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Sasanian Empire | The Sasanian kings were patrons of letters and philosophy. Khosrau I had the works of Plato and Aristotle, translated into Pahlavi, taught at Gundishapur, and read them himself. During his reign, many historical annals were compiled, of which the sole survivor is the Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan (Deeds of Ardashir), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Nelson Mandela | Presiding over the transition from apartheid minority rule to a multicultural democracy, Mandela saw national reconciliation as the primary task of his presidency. Having seen other post-colonial African economies damaged by the departure of white elites, Mandela worked to reassure South Africa's white population that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela |
Suez Crisis | Most of all, Nasser wanted the United States to supply arms on a generous scale to Egypt. Nasser refused to promise that any U.S. arms he might buy would not be used against Israel, and rejected out of hand the American demand for a Military Assistance Advisory Group to be sent to Egypt as part of the arms sales.
Nasse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis |
Italian invasion of British Somaliland | The Italians remained suspicious of French intentions and after Legentilhomme was replaced by Germaine feared a British invasion through Djibouti. Despite orders from Rome to be cautious, Aosta wanted to occupy Djibouti to forestall the British, with a simultaneous advance on Berbera to counter a British intervention. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland |
Algeria | Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the French invaded and captured Algiers in 1830. According to several historians, the methods used by the French to establish control over Algeria reached genocidal proportions. Historian Ben Kiernan wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: "By 1875, the French conquest wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria |
Criticism of the Quran | In dealing with the question of the origins of the Quran, non-Muslim historian have often focused on Christian and Jewish sources.
The Quran contains references to more than fifty people and events also found in the Bible (including Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, Noah, Abraham, Joseph, Lot, Moses, Saul, David and Goliat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran |
Cyprus | Hunter-gatherers first arrived on Cyprus around 13–12,000 years ago (11,000 to 10,000 BC), based on dating of sites like Aetokremnos on the south coast and the inland site of Vretsia Roudias. The arrival of the first humans coincides with the extinction of the 75 cm (2.46 ft) high Cypriot pygmy hippopotamus and 1 metre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus |
Somali people | Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. Hass... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people |
Classical Ottoman architecture | One of the most beautiful and famous Ottoman monuments in the Balkans is the single-span bridge known as Stari Most in Mostar (present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina), which was designed or completed by Hayreddin, one of Sinan's assistants. It was originally built between 1557 and 1566 by order of sultan Suleiman. Other no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture |
Mohammed bin Salman | In October 2018, Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, a critic of Mohammed, went missing after entering the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Turkish officials reportedly believe that Khashoggi was murdered at the consulate, claiming to have specific video and audio recordings proving that he was first tortured and then murder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman |
Yusuf al-Qaradawi | Yusuf al-Qaradawi wrote many books, some of which were translated into English:
Islam: Modern Fatwas on Issues of Women and the Family (Fatawa Mu'asira fi Shu'un al-Mar'a wa al-Usrah) (Dar al-Shihab, Algeria, 1987)
Auspices of the Ultimate Victory of Islam, Doha (1996)
Towards a Sound Awakening
The lawful and the proh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi |
Ptolemy VI Philometor | Ptolemy VIII was not satisfied with Cyrenaica and went to Rome in late 163 or early 162 BC to request help. The Roman Senate agreed that the division was unfair, declaring that Ptolemy VIII ought to receive Cyprus as well. Titus Manlius Torquatus and Gnaeus Cornelius Merula were sent as envoys to force Ptolemy VI to co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor |
Roger Bacon | Roger Bacon was born in Ilchester in Somerset, England, in the early 13th century. His birth is sometimes narrowed down to 1210, 1213 or 1214, 1215 or 1220. The only source for his birth date is a statement from his 1267 Opus Tertium that "forty years have passed since I first learned the Alphabetum". The latest dates ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon |
Islam in the United States | In the 2000 Presidential election, 78 percent of Muslim Americans supported Republican candidate George W. Bush over Democratic candidate Al Gore. However, due to the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq which took place under the Bush Administration, as well as what some call an increased anti-Muslim rhetoric from the Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States |
Al-Ghazali | Al-Ghazali's 11th century book titled
Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers")
marked a major turn in Islamic epistemology. The encounter with skepticism led al-Ghazali to investigate a form of theological occasionalism, or the belief that all causal events and interactions are not the product of materi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali |
Oslo I Accord | In essence, the accords called for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and affirmed a Palestinian right of self-government within those areas through the creation of a Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority. Palestinian rule was to last for a five-year interim period duri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord |
Benjamin Netanyahu | Netanyahu has said his own "hard line against all terrorists" came as a result of his brother's death. Yoni Netanyahu had been killed while leading the hostage-rescue mission at Operation Entebbe.
In addition to having taken part in counter-terrorist operations during his service in the military, Netanyahu has publish... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu |
History of modern Egypt | In 1914 as a result of the declaration of war with the Ottoman Empire, of which Egypt was nominally a part, Britain declared a Protectorate over Egypt and deposed the anti-British Khedive, Abbas Hilmi II, replacing him with his uncle Husayn Kamel, who was made Sultan of Egypt by the British. Egypt subsequently declared... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt |
1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine | During the last meeting of the Arab League in February 1948, the Arab leaders expressed their convictions in the capacity of the Arab Liberation Army to help the Palestinians and to force the international community to give up on the UN-backed partition plan. The following summit took place in Cairo on 10 April, with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine |
Seyyed Hossein Nasr | According to Nasr, the "Divine Reality" includes, metaphysically speaking, an "Impersonal Essence" and a personal aspect that the believer "ordinarily identifies with God", in accordance with the perspective of "most religions". Only the "esoteric dimension" within these religions take into account the "Impersonal Esse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr |
Phoneme | During the development of phoneme theory in the mid-20th century, phonologists were concerned not only with the procedures and principles involved in producing a phonemic analysis of the sounds of a given language, but also with the reality or uniqueness of the phonemic solution. These were central concerns of phonolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme |
Al-Mustarshid | Al-Mustarshid was born in 1092. He was son of Caliph Al-Mustazhir. His mother was a Slavic concubine named Lubanah. She was from Baghdad. His was named Al-Fadl by his father. His full name was Al-Fadl ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir and his Kunya was Abu Mansur. After the death of his father in 1118, he succeeded him as Caliph.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mustarshid |
Parthia | Following the death of Alexander, in the Partition of Babylon in 323 BC, Parthia became a Seleucid governorate under Nicanor. Phrataphernes, the former governor, became governor of Hyrcania. In 320 BC, at the Partition of Triparadisus, Parthia was reassigned to Philip, former governor of Sogdiana. A few years later, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthia |
Mauritania | The Abdallahi government was widely perceived as corrupt and restricted access to government information. Sexism, racism, female genital mutilation, child labor, human trafficking, and the political marginalization of largely southern-based ethnic groups continued to be problems.
Homosexuality is illegal and is a capi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania |
Islam in India | Before 1947
The conflict between Hindus and Muslims in the Indian subcontinent has a complex history which can be said to have begun with the Umayyad Caliphate's invasion of Sindh in 711. The persecution of Hindus during the Islamic expansion in India during the medieval period was characterised by destruction of templ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_India |
Houari Boumédiène | Economically, Boumédiène turned away from Ben Bella's focus on rural Algeria and experiments in socialist cooperative businesses (l'autogestion). Instead, he opted for a more systematic and planned programme of state-driven industrialization. Algeria had virtually no advanced production at the time, but in 1971 Boumédi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne |
Mandatory Iraq | At the Cairo Conference of March 1921, the British set the parameters for Iraqi political life that were to continue until the 1958 revolution; they chose a Hashemite, Faisal ibn Husayn, son of Sherif Hussein ibn Ali former Sharif of Mecca as Iraq's first King; they established an Iraqi army (but kept Iraq Levies under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq |
Pakistan | The 1946 elections saw the Muslim League secure 90 percent of the Muslim seats, supported by the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. This forced the Indian National Congress, initially skeptical of the League's representation of Indian Muslims, to acknowledge its significance. Jinnah's emergence as the voice of the Indian ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan |
Islamic views on slavery | Surah 23, Al-Muminun, of the Quran in verse 6 and Surah 70, Al-Maarij, in verse 30 both, in identical wording, draw a distinction between spouses and "those whom one's right hands possess", saying " أَزْوَاجِهِمْ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُمْ" (literally, "their spouses or what their right hands possess"), while clar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery |
State religion | China: The government of China officially espouses state atheism, and officially recognizes only five religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism). Despite limitations on certain forms of religious expression and assembly, religion is not banned, and religious freedom is nominally pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion |
Water supply and sanitation in Yemen | In 2014, around 11.2 million people lacked access to "improved" water and around 11.5 million people were without access to "improved" sanitation in Yemen.
Previously, in 2012, 55% of the total population had access to "improved" water, or 72% of the urban population and 47% of the rural population. Regarding sanitati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen |
Kahlil Gibran | Gibran held the first art exhibition of his drawings in January 1904 in Boston at Day's studio. During this exhibition, Gibran met Mary Haskell, the headmistress of a girls' school in the city, nine years his senior. The two formed a friendship that lasted the rest of Gibran's life. Haskell would spend large sums of mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran |
Biblical narratives in the Quran | In both the Bible and the Quran, Noah is described as a righteous man who lived among a sinful people who God destroyed with a flood while saving Noah, his family, and the animals by commanding him to build an Ark and store the animals in them. In both sacred books, he is said to have lived for 950 years. But unlike in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran |
BBC | In 2002, several television and radio channels were reorganised. BBC Knowledge was replaced by BBC Four and became the BBC's arts and documentaries channel. CBBC, which had been a programming strand as Children's BBC since 1985, was split into CBBC and CBeebies, for younger children, with both new services getting a di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC |
Women in the Arab world | Tunisia is the only Arabic-speaking Muslim-majority country to grant women equal rights as men, outlawing polygamy, allowing Muslim women to marry non-Muslim men, and giving them equal inheritance as men.
Egypt is one of the leading countries with active feminist movements, and the fight for women's rights is associate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_the_Arab_world |
2015 European migrant crisis | Because asylum seekers are usually required to be physically present in the EU country where they wish to request asylum, and there are few formal ways to allow them to reach Europe to do so, many paid smugglers for advice, logistical help and transportation through Europe, especially for sea crossings. Human trafficke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis |
Umayyad Mosque | The Mongols, under the leadership of the Nestorian Christian Kitbuqa, with the help of some submitted Western Christian forces, captured Damascus from the Ayyubids in 1260 while Kitbuqa's superior Hulagu Khan had returned to the Mongol Empire for other business. Bohemond VI of Antioch, one of the Western Christian gene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque |
Babylon | In the Book of Genesis, Babel (Babylon) is described as founded by Nimrod along with Uruk, Akkad and perhaps Calneh—all of them in Shinar ("Calneh" is now sometimes translated not as a proper name but as the phrase "all of them"). Another story is given in Genesis 11, which describes a united human race, speaking one l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon |
Marines | In the early days of naval warfare, there was little distinction between sailors and soldiers on a warship. The oarsmen of Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman ships had to be capable of fighting the rowers of opposing ships hand-to-hand; though hoplites began appearing on Greek ships specifically for the boarding of enemy ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marines |
History of lute-family instruments | Although the oldest iconographic evidence concerning lutes deals with long lutes in Mesopotamia and Egypt, some long-necked lutes are shorter than others. Comparatively, the Greek and Byzantine pandura is shorter than the tanbur, even though both are long lutes. Shorter lutes exist among the long-necked lutes today, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments |
Assyria | Because of the nature of source preservation, more information about the upper classes of ancient Assyria survives than for the lower ones. At the top of Middle and Neo-Assyrian society were members of long-established and large families called "houses". Members of this aristocracy tended to occupy the most important o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | As the fighting progressed and Israel mounted an incursion into the Sinai, the Royal Air Force began conducting almost daily reconnaissance missions over Israel and the Sinai. RAF reconnaissance aircraft took off from Egyptian airbases and sometimes flew alongside Royal Egyptian Air Force planes. High-flying British ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
State religion | Israel: Since the Proclamation of Israeli independence in 1948, Judaism is defined in several of its laws as a "Jewish and democratic state" (medina yehudit ve-demokratit). However, the term "Jewish" is a polyseme that can describe the Jewish people as either an ethnic or a religious group. The debate about the meaning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion |
Turkmens | Barthold, V., ed. (1962). The book of my grandfather Korkut. Moscow and Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences.
Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (9 May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". Nature. 557 (7705). Nature Research: 369–373. Bibcode:2018Natur.557..369D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. hdl:1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens |
Yemen | The Ottomans were concerned about the British expansion from the British ruled subcontinent to the Red Sea and Arabia. They returned to the Tihamah in 1849 after an absence of two centuries. Rivalries and disturbances continued among the Zaydi imams, between them and their deputies, with the ulema, with the heads of tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen |
Islamic Golden Age | The centrality of scripture and its study in the Islamic tradition helped to make education a central pillar of the religion in virtually all times and places in the history of Islam. The importance of learning in the Islamic tradition is reflected in a number of hadiths attributed to Muhammad, including one that state... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age |
Madinat al-Zahra | According to historical sources the new palace-city was founded in 936. It was located about 5 km west of Cordoba. Abd ar-Rahman III's son, al-Hakam, the crown prince and his future successor, was entrusted to oversee the construction. The 16th-century writer Al-Maqqari cites a man named Maslama ibn 'Abdallah as the ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Hasankeyf | In Roman times, Hasankeyf (known as Kepha, Cephe, Cepha or Ciphas) was a base for legionaries on the frontier with the Sasanian Empire of Persia.
For a time the town became the capital of the Roman province of Arzanene, although Nisibis was the headquarters of the Dux Mesopotamiae. Constantius II (324–361) built a fort... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasankeyf |
Sasanian Empire | The Sassanids, like the Parthians, were in constant hostilities with the Roman Empire. The Sassanids, who succeeded the Parthians, were recognized as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighboring rival the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, for a period of more than 400 years. Following the division... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Mahmoud Abbas | There are frequent allegations that officials of the Palestinian Authority, including Abbas, have systematically embezzled public funds.
Abbas's mentor and predecessor, Yasser Arafat, was accused of embezzling billions of dollars of Palestinian money. This perceived corruption of the Fatah leadership is believed to hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas |
Recent African origin of modern humans | Beginning 135,000 years ago, tropical Africa experienced megadroughts which drove humans from the land and towards the sea shores, and forced them to cross over to other continents.
Fossils of early Homo sapiens were found in Qafzeh and Es-Skhul Caves in Israel and have been dated to 80,000 to 120,000 years ago. These ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans |
Education in Morocco | Following the Treaty of Fes of 1912 and the establishment of the French Protectorate, France established public schools in which education was delivered in French.
Protectorate officials were hesitant about education for general public, afraid that an educated populace would become a source of opposition to the colonia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Morocco |
Egyptian hieroglyphs | Hieroglyphs may have emerged from the preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt. For example, symbols on Gerzean pottery from c. 4000 BC have been argued to resemble hieroglyphic writing.
Proto-writing systems developed in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs |
Islam in Greece | The Muslim population in Greece is not homogeneous, since it consists of different ethnic, linguistic and social backgrounds which often overlap. The Muslim faith is the creed of several ethnic groups living in the present territory of Greece, namely the Pomaks, ethnic Turks, certain Romani groups, and Greek Muslims pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Greece |
Criticism of Islam | In Islam, apostasy along with heresy and blasphemy (verbal insult to religion) is considered a form of disbelief. The Qur'an states that apostasy would bring punishment in the Afterlife, but takes a relatively lenient view of apostasy in this life (Q 9:74; 2:109).
While Shafi'i interprets verse Quran 2:217 as adducing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam |
Scorpion II | The only pictorial evidence of his existence is the so-called Scorpion Macehead, which was found in the Main deposit by archeologists James E. Quibell and Frederick W. Green in a temple at Nekhen (Hierakonpolis) during the dig season of 1897–1898. It is currently on display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. The stratigr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion_II |
Marinid Sultanate | The minbars (pulpits) of the Marinid era were also following in the same tradition as earlier Almoravid and Almohad wooden minbars. The minbar of the Great Mosque of Taza dates to the mosque's expansion by Abu Yaqub Yusuf in the 1290s, much like the mosque's chandelier. Like other minbars, it takes the shape of a mobil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate |
Yazidis | Yazidi cultural practices are observed in Kurmanji, which is also used by almost all the orally transmitted religious traditions of the Yazidis. The Yazidis in the twin villages of Bashiqa and Bahzani speak Arabic as their mother language, however, the now Arab-speaking tribes in Bashiqa and Bahzani, including but not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidis |
Mitanni | The Mitanni kingdom was firstly known as Ḫabingalbat before 1600 BC in Babylonia, during the reign of Ammi-Saduqa, attested as ḫa-bi-in-gal-ba-ti-i, and ḫa-bi-in-ga-al-ba-at, in two texts of the late Old Babylonian period. Egyptians referred to it as Naharin and Mitanni, it was Ḫurri to the Hittites, and Ḫanigalbat or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanni |
Azerbaijanis | Contemporary Western Asian genomes, a region that includes Azerbaijan, have been greatly influenced by early agricultural populations in the area; later population movements, such as those of Turkic speakers, also contributed. However, as of 2017, there is no whole genome sequencing study for Azerbaijan; sampling limit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis |
Ancient maritime history | There are indications as stone tools and traces left on a rhinoceros skeleton that suggest early hominids crossed the sea and colonized the Philippine island of Luzon in a time frame as early as 777,000 to 631,000 years ago.
The lowered sea levels of the Pleistocene made some of the modern-day islands of Sundaland acce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history |
Afar people | Afar society has traditionally been organized into independent kingdoms, each ruled by its own Sultan. Among these were the Sultanate of Aussa, Sultanate of Girrifo/Biru, Sultanate of Tadjourah, Sultanate of Rahaito, and Sultanate of Gobaad. In 1577, the Adal leader Imam Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Au... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_people |
Ibn Battuta | On 2 Rajab in the Muslim year 725 Anno Hegirae (14 June 1325 Anno Domini on the Christian calendar), at the age of twenty-one, Ibn Battuta set off from his home town on a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, a journey that would ordinarily take sixteen months. He was eager to learn more about far-away lands and craved adven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta |
Tafsir | Tafsir bi'r-ra'y, or commonly known as tafsir bi-al-diraya, is the method of using one's independent rational reasoning and mind (ijtihad) to form an opinion-oriented interpretation. The most distinctive feature of tafsir bi-al-diraya is the inclusion of the opinions of the commentator, thus forming the more objective ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir |
Liberalism and progressivism within Islam | Ali Shariati Mazinani (Persian: علی شریعتی مزینانی, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He believed that Socialism was compatible with Islam and, in fact, that it was from the beginning. It seems that his eagerness to explore socialism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam |
Madinat al-Zahra | The Reception Hall of Abd ar-Rahman III, known by its Spanish name as the Salón Rico ("Rich Hall"), is the most richly decorated structure discovered at Madinat al-Zahra. It was part of a larger palace complex which was built to the south of the Upper Basilical Hall. Its construction has been dated to between 953 and 9... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_al-Zahra |
Sinai insurgency | After Morsi's ouster on 3 July by Sisi, there was an increase in violence by armed Bedouin and Islamists. Attacks on security forces took place almost daily — leading many to link the militants there to the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamist group from which Morsi hails.
In response, Egypt launched a major military opera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_insurgency |
Dromedary | Camel milk is a staple food of nomadic tribes living in deserts. It consists of 11.7% solids, 3% protein, 3.6% fat, 0.8% ash, 4.4% lactose and 0.13% acidity (pH 6.5). The quantities of sodium, potassium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, niacin and vitamin C were relatively higher than the amounts in cow milk. However, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary |
Shia Personal Status Law | The original draft, sponsored by the high ranking Shia cleric Asif Mohseni, was sent to parliament in 2006 where it stayed for almost 3 years. After some modifications, the bill was approved by the lower house of the Afghan parliament on 7 February 2009, and then in the upper house later the same month. Senator Humeira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Personal_Status_Law |
Education in Sudan | Prior to the establishment of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium in 1898, the only educational facilities remaining in the Sudan were the village Koran schools, or kuttabs, in the Moslem north. These taught little more than the memorization of the Koran, and even these were disrupted by the disorders before 120 B.C. Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Sudan |
Mamluk Sultanate | Selim I, the new Ottoman sultan, defeated the Safavids decisively at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. Soon after, he attacked and defeated the Dulkadirids, a Mamluk vassal, for refusing to aid him against the Safavids. Secure now against Ismail I, in 1516 he drew together a great army aiming at conquering Egypt, but to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Thutmose III | Thutmose dedicated far more attention to Karnak than any other site. In the Iput-isut, the temple proper in the center, he rebuilt the hypostyle hall of his grandfather Thutmose I, dismantled the red chapel of Hatshepsut, built Pylon VI, a shrine for the bark of Amun in its place, and built an antechamber in front of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III |
Iron Age | In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of prehistoric Europe and the first of the protohistoric periods, which initially means descriptions of a particular area by Greek and Roman writers. For much of Europe, the period came to an abrupt local end after conquest by the Romans, though ironworking remained the dominan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age |
Salafi movement | The Salafi movement emphasizes looking up to the era of the Salaf al-Salih; who were the early three generations of Muslims that succeeded Prophet Muhammad. They consider the faith and practices of salaf al-salih as virtuous and exemplary. By seeking to capture values of the Salaf in their own lives, Salafis attempt to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement |
Arabic poetry | Ghaylan ibn 'Uqbah (c. 696 – c. 735), nicknamed Dhu ar-Rumma, is usually regarded as the last of the Pre-Islamic poets. His works had continued the themes and style of the pre-Islamic poets particularly eulogising the harsh but simple desert life, traditionally recited round a campfire. Although such themes continued a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_poetry |
Almohad Caliphate | Most historical records indicate that the Almohads were recognized for their use of white banners, which were supposed to evoke their "purity of purpose". This began a long tradition of using white as main dynastic color in what is now Morocco for the later Marinids and Saadian sultanates. Whether these white banners c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
State of Palestine | Foreign relations are maintained in the framework of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) represents the State of Palestine and maintains embassies in countries that recognize it. It also participates in international organizations as a member, associate, or observer. In some cas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine |
Mecca | The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available. This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca |
Angels in Islam | The angels of the Seven Heavens.
Jundullah, those who helped Muhammad in the battlefield.
Those that give the spirit to the fetus in the womb and are charged with four commands: to write down his provision, his life-span, his actions, and whether he will be wretched or happy.
Malakul Jibaal (The Angel of the Mountains)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_Islam |
Dual (grammatical number) | Among living languages, Modern Standard Arabic has a mandatory dual number, marked on nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns. (First-person dual forms, however, do not exist; compare this to the lack of third-person dual forms in the old Germanic languages.) Many of the spoken Arabic dialects have a dual marking for nou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number) |
Haji Bektash Veli | From the Vilayetname (or: The Saintly Exploits of Hacı Bektaş Veli):
After Lokman Perende had returned from the hajj, the erenler (saints) of Khorasan came to offer him their respects. When they saw a spring flowing from the middle of the mekteb, they said, "We have been here before many times and had never seen such s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli |
Golden Horde | The historian Charles Halperin cautioned: "To analyze the Mongols' administration of Russia requires meticulous examination both of the extant sources individually and of the larger picture they present. Many of the references to Mongol officials occur in unreliable texts from later periods, showing obvious signs of in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde |
Kashmiri cuisine | Kashmiri language is rich in proverbs and idioms. Food-related idioms include:
Adyav kheyiv chinih adyav kheyiv taki — half the people ate from large dishes, and half from small dishes. A badly arranged dinner.
Akh chhiwyov masah byak hakah rasah — one man is intoxicated with the juice of the grape, another with juice... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine |
Lebanese people in Sierra Leone | At first, they had little access to capital and little control of import or export; they were at the mercy of the large colonial merchant firms, the same as indigenous traders. They brought imported manufactured goods such as textiles, jewellery, and mirrors to rural areas where European and creole traders would not go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Sierra_Leone |
Kingdom of Jerusalem | During Baldwin I's reign, the kingdom expanded even further. The number of European inhabitants increased, as the minor crusade of 1101 brought reinforcements to the kingdom. Baldwin repopulated Jerusalem with Franks and native Christians, after his expedition across the Jordan in 1115. With help from the Italian city-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem |
Israel | Education is highly valued in the Israeli culture and was viewed as a fundamental block of ancient Israelites. In 2015, the country ranked third among OECD members for the percentage of 25–64 year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 49% compared with the OECD average of 35%. In 2012, the country ranked thir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Habib Bourguiba | In the beginning of the 1930s, Habib Bourguiba, feeling the effects of colonial inequalities, decided to join the main political party of the Tunisian national movement, the Destour, alongside his brother M'hamed and his mates Bahri Guiga, Tahar Sfar and Mahmoud El Materi. Revolted by the festivities of the 30th euchar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba |
United Arab Emirates national cricket team | With Bangladesh being promoted to ICC full membership, the UAE began to establish themselves as the top associate side in Asia, though they often fell short against the top associates in Europe and North America, a position that remains to this day. They won the ACC Trophy in 2000 and 2002, beating Hong Kong and Nepal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_cricket_team |
History of Persian domes | The Melik Gazi tomb in Turkey was built in 1200.
The Sultanate of Rum decorated their domes largely with patterns of interlocking bricks in the Persian tradition. Patterns included rotated bricks or whirling rosettes, which could include glazed bricks of black or turquoise color. The Ulu Mosque of Malatya (1247) used t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Persian_domes |
Tunisian campaign | During the first half of January, Anderson had with mixed results kept constant pressure through limited attacks and reconnaissance in strength. Arnim did the same and on 18 January, launched Operation Eilbote I ("Courier I"). Elements of the 10th Panzer and 334th Infantry divisions attacked from Pont du Fahs to creat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign |
Algerian Civil War | The violence continued throughout 1994, although the economy began to improve during this time; following negotiations with the IMF, the government succeeded in rescheduling debt repayments, providing it with a substantial financial windfall, and further obtained some 40 billion francs from the international community ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War |
Economy of Saudi Arabia | All the Saudi government's five-year plan since 1970 have called for diversifying the economy beyond oil, but with marginal success.
The government has sought to allocate its petroleum income to transform its relatively undeveloped, oil-based economy into a modern industrial state, while maintaining the kingdom's tradi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Muhammad Ali's rise to power | On May 17, 1805, the sheikhs, with an immense concourse of the inhabitants, assembled in the vicinity of the governor's residence, and the ulema, amid the prayers and cries of the people, wrote a statement of the wrongs which they had endured under the administration of Hurshid Ahmed Pasha. The ulema intended to go to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_rise_to_power |
Piracy | Pirates, of course, had to sell their loot. They had trading relationships with land communities and foreign traders in the southeastern regions of China. Zhu Wan, who held the office of Grand Coordinator for Coastal Defense, documented that pirates in the region to which he had been sent had the support of the local ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy |
Ancient Egyptian pottery | E. Christiana Köhler has shown that a non-industrial system of pottery production, based in individual households, developed in late predynastic Buto in particular, as a result of the unfavourable climatic conditions of the Nile delta. At the same time, specialisation can already be seen in pottery production in the la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery |
Battle of Karbala | After the third caliph Uthman's assassination by rebels in 656, the rebels and the townspeople of Medina declared Ali, a cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, caliph. Some of Muhammad's companions including Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (then governor of Syria),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala |
Human history | The millennium from 500 BCE to 500 CE saw a series of empires of unprecedented size develop. Well-trained professional armies, unifying ideologies, and advanced bureaucracies created the possibility for emperors to rule over large domains whose populations could attain numbers upwards of tens of millions of subjects. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history |
Khosrow I | With a stable peace agreement with the Byzantines in the west, Khosrow was now able to focus his attention on the eastern Hephthalites and end their domination over Central Asia. Even with the growth of Iranian military power under Khosrow's reforms, the Sasanians were still uneasy at the prospect of attacking the Heph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_I |
Mamluk Sultanate | Mamluk architecture is distinguished in part by the construction of multi-functional buildings whose floor plans became increasingly creative and complex due to the limited available space in the city and the desire to make monuments visually dominant in their urban surroundings. While Cairo was the main center of patr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate |
Libyan crisis (2011–present) | The second Libyan civil war was a conflict among rival groups seeking control of the territory of Libya. The conflict has been mostly between the government of the House of Representatives, also known as the "Tobruk government", which was assigned as a result of a very low-turnout elections in 2014 and was internationa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present) |
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