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Kingdom of Kongo | The First Kongo-Portuguese War began in 1622, initially because of a Portuguese campaign against the Kasanze Kingdom, which was conducted ruthlessly. From there, the army moved to Nambu a Ngongo, whose ruler, Pedro Afonso, was held to be sheltering runaway slaves as well. Although Pedro Afonso, facing an overwhelming a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo |
Berber languages | Nouns are distinguished by gender, number, and case in most Berber languages, with gender being feminine or masculine, number being singular or plural, and case being in the construct or free state. Some Arabic borrowings in Northern and Eastern Berber languages do not accept these affixes; they instead retain the Arab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_languages |
Glossary of Islam | ʿIbādah (عبادة)
submission, worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah.
ʾIblīs (إبليس)
Devil banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Satan.
ʿId (عيد)
festiva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam |
Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia has been accused of sponsoring Islamic terrorism. According to Iraq Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki in March 2014, Saudi Arabia along with Qatar provided political, financial, and media support to terrorists against the Iraqi government. Similarly, President of Syria Bashar al-Assad noted in 2015 that the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
United Arab Emirates Armed Forces | The United Arab Emirates military was formed from the Trucial Oman Levies which was established on 11 May 1951 and was renamed the Trucial Oman Scouts in 1956. The Trucial Oman Scouts was turned over to the United Arab Emirates as the nucleus of its defense forces in 1971 with the formation of UAE and was absorbed into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Armed_Forces |
Ibn Taymiyya | In 1318, Ibn Taymiyya wrote a treatise that would curtail the ease with which a Muslim man could divorce his wife. Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa on divorce was not accepted by the majority of scholars of the time and this continued into the Ottoman era. However, almost every modern Muslim nation-state has come to adopt Ibn Taym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya |
Benghazi | There is a variety of architectural styles in Benghazi, which reflect the number of times the city has changed hands throughout its history. Arab, Ottoman and Italian rule have influenced the different streetscapes, buildings and quarters in Benghazi.
Ancient architectural remains of the Greek and later Roman settlemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benghazi |
Byzantine North Africa | Even when the most devastating of all Roman-Persian wars broke out and the situation in large parts of the empire deteriorated massively under Emperor Phocas, conditions in Africa were much more stable. Heraclius the Elder, presumably the successor of Gennadios and probably appointed exarch by Maurice at the age of ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa |
2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict | The President of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Masoud Barzani, facilitated the Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum in September 2017. This led the Prime Minister of Iraq Haider al-Abadi to demand that the referendum result be cancelled, and called on the KRG to initiate dialogue in the framework of the constitution. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict |
History of mathematics | An analysis of early Chinese mathematics has demonstrated its unique development compared to other parts of the world, leading scholars to assume an entirely independent development. The oldest extant mathematical text from China is the Zhoubi Suanjing (周髀算經), variously dated to between 1200 BC and 100 BC, though a dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematics |
BP | In March 2006, corrosion of a BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA) oil transit pipeline in Prudhoe Bay transporting oil to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to a five-day leak and the largest oil spill on Alaska's North Slope. According to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), a total of 212,252 US gallons (5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP |
Al-Allama al-Hilli | Al-Hilli's role in shaping the Twelver principles of Islamic jurisprudence is very important. He produced a voluminous legal corpus as well as several works and commentaries. Two of the most important works are al-Mukhtalaf "The Disagreement," and al-Muntaha "The End". Al-Mukhtalaf is a legal manual devoted to addressi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Allama_al-Hilli |
Crusader states | The crusader states were economic centres obstructing Muslim trade by sea with the west Europe, and by land with Mesopotamia, Syria and the urban economies of the Nile. Commerce continued with the coastal cities providing maritime outlets for the Islamic hinterland, and unprecedented volumes of eastern wares were expor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states |
Safavid art | While the first Safavid Shah followed a rather intensive policy of restoration and conservation of the great Shiah places, such as Karbala (1508), Najaf (1508) and Samarra in Iraq and Mashhad in the east of Iran, etc., thus perpetuating the Timurid traditions, on the other hand his participation in architectural constr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_art |
Belshazzar | Albertz, Rainer (2003). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 9781589830554.
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1989). Reign of Nabonidus, King of Babylon (556-539 BC). Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2250wnt. ISBN 9780300043143. JSTOR j.ctt2250wnt. OCLC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar |
Rashidun Caliphate | Following Uthman's assassination, Muhammad's cousin Ali (r. 656–661) was elected caliph by the rebels and townspeople of Medina. He transferred the capital to Kufa, a garrison city in Iraq. Soon thereafter, Ali dismissed several provincial governors, some of whom were relatives of Uthman, and replaced them with trusted... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate |
Philae temple complex | Philae is mentioned by numerous ancient writers, including Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Ptolemy, Seneca, Pliny the Elder. It was, as the plural name indicates, the appellation of two small islands situated in latitude 24° north, just above the First Cataract near Aswan (Egyptian Swenet "Trade;" Ancient Greek: Συήνη). Gros... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philae_temple_complex |
Babylonia | In 620 BC Nabopolassar seized control over much of Babylonia with the support of most of the inhabitants, with only the city of Nippur and some northern regions showing any loyalty to the beleaguered Assyrian king. Nabopolassar was unable to utterly secure Babylonia, and for the next four years he was forced to contend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia |
Egyptian pound | At the beginning of the 19th century, Egypt and Turkey shared a common currency, the Ottoman piastre, divided into 40 paras. However, under Muhammad Ali, Egypt started to issue its own coinage, and in 1834, by which time Egypt was now nominally independent from Ottoman rule, a khedival decree was issued, adopting an ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pound |
M1 Abrams | Surrogate Research Vehicle: The surrogate research vehicle (SRV) project was conducted from 1980 to 1987 to evaluate the effectiveness of different crew arrangements using a turretless Abrams test bed. These modifications included adding two crew stations to the front hull. Two crew positions were retained in a rotatin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams |
Siege of Baghdad | Flanked on the right wing by the Golden Horde princes, who approached via the Shahrizor plain, and on the left by Kitbuqa in Khuzistan, Hulegu commanded the main Mongol force and sacked Kermanshah on 6 December. After a council of war in mid-December, his commanders dispersed to carry out different tasks. Baiju returne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad |
Ghassanids | Athamina, Khalil (1994). "The Appointment and Dismissal of Khālid b. al-Walīd from the Supreme Command: A Study of the Political Strategy of the Early Muslim Caliphs in Syria". Arabica. 41 (2): 253–272. doi:10.1163/157005894X00191. JSTOR 4057449.
Ball, Warwick (2000). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghassanids |
Islam in Greece | Muftis make decisions on various questions in accordance with Sharia law as the Islamic legal system primarily based on the Qur’an and Islamic tradition. How Sharia law is interpreted and applied depends on Islamic legal schools of thought and they are often very different from one another. The Muslims of Western Thrac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Greece |
Urabi revolt | Egypt in the 1870s was under foreign influence, corruption, misgovernment, and in a state of financial ruin. Huge debts rung up by its ruler Ismaʻil Pasha could no longer be repaid, and under pressure from the European banks that held the debt, the country's finances were being controlled by representatives of France a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urabi_revolt |
Israeli-occupied territories | Jerusalem has created additional issues in relation to the question of whether or not it is occupied territory. The 1947 UN Partition Plan had contemplated that all of Jerusalem would be an international city within an international area that included Bethlehem for at least ten years, after which the residents would be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories |
Israeli occupation of the West Bank | The coverage of complex conflicts, such as the Israeli-Palestinian one, often generates debates about bias, terminology, and misinformation. Some critics argue that the coverage tends to favor one side of the conflict, while others claim that certain terms and phrases used in the media can distort the public's understa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank |
Crusades | In the first major encounter after the Second Crusade, Nūr-ad-Din's forces then destroyed the Crusader army at the Battle of Inab on 29 June 1149. Raymond of Poitiers, as prince of Antioch, came to the aid of the besieged city. Raymond was killed and his head was presented to Nūr-ad-Din, who forwarded it to the caliph ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Coconut | Modern genetic studies have identified the center of origin of coconuts as being the Central Indo-Pacific, the region between western Southeast Asia and Melanesia, where it shows greatest genetic diversity. Their cultivation and spread was closely tied to the early migrations of the Austronesian peoples who carried coc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut |
Islamic Government | While in exile in Iraq in the holy city of Najaf, Khomeini gave a series of 19 lectures on Islamic Government to a group of his students from January 21 to February 8, 1970. Notes of the lectures were soon made into a book that appeared under three different titles: The Islamic Government, Authority of the Jurist, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Government |
Sudan | Sudan has had a troubled relationship with many of its neighbours and much of the international community, owing to what is viewed as its radical Islamic stance. For much of the 1990s, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia formed an ad hoc alliance called the "Front Line States" with support from the United States to check the in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Uruk period | The region around Susa in the southwest of modern Iran, is located right next to lower Mesopotamia, which exercised a powerful influence on it from the 5th millennium BC, and might be considered to have been part of the Uruk culture in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, either as a result of conquest or a more g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_period |
Nouri al-Maliki | During his first term, al-Maliki vowed to crack down on insurgents who he called "organized armed groups who are acting outside the state and outside the law". He had been criticized for taking too long to name permanent interior and defense ministers, which he did on 8 June 2006, just as al-Maliki and the Americans an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki |
Ulama | According to Shia Islam, the authority to interpret the messages of the Quran and the Hadith lies with the Imamah, a line of infallible interpreters of the truth. The Sunni majority, however, reject this concept and maintain that God's will has been completely revealed in the Quran and sunnah of the Prophet. The capaci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama |
Al-Fath ibn Khaqan | Al-Mutawakkil had appointed his oldest son, al-Muntasir, as his heir in 849/50, but slowly had shifted his favour to his second son, al-Mu'tazz. Al-Fath and the vizier Ubayd Allah encouraged the Caliph in his intention to replace al-Muntasir, and appear to have been backed by the traditional Abbasid elites as well. Con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fath_ibn_Khaqan |
Somali Republic | The most important political issue in post-independence Somali politics was the unification of all areas traditionally inhabited by ethnic Somalis into one country – a concept identified as Greater Somalia (Soomaaliweyn) (see also Somali nationalism). Politicians assumed that this issue dominated popular opinion and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Republic |
Ghulat | The Kitāb al-Haft wa-l-aẓilla ('Book of the Seven and the Shadows'), also known as Kitāb al-Haft al-sharīf ('Book of the Noble Seven'/'Noble Book of the Seven) or simply as Kitāb al-Haft (Book of the Seven'), 8th–11th century, is an important ghulāt text that was falsely attributed to al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi (die... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulat |
Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi | Suhrawardi thought of himself as a reviver or resuscitator of the ancient Persian wisdom. He states in Hikmat al-'Ishraq that:There was among the ancient Persians a community of people guided by God who thus walked the true way, worthy Sage-Philosophers, with no resemblance to the Magi (Dualists). It is their precious... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi |
Hanbali school | Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of Hanbali school of thought (madhab), was a disciple of the Sunni Imam Al-Shafi‘i, who was reportedly a student of Imam Malik ibn Anas,: 121 who was a student of the Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, like Imam Abu Hanifa. Thus all of the four great Imams of Sunni Fiqh are connected to Imam Ja'far al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school |
Hasmonean dynasty | In spring 168 BCE, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV was humiliatingly pressured by the Romans to withdraw. According to the Roman historian Livy, the Roman senate dispatched the diplomat Gaius Popilius to Egypt who demanded Antiochus to withdraw. When Antiochus requested time to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty |
Neo-Assyrian Empire | The Neo-Assyrian Empire left a cultural legacy of great consequence. The population of northern Mesopotamia continued to keep the memory of their ancient civilization alive and positively connected with the Assyrian Empire in local histories written as late as the Sasanian period. Figures like Sargon II, Sennacherib, E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire |
History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit | Arriving in the early 1870s, the first Middle Eastern settlers in the Detroit area were Lebanese people. Most of them were Christians, including Maronites, Melkites, and Eastern Orthodox. Some immigrants were Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. Some Druze also immigrated. A February 6, 1900 article in the Detroit Free Pres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_Eastern_people_in_Metro_Detroit |
Ardashir I | According to three dates that are achieved from Shapur's inscription on a column in Bishapur, the period between 205 and 206 appears as the beginning of an era in Sasanian history; it is written in the first lines of the mentioned inscription:1- Farvardin 58, 2- Azar Ardashir 40, 3- Azar Shapur from royal Azars 24There... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I |
Umayyad Caliphate | Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagans, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. More specifically, non-Muslims had to p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Samaritans | Contemporary scholarship confirms that deportations occurred before and after the Assyrian conquest of the Kingdom of Israel in 722–720 BCE, with varying impacts in Galilee, Transjordan, and Samaria. During the earlier Assyrian invasions, Galilee and Transjordan did experience significant deportations, with entire trib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans |
Al-Zaytuna Mosque | Between 990 and 995 further works were carried out under the Zirids, clients of the Fatimid caliphs. These works included the addition of galleries around the courtyard and the Qubbat al-Bahu (or Qubbat al-Bahw), the dome at the entrance of the prayer hall. The dome itself is dated more specifically to 991.: 86–87 The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Zaytuna_Mosque |
Stoning | A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2013 found varying support in the global Muslim population for stoning as a punishment for adultery (sex between people where at least one person is married; when both participants are unmarried they get 100 lashes). Highest support for stoning is found in Muslims of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning |
Muscat | Muscat's economy, like that of Oman, is dominated by trade. The more traditional exports of the city included dates, mother of pearl, and fish. Many of the souks of Muttrah sell these items and traditional Omani artefacts. Petroleum Development Oman has been central to Muscat's economy since at least 1962 and is the co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat |
2003 invasion of Iraq | Fedayeen Saddam militia, Republican Guard and Iraqi security forces were reported to have executed Iraqi soldiers who tried to surrender on multiple occasions, as well as threatening the families of those who refused to fight. One such incident was directly observed during the Battle of Debecka Pass.
Many incidents of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq |
Amal Dunqul | Dunqul met his future wife, Egyptian journalist Abla El-Rowainy, after she decided to conduct a series of interviews with him for her newspaper, Akhbar el-Yom. However, the senior editors objected due to Dunqul's leftist views and his opposition to the then-president Anwar Sadat.
Dunqul would continue to find persiste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal_Dunqul |
Islamic terrorism | Hamas ("zeal" in Arabic and an acronym for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya) grew in power and began attacks on military and civilian targets in Israel at the beginning of the First Intifada in 1987. The 1988 charter of Hamas calls for the destruction of Israel. Hamas's armed wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_terrorism |
Makuria | By the early 4th century, if not before, the Kingdom of Kush with its capital Meroe was collapsing. The region which would later constitute Makuria, i.e. the Nile Valley between the third Nile cataract and the great Nile bend of the fourth/fifth cataract, has been proposed to have seceded from Kush already in the 3rd c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria |
1994 FIFA World Cup | Three nations bid to host the event: United States, Brazil, and Morocco. The vote was held in Zurich on July 4, 1988 (Independence Day in the United States), and only took one round with the United States bid receiving a little over half of the votes by the FIFA Executive Committee members. FIFA hoped that by staging t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup |
Islamic art | For most of the Middle Ages Islamic glass was the most sophisticated in Eurasia, exported to both Europe and China. Islam took over much of the traditional glass-producing territory of Sassanian and Ancient Roman glass, and since figurative decoration played a small part in pre-Islamic glass, the change in style is not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art |
Israel–Hamas war | The attacks took place during the Jewish holidays of Simchat Torah and Shemini Atzeret on Shabbat, and one day after the 50th anniversary of the start of the Yom Kippur War, which also began with a surprise attack on Israel. At around 6:30 a.m. IDT (UTC+03:00) on 7 October 2023, Hamas announced the start of what it cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Sources disagree about the quantity of arms at the Yishuv's disposal at the end of the Mandate. According to Efraim Karsh before the arrival shipments from Czechoslovakia as part of Operation Balak, there was roughly one weapon for every three fighters, and even the Palmach could arm only two out of every three of its ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Mediterranean climate | The majority of the regions with Mediterranean climates have relatively mild winters and very warm summers. However, winter and summer temperatures can vary greatly between different regions with a Mediterranean climate. For instance, in the case of winters, Funchal experiences mild to warm temperatures in the winter, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate |
Wahhabism | Wahhabism is noted for its policy of "compelling its own followers and other Muslims strictly to observe the religious duties of Islam, such as the five prayers", and for "enforcement of public morals to a degree not found elsewhere". According to the American journalist Lawrence Wright, due to Wahhabi emphasis on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Somali people | The origin of the Somali people which was previously theorized to have been from Southern Ethiopia since 1000 BC or from the Arabian peninsula in the eleventh century has now been overturned by newer archeological and linguistic studies which puts the original homeland of the Somali people in Somaliland region, which c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people |
Nabataean Kingdom | The Nabataean Arabs did not emerge as a political power suddenly; their rise instead went through two phases. The first phase was in the 4th century BC (ruled then by an elders' council), which was marked by the growth of Nabataean control over trade routes and various tribes and towns. Their presence in Transjordan by... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom |
Old Assyrian period | Marriages in Old Assyrian Assur were decided and arranged between the prospective groom or his family and the parents of the prospective bride; usually marriages took place at the time the bride-to-be reached adulthood. Marriage gifts were customary; some texts mention that betrothals were broken off when no gifts were... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
Rashidun | The (Twelver) Shia view is that, similar to the past prophets in the Quran, the succession to Muhammad was settled by divine appointment, rather than by consensus. In the Shia view, as with the past prophets in the Quran, God chose Muhammad's successor from his family. In particular, Muhammad announced his cousin and s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun |
Visual arts of Sudan | From the beginning of the 19th century onwards, drawings or photographs, taken by foreign visitors, constitute some of the earliest records for the traditional arts of different ethnic and social groups, such as architecture, dress, hairstyles, jewellery or scarifications.
After the first period of Turkish-Egyptian rul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sudan |
Timeline of the name Palestine | 1918: House of Commons of the United Kingdom: Minutes: "Major Earl Winterton asked the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs what facilities have been given to the Palestinian and Syrian political leaders now in Egypt to visit Palestine?" An early use of the word Palestinian in British politics, which was used often i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine |
God in Abrahamic religions | Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). "Monotheism". In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 916–917. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
Bremer, Thomas S. (2015). "Abrahamic religions". Formed From This Soil: An Introduction to the Diverse History of R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions |
Ibn Khaldun | Ibn Khaldun's epistemology attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing science into two different categories, the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur'an and the non-religious science. He further classified the non-religious sciences into intellectual sciences such as logic, arithmetic,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun |
Iraq–Turkey relations | Before World War I, contemporary Iraq was part of the Ottoman Empire. Iraq under Ottoman rule did not have political unity. There were three administrative provinces (vilayet) in current Iraq, organised by Land Law of 1858 and Vilayet Law of 1864 of Ottoman Empire: Basra, Baghdad and Mosul provinces. Political unity of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Turkey_relations |
Ministry of Investment (Saudi Arabia) | Historically, SAGIA held responsibility for issuing foreign investment licenses to non-Saudi companies that wished to operate in the Kingdom, and lacked a broader role in Saudi economic regulation. Prince Abdullah ibn Faisal ibn Turki al Abdullah Alsaud, a member of a side branch of the ruling House of Saud, was Chairm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Investment_(Saudi_Arabia) |
Muslim conquest of the Maghreb | The years 665 to 689 saw a new Arab invasion of North Africa. It began, according to Will Durant, to protect Egypt "from flank attack by Byzantine Cyrene". So "an army of more than 40,000 Muslims advanced through the desert to Barca, took it, and marched to the neighborhood of Carthage", defeating a defending Byzantine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb |
Zubayr ibn al-Awwam | In the third week of June 632, during the Ridda Wars, the rebel army under Tulayha moved from Dhu Qissa to Dhu Hussa, from where they prepared to launch an attack on Medina. Abu Bakr received intelligence of the rebel movements, and immediately prepared for the defense of Medina in the form of newly organised elite gua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam |
Israeli disengagement from Gaza | Polls on support for the plan during the time showed support for the plan in the 50–60% range, and opposition in the 30–40% range. A June 9, 2005, Dahaf Institute/Yedioth Ahronoth poll showed support for the plan at 53%, and opposition at 38%. A June 17, telephone poll published in Maariv showed 54% of Israel's Jews su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza |
Umayyad state of Córdoba | The death of Al-Hakam II in 976 marked the beginning of the end of Caliphal power. Al-Hakam wa succeeded by s only son, Hisham II. Al-Hakam's top advisor, Almanzor, pronounced the 10-year-old boy caliph and swore an swore an oath of obedience to him.
Almanzor had great influence over Subh, the mother and regent of His... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi | As of January 2002, Libya was constructing another chemical weapons production facility at Tarhuna. Citing Libya's support for terrorism and its past regional aggressions the United States voiced concern over this development. In cooperation with like-minded countries, the United States has since sought to bring a halt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi |
Mamluk Sultanate | Sha'ban was succeeded by his seven-year-old son al-Mansur Ali, though the oligarchy of the senior emirs held the reins of power. Among the senior emirs who rose to prominence under Ali were Barquq and Baraka, both Circassian mamluks of Yalbugha. Barquq was made atabeg al-asakir in 1378, giving him command of the Mamluk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Salafi movement | "Salafi Jihadism" was a term invented by Gilles Kepel to describe those self-claiming Salafi groups who began developing an interest in (armed) jihad during the mid-1990s. Practitioners are often referred to as "Salafi jihadis", "Salafi jihadists", "Revolutionary Salafis" or "armed Salafis". Journalist Bruce Livesey es... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Surah | The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such as nazm (Arabic: ﻧَﻈﻢ) and munasabah (Arabic: مناسبة) in literature of the Islamic sphere and 'Coherence', 'text relations', 'intertextuality', and 'unity' in English literature. There are two points of view regard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah |
Wild boar | By the 11th century, wild boars were apparently already becoming rare in Britain. A 1087 forestry law enacted by William the Conqueror punished through blinding the unlawful killing of a boar. Charles I attempted to reintroduce the species into the New Forest, but this population was exterminated in the 17th century du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar |
Islamic architecture | The Anatolian Seljuks ruled a territory that was multi-ethnic and only newly settled by Muslims. As a result, their architecture was eclectic and incorporated influences from other cultures such as Iranian, Armenian, and local Byzantine architecture. In contrast with Seljuk constructions further east, Anatolian archite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture |
Tourism in the State of Palestine | The tourist industry in the West Bank collapsed after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, but recovered by the 1990s, especially after the Oslo Accords. The Second Intifada (2000-2006), resulted in a decline of 90% in the tourism industry, but since it has partially recovered, and in 2010, 4.6 million people visited the Palesti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
History of alcoholic drinks | The earliest evidence of wine was found in what is now China, where jars from Jiahu which date to about 7000 BC were discovered. This early rice wine was produced by fermenting rice, honey, and fruit. What later developed into Chinese civilization grew up along the more northerly Yellow River and fermented a kind of hu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks |
Arabian Peninsula | The seventh century saw the rise of Islam as the peninsula's dominant religion. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610, but migrated to Medina in 622. From there he and his companions united the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula |
Early modern European cuisine | The three-meal-regimen so common today did not become a standard until well into the modern era.
In most parts of Europe, two meals per day were eaten, one in the early morning to noon and one in the late afternoon or later at night. The exact times varied both by period and region. In Spain and in parts of Italy such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine |
Islamic Cairo | Many gates existed along the walls of Fatimid Cairo, but only three remain today: Bab al-Nasr, Bab al-Futuh, and Bab Zuwayla (with "Bab" translating to "gate"). A restoration project from 2001 to 2003 successfully restored the three gates and parts of the northern wall between Bab al-Nasr and Bab al-Futuh. During the F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Cairo |
Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi | Al-Mufaddal was a non-Arab mawlā ("client") of the Ju'fa, a tribe belonging to the South-Arabian Madhhij confederation. Apart from the fact that he was a money-changer based in Kufa (Iraq), very little is known about his life. He probably managed the financial affairs of the Shi'ite Imams Ja'far al-Sadiq (c. 700–765) a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi |
Positional notation | The representation of non-integers can be extended to allow an infinite string of digits beyond the point. For example, 1.12112111211112 ... base-3 represents the sum of the infinite series:
1
×
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation |
Scribe | Ancient Rome had several occupations for which the ability to write accurately and clearly was the primary qualification. The English word “scribe” derives from the Latin word scriba, a public notary or clerk. The public scribae were the highest in rank of the four prestigious occupational grades (decuriae) among the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribe |
Al-Farabi | Adamson, Peter S. (2016). Philosophy in The Islamic World: a history of philosophy without any gaps. Volume III. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 63–76. ISBN 978-0-19-957749-1.
Black, D.L. (1996). "Fārābī". In Seyyed Hossein Nasr; Oliver Leaman (eds.). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge History of World Phi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi |
Ayyubid dynasty | Being well-educated themselves, the Ayyubid rulers became munificent patrons of learning and educational activity. Different madrasa-type schools were built by them throughout the empire, not only for education, but also to popularize knowledge of Sunni Islam. According to Ibn Jubayr, under Saladin, Damascus had 30 sch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Dhabihah | The act of slaughtering itself is preceded by mentioning the name of God. Invoking the name of God at the moment of slaughtering is sometimes interpreted as acknowledgment of God's right over all things and thanking God for the sustenance he provides: it is a sign the food is taken not in sin or in gluttony, but to sur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhabihah |
Generations of Noah | There exist various traditions in post-biblical and talmudic sources claiming that Noah had children other than Shem, Ham, and Japheth who were born before the Deluge.
According to the Quran (Hud 42–43), Noah had another unnamed son who refused to come aboard the Ark, instead preferring to climb a mountain, where he dr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generations_of_Noah |
Eastern Orthodox Church | Since the Baptism of Rus' in 867 the Orthodox church in Ukraine was led by the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus' who was subordinate to the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and was largely governed by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth since the territory was conquered in the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, ending in 1392... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church |
Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi | It was not until the nineteenth century that the works of Imam al-Shatibi became almost unknown in the modern world. In 1884, Tunis published the first edition of his masterpiece, Al-Muwafaqat. His background was little understood before then. The renowned writings of the Imam came to be acknowledged as modern Islamic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Shatibi |
Iraqi Ground Forces | The 1948 Arab–Israeli War was the first combat experience of independent Iraqi forces after the Second World War, and its first war outside its territory. Baghdad joined the Arab states in their opposition to the creation of the Jewish national homeland in Palestine, and in May 1948 sent a sizeable force to help crush ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces |
Mandaeism | The Mandaeans have a large corpus of religious scriptures, the most important of which is the Ginza Rabba or Ginza, a collection of history, theology, and prayers. The Ginza Rabba is divided into two halves—the Genzā Smālā or Left Ginza, and the Genzā Yeminā or Right Ginza. By consulting the colophons in the Left Ginza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism |
Salafi movement | The Salafi thought seeks the re-orientation of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) away from Taqlid (adherence to the legal precedent of a particular Madhhab) and directly back to the Prophet, his Companions and the Salaf. This preferred return to the pure way of the Prophet is termed "Ittiba" (following the Prophet by direct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Dalida | Dalida debuted 1960 with "T'aimer follement", a chart topper in France and Belgium in February. Then she embarked upon her first world tour and reached top of the charts again, with "Romantica" in April. The third release of the year "Les enfants du Pirée" brought Dalida huge commercial success becoming her second big ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalida |
History of Islam | By the end of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire had declined. The decision to back Germany in World War I meant they shared the Central Powers' defeat in that war. The defeat led to the overthrow of the Ottomans by Turkish nationalists led by the victorious general of the Battle of Gallipoli: Mustafa Kemal, who beca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Rakı | Where or when raki was first produced is unknown. It is first mentioned by the Ottoman explorer Evliya Çelebi during his travels in 1630. In his Book of Travels he reports that ancient people produced their own raki in small towns.
Until the last decades of the 19th century, the production of raki was done exclusively ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C4%B1 |
Mu'allaqat | The lives of these poets were spread over a period of more than a hundred years. The earliest of the seven was Imru' al-Qais, regarded by many as the most illustrious of Arabian Muʻallaqah poets. His exact date cannot be determined; but probably the best part of his career fell within the midst of the sixth century. He... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27allaqat |
Askia Muhammad I | Mamar is the nickname of Askia Muhammad and these many descendants are called mamar hamey, they are the descendants of Askia Ishaq II, Askia Nuh, Askia Muhammad V Gao who were dethroned by Moroccans after the Battle of Tondibi and the successive wars, to those add the descendants of the many ministers, governors, gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_I |
Eastern Orthodox Church | In 1920, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, published an encyclical "addressed 'To all the Churches of Christ, wherever they may be', urging closer co-operation among separated Christians, and suggesting a 'League of Churches', parallel to the newly founded League of Nations". This gesture was instrumental ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church |
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