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Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra | In 697/98, Khurasan was incorporated into al-Hajjaj's governorship and he appointed al-Muhallab as his deputy governor over the province. The Kharijite rebellions had not taken root in Khurasan and at the time of his appointment, the Tamim formed the strongest army faction in the province. According to the historian Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhallab_ibn_Abi_Sufra |
Sculpture | The Protoliterate period in Mesopotamia, dominated by Uruk, saw the production of sophisticated works like the Warka Vase and cylinder seals. The Guennol Lioness is an outstanding small limestone figure from Elam of about 3000–2800 BCE, part human and part lioness. A little later there are a number of figures of large-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture |
Sasanian Empire | Following Hormizd II's death, northern Arabs started to ravage and plunder the western cities of the empire, even attacking the province of Fars, the birthplace of the Sassanid kings. Meanwhile, Persian nobles killed Hormizd II's eldest son, blinded the second, and imprisoned the third (who later escaped into Roman ter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire |
Almoravid dynasty | In the early 1050s, a kind of triumvirate emerged in leading the Almoravid movement, including Abdallah Ibn Yasin, Yahya Ibn Umar and his brother Abu Bakr Ibn Umar. The movement was now dominated by the Lamtuna rather than the Guddala. During the 1050s, the Almoravids began their expansion and their conquest of the Sah... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Star Academy (Arabia) | Based in Adma, a city north of Beirut, Lebanon, the show is aired for 4 months on the Egyptian TV station CBC and on the Lebanese terrestrial channel LBC and is hosted by Hilda Khalife. The show follows 16 candidates through their weeks living in "The Academy," training with "teachers," and performing their talents in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Academy_(Arabia) |
Somali Civil War (2009–present) | On 7 May, a fierce battle for control of Mogadishu started between al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam against the TFG. Hundreds were killed and injured and tens of thousands were displaced. By 11 May, rebel forces gained the upper hand and made large gains taking over most of the capital. The rebels came close to overthrowing... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present) |
History of the Jews in Iraq | The agents behind the 1950-1951 Baghdad bombings are a subject of controversy. A secret Israeli inquiry in 1960 found no evidence that they were ordered by Israel or any motive that would have explained the attack, though it did find out that most of the witnesses believed that Jews had been responsible for the bombin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq |
Ubaid period | Ashkanani, Hasan J.; Tykot, Robert H.; Al-Juboury, Ali Ismail; Stremtan, Ciprian C.; Petřík, Jan; Slavíček, Karel (May 2020). "A characterisation study of Ubaid period ceramics from As-Sabbiya, Kuwait, using a non-destructive portable X-Ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer and petrographic analyses". Arabian Archaeolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaid_period |
Islam in the United States | After the September 11 attacks, America saw an increase in the number of hate crimes committed against people who were perceived to be Muslim, particularly those of Middle Eastern and South Asian descent. More than 20 acts of discrimination and violence were documented in the post 9/11 era by the U.S. Department of Jus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States |
Islamic socialism | The concepts of welfare and pension were introduced in early Islamic law as forms of zakat, or charity. Zakat is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, and was implemented under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century. This practice continued well into the Abbasid era of the caliphate. The taxes (including zakat and jizya... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_socialism |
Samudra Raksa | Based on archeological and other evidence, scholars have learned that the bas reliefs of Borobudur depict the everyday life of 8th-century ancient Java, from courtly palace life to that of commoners in the village. An array of temple, marketplace, architecture, flora and fauna, dress, jewelry and fashion are portrayed,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Raksa |
Lebanese Shia Muslims | In the 19th century, Lebanon saw dramatic changes when missionaries started establishing schools throughout the country. While the French and Russians mainly encouraged Maronite and Orthodox active learning respectively, along with American Protestant missions in Beirut, the British established educational institutions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims |
Samaritans | One of the biggest problems facing the community today is the issue of continuity. With such a small population, divided into only four families or houses (Cohen, Tsedakah, Danafi, and Marhiv, with the Matar family dying out in 1968), and a general refusal to accept converts, it is common for Samaritans to marry within... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans |
List of translations of the Quran | later translated into various other languages including English.
1902, Urdu, Tarjamul Quran by Maulana Aashiq Ilahi Meeruti.
1905, Urdu, Bayanul Quran by Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi.
1909, Western Armenian, Ղուրան by Abraham Amirkhanyan.
1911, Western Armenian, Քուրան (Հանդերձ Մուհամմէտի կենսագրութեամբ) by Levon Larents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_translations_of_the_Quran |
Ancient Iranian medicine | The medical history of ancient Persia can be divided into three distinct periods. The sixth book of Zend-Avesta contains some of the earliest records of the history of ancient Iranian medicine. The Vendidad in fact devotes most of the last chapters to medicine.
The Vendidad, one of the surviving texts of the Zend-Avest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine |
Jihad | Tradition distinguishes the "greater jihad" (inner struggle against sinful behavior) from the "lesser jihad" (military sense). Early Islamic thought considered non-violent interpretations of jihad, especially for those Muslims who could not partake in warfare in distant lands. Most classical writings use the term "jiha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad |
Mohammed bin Salman | Relations between China and Saudi Arabia have deepened under the leadership of Mohammed; since he became crown prince in 2017, trade between the two countries have increased from $51.5 billion to $87.5 billion in 2021. In February 2019, Mohammed defended China's policies in Xinjiang, where more than 1 million Uyghurs w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Salman |
Hammadid dynasty | The governmental structure represented an islamic absolute monarchy,: 236 where the Head of the State held the title of Emir or Sultan: 236 and the governance of the emirate was exclusively within the Hammadid dynasty, they did recognize the spiritual authority of both the fatimid Caliphate at first until the arrival... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | The adoption by the newly forming Islamic society of the medical knowledge of the surrounding, or newly conquered, "heathen" civilizations had to be justified as being in accordance with the beliefs of Islam. Early on, the study and practice of medicine was understood as an act of piety, founded on the principles of īm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
The Battle of Algiers | On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 99% based on 93 reviews, with an average rating of 9.10/10; the site's consensus reads: "A powerful, documentary-like examination of the response to an occupying force, The Battle of Algiers hasn't aged a bit since its release in 1966."... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers |
Averroes | As did Avempace and Ibn Tufail, Averroes criticizes the Ptolemaic system using philosophical arguments and rejects the use of eccentrics and epicycles to explain the apparent motions of the Moon, the Sun and the planets. He argued that those objects move uniformly in a strictly circular motion around the Earth, followi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes |
History of Tunisia | After removing their capital to Cairo, the Fatimids withdrew from direct governance of al-Maghrib, which they delegated to a local vassal, namely Buluggin ibn Ziri a Sanhaja Berber of the central Maghrib. As a result of civil war following his death, the Fatimid vassalage split in two: for Ifriqiya the Zirid (972–1148)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tunisia |
Iturea | In 105 BC, Aristobulus I campaigned against Iturea, and added a great part of it to Judea, annexing the Galilee to the Hasmonean kingdom. Josephus cites a passage from Timagenes excerpted by Strabo which recounts that Aristobulus was:
'very serviceable to the Jews, for he added a country to them, and obtained a part o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturea |
War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present) | From the start of the war since 15 April, heavy shelling and gunfire was reported in Khartoum, Khartoum Bahri and Omdurman as the RSF accused the SAF of staging a "sweeping attack" that continued through April, and May. During negotiations in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 12 May, there was no agreement towards a cessation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present) |
Sunni Islam | The Ahle Sunnat Barelvi, also known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah (People of the Prophet's Way and the Community) is a Sunni revivalist movement following the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of jurisprudence, and Maturidi and Ashʿari schools of theology with hundreds of millions of followers.
The movement is moderate form o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam |
Hellenistic-era warships | Far less is known with certainty about the construction and appearance of these ships than about the trireme. Literary evidence is fragmentary and highly selective, and pictorial evidence unclear. The fact that the trireme had three levels of oars (trikrotos naus) led medieval historians, long after the specifics of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships |
History of Syria | Syrian Civil War is an ongoing internal conflict between the Syrian army and the Syrian opposition groups composed of different factions. Encouraged by the events of Arab Spring, there were massive anti-government protests in Damascus and the southern city of Deraa in March 2011. Protestors demanded political freedom a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Syria |
Egyptians | According to historian, Donald Redford, the earliest Paleolithic and Neolithic periods of prehistoric Egypt have left very little in the way of archaeological evidence, but by around the 9000 to 6000 BC Neolithic Revolution farming settlements had appeared all over Egypt.
Some studies based on morphological, genetic, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians |
Umayyad Mosque | Following the toppling of the Umayyads in 750, the Abbasid dynasty came to power and moved the capital of the Caliphate to Baghdad. Apart from the attention given for strategic and commercial purposes, the Abbasids had no interest in Damascus. Thus, the Umayyad Mosque reportedly suffered under their rule, with little r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque |
Archaeological looting in Iraq | When the looting of the National Iraq Museum became known, experts from around the globe started planning to remedy the situation. McGuire Gibson, one of the leading archaeologists and experts on Mesopotamia explained to the Office of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (ORHA) that the looted museum artifacts we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq |
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region | According to Subhi Hadidi, a Syrian dissident, "The Ba'ath is in complete disarray. ... It's like a dead body. It's no longer a party in any normal sense of the word." Hanna Batatu wrote, "Under Assad the character of the Ba'ath changed ... Whatever independence of opinion its members enjoyed in the past was now curtai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region |
Arab migrations to the Maghreb | Arab migration to the Maghreb first started in the 7th century with the Arab conquest of the Maghreb. This first started in 647 under the Rashidun Caliphate, when Abdallah ibn Sa'd led the invasion with 20,000 soldiers from Medina in the Arabian Peninsula, swiftly taking over Tripolitania and then defeating a much larg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb |
Christianity in Sudan | During the 19th century, British missionaries re-introduced the Christian faith into South Sudan. British imperial authorities somewhat arbitrarily limited missionary activity to the multi-ethnic southern region. The Church of England and other parts of the Anglican Communion continued to send missionaries and other as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan |
Nahda | Arab Christians played a crucial role in the Nahda movement. Their status as an educated minority enabled them to significantly influence and contribute to the fields of literature, politics, business, philosophy, music, theatre and cinema, medicine, and science. Damascus, Beirut, Cairo, and Aleppo were the main center... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahda |
Politics of Qatar | Qatar’s core foreign policy objective according to The Middle East Journal is "state survival" and the "desire for international prestige". Qatar became notable in international politics; and a key figure in the Arab affairs within two decades of its independent foreign policy. It has an "open-door" foreign policy wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar |
Dromedary | The meat of a five-year-old dromedary has a typical composition of 76% water, 22% protein, 1% fat, and 1% ash. The carcass, weighing 141–310 kg (311–683 lb) for a five-year-old dromedary, is composed of nearly 57% muscle, 26% bone and 17% fat. A seven-to-eight-year-old camel can produce a carcass of 125–400 kg (276–882... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary |
Uyghur cuisine | A common Uyghur dish is läghmän (Uyghur: لەڭمەن, ләғмән; Chinese: 手拉麵; pinyin: shǒu lāmiàn), boiled hand-pulled noodles made with wheat flour and eaten with säy, a stir-fried topping usually made with mutton, onions, peppers, tomatoes, and other seasonal vegetables. The dish was most likely derived from the Chinese lam... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine |
Investment in post-invasion Iraq | It has been alleged that large amounts of American tax dollars and seized Iraqi revenues were lost by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA). One audit put the total number as high as $8.8 billion. Fraudulent contractors such as Philip Bloom often bribed CPA officials in exchange for contracts that were never perfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq |
Ba 'Alawiyya | The name Ba'Alawi itself is a Hadhrami contraction of the terms Bani 'Alawi or the Clan of 'Alawi.
In the early fourth century Hijri at 318 H, Sayyid Ahmad al-Muhaajir bin Isa ar-Rumi bin Muhammad al-Naqib bin Ali al-Uraydi bin Ja'far al-Sadiq migrated from Basrah, Iraq first to Mecca and Medina, and then to Hadhramout... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya |
First Crusade | Early in the 19th century, the monumental Histoire des Croisades was published by the French historian Joseph François Michaud. under the editorship of Jean Poujoulat. This provided a major new narrative based on original sources and was translated into English as The History of the Crusades. The work covers the First ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade |
West Bank | Through the Jerusalem Law, Israel extended its administrative control over East Jerusalem. This has often been interpreted as tantamount to an official annexation, though Ian Lustick, in reviewing the legal status of Israeli measures, has argued that no such annexation ever took place. The Palestinian residents have le... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank |
Education in the State of Palestine | The university education consists of four years college education to obtain a bachelor's degree and additional two years for a master's degree. Some colleges provide two years of education for a diploma course. In 2005, Palestine had 10 universities, 1 distance education university (Al-Quds Open University), 13 univers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Diriyah | The old city's historic structures include:
Salwa Palace (قصر سلوى). It was the residence and first home of the Saʿūdī Amirs and Imāms during the First Saudi State. It is considered the largest palace on the site, rising four stories high. It is composed of five main parts built at different consecutive periods of tim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyah |
Criticism of hadith | Academic hadith studies in modern times is usually viewed unfavorably amongst scholars with more traditional inclinations or Muslim scholars operating out of madrasas. In Turkey, the first favorable reference to Western scholarship on hadith came from Zakir Kadiri Ugan (d. 1954), titled ‘Dinî ve Gayri Dinî Rivayetler’ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith |
Seleucid Empire | As with the other major Hellenistic armies, the Seleucid army fought primarily in the Greco-Macedonian style, with its main body being the phalanx. The phalanx was a large, dense formation of men armed with small shields and a long pike called the sarissa. This form of fighting had been developed by the Macedonian army... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire |
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) | Both the SAF and the RSF are accused of committing war crimes. The RSF in particular have been denounced by Human Rights Watch and numerous governments for committing crimes against humanity.
On 13 July 2023, the office of the International Criminal Court's Chief Prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan said that it had launched in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present) |
Shia Islam | Upon the death of ʿAlī, his elder son Ḥasan became leader of the Muslims of Kufa. After a series of skirmishes between the Kufa Muslims and the army of Muawiyah, Ḥasan ibn Ali agreed to cede the caliphate to Muawiyah and maintain peace among Muslims upon certain conditions: The enforced public cursing of ʿAlī, e.g. dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam |
Lustreware | Metallic lustre of another sort produced English lustreware, which imparts to a piece of pottery the appearance of an object of silver, gold or copper. Silver lustre employed the new metal platinum, whose chemical properties were analyzed towards the end of the 18th century, John Hancock of Hanley, Staffordshire invent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustreware |
Cinema of Egypt | Egyptian cinema is considered one of few industries in the world that has a woman as its pioneer, women had a prominent role in Egyptian film, whether in acting, singing, directing, or even creating the soundtrack. Many of these women emerged in Egypt and marked their place in history.
The 1927 film Laila was the firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt |
Gabriel | Muslims believe that Gabriel was mainly tasked with transmitting the scriptures from God to the prophets and messengers, as Asbab al-Nuzul or revelation when Muhammad was questioned which angel is revealing the holy scriptures revelation, and Muhammad told the Jews it is revealed by Gabriel who is tasked to it.
Muslim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel |
Qadi | A qadi must (per the cited source) be a male adult, free, a Muslim, sane, unconvicted of slander and educated in Islamic science. His performance must be totally congruent with Sharia (Islamic law) without using his own interpretation. In a trial in front of a qadi, it is the plaintiff who is responsible for bringing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi |
US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) | The United States began conducting airstrikes in Iraq on 8 August 2014. Fighter aircraft from the United States Air Force and United States Navy, and military "advisers" on the ground, have been involved in combating ISIL in northern Iraq, as well as in the north and west of Baghdad. Kurdish and Iraqi forces battling I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021) |
Classical Ottoman architecture | The classical period of Ottoman architecture was to a large degree a development of the prior approaches as they evolved over the 15th and early 16th centuries and the start of the classical period is strongly associated with the works of Mimar Sinan. During this period the bureaucracy of the Ottoman state, whose found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Ottoman_architecture |
Afghan Arabs | Perhaps the major contribution of the more serious Afghan Arab volunteers was humanitarian aid —- the setting up of hospitals around Peshawar and Quetta and providing funds for supply caravans to travel to the interior of the country. Abdullah Anas, himself one of the most famous of these Afghan-Arabs fighters, said th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Arabs |
History of the Quran | The influential standard Quran of Cairo ("1342 Cairo text" using the Islamic calendar) is the Quran that was used throughout almost all the Muslim world until the Saudi Quran of 1985. The Egyptian edition is based on the "Ḥafṣ" version ("qira'at") based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. It uses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quran |
Kafir | Muslim belief/doctrine is often summarized in "the Six Articles of Faith", (the first five are mentioned together in the 2:285).
God
His angels
His Messengers
His Revealed Books,
The Day of Resurrection
Al-Qadar, Divine Preordainments, i.e. whatever God has ordained must come to pass
According to the Salafi scholar Mu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafir |
Meknes | Volubilis, a major Roman-era settlement in Morocco and one of its early urban centres, is located near the site of the current city of Meknes. The current city and its name, however, originate with a Berber tribe called the Miknasa who settled this region around the 10th century. A group of small unfortified Miknasa vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meknes |
Transmission of the Greek Classics | Al-Kindi (Alkindus), a famous logician and prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy". His synthesis of Greek philosophy with Islamic beliefs met with much opposition, and at one point he was flogged by those opposed to his ideas. He argued that one co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Greek_Classics |
Egypt | There is evidence of rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in desert oases. In the 10th millennium BCE, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers was replaced by a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes or overgrazing around 8000 BCE began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt |
Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam | Elijah Muhammad taught his followers that the vision of the biblical prophet Ezekiel, which Jews call the Merkabah, was a UFO that he called the Mother Wheel or Mother Plane:
Now as I looked at the living creatures, I saw a wheel on the earth beside the living creatures, one for each of the four of them. As for the ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam |
Islamic philosophy | The Islamic philosophers, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) and Ibn al-Nafis, were pioneers of the philosophical novel. Ibn Tufail wrote the first fictional Arabic novel Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) as a response to al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, and then Ibn al-Nafis also wrote a fictional novel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy |
Almoravid dynasty | Ali Ibn Yusuf (r. 1106–1143) was born in Ceuta and educated in the traditions of al-Andalus, unlike his predecessors, who were from the Sahara. His long reign of 37 years is historically overshadowed by the defeats and deteriorating circumstances that characterized the later years, but the first decade or so, prior to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
Abbadid dynasty | The son of Abbad II, Muhammad al-Mu'tamid (1069–1095) — who reigned under the title al-Mu'tamid — was the third and last of the Abbadids. No less remarkable than his father, and more amiable, he also wrote poetry and favoured poets. Al-Mu'tamid went, however, considerably further in patronage of literature than his fat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbadid_dynasty |
Israeli settler violence | Israel has justified its civilian settlements by stating the territories in question are not occupied, but disputed, and that a temporary use of land and buildings for various purposes appears permissible under a plea of military necessity and that the settlements fulfilled security needs. The United Nations affirmed t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence |
Ottoman Egypt | In 1766, after the death of his supporter, the grand vizier Raghib Pasha, he was again compelled to flee from Egypt to Yemen, but in the following year he was told that his party at Cairo was strong enough to permit his return. Resuming his office, he raised 18 of his friends to the rank of bey—among them Ibrahim and M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt |
Nasir Khusraw | Nasir is the subject of many tales, including a fake autobiography that bears his name and has been passed around between Isma'ilis and non-Isma'ilis for many centuries. The writings of Nasir that are still in existence offer insightful information about his life and philosophy. Yet, it appears that the majority of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw |
Fatah al-Islam | On 19 May 2007, a police search was mounted for suspects in a bank robbery a day earlier in Amyoun, a town southeast of Tripoli. Gunmen made off with $125,000 in cash in the robbery.
According to Ashraf Rifi, the Lebanese Internal Security Forces chief, the bank robbers were traced to an apartment in Tripoli which turn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam |
Almoravid dynasty | Almoravid fortunes began to turn definitively after 1117. While Léon and Castile were in disarray following the death of Alfonso VI, other Christian kingdoms exploited opportunities to expand their territories at the expense of the Almoravids. In 1118, Alfonso I El Batallador ('The Battler'), king of Aragon, launched a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty |
History of Oman | Several foreign powers attacked Oman. The Qarmatians controlled the area between 931 and 932 and then again between 933 and 934. Between 967 and 1053 Oman formed part of the domain of the Iranian Buyyids, and between 1053 and 1154 Oman was part of the Seljuk Empire. Seljuk power even spread through Oman to Koothanallur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Oman |
Kingdom of Kaffa | The Kingdom of Kaffa was founded c.1390 by Minjo, who according to oral tradition ousted the Mato dynasty of 32 kings. However, his informants told Amnon Orent, "no one remembers the name of a single one." The first capital Bonga was either founded or captured by Bon-noghe; it was later replaced by Anderaccha, but Bong... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa |
Ayyubid dynasty | Rather than establishing a centralized empire, Saladin had established hereditary ownership throughout his lands, dividing his empire among his kinsmen, with family members presiding over semi-autonomous fiefs and principalities. Although these princes (emirs) owed allegiance to the Ayyubid sultan, they maintained rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty |
Islamic State | The Islamic State (IS) is also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL; ), Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS; ), and by its Arabic acronym Da'ish or Daesh (داعش, Dāʿish, IPA: [ˈdaːʕɪʃ]), and also as Dawlat al-Islam (Arabic: دولة الإسلام).
In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State |
Egyptian nationality law | Egypt declared its independence on 15 March 1922 and passed its first nationality law as an independent state on 26 May 1926. Under its terms, nationality derived from a father who was Egyptian or from a foreign father who was born in Egypt, and was either Muslim or from a country which spoke Arabic, if the child was b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law |
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate | After the removal of Prince Bashir III, the Lebanese Chehab emirate, which had been the ruling entity of the country and its population for many years, collapsed. The Ottomans appointed one of the most senior officials as direct ruler on the mountain, with the ruler being a Sunni Muslim of Austrian origins named Omar P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate |
Wahhabism | According to ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab; there are three objectives for Islamic government and society: "to believe in Allah, enjoin good behavior, and forbid wrongdoing". This doctrine has been sustained in missionary literature, sermons, fatwa rulings, and explications of religious doctrine by Wahhabis since the death of ibn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism |
Anno Domini | The Anglo-Saxon historian Bede, who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus, used anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which he completed in AD 731. In the History he also used the Latin phrase ante [...] incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo ("in the sixtieth year be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini |
Colonisation of Africa | Established empires—notably Britain, France, Spain and Portugal—had already claimed coastal areas but had not penetrated deeply inland. By 1870, Europeans controlled one tenth of Africa, primarily along the Mediterranean and in the far south. A significant early proponent of colonising inland was King Leopold of Belgiu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa |
Racism in the State of Palestine | The British Mandate in Palestine witnessed the rise in tensions between Palestinians and the vast majority of Zionists, who were reluctant to recognize Palestinian resistance to Jewish immigration as reflecting legitimate concerns, though some Zionist and Yishuv leaders held that Palestinian opposition reflected a genu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine |
Boran | Farrukh Hormizd, in order to strengthen his authority and create a harmonious modus vivendi between the Pahlav and Parsig families, asked Azarmidokht (who was a Parsig nominee) to marry him. Not daring to refuse, she had him killed with the aid of the Mihranid aristocrat Siyavakhsh, who was the grandson of Bahram Chobi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boran |
Tradition (Perennialism) | Aslan, Adnan (1998). "Religion and Tradition". Religious Pluralism in Christian and Islamic Philosophy: The Thought of John Hick and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Routledge. ISBN 978-0700710256.
Aymard, J.B.; Laude, P. (2004). "Esoterism and Tradition". Frithjof Schuon: Life and Teachings. SUNY series in Western Esoteric Tradit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition_(Perennialism) |
History of science | During the rule of Rome, famous historians such as Polybius, Livy and Plutarch documented the rise of the Roman Republic, and the organization and histories of other nations, while statesmen like Julius Caesar, Cicero, and others provided examples of the politics of the republic and Rome's empire and wars. The study of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science |
2011 Egyptian revolution | According to a U.S. Embassy report, police brutality had been widespread in Egypt. In the five years before the revolution, the Mubarak regime denied the existence of torture or abuse by police. However, claims by domestic and international groups provided cellphone videos or first-hand accounts of hundreds of cases of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution |
Metropolitan Museum of Art | Though the Met first acquired a group of Peruvian antiquities in 1882, in addition to Mesoamerican antiquities, the museum did not begin a concerted effort to collect works from Africa, Oceania, and the Americas until 1969, when American businessman, philanthropist and then NY Gov. Nelson A. Rockefeller donated his mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art |
Himyarite Kingdom | Himyar: The most famous of whose septs were Zaid Al-Jamhur, Banu Quda'a and Sakasik.
Kahlan: The most famous of whose septs were Hamdan, Azd, Anmar, Ṭayy (today their descendants are known as Shammar), Midhhij, Kinda, Lakhm, Judham
Kahlan septs emigrated from Yemen to dwell in the different parts of the Arabian Peninsu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom |
First Bulgarian Empire | The Bulgars of Asparuh moved westwards to what is now Bessarabia, subdued the territories to the north of the Danube in modern Romania, and established themselves in the Danube Delta. In the 670s they crossed the Danube into Scythia Minor, nominally a Byzantine province, whose steppe grasslands and pastures were import... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire |
Iraqi Kurdistan | After the military coup by Arab nationalists on the 14 July 1958, Mustafa Barzani was invited by Abdul Karim Qasim to return from exile, where he was greeted with a hero's welcome. As part of the deal arranged between Qasim and Barzani, Qasim had promised to give the Kurds regional autonomy in return for Barzani's supp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan |
Timur | Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate. His name Temur means "Iron" in the Chagatai language, his mother-tongue (cf. Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir). It is cognate with Genghis Khan's birt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur |
Agadir | In the late 15th century the Portuguese began to occupy positions along the Moroccan coast. In 1505 the Portuguese nobleman João Lopes de Sequeira occupied the area. He built a wooden castle at the foot of a hill, near a spring, and a Portuguese colony named Santa Cruz do Cabo do Gué was created. The site still bears t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agadir |
Turco-Egyptian Sudan | Under the new government established in 1821, Egyptian soldiers lived off the land and exacted exorbitant taxes from the population. They also destroyed many ancient Meroitic pyramids searching for hidden gold. Furthermore, slave trading increased, causing many of the inhabitants of the fertile Al Jazirah, heartland of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Egyptian_Sudan |
Middle Assyrian Empire | Assyria became an independent territorial state under Ashur-uballit I c. 1363 BC, having previously been under the suzerainty of the Mitanni kingdom. Though the transition of Assyria from being merely a city-state around Assur (as it was throughout most of the preceding Old Assyrian period) had begun already in the las... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire |
Palestinian political violence | In 2011, Israeli PM Benyamin Netanyahu stated that the incitement promulgated by the Palestinian Authority was destroying Israel's confidence, and he condemned what he regarded as the glorification of the murderers of the Fogel family in Itamar on PA television. The perpetrator of the murders had been described as a "h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence |
Iraq War troop surge of 2007 | For the first few months of the surge, violence increased. However, by the fall of 2007, the security situation had improved significantly. U.S. military deaths fell from a peak of 126 in May 2007 to 23 in December, and during the period after the surge (June 2008 to June 2011), the monthly average was less than 11. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007 |
Adal Sultanate | In 1529 Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi finally decided to embark on a conquest of Abyssinia, he soon met the Abyssinians at the Battle of Shimbra Kure where he would win a decisive victory. But his nomads where unreliable and difficult to control, to Ahmad's frustration some of his Somali warriors would disperse back ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal_Sultanate |
Ashurbanipal | Although Esarhaddon's inscriptions suggest that Shamash-shum-ukin should have been granted the entirety of Babylonia to rule, contemporary records only definitely prove that Shamash-shum-ukin held Babylon itself and its vicinity. The governors of some Babylonian cities, such as Nippur, Uruk and Ur, and the rulers in th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal |
Byzantine music | Secular music existed and accompanied every aspect of life in the empire, including dramatic productions, pantomime, ballets, banquets, political and pagan festivals, Olympic games, and all ceremonies of the imperial court. It was, however, regarded with contempt, and was frequently denounced as profane and lascivious ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_music |
Moroccan dirham | The first notes denominated in dirham were overprints on earlier franc notes, in denominations of 50 dirhams (on 5,000 francs) and 100 dirhams (on 10,000 francs). In 1965, new notes were issued for 5, 10 and 50 dirhams. 100 dirham notes were introduced in 1970, followed by 200 dirham notes in 1991 and 20 dirham notes i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_dirham |
History of mathematical notation | Leonhard Euler was one of the most prolific mathematicians in history, and also a prolific inventor of canonical notation. His contributions include his use of e to represent the base of natural logarithms. It is not known exactly why
e
{\displaystyle e}
was chosen, but it w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematical_notation |
Medicine in the medieval Islamic world | Medieval Islamic cultures had different avenues for teaching medicine prior to having regulated standardized institutes. Like learning in other fields at the time, many aspiring physicians learnt from family and apprenticeship until majlises, hospital training, and eventually, madrasahs became used. There are a few ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world |
History of Islam | Early High Middle Ages
At the beginning of the Middle Baghdad Abbasids, the Caliphate had become of little importance. The amir al-umara Bajkam contented himself with dispatching his secretary to Baghdad to assemble local dignitaries to elect a successor. The choice fell on Al-Muttaqi. Bajkam was killed on a hunting p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam |
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Sisi, who is reportedly facing a severe economic ordeal in Egypt, has decided to raise fuel prices by 78 percent as an introduction to cut the subsidies on basic food stuffs and energy, which use nearly a quarter of the state budget. The Egyptian government has traditionally provided these subsidies as a crucial aid to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi |
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