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Twelver Shi'ism | In Shia theology Ismah means "impeccability", "immunity to sin" and "infallibility. " When Ismah is attributed to human beings, the concept means "the ability of avoiding acts of disobedience, in spite of having the power to commit them, " As in Prophets and Imams, Ismah is a Divine grace realized by God's preservation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism |
Fiqh | The modus operandi of the Muslim jurist is known as usul al-fiqh ("principles of jurisprudence").
There are different approaches to the methodology used in jurisprudence to derive Islamic rulings from the primary sources of sharia (Islamic law). The main methodologies are those of the Sunni, Shi'a and Ibadi denominatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh |
List of extinct Shia sects | Bazighiyya– who believed that Ja'far al-Sadiq was God.
Dhammiyya– who believed that Ali was God and Muhammad was his appointed Messenger and Prophet.
Ghurabiyya– who believed the angel Gabriel was mistaken.
Hurufiyya– who believed God is incarnated in every atom, reminiscent of the Alevi-Bektashism.
Nuqtavi– who believ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects |
Augustus | There was widespread dissatisfaction with Octavian over these settlements of his soldiers, and this encouraged many to rally at the side of Lucius Antonius, who was brother of Mark Antony and supported by a majority in the Senate. Meanwhile, Octavian asked for a divorce from Claudia, the daughter of Fulvia (Antony's wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus |
Ardashir I | After the demise of Commodus, Roman emperor, in 192 AD, a rivalry between his generals, Pescennius Niger and Septimius Severus, arose, and Vologases V, Parthian emperor, decided to support Niger against Severus. According to Herodian's History, the Parthian emperor only managed to request his local following governors ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardashir_I |
Democratic Union Party (Syria) | Stance in early stages of the conflict (March 2011–July 2012)
With the outbreak of anti-government demonstrations across Syria in early 2011, the PYD joined the Kurdish Patriotic Movement in May, was a founding member of the National Coordination Body for Democratic Change in July, and of the KCK-aligned People's Coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria) |
Bombardment of Algiers (1816) | Exmouth in Queen Charlotte anchored approximately 80 yd (73 m) off the mole, facing the Algerian guns. However, a number of the other ships anchored out of position, notably Admiral Milne aboard HMS Impregnable, who was 400 yards from where he should have been. This error reduced the effectiveness of these ships and ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816) |
Kashgar | The founding of the Tang dynasty in 618 saw the beginning of a prolonged struggle between China and the Western Turks for control of the Tarim Basin. In 635, the Tang Annals reported an emissary from the king of Kashgar to the Tang capital. In 639 there was a second emissary bringing products of Kashgar as a token of s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar |
Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi | Al-Mufaddal was a non-Arab mawlā ("client") of the Ju'fa, a tribe belonging to the South-Arabian Madhhij confederation. Apart from the fact that he was a money-changer based in Kufa (Iraq), very little is known about his life. He probably managed the financial affairs of the Shi'ite Imams Ja'far al-Sadiq (c. 700–765) a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi |
One Thousand and One Nights | The main frame story concerns Shahryār, whom the narrator calls a "Sasanian king" ruling in "India and China". Shahryār is shocked to learn that his brother's wife is unfaithful. Discovering that his own wife's infidelity has been even more flagrant, he has her killed. In his bitterness and grief, he decides that all w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights |
Muslim conquest of Persia | Under Umar and his immediate successors, the Arab conquerors attempted to maintain their political and cultural cohesion despite the attractions of the civilizations they had conquered. The Arabs initially settled in the garrison towns rather than on scattered estates.
The new non-Muslim subjects were protected by the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia |
'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari | He was born in Bilad al-'Ajam (Persia was often called Bilad al-'Ajam [land of 'Ajam]) and educated in Bukhara, where he studied under Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazani. It was from him that al-Bukhari inherited a profound dislike for monistic philosophy, which he saw as synonymous with Ibn 'Arabi and his followers. Al-Bukhari ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | In August 2014, President Sisi initiated a new Suez Canal, a parallel channel running about one-third the length of the existing waterway, which would double capacity of the existing canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. The new canal is expected to increase the Suez Canal's revenues by 259% from current annual revenues of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
Mauritania | In December 1984 Haidallah was deposed by Colonel Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, who, while retaining tight military control, relaxed the political climate. Ould Taya moderated Mauritania's previous pro-Algerian stance, and re-established ties with Morocco during the late 1980s. He deepened these ties during the late 199... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania |
Sasanian Empire | Following the conquest of Iran and neighboring regions, Shapur I extended his authority northwest of the Indian subcontinent. The previously autonomous Kushans were obliged to accept his suzerainty. These were the western Kushans which controlled Afghanistan while the eastern Kushans were active in India. Although the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Shakira | Shakira starred as a voice actress in the 2016 animated movie Zootopia, voicing a character named Gazelle and singing a song titled "Try Everything". She began work on her eleventh studio album at the beginning of 2016. In May 2016, she collaborated with Colombian singer Carlos Vives on the track "La Bicicleta", which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira |
Iraq and weapons of mass destruction | On 30 May 2003, Paul Wolfowitz stated in an interview with Vanity Fair magazine that the issue of weapons of mass destruction was the point of greatest agreement among Bush's team among the reasons to remove Saddam Hussein from power. He said, "The truth is that for reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S. governmen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction |
Gaza–Israel conflict | On 31 July 2014 on the 23rd day of the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Ireland's Foreign Minister Charlie Flanagan said he shared "the horror and revulsion of senators and very many of our citizens at the horrendous scenes we have witnessed since the start of the Israeli military operation." The Irish government, he said, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict |
Air France Flight 8969 | Once the hijackers noticed the boarding stairs moving towards them, they recognised the imminent assault. Through the cockpit window, a hijacker fired upon the stairs containing the forward GIGN team. As the first stairs reached the front starboard (right) door, it became apparent that it was elevated too high relative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969 |
History of Tunisia | The Eastern Romans or Byzantine Empire eventually recaptured Northwest Africa in 534, under their celebrated general Belisarius. The Byzantines rebuilt fortifications and border defenses (the limes), and entered into treaties with the Berbers. Nevertheless, for many decades security and prosperity were precarious and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia |
1990 FIFA World Cup | Two of the ties—Brazil vs Argentina and Italy vs Uruguay—pitted former champion countries against each other and West Germany met the Netherlands in a rematch of the 1974 World Cup Final. The all-South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup |
Ridda Wars | Agha Ibrahim Akram (1969). Khalid Bin Al-Waleed Sword of Allah : A Biographical Study (PDF). pp. 97–100. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
al-Hanbali, Ibn al-Mubarrad (2014). Muhammad Al-Azhari Abu Al-Mundhir, Saleh bin (ed.). Mahd Al-Maram fi Fadil Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam [Pure Mercy in the Virtues of Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam]. p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridda_Wars |
Syrian Armed Forces | In 1987 Joshua Sinai of the Library of Congress wrote that the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) was the dominant military service, and as such controlled the senior-most posts in the armed forces and had the most manpower, approximately 80% of the combined services. In 1987 Joshua Sinai wrote that the major development in struct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces |
List of Muslim states and dynasties | Sudan, South Sudan
Banu Kanz (1004–1412, Nubian)
Kingdom of al-Abwab (1276–1560)
Darfur Sultanate (1445–1916)
Dar Fertit (1700–1873)
Dar al Masalit Sultanate (1884–1921)
Dar Qimr Sultanate (1850–1945)
Funj Sultanate (1503–1821)
Kingdom of Fazughli (1685–1821, Under Sennar)
Kordofan Sultanate (1700–1821)
Khedivate of E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties |
Tunisian naturalization issue | The first laws allowing Tunisians to obtain French citizenship were enacted in 1887, six years after the protectorate's establishment. The law of July 29, 1887, specified:
Article 1: May, after the age of twenty-one, be allowed to enjoy the rights of French citizens: the Tunisian subject who has served three years in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_naturalization_issue |
Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry | Initial rejection of the authenticity of the corpus of pre-Islamic poetry came in the early 20th century, from a paper by D.S. Margoliouth in 1925 and the book On Pre-Islamic Poetry by Taha Husayn in 1926. Use of pre-Islamic poetry in the field of Quranic studies also declined compared to earlier eras after the skeptic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry |
Mongol Empire | With the death of Ilkhan Abu Said Bahatur in 1335, Mongol rule faltered and Persia fell into political anarchy. A year later his successor was killed by an Oirat governor, and the Ilkhanate was divided between the Suldus, the Jalayir, Qasarid Togha Temür (d. 1353), and Persian warlords. Taking advantage of the chaos, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire |
Islam in Italy | The cultural and economical bloom in Sicily that had started under the Kalbids was interrupted by internecine fights, followed by invasions by the Tunisian Zirids (1027), Pisa (1030–1035), and the Romans (1027 onwards). Eastern Sicily (Messina, Syracuse and Taormina) was captured by the Byzantines in 1038–1042. In 1059... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Italy |
Liberalism | Isolated strands of liberal thought had existed in Eastern philosophy since the Chinese Spring and Autumn period and Western philosophy since the Ancient Greeks. The economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Chinese Taoist philosopher Laozi was the first libertarian, likening Laozi's ideas on government to Friedrich Hay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism |
Almohad Caliphate | The Almohads had taken control of the Almoravid Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147. The Almohads rejected the mainstream Islamic doctrine that established the status of dhimmi, a Non-Muslim resident of a Muslim country who was allowed to practice his religion on condition of submission to Muslim rule and payme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate |
Quranism | Individuals with full or partial Quranistic ideas include:
Kassim Ahmad (1933–2017), Malaysian intellectual, writer, poet and an educator known for his rejection of the authority of hadiths. He was the founder of the Quranic Society of Malaysia. At the time of his death, he was working on a Malay translation of the Qu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism |
Hezbollah–Iran relations | 2007: Nasrallah visited Damascus, Syria, meeting with Iranian President Ahmadinejad.
2010: The leaders of Hezbollah, Syria and Iran meet in Damascus.
May 2008: Hezbollah operatives planned a bomb attack against the Israeli embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan in retaliation of the killing of Imad Mughniyah, but Azerbaijani auth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Iran_relations |
Al-Mu'tasim | Whatever the true background of his accession, al-Mu'tasim owed his rise to the throne not only to his strong personality and leadership skills, but principally to the fact that he was the only Abbasid prince to control independent military power, in the form of his Turkish corps. Unlike his brother, who tried to use t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim |
Manumission | Under Roman law, a slave had no personhood and was protected under law mainly as his or her master's property. In Ancient Rome, a slave who had been manumitted was a libertus (feminine liberta) and a citizen. Manumissions were subject to a state tax.
The soft felt pileus hat was a symbol of the freed slave and manumis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumission |
Quranism | In Egypt during the early 20th century, the ideas of Quranists like Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi grew out of the reformist ideas of Muhammad Abduh, specifically a rejection of taqlid and an emphasis on the Quran. Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi of Egypt "held that nothing of the Hadith was recorded until after enough time had elapsed t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism |
Niqāb | There are many styles of niqab and other facial veils worn by Muslim women around the world. The two most common forms are the half niqab and the gulf-style or full niqab.
The half niqab is a simple length of fabric with elastic or ties and is worn around the face. This garment typically leaves the eyes and part of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niq%C4%81b |
Blancmange | The origins of the blancmange have long been believed to lie in the introduction of rice and almonds in early medieval Europe by Arab traders. Recently, it has been shown that there have been similar Arab dishes from that period such as muhallebi. Muhallebi or another similar dish from the medieval Islamic world, sprea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancmange |
2009 attack on the Sri Lanka national cricket team | Pakistan – The attack was condemned by the Pakistani president Asif Ali Zardari and prime minister Yousaf Raza Gillani. Governor Salmaan Taseer stated that the same people who executed the 2008 Mumbai attacks were responsible for this attack. Following the attack, Pakistan's interior minister Rehman Malik declared Paki... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_attack_on_the_Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team |
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire | Europe became dominated by nation states with the rise of nationalism in Europe. The 19th century saw the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire which resulted in the establishment of an independent Greece in 1821, Serbia in 1835, and Bulgaria in 1877–1878. Unlike the European nations, the Ottoman Empire made lit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire |
Islamic University of Gaza | Just after midnight on 28/29 December 2008 local time, the university was bombed in six air strikes by the Israeli Air Force during the 2008 Gaza War. The attack destroyed a number of important buildings including 74 labs used by science and engineering students and the Biology Exhibition, which had contained an archiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Gaza |
Baháʼu'lláh | Having lost all respect or influence among Bábís who had become Bahá’ís, Mirza Yahya again sought to discredit Baháʼu’lláh with Ottoman authorities, accusing him of agitating against the Turkish government. Yahya’s actions provoked a government investigation, which cleared Baháʼu’lláh—but fearing religious issues might... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h |
Peroz I | Alram, Michael (2014). "From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush". The Numismatic Chronicle. 174: 261–291. JSTOR 44710198. (registration required)
Avdoyan, Levon (2018). "Avarayr, Battle of (Awarayr)". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroz_I |
Operation Indian Ocean | The President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, the Special Representative of the Chairperson of the AU Commission for Somalia and Head of AMISOM Ambassador Maman S. Sidikou, State Minister for Defence Mohamed Ali Hagaa, Deputy Minister for Public Works and Reconstruction Mohamed Ismail Shurie, senior Somali National A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Indian_Ocean |
Mahdi Army | After Sadr's militia besieged a police station in Najaf and the local governor called for assistance, the US military intervened again. US troops arrested Sadr's representative in Karbala, Sheikh Mithal al Hasnawi on July 31 and surrounded al-Sadr's home on August 3. British troops in Basra also moved against al-Sadr f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_Army |
Mauro-Roman Kingdom | One of the Berber rulers of Mauretania, Masuna, titled himself as Rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum, which may be translated as either "king of the people of Mauri and of the Romans" or as "king of the Mauri and Roman peoples". Although many Berber warlords had employed the term rex or "king" to describe themselves, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom |
Cavalry | In the army of the late Roman Empire, cavalry played an increasingly important role. The Spatha, the classical sword throughout most of the 1st millennium was adopted as the standard model for the Empire's cavalry forces. By the 6th century these had evolved into lengthy straight weapons influenced by Persian and other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry |
Byzantine North Africa | In the older literature, the Byzantine rule in the Maghreb is often portrayed as a failed project which, despite the high economic power of the province of Africa, is said to have brought no real benefit to the Eastern Roman Empire, but only constant wars and thus a wear and tear of troops. In fact, the epoch was at ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa |
Sources of Sharia | Qiyas or analogical reason is the fourth source of Sharia for the majority of Sunni jurisprudence. It aims to draw analogies to a previously accepted decision. Shiites do not accept analogy, but replace it with reason (aql); among Sunnis, the Hanbalites have traditionally been reluctant to accept analogy while the Zahi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_Sharia |
French conquest of Algeria | The French expedition to conquer the Saharan lands began in March 1844 at Biskra, a strategic location near Constantine in the Zibra region, with Louis-Philippe, due d'Aumale, a twenty-two-year-old general leading the troops. The necessity of arriving at Constantine by a different route, following the firm and successf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria |
Sharia | A judge (qadi) was in charge of the qadi's court (mahkama), also called the Sharia court. Qadis were trained in Islamic law, though not necessarily to a level required to issue fatwas. Court personnel also included a number of assistants performing various roles. Judges were theoretically independent in their decisions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Moorish architecture | In the 10th century Abd ar-Rahman III declared a new Caliphate in al-Andalus and inaugurated the height of Andalusi power in the region. He marked this political evolution with the creation of a vast and lavish palace-city called Madinat al-Zahra, located just outside Cordoba on the lower slopes of the Sierra Morena. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_architecture |
United Arab Republic | Advocates of the union believed that Nasser would use the Ba'ath Party for ruling Syria. Unfortunately for the Ba'athists, it was never Nasser's intention to share an equal measure of power. Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly with 400 members from Egypt and 200 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic |
Kerala | Under a democratic communist local government, Kerala has achieved a record of social development much more advanced than the Indian average. As of 2015, Kerala has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.770, which is in the "high" category, ranking it first in the country. It was 0.790 in 2007–08 and it had a consumptio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala |
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca | The treaty has been a continuing source of controversy for statesmen and scholars. The different reproductions of the treaty have led to divergences in the different languages, and thus they have been the source of some confusion.
While most of the treaty is straightforward, Articles 7 and 14 have been the source of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca |
Denys Johnson-Davies | Selected Translations
The Wedding of Zein and Other Stories by Tayeb Salih and illustrated by Ibrahim Salahi, 1968, Heinemann African Writers Series
Season of Migration to the North by Tayeb Salih, 1969, Heinemann African Writers Series
The Smell of It & Other Stories by Sonallah Ibrahim, 1971, Heinemann African Write... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Johnson-Davies |
State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list) | Syria was added to the list on December 29, 1979. It is the only country from the original 1979 list to remain on the list, following Libya's removal in 2006.
According to 2021 edition of Country Reports on Terrorism published by the United States:
Designated in 1979 as a State Sponsor of Terrorism, Syria continued it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list) |
State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list) | Iran was added to the list on January 19, 1984. According to Country Reports on Terrorism 2013:
Overview: Designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism in 1984, Iran continued its terrorist-related activity, including support for Palestinian resistance groups in Gaza, and for Hezbollah. It has also increased its presence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list) |
Sudanese Arabic | Victoria Bernal, 1991, Cultivating Workers, Peasants and Capitalism in a Sudanese Village, New York: Columbia University Press, see glossary of Sudanese Arabic words pp 203–206.
James Dickins. 2008. Online Arabic/English Dictionary of Sudanese Arabic, and English/Arabic Dictionary of Sudanese Arabic available at http:/... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | Dr. Ido Hart, an Israeli defence analyst specialising in underground warfare, defined three types of Gaza tunnels, namely those intended for 'smuggling' from Egypt, those which are 'defensive' in nature designed for storage and protection, and those that are 'offensive' permitting cross-border penetrations into Israel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Gaza City | The major agricultural products are strawberries, citrus, dates, olives, flowers, and various vegetables. Pollution and high demand for water have reduced the productive capacity of farms in the Gaza Strip. Small-scale industries include the production of plastics, construction materials, textiles, furniture, pottery, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City |
Internet censorship | Several governments have resorted to shutting down most or all Internet connections in all or part of the country.
This appears to have been the case on 27 and 28 January 2011 during the 2011 Egyptian protests, in what has been widely described as an "unprecedented" internet block. About 3500 Border Gateway Protocol (B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship |
Anti-Zionism | Arabs began paying attention to Zionism in the late Ottoman period. In 1899, compelled by a "holy duty of conscience", Yousef al-Khalidi, mayor of Jerusalem and a member of the Ottoman Parliament, wrote a letter to Zadok Kahn, the chief rabbi of France to voice his concerns that Zionism would jeopardize the friendly as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionism |
Fahd of Saudi Arabia | Fearing that the 1979 Revolution in Iran could lead to similar Islamic upheaval in Saudi Arabia, Fahd spent considerable sums, after ascending the throne in 1982, to support Saddam Hussein's Baathist Iraq in its war with Iran. In fact, according to United States Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Fahd told Haig in Apri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia |
Alabaster | In modern Europe, the centre of the alabaster trade is Florence, Italy. Tuscan alabaster occurs in nodular masses embedded in limestone, interstratified with marls of Miocene and Pliocene age. The mineral is worked largely by means of underground galleries, in the district of Volterra. Several varieties are recognized—... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaster |
Sinai and Palestine campaign | Early reconnaissances by the ANZAC Mounted Division covered considerable distances from Romani as far as Oghratina, to Bir el Abd and Bir Bayud. The longest raid was made on 31 May 1916 by the New Zealand Mounted Rifle Brigade to Salmana, covering 100 kilometres (62 mi) in 36 hours.
After the middle of May and in parti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign |
Syria (region) | In the most common historical sense, 'Syria' refers to the entire northern Levant, including Alexandretta and the Ancient City of Antioch or in an extended sense the entire Levant as far south as Roman Egypt, including Mesopotamia. The area of "Greater Syria" (سُوْرِيَّة ٱلْكُبْرَىٰ, Sūrīyah al-Kubrā); also called "Nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region) |
Old Assyrian period | In large parts, the invasion or raid of Mesopotamia by the Hittite king Mursili I in c. 1595 BC was critical to Assyria's later development. This invasion destroyed the then dominant power in Mesopotamia, the Old Babylonian Empire, which created a vacuum of power that led to the formation of the Kassite kingdom of Baby... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period |
Women in Kuwait | Women's rights activism began in Kuwait in the 1950s with the establishment of many women's groups (lijân nisâ’iah). Noureya Al-Saddani established the first of these groups, the Arab Women's Renaissance Association (later, Family Renaissance Association), in 1962. The Women's Cultural and Social Society followed a yea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait |
Zubarah | There have been separate claims made by Qatar and Bahrain over the territory of Zubarah since the time of Ottoman rule. Following the signing of the 1868 sovereignty treaty by the Al Thani, the earliest recorded disagreement over ownership occurred in 1873, when the Bahraini emir claimed sovereignty over Zubarah after ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubarah |
Economic history of Somalia | Siad Barre legitimated his 1969 coup d'état in terms of the national economic malaise. On October 20, 1970, the first anniversary of the coup, he announced:
In our Revolution we believe that we have broken the chain of a consumer economy based on imports, and we are free to decide our destiny. And in order to realize ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia |
Saddam Hussein | Iraqi society fissures along lines of language, religion and ethnicity. The Ba'ath Party, secular by nature, adopted Pan-Arab ideologies which in turn were problematic for significant parts of the population. Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, Iraq faced the prospect of régime change from two Shi'ite factions (D... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein |
Israel | In 1516, the Ottoman Empire conquered the region and ruled it as part of Ottoman Syria. Two violent incidents took place against Jews, the 1517 Safed attacks and the 1517 Hebron attacks, after the Turkish Ottomans ousted the Mamluks during the Ottoman–Mamluk War. Under the Ottoman Empire, the Levant was fairly cosmopol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel |
Egyptian hieroglyphs | Egyptian writing is often redundant: in fact, it happens very frequently that a word is followed by several characters writing the same sounds, in order to guide the reader. For example, the word nfr, "beautiful, good, perfect", was written with a unique triliteral that was read as nfr:
However, it is considerably mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs |
Sharia | In the Western world, Sharia has been called a source of "hysteria", "more controversial than ever", the one aspect of Islam that inspires "particular dread". On the Internet, "dozens of self-styled counter-jihadis" emerged to campaign against Sharia law, describing it in strict interpretations resembling those of Sala... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia |
Moses in Islam | After leaving Egypt, Musa leads the Israelites to Mount Sinai (Tur). Upon arrival, Musa leaves the people, instructing them that Harun is to be their leader during his absence. Musa encountered Iblis at Mount Sinai and Musa asked him why he refused to prostrate before Ādam. Musa is commanded by God to fast for thirty d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_in_Islam |
Arab Spring | Following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in Sidi Bouzid, a series of increasingly violent street demonstrations through December 2010 ultimately led to the ousting of longtime President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali on 14 January 2011. The demonstrations were preceded by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring |
2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency | A number of factors played into the beginning of the insurgency in Iraq. Invading U.S.-led forces were unable to immediately fill the power vacuum caused by the sudden collapse of a highly centralized state authority, resulting in weeks of virtual anarchy. Due to the fact that Saddam Hussein terrorized his military and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency |
Omar Khayyam | Omar Khayyam was born in Nishapur—a metropolis in Khorasan province, of Persian stock, in 1048. In medieval Persian texts he is usually simply called Omar Khayyam.: 658 Although open to doubt, it has often been assumed that his forebears followed the trade of tent-making, since Khayyam means 'tent-maker' in Arabic.: 3... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam |
Hirak (Algeria) | On 28 February 2019, the economist Omar Benderra asserted that a deep separation exists between civil society and the Algerian government, which outlawed street protests twenty years ago, and which he wrote is controlled by "warlords". Public opinion, Benderra continues, is suspicious of official government communicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria) |
14th century in literature | 1323 – The name Pléiade is adopted by a group of fourteen poets (seven men and seven women) in Toulouse.
1324: 3 May (Holy Cross Day) – The Consistori del Gay Saber, founded the previous year in Toulouse to revive and perpetuate the lyric poetry of the Old Occitan troubadors, holds its first contest. Arnaut Vidal de Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century_in_literature |
Hasmonean dynasty | While this civil war was going on the Roman general Marcus Aemilius Scaurus went to Syria to take possession, in the name of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, of the kingdom of the Seleucids. The brothers appealed to him, each endeavouring by gifts and promises to win him over to his side. At first Scaurus, moved by a gift of fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty |
Biblical narratives in the Quran | The Quran usually mentions God creating Adam from "earth" or "clay" (ṭīn, although one verse suggests "dust" or "dirt" (turāb)). God is said to breathe his spirit into Adam as in the Genesis creation narrative, and also to have created him simply by saying "Be". The Quran then depicts the angels as doubting the creati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran |
Nubia | Around 350 AD, the area was invaded by the Kingdom of Aksum and the Meroitic kingdom collapsed. Three smaller Christian kingdoms replaced it: the northernmost was Nobatia (capital Pachoras; now modern-day Faras, Egypt) between the first and second cataract of the Nile River; in the middle was Makuria (capital Old Dongo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia |
Islamic State | Documents found after the death of Samir Abd Muhammad al-Khlifawi, a former colonel in the intelligence service of the Iraqi Air Force before the US invasion who had been described as "the strategic head" of ISIL, detailed planning for the ISIL takeover of northern Syria which made possible "the group's later advances ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State |
Investment in post-invasion Iraq | Funds for Iraq reconstruction are disbursed to Iraqi ministries, non-Iraqi government agencies and various non-governmental groups. These entities then supervise the acquisition of materials and reconstruction work which is conducted by both foreign and Iraqi contractors.
Funds held by the United Nations Development G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq |
Romanesque art | The oldest-known fragments of medieval pictorial stained glass appear to date from the 10th century. The earliest intact figures are five prophet windows at Augsburg, dating from the late 11th century. The figures, though stiff and formalised, demonstrate considerable proficiency in design, both pictorially and in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_art |
University of al-Qarawiyyin | The interior hypostyle prayer hall takes up most of the mosque's area. Like the interior of most traditional mosques in Moroccan architecture, it is a relatively austere space with mostly plain walls, wooden roofs, and rows upon rows of arches. The main area, south of the courtyard, is a vast space divided into ten tra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin |
Shahada | The Shahada can be translated into English as "There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God." In English, capitalization of a word's initial letter indicates that it is a proper noun; that is, the name of a unique entity. If it is a noun with a lower case initial letter it is a "common noun"; that is a nam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada |
2019–2021 Iraqi protests | 20 September: Several Iraqi protesters reportedly gathered overnight in the city of Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar province to criticize the abduction of a renowned activist, including the injury of another activist. Three main bridges, alongside roads were said to have been shut down by the protesters as they burnt down tires. Tw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests |
Tin-glazing | Only one tin compound, tin (IV) oxide Tin dioxide (SnO2), also called stannic acid, is commercially exploited for tin glaze.
After firing, tin oxide remains in suspension in the vitreous matrix of the glaze. Because tin's high refractive index is different from the vitreous matrix, light is scattered: hence the opac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-glazing |
Ibadi Islam | The fiqh or jurisprudence of Ibadis is based on the same fundamental principles as Sunni and Shi'a juristic traditions, but the Ibadis reject taqlid or deference and stress the importance of ijtihad, or independent reasoning. Contemporary Ibadis hold that believers are allowed to follow incorrect opinions derived throu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_Islam |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | Dense inert metal explosive (DIME) is a type of bomb developed to minimize collateral damage. Casualties show unusual injuries. A military expert working for Human Rights Watch said judging by the nature of the wounds and descriptions given by Gazans made it seem likely that Israel used DIME weapons. A Norwegian doctor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Regency of Algiers | Determined to remove the Spanish from Oran, Algerian Dey Mohammed Bektash took the opportunity afforded by the War of the Spanish Succession to send Mustapha Bouchelaghem Bey at the head of a contingent of janissaries and local volunteers to take the city. He succeeded in 1707, but in 1732 Duke of Montemar's forces rec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers |
Malaysia | The name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malays and the Latin-Greek suffix -ia/-ία which can be translated as 'land of the Malays'. Similar-sounding variants have also appeared in accounts older than the 11th century, as toponyms for areas in Sumatra or referring to a larger region around the Strait of Malacca. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia |
Byzantine Greeks | In the eyes of the West, after the coronation of Charlemagne, the Byzantines were not acknowledged as the inheritors of the Roman Empire. Byzantium was rather perceived to be a corrupted continuation of ancient Greece, and was often derided as the "Empire of the Greeks" or "Kingdom of Greece". Such denials of Byzantium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks |
History of Tunisia under French rule | Although the French often presented a united front in Tunisia, internally they had brought with them to North Africa their own long-standing national divisions. Despite such quarrels, many on the political left and in the Christian churches eventually agreed to cooperate in spreading the 'advantages' of French culture ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia_under_French_rule |
Gaza War (2008–2009) | The war provoked mixed reactions inside Israel, with the Jewish majority largely supporting it, and the Arab minority mostly opposing it. A poll taken on 8 January 2009 showed that 91% of the Jewish public supported the war, and 4% opposed it, while a separate poll conducted 4–6 January showed a 94% approval of the war... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009) |
Seleucid Empire | As with the other major Hellenistic armies, the Seleucid army fought primarily in the Greco-Macedonian style, with its main body being the phalanx. The phalanx was a large, dense formation of men armed with small shields and a long pike called the sarissa. This form of fighting had been developed by the Macedonian army... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire |
Afghanistan | Arab Muslims brought Islam to Herat and Zaranj in 642 CE and began spreading eastward; some of the native inhabitants they encountered accepted it while others revolted. Before the arrival of Islam, the region used to be home to various beliefs and cults, often resulting in Syncretism between the dominant religions suc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan |
Kuwait | The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) is Kuwait's largest sovereign wealth fund specializing in foreign investment. The KIA is the world's oldest sovereign wealth fund. Since 1953, the Kuwaiti government has directed investments into Europe, United States and Asia Pacific. In 2021, the holdings were valued at around $7... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait |
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