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Ptolemy | Under the scrutiny of modern scholarship, and the cross-checking of observations contained in the Almagest against figures produced through backwards extrapolation, various patterns of errors have emerged within the work. A prominent miscalculation is Ptolemy's use of measurements that he claimed were taken at noon, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy |
Music of Sudan | After a military coup in 1989, the imposition of sharia law by an Islamist government brought about the closing of music halls and outdoor concerts, as well as many other restrictions for musicians and their audiences. Many of the country's most prominent musicians or writers were barred from public life, and in some c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Sudan |
History of the Middle East | Religion always played a prevalent role in Middle Eastern culture, affecting learning, architecture, and the ebb and flow of cultures. When Muhammad introduced Islam, it jump-started Middle Eastern culture, inspiring achievements in architecture, the revival of old advances in science and technology, and the formation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East |
Qatari folklore | In this traditional Qatari folk tale narrated by Umm Khalaf, a brother and sister lived together happily in their home. The brother, a fisherman, trader, and shepherd, provided for them, and they enjoyed each other’s company immensely. As time passed, the sister suggested that her brother should get married. She reassu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_folklore |
Ancient Greek astronomy | The Greeks sought to explain how a model could explain the irregular motions of the heavenly bodies. Since the moon and other objects appear to change in size depending on the time of observation, it was understood that the earths distance to other astral bodies was changing, and that a simple circular motion of anothe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy |
Maturidism | Al-Maturidi's doctrine, primarily based on Ḥanafī theology and jurisprudence, asserted man's capacity and will alongside the supremacy of God in man's acts, providing a doctrinal framework for more flexibility and adaptability. Maturidism especially flourished and spread among the Muslim populations in Central Asia fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism |
Persecution of Muslims | Communalism and communal violence is a longstanding problem in Indian society, especially between Hindus and Muslims. Scholars have observed that in the Hindu–Muslim communal riots in India, it is invariably Muslims who suffer the greatest losses. Proportionately more Muslims are killed and more Muslim property is dest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims |
History of Palestine | In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks in a battle for control over western Asia. The Ottoman Empire proceeded to conquer Palestine following their 1516 victory over the Mamluks at the Battle of Marj Dabiq. The Ottoman conquest of Palestine was relatively swift, with small battles foug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Palestine |
Al-Assad family | The Makhloufs belong to the Alawi Haddad tribe, both Hafez and Rifaat are related through marriage to the Makhloufs. The Makhlouf family rose from humble beginnings to become the financial advisor to Hafez al-Assad after the former President married Makhlouf's sister. The family headed by Mohammad Makhlouf has establis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad_family |
History of timekeeping devices | The first accurate timekeepers depended on the phenomenon known as harmonic motion, in which the restoring force acting on an object moved away from its equilibrium position—such as a pendulum or an extended spring—acts to return the object to that position, and causes it to oscillate. Harmonic oscillators can be used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices |
Iraqi diaspora | The Iraqi diaspora is not a sudden exodus but one that has grown exponentially through the 20th century as each generation faced some form of radical transition or political conflict. There were at least two large waves of expatriation. A great number of Iraqis left the country during the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_diaspora |
Sunni Islam | The Arabic term sunna, according to which Sunnis are named, is old and roots in pre-Islamic language. It was used for traditions which a majority of people followed. The term got greater political significance after the murder of the third caliph Uthman (r. 644–656). It is said Malik al-Ashtar, a famous follower of Ali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Considered its worst in decades, Egypt's energy crisis that helped inflame the protests against former president Mohamed Morsi continued to grow in Sisi's first months in office, challenging the new government. Due to shortage in energy production, growing consumption, terrorist attacks on Egypt's energy infrastructure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Regionalism (politics) | Regionalism, autonomism, separatism and nationalism are interrelated concepts, yet they often have different and sometimes opposite meanings. For instance, in Spain "regionalism" is regarded as strongly associated with "nationalism" and, often, "separatism", whereas in Italy, it is generally seen as a synonym of "feder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics) |
Quadrant (instrument) | There are several types of quadrants:
Mural quadrants, used for determining the time by measuring the altitudes of astronomical objects. Tycho Brahe created one of the largest mural quadrants. In order to tell time he would place two clocks next to the quadrant so that he could identify the minutes and seconds in rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument) |
Somali National University | The Somali National University was established in 1954 as Università Nazionale Somala, under Italian U.N. Trusteeship over Italy's former Italian colony in East Africa of Italian Somaliland. In 1960, Somalia became an independent nation in the Trust Territory of Somalia. It obtained official university status in 1969 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_National_University |
Babylonian astrology | The Patron God of Babylon was Marduk, and this god was recognized in Babylonian astrology as the planet Jupiter. Marduk was recognized as the most powerful god, but not the one and only god. The Babylonians were polytheistic, believing in many gods with different purposes, and they associated certain gods to certain pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astrology |
Kingdom of Yemen | Imam Yahya was assassinated in an unsuccessful coup d'état in 1948, but his son, Imam Ahmad bin Yahya, regained power several months later. His reign was marked by growing development and openness, as well as renewed friction with the United Kingdom over the British presence in the south, which stood in the way of his ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen |
Wars of Alexander the Great | The Siege of Halicarnassus was undertaken in 334 BC. Alexander, who had a weak navy, was constantly being threatened by the Persian navy. It continuously attempted to provoke an engagement with Alexander, who would have none of it. Eventually, the Persian fleet sailed to Halicarnassus, in order to establish a new defen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great |
Iraq–Syria relations | Efforts by Syrians and Iraqis to unite Iraq and Syria into one country have existed since the creation of the modern states. Such unification efforts were to continue under the Ba'ath Party. Hostility between Syria and Iraq started in the 1966 when both were under Ba'athist rule. Relations improved in the early 1970s d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Syria_relations |
Twelver Shi'ism | Twelvers celebrate the following annual holidays:
Eid ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر), which marks the end of fasting during the month of Ramadan and falls on the first day of Shawwal.
Eid al-Adha, which marks the end of the Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca, starts on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah.
The following holidays are observed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism |
Balfour Declaration | Lloyd George and Balfour remained in government until the collapse of the coalition in October 1922. Under the new Conservative government, attempts were made to identify the background to and motivations for the declaration. A private Cabinet memorandum was produced in January 1923, providing a summary of the then-kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration |
Astrology | Renaissance scholars commonly practised astrology. Gerolamo Cardano cast the horoscope of king Edward VI of England, while John Dee was the personal astrologer to queen Elizabeth I of England. Catherine de Medici paid Michael Nostradamus in 1566 to verify the prediction of the death of her husband, king Henry II of Fra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology |
List of Assyrian kings | Assyrian royal titles typically followed trends that had begun under the Akkadian Empire (c. 2334–2154 BC), the Mesopotamian civilization that preceded the later kingdoms of Assyria and Babylon. When the Mesopotamian central government under the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112–2004 BC) collapsed and polities that had once... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings |
Ayyubid dynasty | The Ayyubids had been under the nominal sovereignty of the Mongol Empire after a Mongol force targeted Ayyubid territories in Anatolia in 1244. An-Nasir Yusuf sent an embassy to the Mongol capital Karakorum in 1250, shortly after assuming power. These understandings did not last, however, and the Mongol Great Khan, Mön... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Compass | A magnetic compass points to magnetic north pole, which is approximately 1,000 miles from the true geographic North Pole. A magnetic compass's user can determine true North by finding the magnetic north and then correcting for variation and deviation. Variation is defined as the angle between the direction of true (geo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass |
Tabula Rogeriana | This set of maps was profoundly influential for centuries to come. Many contemporary scholars hailed it as the greatest work of geography of the period. Moreover, the atlas influenced later geographical works with its techniques, inspiring maps with similar levels of precision.
Additionally, Al-Idrisi's maps represente... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana |
Italian colonization of Libya | After the accession to power of the dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy, the fighting intensified. Due to the Libyan people's effective resistance against Italy's so-called "pacification campaign", the Italian colonization of the Ottoman provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica was initially unsuccessful and it was not u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya |
Homs | In 1516, Homs was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire and consequently suffered a greater political eclipse, but it continued to thrive as an economic center, processing the agricultural and pastoral products that flowed to it from surrounding districts. Homs was particularly well known for silk and wool weaving, espe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs |
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque | The entrance gateway, like those of the Grand Bazaar and the Masjed-e Shah, was a recessed half-moon. Also, as in the Masjed-e Shah, the lower façade of the mosque and the gateway are constructed of marble, while the haft-rangi tiles (Persian: هفترنگی, lit, "seven-coloured", "polychrome mosaics") decorate the upper pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Lotfollah_Mosque |
Samanid Empire | Not long after his accession, Ahmad invaded Sistan; by 911, Sistan was under complete Samanid control, and Ahmad's cousin Abu Salih Mansur was appointed as its governor. Meanwhile, an Alid named Hasan al-Utrush was slowly re-establishing Zaydi over Tabaristan. In 913, Ahmad sent an army under Muhammad ibn Sa'luk to dea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire |
Wahhabism | Wahhabism is noted for its policy of "compelling its own followers and other Muslims strictly to observe the religious duties of Islam, such as the five prayers", and for "enforcement of public morals to a degree not found elsewhere". According to the American journalist Lawrence Wright, due to Wahhabi emphasis on the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Iturea | In 105 BC, Aristobulus I campaigned against Iturea, and added a great part of it to Judea, annexing the Galilee to the Hasmonean kingdom. Josephus cites a passage from Timagenes excerpted by Strabo which recounts that Aristobulus was:
'very serviceable to the Jews, for he added a country to them, and obtained a part o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea |
1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight | According to Glazer (1980, p. 111), from 15 May 1948 onwards, expulsion of Palestinians became a regular practice. Avnery (1971), explaining the Zionist rationale, says, I believe that during this phase, the eviction of Arab civilians had become an aim of David Ben-Gurion and his government... UN opinion could very wel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight |
Arabic literature | The research into the life and times of Muhammad, and determining the genuine parts of the sunnah, was an important early reason for scholarship in or about the Arabic language. It was also the reason for the collecting of pre-Islamic poetry; as some of these poets were close to the prophet—Labid meeting Muhammad and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature |
Seleucus I Nicator | Seleucus nominated his son Antiochus I as his co-ruler and viceroy of the eastern provinces in 292 BC, the vast extent of the empire seeming to require a double government. In 294 BC Stratonice married her stepson Antiochus. Seleucus reportedly instigated the marriage after discovering that his son was in danger of dyi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator |
Phoenicia under Roman rule | As Rome heads west across the Mediterranean Sea, they come across Carthage, modern-day Tunisia. Some think of ancient Carthage to be have been their own empire, founded by Dido, where the region exhibited strength and power amongst its neighbors.
In 317 BCE, tyrant Agathocles came to power in ancient Syracuse, a city i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule |
Boxing | Since boxing involves forceful, repetitive punching, precautions must be taken to prevent damage to bones in the hand. Most trainers do not allow boxers to train and spar without wrist wraps and boxing gloves. Hand wraps are used to secure the bones in the hand, and the gloves are used to protect the hands from blunt i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing |
Safavid Iran | Almost simultaneously with the emergence of the Safavid Empire, the Mughal Empire, founded by the Timurid heir Babur, was developing in South-Asia. The Mughals adhered (for the most part) to a tolerant Sunni Islam while ruling a largely Hindu population. After the death of Babur, his son Humayun was ousted from his ter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Iran |
Syrian Jews | As in most Arab and Mediterranean countries, Syrian Jewish cuisine is fairly similar to other types of Syrian cuisine (which in turn reflect some Turkish influence), although some dishes have different names among Jewish members. This is partly because of the eastern Mediterranean origins of Judaism as such and partly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Jews |
Quran | Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in 610 CE in the Cave of Hira on the Night of Power during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to hadith (traditions ascribed to Muhammad) and Muslim history, after M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran |
Oriental rug | Rug design can also be described by how the surface of the rug is arranged and organized. One single, basic design may cover the entire field (“all-over design”). When the end of the field is reached, patterns may be cut off intentionally, thus creating the impression that they continue beyond the borders of the rug. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_rug |
Bahrain | On 15 August 1971, though the Shah of Iran was claiming historical sovereignty over Bahrain, he accepted a referendum held by the United Nations and eventually Bahrain declared independence and signed a new treaty of friendship with the United Kingdom. Bahrain joined the United Nations and the Arab League later in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain |
Kurds | Aslanian, Sebouh (2011). From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa. California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520947573.
Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857716767.
Bournouti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds |
Indian influence on Islamic science | Manka, an Indian physician at the court of Harun al-Rashid translated the Sushruta (the classical (Gupta-era) Sanskrit text on medicine) into Persian.
A large number of Sanskrit medical, pharmacological and toxicological texts were translated into Arabic under the patronage of Khalid, the vizier of Al-Mansur. Khalid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_influence_on_Islamic_science |
Chechnya | Peter the Great first sought to increase Russia's political influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of Safavid Persia when he launched the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723. Russian forces succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories from Iran for several years.
As the Russians took control o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya |
Ptolemy | Ptolemy wrote a work entitled Harmonikon (Greek: Ἁρμονικόν, known as the Harmonics, on music theory and the mathematics behind musical scales in three books.
Harmonics begins with a definition of harmonic theory, with a long exposition on the relationship between reason and sense perception in corroborating theoretical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy |
Palestinian nationalism | Antonius, George (1938) The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement. Hamish Hamilton. (1945 edition)
Benvenisti, Meron (1998) City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20768-8
Cypel, Sylvain (2006) Walled: Israeli Society at an Impasse, Other Press, ISBN ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism |
History of Islamism | The first modern "Islamist state" (with the possible exception of Zia's Pakistan) was established among the Shia of Iran. In a major shock to the rest of the world, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (an religious elderly cleric who had lived in exile for more than a decade) led the Iranian Revolution of 1979 in order to over... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamism |
Arab Revolt | It is estimated that the Arab forces involved in the revolt numbered around 5,000 soldiers. This number probably applies to the Arab regulars who fought during the Sinai and Palestine campaign with Edmund Allenby's Egyptian Expeditionary Force, and not the irregular forces under the direction of T. E. Lawrence and Fais... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt |
Neo-Assyrian Empire | The second phase of the Assyrian reconquista was initiated in the reign of Tukulti-Ninurta's son and successor Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BC). Under his rule, Assyria rose to become the dominant political power in the Near East, though it would not yet achieve power comparable to that under its complete dominion in l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire |
Hanbali school | Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the founder of Hanbali school of thought (madhab), was a disciple of the Sunni Imam Al-Shafi‘i, who was reportedly a student of Imam Malik ibn Anas,: 121 who was a student of the Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, like Imam Abu Hanifa. Thus all of the four great Imams of Sunni Fiqh are connected to Imam Ja'far al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali_school |
Ottoman Empire | Beginning in the early 19th century, society, government, and religion were interrelated in a complex, overlapping way that was deemed inefficient by Atatürk, who systematically dismantled it after 1922. In Constantinople, the Sultan ruled two distinct domains: the secular government and the religious hierarchy. Religi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire |
Sudanese Arabic | Victoria Bernal, 1991, Cultivating Workers, Peasants and Capitalism in a Sudanese Village, New York: Columbia University Press, see glossary of Sudanese Arabic words pp 203–206.
James Dickins. 2008. Online Arabic/English Dictionary of Sudanese Arabic, and English/Arabic Dictionary of Sudanese Arabic available at http:/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic |
Mecca | Hashemite Revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca
In World War I, the Ottoman Empire was at war with the Allies. It had successfully repulsed an attack on Istanbul in the Gallipoli campaign and on Baghdad in the Siege of Kut. The British intelligence agent T.E. Lawrence conspired with the Ottoman govern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca |
Ptolemy IX Soter | When the Ptolemaic king Ptolemy V died in 180 BC, he left three children: Ptolemy VI, Cleopatra II, and Ptolemy VIII. All three ruled together from 169 BC until 164 BC, when Ptolemy VIII expelled his brother from power. In 163 BC, he was expelled in turn and forced to withdraw to Cyrene. However, when Ptolemy VI died i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Soter |
Lebanese Civil War | On 16 January 1990, General Aoun ordered all Lebanese media to cease using terms like "President" or "Minister" to describe Hrawi and other participants in the Taif government. The Lebanese Forces (LF), led by Samir Geagea, which had grown into a rival power broker in the Christian East Beirut, responded by suspending ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War |
Battle of Siffin | The Syrians' call to arbitration on the basis of the Quran has thus been interpreted as an offer to surrender. Even so, Ali's army stopped fighting, perhaps because devout Muslims in his camp had been fighting to enforce the rule of the Quran all along, or simply because both armies were exhausted and a truce must have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin |
Al-Khazini | Al Khazini seems to have been a high government official under Sanjar ibn Malikshah and the sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He did most of his work in Merv, where they are known for their libraries. His best-known works are "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom", "Treatise on Astronomical Wisdom", and "The Astronomical Table... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khazini |
Sinai and Palestine campaign | The British and their Dominions suffered a total of 51,451 battle casualties: 12,873 killed/missing, 37,193 wounded, and 1,385 captured. An additional 503,377 were hospitalized as non-battle casualties, mostly from disease; 5,981 of these died, and most of the rest were returned to duty. It is unknown how many of the n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign |
Mahdia | Muslim Mahdia was founded by the Fatimids under the Caliph Abdallah al-Mahdi and made the capital of Ifriqiya. As the then-newly-created Fatimid Caliphate was a Shi'a regime supported by a Berber Kutama military, the caliph may have been motivated to move his capital here so as to put some distance between his power ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdia |
René Guénon | This book expands on the multiple states of Being, a doctrine already tackled in The Symbolism of the Cross, leaving aside the geometrical representation exposed in that book "to bring out the full range of this altogether fundamental theory".
First and foremost is asserted the necessity of the "metaphysical Infinity",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non |
Somali people | Somalis are ethnically of Cushitic ancestry, but have genealogical traditions of descent from various patriarchs associated with the spread of Islam. Being one tribe, they are segmented into various clan groupings, which are important kinship units that play a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clan families ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people |
Ayyubid dynasty | The Ayyubids had been under the nominal sovereignty of the Mongol Empire after a Mongol force targeted Ayyubid territories in Anatolia in 1244. An-Nasir Yusuf sent an embassy to the Mongol capital Karakorum in 1250, shortly after assuming power. These understandings did not last, however, and the Mongol Great Khan, Mön... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Bedoon | Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region. Most stateless Bedoon of Kuwait belong to the northern tribes, especially the Al-Muntafiq tribal confederation. The linguist Bruce Ingham studied the northern tribes in Kuwait in the mid 20th century. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoon |
Tabriz | A century-long autocratic nation-building policy of central governments in Iran has succeeded in cultural assimilation in the favour of a government-sanctioned culture. As a result, Tabriz, by the turn of the 20th century had nearly become devoid of its once characteristic cultural identity. Thanks to the more liberal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz |
First Intifada | In the first year in the Gaza Strip alone, 142 Palestinians were killed, while no Israelis died. 77 were shot dead, and 37 died from tear-gas inhalation. 17 died from beatings at the hand of Israeli police or soldiers. During the whole six-year intifada, the Israeli army killed from 1,087 to 1,204 (or 1,284) Palestinia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada |
Spread of Islam | The Siege of Jerusalem (636–637) by the forces of the Rashid Caliph Umar against the Byzantines began in November 636. For four months, the siege continued. Ultimately, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, an ethnic Arab, agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Umar in person. The caliph, then in Medina, agr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam |
Cairo | Zulfikar family, Egyptian noble family
Rabab Al-Kadhimi (1918–1998), dentist and poet
Wael Alaa (born 1987), musician known as Neobyrd
Gamal Aziz, also known as Gamal Mohammed Abdelaziz, former president and chief operating officer of Wynn Resorts, and former CEO of MGM Resorts International, indicted as part of the 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo |
Muammar Gaddafi | The RCC's early economic policy has been characterized as being state capitalist in orientation. Many initiatives were established to aid entrepreneurs and develop a Libyan bourgeoisie. Seeking to expand the cultivatable acreage in Libya, in September 1969 the government launched a "Green Revolution" to increase agricu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Jordan River | In the Hebrew Bible the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility of a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), said to be watered like "the garden of the LORD" (Genesis 13:10). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. Jacob crossed it and its... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_River |
Qira'at | In the meantime, before the variations were finally committed entirely to writing, the Quran was preserved by recitation from one generation to the next. Doing the reciting were prominent reciters of a style of narration who had memorized the Quran (known as hafiz). According to Csaba Okváth,
It was during the period... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qira%27at |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | In his reflections on art, Seyyed Hossein Nasr bases himself on "the traditional perspective which is by nature meta-historic and perennial". For him, all art "must convey the truth and beauty" and "a meaning that is ultimately universal" because it is independent of "the ego of the individual artist". He cites as exam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | In August 2014, President Sisi initiated a new Suez Canal, a parallel channel running about one-third the length of the existing waterway, which would double capacity of the existing canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. The new canal is expected to increase the Suez Canal's revenues by 259% from current annual revenues of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Crusades | Prior to the 11th century, the Latin Church had developed a system for the remission and absolution of sin in return for contrition, confession, and penitential acts. Reparation through abstinence from martial activity still presented a difficulty to the noble warrior class. It was revolutionary when Gregory VII offere... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Sultanate of Lahej | From that time there was little or no intercourse with Aden until 1837, when attention was drawn to the plunder and maltreatment of the crews of British vessels wrecked on the Aden coast. The most notable case was that of the Deria Dowlut, the crew of which were stripped and barbarously treated. Captain Haines, who was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahej |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | When he discovered the writings of the most influential members of what would become the Traditionalist or Perennialist school (René Guénon, Frithjof Schuon, Ananda Coomaraswamy, Titus Burckhardt, Martin Lings), the student Nasr fully aligned himself to their perspective founded on the philosophia perennis.
I had disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Khan Shaykhun chemical attack | France called for an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council after the attack. France, Britain, and the United States (who are among the permanent members of the Security Council), circulated a draft to the council's 15 members condemning the attack in Syria and demanding a full investigation into it. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack |
Sulayman Solong | The Keira dynasty (also spelled Kayra) sprang from the Kunjara, one of the three Fur tribes. Although Fur tradition speaks of early rulers such as Daali and Kuuruu, they are generally regarded as folk heroes. Sulaiman Solong is considered the first historical ruler of the Keira dynasty. According to traditional account... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_Solong |
History of Algeria (1962–1999) | Boumédiènne described the military coup as a "historic rectification" of the Algerian War of Independence. Boumédiènne dissolved the National Assembly, suspended the 1963 constitution, disbanded the militia, and abolished the Political Bureau, which he considered an instrument of Ben Bella's personal rule.
Until a new... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999) |
Khalid of Saudi Arabia | Aged 14, Khalid was sent by Abdulaziz as his representative to the desert tribes to hear their concerns and problems. In 1928 he and his brother Muhammad were given the task of observing the Transjordan border during the Ikhwan revolt. Prince Khalid's preparation for ruling a modern state started through his visits wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Immortality | Christian theology holds that Adam and Eve lost physical immortality for themselves and all their descendants through the Fall, although this initial "imperishability of the bodily frame of man" was "a preternatural condition".
Christians who profess the Nicene Creed believe that every dead person (whether they believe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality |
Dubai | Dubai's geographical proximity to Iran made it an important trade location. The town of Dubai was an important port of call for foreign tradesmen, chiefly those from Iran, many of whom eventually settled in the town. By the beginning of the 20th century, it was an important port. At that time, Dubai consisted of the to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai |
Arab Americans | In 2012, prompted in part by post-9/11 discrimination, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee petitioned the Department of Commerce's Minority Business Development Agency to designate the MENA populations as a minority/disadvantaged community. Following consultations with MENA organizations, the Census Bureau ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Americans |
Crusades | Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Rome. He was succeeded by Pope Paschal II who continued the policies of his predecessors in regard to the Holy Land. Godfrey died in 1100. Dagobert of Pisa, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades |
Slavery in the Trucial States | The United Arab Emirates has a work visa sponsorship system to issue work permits for foreign nationals who wish to migrate for work in the UAE. Most of the visas are sponsored by institutions and companies. A person looking to enter the UAE for work obtains a work permit, valid for two months, from the Ministry of Hum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Trucial_States |
Nergal | Two versions of the myth Nergal and Ereshkigal are known, one from a single Middle Babylonian copy found in Amarna, seemingly copied by a scribe whose native language was not Akkadian and another known from Sultantepe and from Uruk, with copies dated to the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods, respectively. The tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal |
Prophet | Aleister Crowley (1875–1947) was an English occultist, philosopher, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, novelist and mountaineer. He founded the religion of Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding humanity into the Æon of Horus in the early 20th century. A prolific writer, he published widely... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet |
Caliche | Caliche forms where annual precipitation is less than 65 centimeters (26 in) per year and the mean annual temperature exceeds 5 °C (41 °F). Higher rainfall leaches excess calcium completely from the soil, while in very arid climates, rainfall is inadequate to leach calcium at all and only thin surface layers of calcit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliche |
Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah | The first expedition against Egypt was launched on 24 January 914, led by Habasa ibn Yusuf. Advancing along the coast, on 6 February it entered Barqa, the capital of Cyrenaica. There Habasa executed two chieftains of the Mazata tribe, who nine years before had waylaid and robbed al-Mahdi during his journey to Ifriqiya;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah |
Islamic fundamentalism in Iran | Iran was undergoing a fast societal change through urbanization. In 1925 Iran was a thinly populated country with a population of 12 millions, 21% living in urban centers and Tehran was a walled city of 200,000 inhabitants. Pahlavi dynasty started major projects of converting the capital into a metropolis. Between 1956... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran |
Slavery in Somalia | 2500 years ago, speakers of the original proto-Bantu language group began a millennia-long series of migrations eastward from their original homeland in the general Cameroon area of Central Africa. This Bantu expansion first introduced Bantu peoples to southern and southeastern Africa.
To satisfy the demands of the ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia |
Al-Rashid of Morocco | In 1667, Moulay Rashid turned his attention to the Dilaites, who controlled the Middle Atlas and territories of the western plains from southern Rabat to Azemmour. Their leader, Abdallah ibn Mohammed al-Hajj, saw the threat, and gathered his followers at Dila, where they swore to follow him against Moulay Rashid.
Somet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco |
Hafez al-Assad | Hafez's pragmatic policies indirectly led to the establishment of a "new class", and he accepted this while it furthered his aims against Israel. When Hafez began pursuing a policy of economic liberalization, the state bureaucracy began using their positions for personal gain. The state gave implementation rights to "m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Indian Ocean | Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far-flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean |
Sabil (fountain) | The oldest sabil for which we have a date is in Damascus, Syria, and is dated to 1077–78 CE (570 AH) according to its inscription, which is well before Ayyubid or Mamluk rule in Egypt and Syria. The earliest (surviving) sabil in Cairo is the one installed by the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad at the corner of his fath... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabil_(fountain) |
Arab Christians | During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, a number of Palestinian Greek Orthodox and Melkite communities were ethnically cleansed and driven out of their towns, including al-Bassa, Ramla, Lod, Safed, Kafr Bir'im, Iqrit, Tarbikha, Eilabun and Haifa. Many Christian towns or neighborhoods were ethnically cleansed and destroyed du... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians |
Lion | Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the Tsavo maneaters; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the Uganda Railway were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya. The hunter who killed the lions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion |
History of Syria | The 8 March 1963 coup, resulted in installation of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority. The takeover was engineered by members of the Ba'ath Party led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Malays (ethnic group) | Various cultural influences, notably Chinese, Indian and Europeans, played a major role in forming Malay architecture. Until recent time, wood was the principal material used for all Malay traditional buildings. However, numerous stone structures were also discovered particularly the religious complexes from the time o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group) |
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