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Sumerian language | Sumerian participles can function both as verbal adjectives and as verbal nouns. As verbal adjectives, they can describe any participant involved in the action or state expressed by the verb: for instance, 𒋧𒈠 šum2-ma may mean either "(which was) given (to someone)", "who was given (something)" or "who gave". As verba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language |
Turkish people | There are three major Anatolian Turkish dialect groups spoken in Turkey: the West Anatolian dialect (roughly to the west of the Euphrates), the East Anatolian dialect (to the east of the Euphrates), and the North East Anatolian group, which comprises the dialects of the Eastern Black Sea coast, such as Trabzon, Rize, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people |
World War I | For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous balance of power, known as the Concert of Europe. After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called splendid isolation, the decline of the Ottoman Empire, New Imperialism, and the rise of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I |
Zirid dynasty | The Zirids were Sanhaja Berbers, from the sedentary Talkata tribe, originating from the area of modern Algeria. In the 10th century this tribe served as vassals of the Fatimid Caliphate, an Isma'ili Shi'a state that challenged the authority of the Sunni Abbasid caliphs. The progenitor of the Zirid dynasty, Ziri ibn Man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty |
Oasis | People who live in an oasis must manage land and water use carefully. The most important plant in an oasis is the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), which forms the upper layer. These palm trees provide shade for smaller understory trees like apricots, dates, figs, olives, and peach trees, which form the middle layer.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis |
Zionism | With the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, Stalin reversed his long-standing opposition to Zionism, and tried to mobilize worldwide Jewish support for the Soviet war effort. A Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was set up in Moscow. Many thousands of Jewish refugees fled the Nazis and entered the Soviet Union during the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism |
Banu Ukhaidhir | The founder of the dynasty was Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaidhir ibn Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Djawn ibn Abd Allah al-Kāmil ibn Al-Hasan al-Mu'thannā bin Al-Hassan al-mujtaba bin Ali al Murtaza bin Abi Talib. Muhammad's brother Isma'il had launched a rebellion in the Tihamah in 865 against the Abbasid government and temporaril... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ukhaidhir |
Spherical trigonometry | With
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Arab citizens of Israel | Between Israel's declaration of independence on 14 May 1948 and the Israeli Nationality Law of 14 July 1952, there technically were no Israeli citizens.
While most Arabs remaining in Israel were granted citizenship, they were subject to martial law in the early years of the state. Zionism had given little serious thoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel |
Azrael | Islam elaborated further narratives concerning the relation between Azrael and Death. Christian Lange mentioned that according to some scholars Azrael and Death were one entity; other exegesis scholars opined Azrael and Death were different entities, with Death as some kind of tool used by Azrael to take life.: 129
On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrael |
Osman I | With Yenişehir in hands, Osman focused his efforts on isolated large cities starting with Bursa, unaware that this would be his last campaign. He gave the orders to start building two forts overseeing and surrounding the city, then, when the construction was completed, Osman provided the forts with large garrisons. Thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_I |
Ba'athism | Cyprian Blamires, a historian of fascism, claims that "Ba'athism may have been a Middle Eastern variant of fascism, even though Aflaq and other Ba'athist leaders criticized particular fascist ideas and practices". According to him, the Ba'ath movement shared several characteristics with the European fascist movements, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27athism |
Ismail al-Faruqi | Al-Faruqi contributed significantly to developing the concept of holistic knowledge, expressing concerns about the secularization of knowledge in Muslim societies. He discussed "the malaise of the ummah" and argued that reliance on Western secular tools and methods led to a disconnect with the ecological and social rea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi |
Himyarite Kingdom | During the fourth century onwards after the Himyarite kingdom (or at least its ruling class) converted to Judaism, or a Jewish-inflected monotheism, references to pagan gods disappeared from royal inscriptions and texts on public buildings, and were replaced by references to a single deity in official texts. Inscriptio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom |
National Democratic Party (Egypt) | After President Sadat's assassination in 1981, his successor Hosni Mubarak continued to request and obtain the People Assembly's approval to maintain the emergency law under the premise of threats of terrorism and violence. Despite the emergency law, political party life during the 1980s was relatively active, with the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Egypt) |
Raï | In the 1960s, Bellamou Messaoud and Belkacem Bouteldja began their career, and they changed the raï sound, eventually gaining mainstream acceptance in Algeria by 1964. In the 1970s, recording technology began growing more advanced, and more imported genres had Algerian interest as well, especially Jamaican reggae with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AF |
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction | On 8 December 1953, Pakistan media welcomed the US Atoms for Peace initiatives, followed by the establishment of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in 1956. In 1953, Foreign minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan publicly stated that "Pakistan does not have a policy towards the atom bombs". Following the announcement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction |
Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah | As the Ridda wars came to an end, Abu Bakr dispatched three or four armies at the same or different intervals toward Byzantine Syria to conquer that region. Though there are several versions in the early Islamic tradition, including in the works of Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi (fl. 12th century), al-Mas'udi (d. 956), al-Azdi (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ubayda_ibn_al-Jarrah |
The Battle of Algiers | The Battle of Algiers opens in 1957 in the capital city of French Algeria. After being tortured, one of Ali la Pointe's (Brahim Haggiag) compatriots reveals Ali's hideout to the French Army. The Army raids Ali's home and tells him that he is surrounded and the "organization" is finished. The film then flashes back to 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers |
Islam in India | In some parts of South Asia, the Muslims are divided as Ashrafs and Ajlafs. Ashrafs claim to be derived from their foreign ancestry. They, in turn, are divided into a number of occupational castes.
Barrani was specific in his recommendation that the "sons of Mohamed" [i.e. Sayyid] be given a higher social status than t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_India |
Women's rights in Saudi Arabia | Until June 2018, women were not allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia was the only country in the world at the time with such a restriction. On 26 September 2017 King Salman decreed that women would be allowed to obtain driver's licenses in the Kingdom, which would effectively grant women the right to drive, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia |
1948 Arab–Israeli War | Jordan's Arab Legion was considered the most effective Arab force. Armed, trained and commanded by British officers, this 8,000–12,000 strong force was organised in four infantry/mechanised regiments supported by some forty artillery pieces and seventy-five armoured cars. Until January 1948, it was reinforced by the 3,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War |
Classical Ottoman architecture | Around the same time as the Şehzade Mosque construction Sinan also built the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (also known as the Iskele Mosque) for one of Suleiman's daughters, Mihrimah Sultan. It was completed in 1547–1548 and is located in Üsküdar, across the Bosphorus. It is notable for its wide "double porch", with an inner ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture |
Meze | In Turkey, meze often consist of beyaz peynir 'white cheese', kavun (sliced ripe melon), acılı ezme (hot pepper paste often with walnuts), haydari (thick strained yogurt with herbs), patlıcan salatası (cold eggplant salad), beyin salatası (brain salad), kalamar tava (fried calamari), midye dolma and midye tava (stuffed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meze |
Wildlife of Kuwait |
Currently, 442 species of birds have been recorded in Kuwait, 18 species of which breed in the country. Kuwait is situated at the crossroads of several major bird migration routes and between two and three million birds pass each year. The marshes in northern Kuwait and Jahra have become increasingly important as a re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kuwait |
Great Pyramid of Giza | Circa 450 BC Herodotus attributed the Great Pyramid to Cheops (Hellenization of Khufu), yet erroneously placed his reign following the Ramesside period. Manetho, around 200 years later, composed an extensive list of Egyptian kings, which he divided into dynasties, assigning Khufu to the 4th. However, after phonetic cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza |
Sea of Galilee | The warm waters of the Sea of Galilee support various flora and fauna, which have supported a significant commercial fishery for more than two millennia. Local flora include various reeds along most of the shoreline as well as phytoplankton. Fauna include zooplankton, benthos and a number of fish species such as Mirogr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee |
Abrahamic religions | Christianity teaches Original Sin, the doctrine that humanity is inherently sinful since the fall of Adam. Accordingly, salvation from death, suffering, and evil, the consequence of mankind's sinful nature, can only be brought by Death and Resurrection of Jesus
Since humans obeyed the Devil by committing sin, accordin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions |
Isma'ilism | After the fall of the Fatimid Caliphate and its bases in Iran and Syria, the three currently living branches of Isma'ili generally developed geographically isolated from each other, with the exception of Syria (which has both Druze and Nizari) and Pakistan and the rest of South Asia (which had both Mustaali and Nizari)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism |
Deir Yassin massacre | Morning April 11 de Reynier visited Deir Yassin. He reported that he had encountered a "cleaning-up team" when he arrived the village:
The gang [the Irgun detachment] was wearing country uniforms with helmets. All of them were young, some even adolescents, men and women, armed to the teeth: revolvers, machine-guns, ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre |
Muammar Gaddafi | In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution: Third International Theory. This approach regarded both the US and the Soviet Union as imperialist and thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Marxist–Leninist atheism. In this respect, it was similar to the Three Worlds Theor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi |
Mary, mother of Jesus | Eastern Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever-Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus |
Dhulbahante | In July 1901, the British made attempts to expel the Dervish Movement out of the Dhulbahante territory, to achieve this they devised a plan to crush "the Dhulbahante who willingly and persistently assisted" the dervishes. A British colonial Officer, Roy Irons believed the Dhulbahante joined the Dervish movement more ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhulbahante |
List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt | Archangel Coptic Orthodox Church (Damanhur, Beheira)
St. George Coptic Orthodox Church (Damanhur, Beheira)
Holy Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church (Damietta)
Archangel Coptic Orthodox Church (Mansoura, Dakahlia)
St. Anthony & St. Paul the Hermit Coptic Orthodox Church (Mansoura, Dakahlia)
St. Damiana Coptic Orthodox Ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt |
Slavery in Africa | The ancient Red Sea slave trade, which transported enslaved Africans to the Arabian Peninsula across the Red Sea, continued until the 1960s. The annual pilgrimage to Mecca, the Hajj, was a big vehicle for enslavement. Muslim African Hajj pilgrims across the Sahara were duped or given low-cost travel expenses by tribal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa |
Samanid Empire | Blair, Sheila, ed. (1992). The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana. Vol. V. E.J. Brill.
Bregel, Yuri (2003). An Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Vol. 9. Brill. ISBN 9789004123212.
Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids". Iran. 6: 33–44. doi:10... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanid_Empire |
International Security Assistance Force | In February 2005, General Ethem Erdagi of Turkey took command
On 10 February 2005, NATO announced that ISAF would be expanded into the west of Afghanistan. This process began on 31 May 2006, when ISAF took command of two additional Provincial Reconstruction Teams in the provinces of Herat and Farah, and of a Forward Su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force |
Mogadishu | Mogadishu is home to a number of scholastic institutions. As part of the government's urban renewal program, 100 schools across the country are scheduled to be refurbished and reopened. Compulsory education lasts 15 years, Primary and middle school is financed by the state and free of charge in public schools, between ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu |
Arabian leopard | The geographic range of the Arabian leopard is poorly understood but generally considered to be limited to the Arabian Peninsula, including Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. It lives in mountainous uplands and hilly steppes, but seldom moves to open plains, desert or coastal lowlands. Since the late 1990s, leopards were not re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_leopard |
Cavalry | Today the Indian Army's 61st Cavalry is reported to be the largest existing horse-mounted cavalry unit still having operational potential. It was raised in 1951 from the amalgamated state cavalry squadrons of Gwalior, Jodhpur, and Mysore. While primarily utilised for ceremonial purposes, the regiment can be deployed fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry |
Caste | The foundational divisions of caste have historically been seen as a determining factor in one's skills and career prospects. Today, many people perceive higher education as a means of achieving their own professional goals, but there are still methods based on caste assumptions used to keep lower caste out of universi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste |
Etisalat by e& | e& is headquartered in Abu Dhabi and includes three regional offices – Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Northern Emirates. The Northern Emirates regional center is based in Sharjah and covers the telecom's operations in the emirates of Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Fujairah, and Ras Al Khaimah.
In the UAE, e& operates where mobile penetr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etisalat_by_e%26 |
Striped hyena | Striped hyenas are frequently referenced in Middle Eastern literature and folklore, typically as symbols of treachery and stupidity. In the Near and Middle East, striped hyenas are generally regarded as physical incarnations of jinns. Zakariya al-Qazwini (1204–1283) wrote in Arabic of a tribe of people called "Hyena Pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_hyena |
Saint Thomas Christians | As a protest against the interference of the Anglican Church in the affairs of the Puthenkūttukār faction of the Saint Thomas Christians, the Metropolitan, Cheppad Dionysios, convened a Synod at Mavelikara on 16 January 1836. There it was declared that Malankara Church would be subject to the Syrian traditions and Patr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians |
Sharia | Some articles that may be considered precursors of sharia law and rituals can be found in the pre-Islamic Arabic Religions; Hajj, salāt and zakāt could be seen in pre-Islamic Safaitic-Arabic inscriptions, and continuity can be observed in many details, especially in todays hajj and umrah rituals. The veiling order, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) | The Yemeni Civil War, which began in 2014, has been one of the most heavy conflicts in history, and caused a severe humanitarian crisis. In recent years, however, there have been several efforts to achieve a peaceful resolution and bringing stability to the country.
One of the most important developments in the peace p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present) |
Egyptian Arabic | One characteristic feature of Egyptian syntax is the two-part negative verbal circumfix /ma-...-ʃ(i)/, which it shares with other North African dialect areas as well as some southern Levantine dialect areas, probably as a result of the influence of Egyptian Arabic on these areas:
Past: /ˈkatab/ "he wrote" /ma-katab-ʃ(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic |
Pakistani cuisine | Pakistanis eat breads made of wheat flour as a staple part of their diet. Pakistan has a wide variety of breads, often prepared in a tandoor. The tandoori style of cooking is common throughout rural and urban Pakistan, and also has strong roots in neighboring India, Iran and Afghanistan. Some of these are:
Chapati – M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine |
Barbarian | According to the archeologist William Meacham, it was only by the time of the late Shang dynasty that one can speak of "Chinese," "Chinese culture," or "Chinese civilization." "There is a sense in which the traditional view of ancient Chinese history is correct (and perhaps it originated ultimately in the first appeara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian |
Justinian I | Justinian was born in Tauresium, Dardania, probably in 482. A native speaker of Latin (possibly the last Roman emperor to be one), he came from a peasant family thought to have been of either of Illyro-Roman or Thraco-Roman origin. The name Iustinianus, which he took later, is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I |
Arabic grammar | Colloquial spoken Arabic may employ different word order than Classical Arabic or Modern Standard Arabic.
Regarding subject-verb order, Owens et al. (2009), examined three dialects of the Arabian peninsula from a discourse informational and a morpholexical perspective. They show that subject-verb or verb-subject word o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar |
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria | In the course of the Syrian Civil War, including the years 2014 and 2015, reports by Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Amnesty International stated that militias associated with the autonomous region were committing war crimes, in particular members of the People's Protection Units (YPG). The reports from 2014 include repor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria |
Internet in Egypt | The Egyptian government intensified efforts in the years after the overthrow of Morsi to bolster its ability to intercept and monitor messages and data sent over the Internet, affecting with the digital security tools that facilitate secure communication channels. In many cases, these disturbances have completely or pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt |
Middle Ages | Cathedral chapters were expected to operate a school beginning in the late 11th century, and the more-lenient cathedral schools quickly marginalised the traditional monastic schools. Schools reaching the highest level of mastery in the disciplines they taught received the rank of studium generale, or university, from t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages |
Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia has a national health care system in which the government provides free health care services through government agencies. Saudi Arabia has been ranked among the 26 best countries in providing high quality healthcare. The Ministry of Health is the major government agency entrusted with the provision of prev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia |
Coffeehouse | The espresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee drinks made from espresso. Originating in Italy, the espresso bar has spread throughout the world in various forms. Prime examples that are internationally known are Starbucks Coffee, based in Seattle, U.S., and Costa Coffee, based in Dunstable, U.K. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse |
Genitive case | To indicate possession the ending of the noun indicating the possessor changes depending on the word's ending in the nominative case.
For example, to a, u, i, or y in Polish, а, я, ы, or и in Russian, а, я, y, ю, і, и or ей in Ukrainian, and similar cases in other Slavic languages.
Nominative: (pol.) "Oto Anton" / (r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case |
Umayyad Caliphate | The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (r. 724–743), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate |
Sharia | Early Islamic law developed a number of legal concepts that anticipated similar such concepts that later appeared in English common law. Similarities exist between the royal English contract protected by the action of debt and the Islamic Aqd, between the English assize of novel disseisin and the Islamic Istihqaq, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Uganda–Tanzania War | War broke out between Uganda and Tanzania in October 1978, with several Ugandan attacks across the border culminating in an invasion of the Kagera Salient. The circumstances surrounding the outbreak of the war are not clear, and numerous differing accounts of the events exist. Obote wrote that the decision to invade Ka... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War |
Akkadian language | Akkadian verbs have thirteen separate derived stems formed on each root. The basic, underived, stem is the G-stem (from the German Grundstamm, meaning "basic stem"). Causative or intensive forms are formed with the doubled D-stem, and it gets its name from the doubled-middle radical that is characteristic of this form.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language |
Sesame | Sesame seed is a common ingredient in various cuisines. It is used whole in cooking for its rich, nutty flavour. Sesame seeds are sometimes added to bread, including bagels and the tops of hamburger buns. They may be baked into crackers, often in the form of sticks. In Sicily and France, the seeds are eaten on bread (f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame |
Comparative law | Billis, Emmanouil. 'On the methodology of comparative criminal law research: Paradigmatic approaches to the research method of functional comparison and the heuristic device of ideal types', Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 6 (2017): 864–881.
H Collins, 'Methods and Aims of Comparative Contract Law' (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_law |
Wahhabism | In contemporary discourse, the post-Soviet states widely employ the term "Wahhabism" to denote any manifestation of Islamic assertion in neighbouring Muslim countries. During the Soviet-era, the Muslim dissidents were usually labelled with terms such as "Sufi" and "fanatic" employing Islamophobic discourses that arouse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Zellij | The more complex zellij style that we know today became widespread during the first half of the 14th century under the Marinid, Zayyanid, and Nasrid dynastic periods in Morocco, Algeria, and al-Andalus.: 335–336 Due to the significant cultural unity and relations between al-Andalus and the western Maghreb, the forms o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellij |
Education in Yemen | After the nine years of primary education, students receive Intermediate School Certificate and attend secondary school for three years. In addition to normal secondary schools in which to prepare for university, technical secondary schools, vocational training centers, a veterinary training school, a Health Manpower T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Yemen |
Jean-François Champollion | In 1827, Ippolito Rosellini, who had first met Champollion during his 1826 stay in Florence, went to Paris for a year in order to improve his knowledge of the method of Champollion's system of decipherment. The two philologists decided to organize an expedition to Egypt to confirm the validity of the discovery. Headed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion |
Wahhabism | The Wahhabi scholars upheld the right of qualified scholars to perform Ijtihad on legal questions and condemned Taqleed of Mujtahids. This stance pitted them against the Ottoman Sufi ulema who shunned Ijtihad and obligated Taqleed. The Arab Salafiyya reformers of 19th and 20th centuries would defend the Wahhabis on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
17 October Revolution | According to The Economist, Lebanon's dysfunction and mismanagement which followed the protests, has originated in the country's sectarian political system codified by the Taif agreement, which took place in 1989. The Taif agreement enshrines a sect-based political system, where political authority is allocated based o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_October_Revolution |
Al-Khwarizmi | Few details of al-Khwārizmī's life are known with certainty. Ibn al-Nadim gives his birthplace as Khwarazm, and he is generally thought to have come from this region. Of Persian stock, his name means 'of Khwarazm', a region that was part of Greater Iran, and is now part of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
Al-Tabari gives h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi |
Antisemitism in the Arab world | For a personal account of the discrimination and physical attacks experienced by Jews in Tunisia the Jewish-Arab anti-colonialist writer Albert Memmi wrote:
At each crisis, with every incident of the slightest importance, the mob would go wild, setting fire to Jewish shops. This even happened during the Yom Kippur War... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world |
Rentier state | Consequently, in these resource-rich rentier states there is a challenge to developing civil society and democratization. Hence, theorists such as Beblawi conclude that the nature of rentier states provides a particular explanation for the presence of authoritarian regimes in such resource rich states.
Beblawi identifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentier_state |
Hammadid dynasty | The Hammadid domain stretched across the entirety of the Central Maghreb, comprising the northern expanse of contemporary Algeria. At its establishment during Hammad's reign, a pact was forged with his cousin Badis, stipulating that Hammad would retain authority over a substantial swath of the Central Maghreb (Algeria)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty |
2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency | The talks for the new government seemed to continually drag on over the months and a power vacuum began to develop in Baghdad as Allawi waited to hand over power. As the political progress slowed, guerrilla attacks also began to gradually rise once more in April. Insurgents began a renewed effort to dispel any beliefs ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency |
Ottoman Tunisia | After 1705, the Bey of Tunisia was held by the Husaynid dynasty, which effectively governed Tunisia as a hereditary monarchy from 1705 to 1881. Although formally considered vassals of the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century, the beys of Tunis enjoyed a significant degree of independence and often conducted their own ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia |
Ancient Mesopotamian religion | Each Mesopotamian city was home to a deity, and each of the prominent deities was the patron of a city, and all known temples were located in cities, though there may have been shrines in the suburbs. The temple itself was constructed of mud brick in the form of a ziggurat, which rose to the sky in a series of stairste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion |
Al-Azhar Mosque | Saladin, who overthrew the Fatimids in 1171, was hostile to the Shi’ite principles of learning propounded at al-Azhar during the Fatimid Caliphate, and under his Ayyubid dynasty the mosque suffered from neglect. Congregational prayers were banned by Sadr al-Din ibn Dirbass, appointed qadi by Saladin. The reason for thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque |
Al-Aqsa Mosque | After the Ottomans assumed power in 1517, they did not undertake any major renovations or repairs to the mosque itself, but they did to the Noble Sanctuary as a whole. This included the building of the Fountain of Qasim Pasha (1527), the restoration of the Pool of Raranj, and the building of three free-standing domes—t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque |
Sine and cosine | The sine and cosine functions are infinitely differentiable. The derivative of sine is cosine, and the derivative of cosine is negative sine:
d
d
x
sin
(
x
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine |
Saudization | The Main Challenge that Saudization face is that Saudi employees demand better working conditions than expats, as it is expected for expats to work with no weekends and with 10–12 hour shifts. In terms of salary, expats accept a lower salary than their Saudi counterparts, as they send most of their wages to their home ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudization |
Sea of Galilee | The warm waters of the Sea of Galilee support various flora and fauna, which have supported a significant commercial fishery for more than two millennia. Local flora include various reeds along most of the shoreline as well as phytoplankton. Fauna include zooplankton, benthos and a number of fish species such as Mirogr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee |
Houthi insurgency | On February 26, 2012, heavy fighting occurred in Hajjah governorate as Houthis fought Sunni tribesmen loyal to the Al-Islah party. At least seven fighters from the Hojjor tribe were killed and nine others injured, while in the Ahem area nine bodies were found, belonging to Houthi fighters. Houthis launched an assault b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthi_insurgency |
Tayy | The Tayy's initial reaction to the emergence of Islam in Arabia was varied, with some embracing the new faith and others resistant. The Tayyid clans of Jabal Tayy, all of whom lived within close proximity of each other, had maintained close relationships with the inhabitants and tribes of Mecca and Medina, the setting ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayy |
Sasanian Empire | In general, mass slavery was never practiced by the Iranians, and in many cases the situation and lives of semi-slaves (prisoners of war) were, in fact, better than those of the commoner. In Persia, the term "slave" was also used for debtors who had to use some of their time to serve in a fire-temple.
Some of the laws ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Justinian I | As was the case under Justinian's predecessors, the Empire's economic health rested primarily on agriculture. In addition, long-distance trade flourished, reaching as far north as Cornwall where tin was exchanged for Roman wheat. Within the Empire, convoys sailing from Alexandria provided Constantinople with wheat and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I |
Imamate in Shia doctrine | Sunnis reject the doctrine of Imamate on the basis of their interpretation of verse 33:40 of the Qur'an which says that Muhammad, as the seal of the Prophets, "is not the father of any of your men"; and that is why God let Muhammad's sons die in infancy. This is why Muhammad did not nominate a successor, as he wanted t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine |
Qu'aiti | Sons of Umar bin Awadh al Qu'aiti, who became a jemadar in the forces of the Nizam of Hyderabad State (now in India), first took the town of Shibam from the rival Kathiris in 1858 to consolidate their rule over all of Hadhramaut.
In 1866, Sultan Ghalib bin Muhsin, Shaikh of the Kathiri, expelled Ali bin Naji from Shihr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%27aiti |
History of philosophy | The philosophy of Socrates (469–399 BCE) and Plato (427–347 BCE) built on Presocratic philosophy but also introduced significant changes in focus and methodology. Socrates did not write anything himself, and his influence is largely due to the impact he made on his contemporaries, particularly through his approach to p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy |
Dynasty of Isin | Ishbi-Erra (fl. c. 1953—1920 BCE by the short chronology) was the founder of the Dynasty of Isin. Ishbi-Erra of the First Dynasty of Isin was preceded by Ibbi-Sin of the Third Dynasty of Ur in ancient Lower Mesopotamia, and then succeeded by Šu-ilišu. According to the Weld-Blundell Prism, Ishbi-Erra reigned for 33 year... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin |
Arab and Muslim rescue efforts during the Holocaust | Selahattin Ülkümen was the consul-general of Turkey on the island of Rhodes. On 19 July 1944, the Gestapo ordered all of the island’s Jewish population to gather at its headquarters: ostensibly they were to register for "temporary transportation to a small island nearby", but in reality they were gathered for transport... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_and_Muslim_rescue_efforts_during_the_Holocaust |
Almoravid dynasty | It was around this time that Abu Bakr ibn Umar founded the new capital of Marrakesh. Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this event ranging from 1062, given by Ibn Abi Zar and Ibn Khaldun, to 1078 (470 AH), given by Muhammad al-Idrisi. The year 1070, given by Ibn Idhari, is more commonly used by modern histo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Relations between Egypt and the United States witnessed tensions after the overthrow of Mohamed Morsi. The United States under the Obama administration strongly condemned Sisi's administration on several occasions before deciding to delay selling four F-16 fighter jets, Apaches and Abrams' kits to Egypt. The US also ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Othello | In Shakespeare's main source, Cinthio's Gli Hecatommithi, the character Disdemona (the equivalent of Shakespeare's Desdemona) says "I know not what to say of the Moor; he used to be all love towards me; but within these few days he has become another man; and much I fear that I shall prove a warning to young girls not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello |
Climate of Tunisia | Tunisia has experienced a significant increase in temperatures over the 20th and early 21st centuries, with the average temperature rising by approximately 1.2 °C from 1901 to 2020. This trend of rising temperatures is expected to continue, leading to numerous impacts on the country's ecosystems, agriculture, and human... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Tunisia |
History of slavery | Barbary Corsairs continued to trade in European slaves into the Modern time-period. Muslim pirates, primarily Algerians with the support of the Ottoman Empire, raided European coasts and shipping from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and took thousands of captives, whom they sold or enslaved. Many were held for ransom, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery |
Siddiq Hasan Khan | According to University of Erfurt professor Jamal Malik, the British overthrow of Khan was due to a number of political concerns rather than wrongdoing on Khan's own part. The start of the Mahdist War in Sudan in 1881 (which Khan ironically openly opposed), diplomatic ties between Khan's wife and the Sharif of Mecca an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan |
Six-Day War | On the morning of 9 June, Israeli jets began carrying out dozens of sorties against Syrian positions from Mount Hermon to Tawfiq, using rockets salvaged from captured Egyptian stocks. The airstrikes knocked out artillery batteries and storehouses and forced transport columns off the roads. The Syrians suffered heavy ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War |
Ottoman Egypt | Bonaparte returned from that ill-fated expedition at the beginning of June. Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey had taken advantage of this opportunity to collect their forces and attempt a joint attack on Cairo, but Bonaparte arrived in time to defeat it. In the last week of July, he inflicted a crushing defeat on the Turkish a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt |
Wahhabism | Original Salafiyya and its intellectual heritage were not hostile to competing Islamic legal traditions. However, critics argue that as Salafis aligned with Saudi promoted neo-Wahhabism, religious concessions for Saudi political patronage distorted the early thrust of the renaissance movement. The early Salafiyya leade... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Hammadid dynasty | In 1103–1104 the Hammadids defeated the Almoravids and took control of Tlemcen. During the reign of al-Mansur's son Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur (r. 1105–1121), Béjaïa had about 100,000 people, and the Hammadids consolidated their power in the city. The dynasty suffered a decline after this point; efforts to develop more sea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty |
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