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Muhammad Iqbal | Ideologically separated from Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal had also been disillusioned with the politicians of the Muslim League, owing to the factional conflict that plagued the League in the 1920s. Discontent with factional leaders like Shafi and Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Jinnah was a political... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal |
Qasim al-Ahmad | In 1831, the ruler of Ottoman Egypt, Muhammad Ali rebelled against the Ottoman Sultan and sought to dethrone the Othomans, he dispatched his son Ibrahim Pasha in a campaign in the Levant to pave the way for Constantinople. Acre fell that year as did much of Palestine. Initially, relations between Ibrahim Pasha and Qasi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_al-Ahmad |
Internally displaced person | The cluster approach designates individual agencies as 'sector leaders' to coordinate operations in specific areas to try to plug those newly identified gaps. The cluster approach was conceived amid concerns about coordination and capacity that arose from the weak operational response to the crisis in Darfur in 2004 an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person |
Osama bin Laden | In August 1996, Bin Laden issued a fatwa titled "Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places" which was published by Al-Quds Al-Arabi, a London-based newspaper. Saudi Arabia is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden |
Beylerbey | Under the Safavid dynasty of Iran, the title (beglerbegi) was used from ca. 1543/44 on for governors (generically styled hakim) of the more important provinces. The title was thus used for the governors of Herat, Azerbaijan, Ganja, Karabakh, Shirvan, Fars, Iraq, and Astarabad. The Safavids also used the title of wali f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey |
Regency of Algiers | Along with tribute payments, Algerian wheat exports to Europe replaced privateering as its primary source of income in the 18th century, and became the core factor in trade relations between Algiers and Britain, Genoa and France. The French Compagnie royale d'Afrique controlled French wheat imports in 1741 from the Alg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Tunis–Carthage International Airport | The history of the airport dates back to 1920 when the first seaplane base in Tunisia was built on the Lake of Tunis for the seaplanes of Compagnie Aéronavale. The Tunis Airfield opened in 1938, serving around 5,800 passengers annually on the Paris-Tunis route.
During World War II, the airport was used by the United St... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis%E2%80%93Carthage_International_Airport |
Al-Rashid of Morocco | On July 31, 1668, Moulay Rashid, returning from his conquest of Dila' and a brief campaign in the Jbel Ayachi, turned his army on Marrakesh. Marrakesh had been ruled by the al-Shabani family since Abdul Karim al-Hajj ben Abu Bakr al-Shabani took control of the kingdom from Ahmad al-Abbas al-Saadi in 1659, although comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rashid_of_Morocco |
Champa | The History of Song notes that to the east of Champa through a two-day journey lay the country of Ma-i at Mindoro, Philippines; which Champa had trade relations with.
Afterwards, during the 1000s, Rajah Kiling, the Hindu king of the Philippine Rajahnate of Butuan instigated a commercial rivalry with the Champa Civiliza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa |
Reem Kelani | Kelani started singing at the age of four, and she recalls it as one of the most profound experiences of her life. She continued singing as an amateur and semi-professional singer until she went professional in 1990. She studied piano as a child, exposing her to Western classical music, of which her father was an avid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reem_Kelani |
Urartian language | Hachikian (2010) gives the following consonants for Urartian inferred both from Urartian writing as well as loans into neighboring languages, mainly Armenian:
The three-way laryngeal contrast for stops and affricates was faithfully represented in Urartian writing, except for the “emphatic” /pʼ/ which the Semitic-based... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartian_language |
Health in the Comoros | Malaria was ubiquitous in the islands, with 80 to 90 percent of the population said to be affected by the disease. Other prevalent maladies included tuberculosis, leprosy, and parasitic diseases. In 1989 about half of all children one year old or younger had been immunized against tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_the_Comoros |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | After the initial Israeli aerial assault, Hamas quickly dispersed both its personnel and weapons and equipment. According to Human Rights Watch rockets from Gaza were fired from populated areas, an Islamic Jihad fighter said: "the most important thing is achieving our military goals.... We stay away from the houses if ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Economy of Jordan | Energy remains perhaps the biggest challenge for continued growth for Jordan's economy. Spurred by the surge in the price of oil to more than $145 a barrel at its peak, the Jordanian government has responded with an ambitious plan for the sector. The country's lack of domestic resources is being addressed via a $14bn i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan |
Sharia | In the Western world, Sharia has been called a source of "hysteria", "more controversial than ever", the one aspect of Islam that inspires "particular dread". On the Internet, "dozens of self-styled counter-jihadis" emerged to campaign against Sharia law, describing it in strict interpretations resembling those of Sala... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Saada | About the 14th century BC, the Main people established the first country in the history of Yemen, the Main Kingdom, in the present-day Al Jawf Governorate (the eastern neighbouring province of today's Saada Province). At its peak, the Main Kingdom started from Hadhramaut in the south and reached Hejaz (Hijaz) in the no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saada |
Algerian People's National Army | The army is under the control of the president, who also is the minister of National Defence. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency estimated that military expenditures accounted for some 6% of GDP in 2019.
Before 1984, the armed forces had relied on the secretary general of the Ministry of National Defence to coordinat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army |
Water resources management in Egypt | Water resources management in Egypt depends on a complex set of infrastructure along the entire length of the river. The key element of this infrastructure is the Aswan High Dam that forms Lake Nasser. The High Dam protects Egypt from floods, stores water for year-round irrigation and produces hydropower. With a live s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt |
Phoenicia | The Phoenician city-states were highly independent, competing with each other. Formal alliances between city-states were rare. The relative power and influence of city-states varied over time. Sidon was dominant between the 12th and 11th centuries BC and influenced its neighbors. However, by the tenth century BC, Tyre ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia |
Nabonidus | Nabonidus has typically been characterised as attempting religious reforms in Babylonia, wishing to raise the moon god Sîn to the status of supreme deity and demoting the Babylonian national deity Marduk. The elevation of Sîn was similar to how the deity Inanna was elevated to a prominent position in Uruk during the ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus |
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation | Thailand responded to OIC criticism of human rights abuses in the Muslim majority provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat in the south of the country. In a statement issued on 18 October 2005, secretary-general Ihsanoglu vocalised concern over the continuing conflict in the south that "claimed the lives of innocent ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation |
Religion in Syria | The Christian communities of Syria in 2011 accounted for about 5-6% of the population. The country's largest Christian denomination was the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. Estimates of the number of Christians in Syria in 2022 ranged from less than 2% to around 2.5% of the Syrian population.
In 2012, Christians were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Syria |
Umayyad state of Córdoba | As elsewhere in the historic Islamic world, Jews and Christians were considered by Muslims to be People of the Book who took on the status of dhimmis or "protected non-Muslims". In exchange for the state's protection, they were required to pay a tax called the jizya. Their religious practices were tolerated but conspic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba |
Coptic Orthodox Church | The church of Alexandria was part in communion with the rest of Christendom until the Council of Chalcedon. When, in AD 451, Emperor Marcian attempted to heal divisions in the church, the response of Pope Dioscorus–the Pope of Alexandria who was later exiled–was that the emperor should not intervene in the affairs of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church |
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum | In June 2019, it was reported that Princess Haya had fled Dubai along with her two children, a son and a daughter, and was in Germany seeking political asylum. A subsequent poem composed by Mohammed (an occasional couplet-writer) and posted on Instagram alluded to betrayal in love. In 2020, a 34-page fact-finding rulin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum |
Arab League | The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under UN supervision.
The Charter of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League |
Crusader states | Without solid documentary basis modern calculations about the size of the crusader states' population are only guesswork. Medieval chronicles contain demographic data, but they mostly present exaggerated numbers, without differentiating Franks and native Christians. Calculations about the population of a town are based... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states |
Sharia | The classical doctrine of hisba, associated with the Quranic injunction of enjoining good and forbidding wrong, refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. Historically, its legal implementation was entrusted to a public official called muhtasib (market ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Cyprus | In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants. The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first signific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus |
Mediterranean Sea | The Western Roman Empire collapsed around 476 AD. The east was again dominant as Roman power lived on in the Byzantine Empire formed in the 4th century from the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Though the Eastern Roman Empire would continue to hold almost all of the Mediterranean, another power arose in the 7th centur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea |
Zār | Zār adherents often signify their affiliation with a piece of jewelry. Music is central to many zār practices as well, and the instruments used in zār may be highly decorated and regarded. Incense is also typically given a high degree of importance. Special clothes, jewelry, accessories, and other items are often purch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%81r |
Idries Shah | Towards the end of the 1950s, Shah established contact with Wiccan circles in London and then acted as a secretary and companion to Gerald Gardner, the founder of modern Wicca, for some time. In those days, Shah used to hold court for anyone interested in Sufism at a table in the Cosmo restaurant in Swiss Cottage (Nort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idries_Shah |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Throughout the following days, the Arabs were only able to make limited gains due to fierce Israeli resistance, and were quickly driven off their new holdings by Israeli counterattacks.
As the war progressed, the IDF managed to field more troops than the Arab forces. In July 1948, the IDF had 63,000 troops; by early sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Economy of the State of Palestine | During the 2000s, a high-tech sector emerged in the Palestinian territories, supported by its proximity to Israel, and by 2013, 4,500 Palestinians worked in the IT sector, specializing in software outsourcing (including outsourced work from Israeli companies), telecommunication development and manufacturing equipment. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_State_of_Palestine |
Islamism | Islamism has been defined as:
"the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life" (Sheri Berman);
the belief that Islam should influence political systems (Cambridge English Dictionary);
"the [Islamic] ideology that guides society as a whole and that [teaches] law must be in conformity w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism |
Arab conquest of Egypt | When Theodore returned to Alexandria, he dismissed Domentianus as the military commander of the garrison and exiled him from the city, replacing him with Menas, who was a non-Chalcedonian Copt and popular with the army. Menas held a grudge against Domentianus' brother Eudocianus for Eudocianus' torture of the Coptic pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt |
Suez Crisis | The nationalisation surprised Britain and its Commonwealth. There had been no discussion of the canal at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London in late June and early July.: 7–8 Egypt's action, however, threatened British economic and military interests in the region. Prime Minister Eden was under imme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
People's Defense Units | In June 2015 the Turkish government stated that the YPG was carrying out an ethnic cleansing as part of a plan to join the Jazira and Kobanî cantons into a single territory.
The U.S. State Department reacted by starting an inquiry into the allegations.
In October 2015, Amnesty International published a report with repo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units |
Sudan | In 1899, Britain and Egypt reached an agreement under which Sudan was run by a governor-general appointed by Egypt with British consent. In reality, Sudan was effectively administered as a Crown colony. The British were keen to reverse the process, started under Muhammad Ali Pasha, of uniting the Nile Valley under Egyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan |
Baháʼí Faith in Morocco | There is a mention of contact with a Baháʼí in Morocco in 1946 but it's unclear with division (Spanish, French, International Zone.) In August 1947 Marie Claudet, former member of the Baha'i Assembly of Guayaquil (Ecuador) was reported in May to be en route to French Morocco. In 1953 the Baháʼís initiated a Ten Year Cr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Morocco |
Hafez al-Assad | Since the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War, Hafez was convinced that the Israelis had won the war by subterfuge; after gaining power, his top foreign-policy priority was to regain the Arab territory lost in the war. Hafez reaffirmed Syria's rejection of the 1967 UN Security Council Resolution 242 because he believed it s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi | Zufar belonged to the Amr branch of the Banu Kilab, which itself was a major branch of the large Arab tribe of Banu Amir, whose traditional abode was in the southwestern Najd (central Arabia). The Amr branch was known to be one of the more militant and warlike divisions of the Banu Kilab. A late 6th-century, pre-Islami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zufar_ibn_al-Harith_al-Kilabi |
Naguib Sawiris | Since joining Orascom, the family business in 1979, Sawiris has contributed to the growth and diversification of the company into what it is today one of Egypt's largest and most diversified conglomerates and the country's largest private sector employer. Sawiris built the railway, information technology, and telecommu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naguib_Sawiris |
American Mission Hospital | In the late 1890s, the sick and injured were being served from Samuel Zwemer's dispensary, and later, from the mission house where the Zwemers stayed. But, the need for a proper hospital with well-trained doctors was growing fast. And Zwemer's plea, to the Arabian Mission, for a full medical appointment, finally paid o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mission_Hospital |
Genetic history of Egypt | A study by Arredi et al., which analyzed 275 samples from five populations in Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt, as well as published data from Moroccan populations, suggested that the North African pattern of Y-chromosomal variation, including in Egypt, is largely of Neolithic origin. The study analyzed North African popula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt |
Neo-Assyrian Empire | The fall of Assyria was swift, dramatic and unexpected; still today modern scholars continue to grapple with what factors caused the empire's quick and violent downfall. One commonly cited possible explanation is the unrest and the civil wars that immediately preceded Nabopolassar's rise. Such civil conflict could have... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire |
Victoria and Albert Museum | The Victoria and Albert Museum has its origins in the Great Exhibition of 1851. Henry Cole was the museum's first director, he was also involved in the planning. Initially the V&A was known as the Museum of Manufactures. The first opening to the general public was in May 1852 at Marlborough House. By September the col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum |
Abdul Rahman Munif | Fiction
— 1973. Al-ashjar wa-ghtyal Marzuq الأشجار واغتيال مرزوق, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.
— 1974. Qissat hubb majusiyya قصّة حبّ مجوسية, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.
— 1975. Sharq al-Mutawassit شرق المتوسّط, Beirut: al-Muassasa al-Arabiyya lid-Dirasat wan-Nashr.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Munif |
Libyan Air Force | Before the war began, Libyan People's Air Force had between 18,000 and 22,000 personnel and 374 aircraft and helicopters—however, most of these aircraft were not airworthy, and the air force in general was in a very poor state when the war began. During the Libyan Civil War, Libyan People's Air Force warplanes and atta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Air_Force |
Baháʼu'lláh | In May 1844, a 24-year-old merchant from Shiraz, Siyyid Mírzá ʻAlí-Muḥammad, stirred Persia with his claim to not only be the promised redeemer of Islam (the Qa’im or Mahdi [Mihdi]), but a new prophet of God similar to Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. He assumed the title "the Báb" (Arabic for "the gate"), indicating his po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h |
Queen Alia International Airport | In 2023, QAIA became the first airport in the Middle East to achieve Level 3 of the Airport Customer Experience Accreditation (ACEA).
According to a statement from Airport International Group (AIG), QAIA also became one of eight airports in the Middle East and one of sixty one airports all around the world to have rece... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Alia_International_Airport |
Manama | Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the British Raj used Manama as a military base of operations during the Mesopotamian campaign. Prompted by the presence of oil in the region, the British political agency in Bushire concluded an oil agreement with the Hakim to prohibit the exploration and exploitation of o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama |
Adultery | The Hindu Sanskrit texts present a range of views on adultery, offering widely differing positions. The hymn 4.5.5 of the Rigveda calls adultery as pāpa (evil, sin). Other Vedic texts state adultery to be a sin, just like murder, incest, anger, evil thoughts and trickery. The Vedic texts, including the Rigveda, the Ath... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery |
Fez, Morocco | In the 16th century the Saadis, a dynasty claiming prophetic heritage, rose to power in southern Morocco and challenged the Wattasids. Around the same time, the Ottoman Empire came close to Fez after its conquest of Algeria. In January 1549, the Saadi sultan Mohammed ash-Sheikh took Fez and ousted the last Wattasid sul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco |
Libyan civil war (2011) | The Royal Canadian Navy frigate HMCS Charlottetown was deployed to the Mediterranean off the coast of Libya on 2 March 2011, but did not take immediate action once arrived. Seventeen days later, a multi-state coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011) |
Kharijites | The Kharijites also asserted that faith without accompanying deeds is useless, and that anyone who commits a major sin is an unbeliever (kafir; pl. kuffar) and must repent to restore the true faith. However, the Kharijite notion of unbelief (kufr) differed from the mainstream Muslim definition, which understood a kafir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites |
Arabs | Arab tribes are prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, Levant, Egypt, Maghreb, the Sudan region and Horn Africa.
The Arabs of the Levant are traditionally divided into Qays and Yaman tribes. The distinction between Qays and Yaman dates back to the pre-Islamic era and was based on tribal affiliations and geogr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs |
Islam in the Netherlands | Jihadists oppose Dutch society and the Dutch government and hold intolerant and anti-democratic views.
In 2009, the AIVD reported that armed Islamic extremists in Somalia received support from individuals in the Netherlands. In the years leading up to 2006, there was an increase in radical activity which among other ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands |
Tiraz | There were two types of tiraz factories: the official caliphal (khassa, meaning "private" or "exclusive") and the public (‘amma, meaning "public"). There are no differences in design between the tiraz produced in the caliphal and public factories, because both were designed with the same name of the ruling caliph, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraz |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Relations with Israel improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi's removal, with Sisi saying that he had talked to Israel's prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, "a lot". Sisi was described by The Economist as "the most pro-Israeli Egyptian leader ever". With continuous support for Palestine, the Sisi administration ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Bimaristan | The various Quranic injunctions and Hadith (or actions of Muhammad), which place values on education and emphasize the importance of acquiring knowledge, played a vital role in influencing the Muslims of this age in their search for knowledge and the development of the body of science.
Bimaristans were not only used to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimaristan |
Jury | Jury sentencing is the practice of having juries decide what penalties to give those who have been convicted of criminal offenses. The practice of jury sentencing began in the US state of Virginia in the 18th century and spread westward to other states that were influenced by Virginia-trained lawyers.
Canadian juries ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury |
Polygyny in Islam | Muslim feminism is a fairly new movement, even though women's rights issues have been at the forefront of social reform for a while.
This began to change when Muslim women realized they could alter their roles in society by rereading the main religious texts that dictated Muslim society and ethics. This return to rein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam |
Ghurid dynasty | On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India was ruled by many independent Rajput kings, often fighting with each other, such as the Chahamana ruler Prithviraja III in Delhi and Ajmer, the Chaulukya ruler Mularaja II in Gujarat, the Gahadavala ruler Jayachandra in Kanauj, further in the east of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty |
Algerian People's National Army | The army is under the control of the president, who also is the minister of National Defence. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency estimated that military expenditures accounted for some 6% of GDP in 2019.
Before 1984, the armed forces had relied on the secretary general of the Ministry of National Defence to coordinat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army |
Sasanian Empire | While successful at its first stage (from 602 to 622), the campaign of Khosrau II had actually exhausted the Persian army and treasuries. In an effort to rebuild the national treasuries, Khosrau overtaxed the population. Thus, while his empire was on the verge of total defeat, Heraclius (610–641) drew on all his dimini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014) | On 1 August, clashes in Abu Isa (between Zawiya and Sorman) between armed gangs who were fighting over some vehicles since the day before ended with the intervention of the Libya Shield Force, with a final toll between two and four killed, and five injured.
On 10 August, another former Libyan Army officer who was among... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014) |
Malaysia | Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998. The country is megadiverse with a high number of species... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia |
Basil Al Bayati | Having graduated from the University of Baghdad, he opened his first practice, Basil Al Bayati & Partners, which he opened in Baghdad with a branch in Basra.
In 1970 he moved to London to continue his studies and whilst studying, worked in a number of architectural practices before becoming the Middle East Consultant a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Al_Bayati |
Mosque architecture in Indonesia | While many of the earliest Islamic structures in Java and almost all of them in Sumatra did not survive, primarily due to the effects of climate on decayable building materials, the permanent structure was not considered a priority for Muslim prayer, as any clean and open space could accommodate communal prayers.
Most... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia |
Recent African origin of modern humans | The cladistic relationship of humans with the African apes was suggested by Charles Darwin after studying the behaviour of African apes, one of which was displayed at the London Zoo. The anatomist Thomas Huxley had also supported the hypothesis and suggested that African apes have a close evolutionary relationship with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans |
Syria | In 1939, while Syria was still a French mandate the French allowed a plebiscite regarding the Sanjak of Alexandretta joining to Turkey as part of a treaty of friendship in World War II. In order to facilitate this, a faulty election was done in which ethnic Turks who were originally from the Sanjak but lived in Adana a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria |
Sunni Islam | The seeds of metamorphosis of caliphate into kingship were sown, as the second caliph Umar had feared, as early as the regime of the third caliph Uthman, who appointed many of his kinsmen from his clan Banu Umayya, including Marwān and Walid bin Uqba on important government positions, becoming the main cause of turmoil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Baggara Arabs | The Baggara of Darfur and Kordofan were the backbone of the Mahdist revolt against Turko-Egyptian rule in Sudan in the 1880s. The Mahdi's second-in-command, the Khalifa Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, was himself a Baggara of the Ta'aisha tribe. During the Mahdist period (1883–98) tens of thousands of Baggara migrated to Omdur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggara_Arabs |
Al Bidda | Al Bidda became the most important town in the country after the decline of Zubarah in the early nineteenth century. Doha, the present-day capital, developed from Al Bidda. David Seaton, a British political resident in Muscat, detailed one of the earliest English accounts of Al Bidda in 1801:
Account by David Seaton:... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Bidda |
Euphrates | During the Jemdet Nasr (3600–3100 BCE) and Early Dynastic periods (3100–2350 BCE), southern Mesopotamia experienced a growth in the number and size of settlements, suggesting strong population growth. These settlements, including Sumero-Akkadian sites like Sippar, Uruk, Adab and Kish, were organized in competing city-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates |
Hafez al-Assad | Syria intervened in Lebanon in 1976 during the civil war, which began in 1975. With the Egyptian–Israeli peace accords, Syria was the only neighboring state which threatened Israel. Syria initially tried to mediate the conflict; when that failed, Hafez ordered the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA), a regular force based ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad |
Arab world | As of 2006, the Arab world accounts for two-fifths of the gross domestic product and three-fifths of the trade of the wider Muslim world.
The Arab states are mostly, although not exclusively, developing economies and derive their export revenues from oil and gas, or the sale of other raw materials. Recent years have se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world |
Presidency of Donald Trump | The Washington Post reported in May 2017, "a wide variety of information that until recently was provided to the public, limiting access, for instance, to disclosures about workplace violations, energy efficiency, and animal welfare abuses" had been removed or tucked away. The Obama administration had used the publicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump |
Caliphate | After the Armistice of Mudros of October 1918 with the military occupation of Constantinople and Treaty of Versailles (1919), the position of the Ottomans was uncertain. The movement to protect or restore the Ottomans gained force after the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) which imposed the partitioning of the Ottoman Em... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate |
Tunis | The medina of Tunis has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. The Medina contains some 700 monuments, including palaces, mosques, mausoleums, madrasas, and fountains dating from the Almohad and the Hafsid periods. These ancient buildings include:
The Aghlabid Al-Zaytouna Mosque ("Mosque of the Olive") built in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis |
NATO | The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the organization's history. The Article states that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the att... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO |
Mugham | In the course of its long history, the people of Azerbaijan have retained their ancient musical tradition. Mugham belongs to the system of modal music and may have derived from Persian musical tradition. The Uighurs in Xinjiang (新疆) call this musical development muqam, the Uzbeks and Tajiks call it maqom (or shasmaqom)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugham |
Al-Walid I | According to the historian Giorgio Levi Della Vida, "The caliphate of al-Walīd saw the harvest of the seed planted by the long work of ʿAbd al-Malik". In the assessment of Shaban: Walīd I's reign (705–15/86–96) was in every way a direct continuation of his father's and was unruffled. Ḥajjāj remained in power, in fact ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_I |
Art Deco | Decoration in the Art Deco period went through several distinct phases. Between 1910 and 1920, as Art Nouveau was exhausted, design styles saw a return to tradition, particularly in the work of Paul Iribe. In 1912 André Vera published an essay in the magazine L'Art Décoratif calling for a return to the craftsmanship an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco |
Siamun | It has been suggested that Siamun was the unnamed pharaoh of the Bible who gave in marriage his daughter to king Solomon in order to seal an alliance between the two (1Kings 3:1), and later conquered Gezer and gave it to Solomon as well (1Kings 9:16). This identification is supported by Kenneth Kitchen and William G. D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamun |
Battle of Jenin (2002) | The Jenin refugee camp was established in 1953 within Jenin's municipal boundaries on land that the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) leased from the government of Jordan, who at the time ruled the West Bank until 1967. Covering an area of 0.423 square kilometers, in 2002, it was home to 13,055 UNRWA regis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002) |
Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates border | In 1976, Qatar and UAE agreed to establish a highway to link each other, however this was impeded by Saudi Arabia who stated that the construction company was operating on Saudi territory. Furthermore, Saudi Arabia hired a survey team to examine the possibility of building a port at Ras Ghumais located in UAE territory... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_border |
Syria (region) | Greater Syria has been widely known as Ash-Shām. The term etymologically in Arabic means "the left-hand side" or "the north", as someone in the Hejaz facing east, oriented to the sunrise, will find the north to the left. This is contrasted with the name of Yemen (اَلْيَمَن al-Yaman), correspondingly meaning "the right-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region) |
Iraqi Ground Forces | In early April 1941, during World War II, Rashid Ali al-Gaylani and members of the anti-British "Golden Square" launched a coup d'état against the current government. Prime Minister Taha al-Hashimi resigned and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani took his place as Prime Minister. Rashid Ali also proclaimed himself chief of a "Natio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Ground_Forces |
Varieties of Arabic | All varieties, sedentary and nomadic, differ in the following ways from Classical Arabic (CA)
The order subject–verb–object may be more common than verb–subject–object.
Verbal agreement between subject and object is always complete.
In CA, there was no number agreement between subject and verb when the subject was thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic |
Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war | In March 2015, President Barack Obama declared that he had authorized US forces to provide logistical and intelligence support to the Saudis in their military intervention in Yemen. Deputy Secretary of State Antony Blinken said that "as part of that effort, we have expedited weapons deliveries, we have increased our in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war |
Zaqqum | The idea of the Zaqqum tree may be rooted in Christian traditions surrounding the "Tree of Death" in relation to the Book of Genesis. In the Garden of Eden, the devil took on the form of a serpent and infected the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil before tempting Adam and Eve to eat from it. The infected and poiso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaqqum |
Fatimid Caliphate | In 902, while the Aghlabid emir Ibrahim II was away on campaign in Sicily, Abu Abdallah struck the first significant blow against Aghlabid authority in North Africa by attacking and capturing the city of Mila for the first time. This news triggered a serious response from the Aghlabids, who sent a punitive expedition o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate |
Peasants' revolt in Palestine | In retaliation for his dismissal and his son's practical demotion, Qasim al-Ahmad organized the a'yan (notables) of Nablus, Hebron and Jerusalem against Ibrahim Pasha. On 19 May 1834, the notables notified Egyptian officials that they were not able to conscript the peasants or collect taxes from them, claiming that the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine |
Algerian War | The Algerian War remains a contentious event. According to the historian Benjamin Stora, one of the leading historians on the war, memories concerning the war remain fragmented, with no common ground to speak of:
There is no such thing as a history of the Algerian War; there is just a multitude of histories and person... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War |
Palestinian political violence | Throughout the period 1949–56 the Egyptian government opposed the movement of refugees from the Gaza strip into Israel, but following the IDF's Gaza Raid on February 28, 1955, the Egyptian authorities facilitated militant infiltration but still continued to oppose civilian infiltration.
Around 400 Palestinian "infiltra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence |
2013–2014 Tunisian political crisis | 6 February 2013 – Following news of Chokri Belaid's assassination earlier in the day by unknown gunmen, thousands of his supporters took to the streets across the nation. The National Guard fired tear gas at protesters who barricaded Avenue Habib Bourguiba using bins, coffee tables and barbed wire. Other violent protes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Tunisian_political_crisis |
Horn of Africa | The Horn of Africa is almost equidistant from the equator and the Tropic of Cancer. It consists chiefly of mountains uplifted through the formation of the Great Rift Valley, a fissure in the Earth's crust extending from Turkey to Mozambique and marking the separation of the African and Arabian tectonic plates. Mostly m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa |
Sectarian violence in Iraq | Before the creation of the Iraqi state, Iraq's territory belonged to the Ottoman Empire and was divided up into three vilayets (provinces): Baghdad Vilayet (1869–1918), Basra Vilayet (1884–1918) and Mosul Vilayet (1878–1918). Together, these three vilayets were home to a wide variety of different ethnic and religious g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq |
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