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Jemaa el-Fnaa | Despite the encroachment of new constructions on the edge of the square over time, it never disappeared due to its role as an open market area and as the site of public events. One attempt to fill a large part of the square is reported to have been made by the Saadian sultan Ahmad al-Mansur who attempted to build a mon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaa_el-Fnaa |
Libyan civil war (2011) | The Libyan government alleged that the armed rebellion was composed of "criminal gangs and mercenaries." A Libyan official reported to Libyan television that security forces arrested Tunisians and Egyptians that were "trained to sow chaos." According to the Libyan Government authorities, mercenaries from Turkey, Egypt,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011) |
Mohammed bin Salman | Mohammed established an entertainment authority that began hosting comedy shows, professional wrestling events, and monster truck rallies. In 2016, he shared his idea for "Green cards" for non-Saudi foreigners with Al Arabiya journalist Turki Aldakhil. In 2019 the Saudi cabinet approved a new residency scheme (Premium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman |
Spherical trigonometry | Multiplying the first cosine rule by cos A gives
cos
a
cos
A
=
cos
b
cos
c
cos
A
+
sin
b
sin
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry |
Ma'an | Following the Battle of Aqaba during the Arab Revolt, the Turkish army fortified Maan with 6000 infantry, a regiment of cavalry and mounted infantry, and an aerodrome, all under the command of Behjet Pasha. This important Ottoman military base and communications hub was under 5-day siege by the Arab Northern Army durin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27an |
Al-Andalus | During the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, the commander Tariq ibn-Ziyad led an army of 7,000 that landed at Gibraltar on April 30, 711, ostensibly to intervene in a Visigothic civil war. After a decisive victory over King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq, accompanied by his mawla, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus |
Tijaniyyah | The order has become the largest Sufi order in West Africa and continues to expand rapidly. It was brought to southern Mauritania around 1789 by Muḥammad al-Ḥāfiẓ of the 'Idaw `Ali tribe, which was known for its many Islamic scholars and leaders and was predominantly Qādirī at the time. Nearly the entire tribe became... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijaniyyah |
Rashidun Caliphate | After Khalid consolidated his control of Iraq, Abu Bakr sent four armies to Syria on the Byzantine front under four different commanders: Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah (acting as their supreme commander), Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan and Shurhabil ibn Hasana. However, their advance was halted by a concentration of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Sanaa | From the era of Muhammad (ca. 622 CE) until the founding of independent sub-states in many parts of the Yemen Islamic Caliphate, Sanaa persisted as the governing seat. The Caliph's deputy ran the affairs of one of Yemen's three Makhalifs: Mikhlaf Sanaʽa, Mikhlaf al-Janad, and Mikhlaf Hadhramaut. The city of Sanaa regul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | In 2009 Michael Gross published The Secret History of the Moguls and the Money That Made the Metropolitan Museum, an unauthorized social history, and the museum bookstore declined to sell it.
In 2012, following the earlier appointment of Daniel Brodsky as chairman of the board at the Met, the by-laws of the museum were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Islamic banking and finance | Abras, A., & Al Mahameed, M. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Institutional Entrepreneurship in Islamic Financial Reporting Standardisation Projects. Accounting Forum. https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2022.2051684
Aḥmad, Maḥmūd (1958). Economics of Islam: A Comparative Study. Ashraf.
al Bushi, Abdullah bin Mubarak (2019). ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance |
Animals in Islam | Sunnah refers to the traditional biographies of Muhammad wherein examples of sayings attributed to him and his conduct have been recorded. Sunnah consists of hadith (anecdotes about Muhammad).
Animals must not be mutilated while they are alive. Muhammad is also reported (by Ibn Omar and Abdallah bin Al-As) to have said... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_in_Islam |
Dick Dale | Surf rock's national popularity was somewhat brief, as the British Invasion began to overtake the American charts in 1964. Though he continued performing live, Dale developed colorectal cancer. In the liner notes of Better Shred Than Dead: The Dick Dale Anthology, Dale quoted Jimi Hendrix saying, "Then you'll never hea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Dale |
Two-state solution | Security Council resolutions dating back to June 1976 supporting the two-state solution based on the pre-1967 lines were vetoed by the United States, which supports a two-state solution but argued that the borders must be negotiated directly by the parties.
After the First Intifada began in 1987, considerable diplomati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solution |
Israel | The International Court of Justice said, in its 2004 advisory opinion on the legality of the construction of the Israeli West Bank barrier, that the lands captured by Israel in the Six-Day War, including East Jerusalem, are occupied territory and found that the construction of the wall within the occupied Palestinian t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Maghreb | Communities of Christians, mostly Catholics and Protestant, persist in Algeria (100,000–380,000), Mauritania (10,000), Morocco (~380,000), Libya (170,000), and Tunisia (100,750). Most of the Roman Catholics in Greater Maghreb are of French, Spanish, and Italian descent, with ancestors who immigrated during the colonial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb |
Ijtihad | The controversy over the existence of Mujtahids began in its nascent form during the sixth/12th century. The fifth century Hanbali jurist Ibn 'Aqil (1040–1119) responding to a Hanafi jurist's statement, advocated for the necessity of existence of Mujtahids using scripture and reasoning. A century later, Shafi'i jurist ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtihad |
Aliyah | Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually according to the Jewish calendar on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Jewish people entering the Land of Israel as written in the Hebrew Bible, which happened on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Ni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah |
2018 Iraqi parliamentary election |
On 8 June 2018, a formal agreement was signed by the leaders of the Alliance towards Reforms (Saairun) and the National Coalition (Wataniya) to become the largest bloc in the Council of Representatives. The bloc is calling for economic reform, consolidation of democracy, and political decentralization. A spokesman for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Iraqi_parliamentary_election |
Jahannam | The common belief among Muslims (as indicated above) is that duration in hell is temporary for Muslims but not for others.
This combines in Jahannam two concepts: an eternal hell (for unbelievers), and a place (an "outer level" of hell was sometimes called al-barrāniyya),
resembling the Christian Catholic idea of pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahannam |
Mount Qaf | Mount Qaf in Arabic tradition is a mysterious mountain renowned as the furthest point of the earth owing to its location at the far side of the ocean encircling the earth. Because of its remoteness, the North Pole is sometimes identified with this mountain. According to Hatim Tai’s account, the Qaf Mountains were said
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Qaf |
Saddam Hussein | The end of the war with Iran served to deepen latent tensions between Iraq and its wealthy neighbor Kuwait. Saddam urged the Kuwaitis to waive the Iraqi debt accumulated in the war, some $30 billion, but they refused. Saddam pushed oil-exporting countries to raise oil prices by cutting back production; Kuwait refused, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein |
Siwa Oasis | Siwa is of special interest to anthropologists and sociologists because of its historical acceptance of intergenerational male homosexuality and even rituals celebrating same-sex marriage – traditions that the Egyptian authorities have sought to repress, with increasing success, since the early CE.20th century.
The Ger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwa_Oasis |
Shukri al-Quwatli | Under Quwatli's leadership, Syria increasingly moved towards a neutralist policy amid the Cold War, despite the conservative views held by Quwatli. However, on 10 September, Quwatli first opted to make an official request for arms from the United States, but was eventually rebuffed despite support from US Secretary of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukri_al-Quwatli |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | Nasser's first battlefield experience was in Palestine during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. He initially volunteered to serve with the Arab Higher Committee (AHC) led by Mohammad Amin al-Husayni. Nasser met with and impressed al-Husayni, but was ultimately refused entry to the AHC's forces by the Egyptian government for r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser |
Iranian architecture | Turkic peoples began moving west across Central Asia and towards the Middle East from the 8th century onward, eventually converting to Islam and becoming major forces in the region. The most significant of these were the Seljuk Turks, who formed the Great Seljuk Empire in the 11th century, conquering all of Iran and ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecture |
Amin al-Husseini | Al-Husseini has been described by the American Jewish Congress as "Hitler's henchman"
and some scholars, such as Schwanitz and Rubin, have argued that Husseini made the Final Solution inevitable by shutting out the possibility of Jews escaping to Palestine.
Gilbert Achcar refers to a meeting between al-Husseini and Hei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini |
History of Tunisia under French rule | Initially, Italy was the European country most interested in incorporating Tunisia into its sphere of influence. Italy's strong motivation derived from the substantial number of expatriate citizens already resident there, with corresponding business investment, due to its close geography. Yet in the emerging national c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia_under_French_rule |
Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world | The influence of medieval Arab-Islamic mathematics to the rest of the world is wide and profound, in both the realm of science and mathematics. The knowledge of the Arabs went into the western world through Spain and Sicily during the translation movement. "The Moors (western Mohammedans from that part of North Africa ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
Court of the Lions | The hall accessed on the south side of the courtyard has been known since either the 16th century or the 19th century as the Sala de los Abencerrajes or "Hall of the Abencerrajes". This name derives from the powerful Abencerrajes family (Banu Sarraj in Arabic) who played a political role in the emirate, but there is no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_the_Lions |
Judith Miller | On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative. Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Miller |
Coffee | Coffee beans must be ground and brewed to create a beverage. The criteria for choosing a method include flavor and economy. Almost all methods of preparing coffee require that the beans be ground and then mixed with hot water long enough to allow the flavor to emerge but not so long as to draw out bitter compounds. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee |
Kairouani calligraphy | Kairouani style was used for the first time in the Nurse's Quran, finished in 1020 during the last decades of Kairouan’s intellectual and political golden era. The manuscript was kept for centuries in the maqsurah of Ibn Badis, a small cell measuring 8x6 meters next to the qibla wall that served as a library, in the ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy |
Sunni Islam | The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi, also known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah (People of the Prophet's Way and the Community) is a Sunni revivalist movement following the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, and Maturidi and Ashʿari schools of theology with hundreds of millions of followers.
The movement is moderate form o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Mile run | Although a statute mile today is equal to a length of 5,280 feet, the distance of the English mile gained its current definition of 1,760 yards through a statute of the Parliament of England in 1593. Thus, the history of the mile run began in England and it initially found usage within the wagered running contests of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_run |
Bernard Lewis | In 1936, Lewis graduated from the School of Oriental Studies (now School of Oriental and African Studies, SOAS) at the University of London with a BA in history with special reference to the Near and Middle East. He earned his PhD three years later, also from SOAS, specializing in the history of Islam. Lewis also studi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis |
Nazareth | Nazareth itself was not a field of battle during the 1948 War, which began on 15 May, before the first truce on 11 June, although some of the villagers had joined the loosely organized peasant military and paramilitary forces, and troops from the Arab Liberation Army (ALA) had entered Nazareth on 9 July. The local defe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth |
Hagar in Islam | Abraham was childless. He was a prophet of God and, having left his native land, he was concerned about who would take the prophetic office after him, and whether he would be a father one day. His wife's servant Hagar, who was gifted to her, was given to Abraham to bear a child. According to modern scholars, Hagar was ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam |
Mu'tazilism | Facing the problem of existence of evil in the world, the Mu'tazilis pointed at the free will of human beings, so that evil was defined as something that stems from the errors in human acts. God does nothing ultimately evil, and he demands not from any human to perform any evil act. If man's evil acts had been from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilism |
Baal | Baʿal is well-attested in surviving inscriptions and was popular in theophoric names throughout the Levant but he is usually mentioned along with other gods, "his own field of action being seldom defined". Nonetheless, Ugaritic records show him as a weather god, with particular power over lightning, wind, rain, and fer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal |
Mandaeans | Following the First World War, the Mandaeans were still largely living in rural areas in the lower parts of British protected Iraq and Iran. Owing to the rise of Arab nationalism, Iraqi Mandaeans were Arabised at an accelerated rate, especially during the 1950s and '60s. The Mandaeans were also forced to abandon their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeans |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | On 7 January, Israel carried out 40 airstrikes overnight. Dozens of other targets were attacked by aircraft and artillery during the day, and the Gaza-Egypt border was bombed after Israeli aircraft dropped leaflets onto Rafah, urging the residents to leave. A total of 20 Palestinians were killed. A total of 20 rockets ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
History of the Jews in Iraq | By the early 19th century, Baghdad had been reestablished as a leading Jewish center in the Middle East. There were over 6,000 Jews in city, two synagogues and strong community institutions. This was not a golden age, however. Over time, the centralized Ottoman control over the region deteriorated and the situation of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq |
Sasanian Empire | While successful at its first stage (from 602 to 622), the campaign of Khosrau II had actually exhausted the Persian army and treasuries. In an effort to rebuild the national treasuries, Khosrau overtaxed the population. Thus, while his empire was on the verge of total defeat, Heraclius (610–641) drew on all his dimini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Mu'tazilism | The Mu'tazilis had a nuanced theory regarding reason, Divine revelation, and the relationship between them. They celebrated power of reason and human intellectual power. To them, it is the human intellect that guides a human to know God, his attributes, and the very basics of morality. Once this foundational knowledge ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilism |
Funj Sultanate | In 1523 the kingdom was visited by Jewish traveller David Reubeni, who disguised himself as a Sharif. Sultan Amara Dunqas, Reubeni wrote, was continuously travelling through his kingdom. He, who "ruled over black people and white" between the region south of the Nile confluence to as far north as Dongola, owned large h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Sultanate |
Selim III | A great music lover, Sultan Selim III was a composer and performer of significant talent. He created fourteen makam-s (melodic types), three of which are in current use today. Sixty-four compositions by Selim III are known today, some of which are part of the regular repertory of Turkish classical music performance. As... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_III |
Slavery | Baptist, Edward (2016). The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09768-5.
Beckert, Sven; Rockman, Seth, eds. (2016). Slavery's Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2417-7.
Berlin, Ira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery |
Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2020–2021) | The United States completed its prior withdrawal of troops in December 2011, concluding the Iraq War. In June 2014, the United States formed Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF-OIR) and re-intervened at the request of the Iraqi government due to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Lev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2020%E2%80%932021) |
Anatolian rug | Makers of handmade rugs use only natural fibres. The most common materials used for the pile are wool, silk and cotton. Nomadic and village weavers sometimes also use goat- and camel-hair. Traditionally, spinning is done by hand. Several strands of yarn are then plied together so that the resulting yarn is strong enoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_rug |
Royal Moroccan Army | The Moroccan army has existed continuously since the rising of Almoravid Empire in the 11th-century. During the protectorate period (1912–1955), large numbers of Moroccans were recruited for service in the Spahi and Tirailleur regiments of the French Army of Africa (French: Armée d'Afrique). Many served during World Wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Moroccan_Army |
Fakhr al-Din II | In 1630 or 1631, Fakhr al-Din denied the attempted winter housing of imperial troops returning from a failed campaign against the Safavids in territory under his control. The early 18th-century Ottoman historian Mustafa Naima held that Fakhr al-Din's growing army and power by this point induced fear among the Ottomans ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_II |
Abbasid Caliphate | Immediately after their victory, al-Saffah sent his forces to Central Asia, where his forces fought against Tang expansion during the Battle of Talas. Al-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and Mesopotamia. The Byzantines conducted raids during these early distractions.
One of the first major c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate |
Muammar Gaddafi | According to Vandewalle, Gaddafi "dominated [Libya's] political life" during his period in power. The sociologist Raymond A. Hinnebusch described the Libyan as "perhaps the most exemplary contemporary case of the politics of charismatic leadership", displaying all of the traits of charismatic authority outlined by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Protestantism and Islam | Martin Luther also took note of the similarities between Islam and Protestantism in the rejection of idols, although he noted Islam was much more drastic in its complete rejection of images. In On War against the Turk, Luther is actually less critical of the Turks than he is of the Pope, whom he calls an anti-Christ, o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam |
2006 Lebanon War | In the days following 14 August 2006 ceasefire, Hezbollah launched dozens of rockets and mortars inside southern Lebanon, which Israel did not respond to, though there were several instances where Israeli troops killed armed Hezbollah members approaching their positions. Israeli warplanes continued conducting numerous ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War |
Israeli-occupied territories | Soon after the 1967 war, Israel issued a military order stating that the Geneva Conventions applied to the recently occupied territories, but this order was rescinded a few months later. For a number of years, Israel argued on various grounds that the Geneva Conventions do not apply. One is the Missing Reversioner theo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories |
Syrian literature | Since 1960, the year he published his first collection of short stories, Zakaria Tamer has been one of the best-known prose authors among the Arab public. In his work, he places figures from the Arabic literary tradition in new contexts and thus alludes to the present of his readers. Apart from many short stories, Tame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_literature |
Autocracy | Autocracies face challenges to their authority from several fronts, including the citizenry, political opposition, and internal disloyalty from elites. As autocrats must share their power with the state's elites to see their will carried out, these elites are the greatest threat to the autocrat. Most autocratic governm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy |
Succession to the 52nd Dai al-Mutlaq | At the time of Mohammed Burhanuddin's stroke his sons, attendant physician and son-in-law, Dr Moiz bhaisaheb and surviving daughter were present in London with him along with other close family members. Neither Qutbuddin nor his family were present before or subsequently.
The medical report presented by Khuzaima Qutbu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_to_the_52nd_Dai_al-Mutlaq |
Djibouti | The Bab-el-Mandeb region has often been considered a primary crossing point for early hominins following a southern coastal route from East Africa to South and Southeast Asia.
The Djibouti area has been inhabited since the Neolithic. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations arrived in the regi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti |
Political aspects of Islam | Islamic extremism dates back to the early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE. The original schism between Kharijites, Sunnīs, and Shīʿas among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community (Ummah) after the death of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam |
Mamluk | Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (1991). Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250–1350. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-506774-3.
Allouche, A. (1994). Mamluk Economics: A Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi's Ighathat. Salt Lake City
Amitai, Reuven (2017). "Post-Crusader Acre in Light of a Mamluk Inscription ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk |
Saadi Sultanate | Upon Al-Qa'im's death in 1517 he was buried next to Al-Jazuli in Afughal. Al-Araj inherited his father's main position at Afughal, north of the Atlas Mountains, while his younger brother Muhammad al-Shaykh was in turn charged with the Sous, south of the mountains.: 350 These two amirs became the true founders of the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate |
Ibn Bassal | Ibn Bassal's magnum opus, his treatise on agronomy entitled Dīwān al-filāḥa (ديوان الفلاحة)(An Anthology of Husbandry), was originally a copious manuscript that had been dedicated to his botanical garden of Al-Ma’mūn at Toledo. His seminal work was subsequently abridged, during the author's lifetime, and made into a si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Bassal |
Union for the Mediterranean | A summit of heads of state and government is intended to be held every two years to foster political dialogue at the highest level. According to the Paris Declaration:
these summits should produce a joint declaration addressing the situation and challenges of the Euro-Mediterranean region, assessing the works of the P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean |
Syrian Jews | The Syrian pronunciation of Hebrew is similar to that of other Mizrahi communities and is influenced both by Sephardi Hebrew and by the Syrian dialect of Levantine Arabic. The Syrian pronunciation of Hebrew is less archaic than the Iraqi Hebrew of Iraqi Jews and closer to standard Sephardic Hebrew. That affects especia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Jews |
Tigranes the Great | Mithridates VI of Pontus had found refuge in Armenian land after confronting Rome, considering the fact that Tigranes was his ally and relative. The King of Kings eventually came into direct contact with Rome. The Roman commander, Lucullus, demanded the expulsion of Mithridates from Armenia – to comply with such a dema... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great |
Sasanian Empire | Conflicting accounts shroud the details of the fall of the Parthian Empire and subsequent rise of the Sassanian Empire in mystery. The Sassanian Empire was established in Estakhr by Ardashir I.
Ardashir's father, Papak, was originally the ruler of a region called Khir. However, by 200, Papak had managed to overthrow Go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Wahhabism | Allegations of links between Wahhabism proper and the ideology of militant Islamists such as al-Qaeda and Islamic State, have been disputed. Throughout the 20th century Board of Senior Ulema (BSU) of the Dar al-Ifta in Saudi Arabia, were known for issuing fatawa which strongly condemned various forms of war crimes and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Names of God in Islam | On the other hand, there is no universal agreement among Islamic exegesis scholars, as to how many as a name of God, since it was only Ibn Hazm who only agreed the limitation of 99 names. Instead, Islamic scholars such as al-Khattabi, al-Qurtubi, Abi Bakr bin Thayyib, Ibn al-'Arabi (not Ibn Arabi), Abu Abdillah ar-Razi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam |
Isawiyya | In Morocco, the ceremonies of the Issawa brotherhood take the form of domestic nightly rituals (known as "night", lila), organized mainly by Imam Shaykh Boulila (Master of the night), at the request of female believers.
As the Aissawa are supposed to bring to people blessings ("barakah"), reasons for organizing a cere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isawiyya |
Jordan River | In the Hebrew Bible the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility of a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), said to be watered like "the garden of the LORD" (Genesis 13:10). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. Jacob crossed it and its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River |
Sasson Somekh | "The Sad Millenarian: An Examination of Awlad Haratina", Middle Eastern Studies 7, 49-61, 1971
"Two Versions of Dialogue in Mahmud Taymur's Drama", Princeton Near East Paper No. 21, Princeton, 1975
"Language and Theme in the Short Stories of Yusuf Idris", Journal of Arabic Literature 4, 89-100, 1975
"The Transformation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasson_Somekh |
Morocco–United States relations | Following the end of World War II, the US military maintained several installations in Morocco because the Mediterranean had become central to the country's European defense strategy. This was made possible by the French government, which had granted the United States several naval and air bases in its North African pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations |
List of pharaohs | Breasted, J. H., History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909
Cerny, J. 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in: The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, 1975 ISBN 0-521-08691-4
Clayton, Peter A. (1995). Chronicle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs |
Khor Al Adaid | More than thirty years after the Ottomans established a protectorate in the Qatari Peninsula, they designated four administrative districts (nehiye) on the peninsula in December 1902, with Khor Al Adaid (simply referred to as Adide by the Porte) being among them. Ottoman sources allege that this was in response to Brit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khor_Al_Adaid |
History of hospitals | Bowers, Barbara S. (2007). Medieval Hospital and Medical Practice. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754651109.
Brockliss, Lawrence, and Colin Jones. "The Hospital in the Enlightenment," in The Medical World of Early Modern France (Oxford UP, 1997), pp. 671–729; covers France 1650–1800
Chaney, Edward (2000),"'Philanthropy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hospitals |
Polis | The first sentence of Politics asserts that a polis is a community (koinonia). This is Aristotle's first definition of polis (for the second, see above). The community is compared to a game of chess. The man without community is like an isolated piece (I.9). Other animals form communities, but those of men are more adv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis |
Bedouin | There are a number of Bedouin tribes, but the total population is often difficult to determine, especially as many Bedouin have ceased to lead nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles. Below is a partial list of Bedouin tribes and their historic place of origin.
Otaibah, located in Najd and Hijaz, found mainly in the Arabia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin |
Samarkand | The state and official language in Samarqand, as in all Uzbekistan, is the Uzbek language. Uzbek is one of the Turkic languages and the mother tongue of Uzbeks, Turkmens, Samarkandian Iranians, and most Samarqandian Arabs living in Samarqand.
As in the rest of Uzbekistan, the Russian language is the de facto second off... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand |
Iranian Revolution | The most important bodies of the revolution were the Revolutionary Council, the Revolutionary Guards, Revolutionary Tribunals, Islamic Republican Party, and Revolutionary Committees (komitehs).
While the moderate Bazargan and his government (temporarily) reassured the middle class, it became apparent they did not have ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution |
Sunni Islam | There is broad agreement that the Sufis are also part of Sunnism. This view can already be found in the Shafi'ite scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 1037). In his heresiographical work al-Farq baina l-firaq he divided the Sunnis into eight different categories (aṣnāf) of people: 1. the theologians and Kalam Scholars,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi | Before the invasion of Afghanistan, Zarqawi was the leader of an Islamic militant group with some connections to al-Qaeda. In an interview on Al-Majd TV, former al-Qaeda member Walid Khan, who was in Afghanistan fighting alongside Zarqawi's group explained that from the day al-Zarqawi's group arrived, there were disagr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi |
Al Arabiya | Special Mission is Al Arabiya's longest-running investigative journalism/current affairs television program. It broadcasts on the Al Arabiya Pan Arab Channel based in Dubai. Premiering on 19 October 2003, it is still running. The program is based on the investigative Panorama concept, addressing an issue each week, by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arabiya |
Heinrich Suter | 1884. Der Tractatus de quadratura Circuli des ALBERTUS DE SAXONIA. ZM. 29, 81.
1886 Ueber diophantische Gleichungen. Z. f. Math. Unterr. 17, 104.
1887. Die Mathematiker auf den Universitäten des Mittelalters. Wiss. Beilage. z. Programm d. Kantonsschule in Zürich.
1889. Die mathematischen und naturphilosophischen Disput... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Suter |
Al-Muti' | Bowen, Harold (1928). The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà, ‘The Good Vizier’. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. OCLC 386849.
Brett, Michael (2001). The Rise of the Fatimids: The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Fourth Century of the Hijra, Tenth Century CE. The Medieval Mediterranean. Vol. 30.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muti%27 |
Shakira | In January 2021, Shakira sold her catalog of 145 songs to Hipgnosis Songs Fund. Financial details of the sale were not disclosed. On 16 July 2021, Shakira released a single titled "Don't Wait Up", her first English-language song since "Try Everything" (2016).
On 21 April 2022, she released the song "Te Felicito" with s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira |
Ptolemaic Kingdom | Following Alexander's death in Babylon in 323 BC, a succession crisis erupted among his generals. Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as regent for both Philip III and Alexander's infant son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom |
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist | Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran between two revolutions. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691101345.
Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0520081730. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). Tortured Confessions: Prisons a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist |
Red Sea crisis | On 19 November 2023, Houthi forces used a Mil Mi-17 helicopter to board and seize the car transporter Galaxy Leader, which was en route to India with 25 people but no cargo on board. The incident followed a statement by Houthi spokesman Yahya Saree on the group's Telegram channel, declaring their intention to target sh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis |
Dido | H. Akbar Khan, "Doctissima Dido": Etymology, Hospitality and the Construction of a Civilized Identity, 2002.
Elmer Bagby Atwood, Two Alterations of Virgil in Chaucer's Dido, 1938.
S. Conte, Dido sine veste, 2005.
R. S. Conway, The Place of Dido in History, 1920.
F. Della Corte, La Iuno-Astarte virgiliana, 1983.
G. De S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido |
Schistosomiasis | The infectious stage starts when the free-swimming larval form of the schistosome, cercariae, penetrates the human skin using their suckers, proteolytic enzymes, and tail movements; the cercariae transformed into schistosomulae by losing its tail and subsequently travels to the heart and lungs through venous system unt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis |
Arib al-Ma'muniyya | Arīb was a wife or concubine of al-Ma'mun. Born in 797, she claimed to be the daughter of Ja'far ibn Yahya, the Barmakid, stolen and sold as a child when the Barmakids fell from power. She was bought by al-Amin, who then took her as a favourite concubine. She was then bought by al-Ma'mun after Amin's death in 813. She ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arib_al-Ma%27muniyya |
Turkey | Ottoman miniature is linked to the Persian miniature tradition and is likewise influenced by Chinese painting styles and techniques. The words tasvir or nakış were used to define the art of miniature painting in Ottoman Turkish. The studios the artists worked in were called nakkaşhane. The understanding of perspective ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey |
Stilfragen | The Stilfragen is divided into an introduction, which sets out the purpose of the work, and four chapters, each on a theme in the history of artistic style.
The first chapter, "The Geometric Style," argues that geometric ornament originated, not from such technical processes as wickerwork and weaving, but rather from a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilfragen |
Sidon | After World War I it became part of the French Mandate of Lebanon. During World War II the city, together with the rest of Lebanon, was captured by British forces fighting against the Vichy French, and following the war it became a major city of independent Lebanon. Following the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon |
Baháʼí Faith | The most enduring persecution of Baháʼís has been in Iran, the birthplace of the religion. When the Báb started attracting a large following, the clergy hoped to stop the movement from spreading by stating that its followers were enemies of God. These clerical directives led to mob attacks and public executions. Starti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith |
National Iraqi Alliance | The Alliance formed in the lead-up to the January 2005 elections from mainly Shi’ite groups most importantly the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, whose leader Abdul Aziz al-Hakim headed the list, and Islamic Dawa Party. Other important members included the secular Iraqi National Congress led by Ahmed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance |
March of loyalty to martyrs | Protests inspired by the successful uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia erupted in Bahrain on 14 February. Security forces responded by firing tear gas, rubber bullets, sound bombs and birdshot into the crowd of protesters.: 68 More than thirty protesters were injured and one died from birdshot injuries in his back.: 69, 2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_loyalty_to_martyrs |
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