa'sa' some years later, the Hawazin discontinued ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawazin |
Romanization of Arabic | ^1 Hans Wehr transliteration does not capitalize the first letter at the beginning of sentences nor in proper names.
^2 The chat table is only a demonstration and is based on the spoken varieties which vary considerably from Literary Arabic on which the IPA table and the rest of the transliterations are based.
^3 Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic |
Cleopatra | In 65 BC the Roman censor Marcus Licinius Crassus argued before the Roman Senate that Rome should annex Ptolemaic Egypt, but his proposed bill and the similar bill of tribune Servilius Rullus in 63 BC were rejected. Ptolemy XII responded to the threat of possible annexation by offering remuneration and lavish gifts to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra |
Dubai Financial Market | As of 2014, there are 67 companies listed on DFM. Most of them are UAE-based companies and a few others are dual listings for companies based in other MENA region countries. Foreign companies are from the following countries: Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, and Sudan. Many companies allow foreigners to own their shares.
During ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Financial_Market |
Palestine Liberation Organization | In the late 1960s, and especially after the expulsion of the Palestinian militants from Jordan in Black September events in 1970–1971, Lebanon had become the base for PLO operations. Palestinian militant organizations relocated their headquarters to South Lebanon, and relying on the support in Palestinian refugee camps... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization |
Nabataeans | Apollodorus of Damascus - Greek-Nabataean architect and engineer from Damascus, Roman Syria, who flourished during the 2nd century CE. his massive architectural output gained him immense popularity during his time. He is one of the few architects whose name survives from antiquity, and is credited with introducing seve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataeans |
Corruption in Yemen | In the mid 1990s, corruption allegedly became "rampant" in Yemen. The presidency of Ali Abdullah Saleh, who served from 1990 to 2012, was said to be marked by the admixture of government, military, and corporate interests as well as by extensive nepotism and self-enrichment. Members of Saleh's Sanhan clan established p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Yemen |
Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse | The Abu Ghraib prison in the town of Abu Ghraib was one of the most notorious prisons in Iraq during the government of Saddam Hussein. The prison was used to hold approximately 50,000 men and women in poor conditions, and torture and execution were frequent. The prison was located on about 110 hectares (272 acres) of l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse |
Tuareg people | The Tuareg traditionally adhered to the Berber mythology. Archaeological excavations of prehistoric tombs in the Maghreb have yielded skeletal remains that were painted with ochre. Although this ritual practice was known to the Iberomaurusians, the custom seems instead to have been primarily derived from the ensuing Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_people |
Marinid Sultanate | 1215: The Banu Marin (Marinids) attacks the Almohads when the 16-year-old Almohad caliph Yusuf II Al-Mustansir comes to power in 1213. The battle takes place on the coast of the Rif. In the reign of Yusuf II Al-Mustansir a great tower is erected to protect the royal palace in Seville.
1217: Abd al-Haqq I dies during vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Zoroastrianism | Zoroastrianism has survived into the modern period, particularly in India, where the Parsis are thought to have been present since about the 9th century.
Today Zoroastrianism can be divided in two main schools of thought: reformists and traditionalists. Traditionalists are mostly Parsis and accept, beside the Gathas an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism |
Blue Line (withdrawal line) | The de facto boundary has been violated on multiple occasions. Most famously, Israel continues to occupy northern Ghajar. However, the majority of border violations are exchanges of fire or other limited military operations.
On 7 October 2000, Hezbollah forces abducted three Israeli soldiers while the latter patrol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Line_(withdrawal_line) |
Arabic phonology | Of the 29 Proto-Semitic consonants, only one has been lost: */ʃ/, which merged with /s/, while /ɬ/ became /ʃ/ (see Semitic languages). Various other consonants have changed their sound too, but have remained distinct. An original */p/ lenited to /f/, and */ɡ/ – consistently attested in pre-Islamic Greek transcription o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_phonology |
Abbasid Caliphate | Under Harun, maritime trade through the Persian Gulf thrived, with Arab vessels trading as far south as Madagascar and as far east as China, Korea, and Japan. The growing economy of Baghdad and other cities inevitably led to the demand for luxury items and formed a class of entrepreneurs who organized long-range carava... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Wahhabism | Pakistani poet Muhammad Iqbal praised the movement as an influential endeavour of Islamic Golden Age that campaigned to put an end to the general stagnation of Muslims, while saying that
The essential thing to note is the spirit of freedom manifested in it, though inwardly this movement, too, is conservative in its ow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) | On Friday, 8 August 2014, U.S. Navy F-18 Hornet fighters used 500-pound laser-guided bombs to strike an ISIL towed artillery piece shelling Erbil, and four U.S. fighters later bombed ISIL military convoys, some of them advancing towards the Kurdish forces defending Erbil. Another round of U.S. airstrikes in the afterno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021) |
Free Patriotic Movement | The electoral slogan of the party was 'A Strong [FPM] for a Strong Lebanon'. The party formed a number of local coalitions with a wide array alliance partners around the country. In North III FPM fielded the "Strong North" list, headed by Gebran Bassil, in alliance with the Independence Movement and the Future Movement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement |
Middle Ages | New basilicas were built in the major Roman cities and post-Roman kingdoms from the 4th to the 6th centuries. Byzantine church architecture adopted an alternative model imitating the rectangular plan and the dome of Justinian's Hagia Sophia, the largest single-roofed structure in the Roman world. As the spacious basili... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Marco Polo | Marco Polo was born around 1254 in Venice, but the exact date and place of birth are archivally unknown. The Travels of Marco Polo contains some basic information concerning Marco Polo's Venetian family and his birth in Venice; the book states that Marco's father, the travelling merchant Niccolò Polo, returned to visi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo |
Bronze Age | In China, the earliest bronze artefacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site (between 3100 and 2700 BC).
The term "Bronze Age" has been transferred to the archaeology of China from that of Western Eurasia, and there is no consensus or universally used convention delimiting the "Bronze Age" in the context of Chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age |
Prophets and messengers in Islam | The revealed books are the records which Muslims believe were dictated by God to various Islamic prophets throughout the history of mankind, all these books promulgated the code and laws of Islam. The belief in all the revealed books is an article of faith in Islam and Muslims must believe in all the scriptures to be a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam |
Arabic literature | For multiple centuries, there has been a vibrant culture of literary criticism in the Arabic speaking world. The poetry festivals of the pre-Islamic period often pitched two poets against each other in a war of verse, in which one would be decided to be winner by the audience. Literary criticism also relates to theolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature |
Cloisonné | The Byzantines perfected a unique form of cloisonné icons. Byzantine enamel spread to surrounding cultures and a particular type, often known as "garnet cloisonné" is widely found in the Migration Period art of the "barbarian" peoples of Europe, who used gemstones, especially red garnets, as well as glass and enamel, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9 |
Middle East Media Research Institute | In 2003 John Lloyd defended MEMRI in the New Statesman:
One beneficial side effect of the focus on the Middle East is that we now have available much more information on the discourse of the Arab world. The most powerful medium for this is (naturally) a Washington-based think-tank, the Middle East Media Research Inst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute |
Algeria national football team | After a series of errors from the Algerian Football Federation with repeated under performing coaches, the federation appointed former Algerian international Djamel Belmadi on 2 August 2018. Belmadi was a young coach and had mainly previously coached in Qatar. However, due to his unsuccessful tenure with the Qatar nati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team |
Islam | Sufism (Arabic: تصوف, tasawwuf), is a mystical-ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct personal experience of God. Classical Sufi scholars defined tasawwuf as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God", through "intuitive and emotional faculties" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam |
Carthage | Most ancient literature concerning Carthage comes from Greek and Roman sources as Carthage's own documents were destroyed by the Romans. Apart from inscriptions, hardly any Punic literature has survived, and none in its own language and script. A brief catalogue would include:
three short treaties with Rome (Latin tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage |
Ibn al-Nadim | Much known of an-Nadim is deduced from his epithets. 'an-Nadim' (النَّدِيم), 'the Court Companion' and 'al-Warrāq (الْوَرَّاق) 'the copyist of manuscripts'. Probably born in Baghdad ca. 320/932 he died there on Wednesday, 20th of Shaʿban A.H. 385. He was a Persian or perhaps an Arab.
Little is known about Ibn an-Nadīm'... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim |
Sabians | Bell, Richard (1926). The Origin of Islam in Its Christian Environment. London: Macmillan. OCLC 695842215.
Buck, Christopher (1984). "The Identity of the Ṣābi'ūn: An Historical Quest". The Muslim World. 74 (3–4): 172–186. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1984.tb03453.x.
Churton, Tobias (2002). The Golden Builders: Alchemists, R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabians |
Mukhtar al-Thaqafi | In Kufa, Mukhtar began recruiting people to take revenge against the killers of Husayn, promising them victory and fortune. At the same time, Sulayman ibn Surad, a companion of Muhammad and an Alid supporter, was rallying a group of Kufans, who called themselves Tawwabin, to fight the Umayyads to atone for their failur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi |
Fatimid Caliphate | By 1072, in a desperate attempt to save Egypt, al-Mustansir recalled general Badr al-Jamali, who was at the time the governor of Acre. Badr led his troops into Egypt, entered Cairo in January 1074, and successfully suppressed the different groups of the rebelling armies. As a result, Badr was made vizier, becoming one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
SS Exodus | After World War II, about 250,000 European Jews were living in displaced persons camps in Germany and Austria. Zionist organizations began organizing an underground network known as the Brichah ("escape", in Hebrew), which moved thousands of Jews from the camps to ports on the Mediterranean where ships took them illega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Exodus |
Ibn Khaldun | Ibn Khaldun said of Egypt, "He who has not seen it does not know the power of Islam." While other Islamic regions had to cope with border wars and inner strife, Mamluk Egypt enjoyed prosperity and high culture. In 1384, the Egyptian Sultan, al-Malik udh-Dhahir Barquq, made Khaldun professor of the Qamhiyyah Madrasah an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun |
Samaritans | According to the Ottoman censuses of 1525–1526, 25 Samaritan families lived in Gaza, and 29 families lived in Nablus. In 1548–1549, there were 18 families in Gaza and 34 in Nablus. In 1596–1597, there were 8 families in Gaza, 20 in Nablus and 5 in Safed.
The Samaritan community in Egypt shrank as a result of Ottoman pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans |
Bimaristan | One of the most remarkable contributions of the Islamic hospitals was the organizational structure itself and how it functioned in Islamic culture. These contributions still influence contemporary medical practice. For example, bimaristans kept written records of patients and their medical treatment—the first written m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaristan |
International sanctions against Iraq | Throughout the Ba'ath Party's rule over Iraq, the agricultural sector had been under-performing. Those in the U.S. who supported sanctions believed that low agricultural production in Iraq (coupled with sanctions) would lead to "a hungry population", and "a hungry population was an unruly one". The Iraqi government, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq |
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