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S0001457520312471 | The motivation of this research is to understand tourists aberrant driving behaviors while traveling by car and explore the factors related to these behaviors . A questionnaire that measures driving behaviors driving attitudes driving skills and personal attributes was implemented via the Internet . Through factor anal... | A new DBQ is developed to obtain the characteristics of tourists aberrant driving behavior ADB. A four factor structure is extracted from tourists ADBs by factor analysis. Tourists ADBs have different characteristics from ADBs in daily travel. Attitude has significant impact on tourists ADBs rather than attributes and ... |
S0001457520315591 | Driving a vehicle requires individuals awareness of their surroundings to prevent collisions with other vehicles objects and pedestrians . While previous research has investigated time to arrival in real world and simulated driving situations there is little information on how pedestrian reflectance and time of day imp... | Time of day vehicle velocity pedestrian reflectance and viewing time all interacted to influence TTA estimates. On average TTA was underestimated at all vehicle velocities. TTA estimates were most accurate at the lowest vehicle velocity. TTA was more underestimated in nighttime conditions compared to daytime conditions... |
S0001457520315608 | No economic evaluations exist of free or subsidized ridesharing services designed to reduce impaired driving . To evaluate the effects and economics of a 17 weekend program that provided rideshare coupons good for free one way or round trips to from the hospitality zones in Columbus Ohio coupled with a modest increase ... | Well publicized free safe rides to from hospitality zones reduce drink driving. These rides increase alcohol consumption and cost more than they save. Limiting rides to one way from the zones does not change these findings. Return on investment would rise for drink driving crash rates above US rates. US governments sho... |
S000145752031561X | The proliferation of Advanced Vehicle Technologies has generated both excitement and concern among researchers policymakers and the general public . An increasing number of driver assistance systems are already available in todays automobiles many of which are expected to become standard . Therefore synthesizing the av... | A scoping review of evidence from 324 studies of AVTs from 25 countries was conducted. Most studies involved mixed age groups 51 and occurred in driving simulators 70 . Longitudinal control 50 and driver reaction time 40 were the most common objective measures. Trust 27 and driver workload 20 were the most common subje... |
S0001457520315621 | Driving under the influence is illegal in the United States because a drivers mental and motor skills can be seriously impaired by alcohol or drugs . Consequently DUI violators involvement in severe crashes is high . Motivated by the spatial and temporal nature of traffic crashes this study introduces an integrated spa... | This study revisits the relationship between injury severity and DUI in crashes. This study introduces a spatiotemporal modeling approach to model injury severity in crashes. The approach uncovers the spatiotemporally varying correlates of injury severity. The relationship between injury severity and DUI varies signifi... |
S0001457520315633 | Although the enforcement of seatbelt use is considered to be an effective strategy in reducing road injuries and fatalities lack of seatbelt use still accounts for a substantial proportion of fatal crashes in Tennessee United States . This problem has raised the need to better understand factors influencing seatbelt us... | The home address of vehicle occupants can be used as a proxy to their behaviour. Determinants of seatbelt use have varied effects across drivers in Tennessee. Drivers are categorized to eccentric and conformist groups based on their behaviour. Males young age and drug consumption are negatively associated with seatbelt... |
S0001457520315645 | The estimation of the effect of contributors to crash injury severity and the prediction of crash injury severity outcomes suffer often from biases related to missing data in crash datasets that contain incomplete records . As both estimation and prediction would greatly improve if the missing values were recovered thi... | Sequential method from statistics and machine learning. Multivariate Imputation for different types of variables. Random Forest Classifier for crash injury severity analysis. High efficiency when compared to commonly used imputation methods. Ranking of factors contributing to injury severity on Chinese mountainous high... |
S0001457520315669 | This study addressed the causal ordering problem in deterrence research by examining the perceptual stability of deterrence variables over time and comparing the results via cross sectional and longitudinal surveys . This research extends upon scant previous research by including three key classical deterrence variable... | Longitudinal study assessed stability of road safety deterrence related perceptions. Stability of both legal and non legal perceptions was assessed over 3 months. Fluctuations were found in all deterrence related perceptions. Certainty of apprehension had the largest fluctuation. Implications for methodology used in ro... |
S0001457520315670 | The effect of mandated societal lockdown to reduce the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 on road traffic accidents is not known . For this reason we performed an in depth analysis using data from Statewide Traffic Accident Records System . We reviewed data on total 2292 road traffic accident records in Missouri ... | Mandated societal lockdown in Missouri reduced the rate of road traffic accidents. No changes in road traffic accidents resulting in serious or fatal injuries. Increased road traffic accident related hospitalizations are not expected. |
S0001457520315682 | In conditionally automated driving drivers have difficulty taking over control when requested . To address this challenge we aimed to predict drivers takeover performance before the issue of a takeover request by analyzing drivers physiological data and external environment data . We used data sets from two human in th... | We develop a model to predict takeover performance in Level 3 automated driving. The model predicts takeover performance when drivers have an NDRT with varying load. We recommend 3 s as the optimal time window to predict takeover performance. We identify important physiological features for takeover performance predict... |
S0001457520315694 | Traffic fatalities are the second cause of violent deaths in Colombia . However due to the signing of the peace agreement and the growing number of fatalities in road crashes it is possible that soon traffic fatalities will be the primary cause of violent deaths in the country particularly in urban areas . This study i... | We analyze 2 339 crashes recorded in Cartagena Colombia. We focus on fatal injury and property damage only traffic crashes. Factors relating to victim vehicle road infrastructure traffic and control day and time and environment were considered. Probability of fatal crashes is higher near to pedestrian bridges traffic l... |
S0001457520315700 | While cyclist aggression is relatively rare it has been associated with increased crash risk . Previous measures of cyclist aggression have not taken into consideration who the recipient of the aggression may be this is likely to differ across road user types . The aim of this study was to understand if cyclists aggres... | Cyclists aggression toward drivers cyclists and pedestrians was examined. Aggression frequencies were compared across different recipients using the CAX. Cyclists had more frequent aggression toward drivers than cyclists or pedestrians. The CAX could be adapted to specific cyclist driver interactions. |
S0001457520315712 | A meta analysis was performed to review the potential effects of reversible lanes on traffic safety . A systematic review resulted in ten U.S studies with 155 estimates of safety effects that were selected for inclusion in the analysis . These studies employed either a simple before after comparison or a cross sectiona... | Collision odds associated with reversible lanes appear to be higher overall for all study effect estimates combined. Collision odds were also higher for property damage only collisions injury collisions and peak period collisions. Meta regression showed that presence of left turn restrictions delineator correlated with... |
S0001457520315724 | Benchmarking performance monitoring progress and then recalibrating interventions is widely recognized as a valuable process for achieving continuous improvement in road safety . In this study a systematic and effective methodology IV VIKOR with FNBC is developed to perform the benchmarking of road safety development i... | Develop an easy to adapt model for benchmarking road safety development at the regional level. Report road safety development across the OECD member countries over the past decade. Provide the OECD with a step by step paradigm to strengthen the capacity for sustainable safety management. Support policymakers in chartin... |
S0001457520315736 | Inexperienced drivers have a higher crash risk than others particularly at night when drivers of all ages are at increased risk but there has been little if any research on day night differences in drivers perceptions of risk and difficulty . Also previous research on determinants of risk and difficulty ratings has foc... | Young drivers varying in experience and age rated videos for risk and difficulty. Ratings were higher for night time videos than daytime ones. Ratings appeared to be influenced by the required rate of information processing. Risk and difficulty were highly correlated but empirically distinct variables. Neither driving ... |
S0001457520315748 | Determining the impact of driver monitoring technologies to improve risky driving behaviours allows stakeholders to understand which aspects of onboard sensors and feedback need enhancement to promote road safety and education . This study investigates the influence of camera monitoring on Heavy Goods Vehicle drivers r... | Monitoring and coaching Heavy Goods Vehicle HGV drivers significantly reduces their harsh braking and over speeding incidents. The number of harsh braking and harsh cornering incidents decrease more by monitoring and coaching than just monitoring without coaching. Seasonal changes can influence HGV risky driving behavi... |
S000145752031575X | The objectives of this paper were to directly examine the roles of central and peripheral vision in hazard perception and to test whether perceptual training can enhance hazard perception . We also examined putative cortical mechanisms underpinning any effect of perceptual training on performance . To address these obj... | A new form of perceptual training that involved watching videos from a hazard perception driving test while eye tracking technology selectively blurred out peripheral areas of the visual field. An interdisciplinary approach by recording eye movement and brain activity. Blurring the peripheral parts of hazard perception... |
S0001457520315761 | Eco safe driving is a promising approach to improve road safety while reducing transport emissions . The application of an eco safe driving system is feasible with the support of vehicle to vehicle infrastructure technologies . To guarantee system usability and safety appropriateness a key precondition is to ensure tha... | Mental workload and visual demand when using an eco safe HMI system were studied. Blink variables and pupil size in different eco safe HMI conditions were analysed. The use of HMI system increased mental workload but within a reasonable level. High visual demand induced by road environment could lead to blink inhibitio... |
S0001457520315785 | This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with unsafe events involving a motor vehicle that occurred while group riding in Perth Western Australia . Naturalistic video footage was collected from 52 group riders and unsafe events identified . A case crossover study was used to compare the road infrastruc... | A naturalistic study examined risk factors for unsafe events while group riding. Roundabouts increased the risk of an unsafe event involving a motor vehicle. Traffic islands speed limits 60 km h and rider violations also increased risk. Riding 2 abreast in a traffic lane or with all riders in a bike lane decreased risk... |
S0001457520315797 | Random parameters model has been demonstrated to be an effective method to account for unobserved heterogeneity that commonly exists in highway crash data . However the predefined single distribution for each random parameter may limit how the unobserved heterogeneity is captured . A more flexible approach is to develo... | A random parameters model with heterogeneity in means variances was estimated. The negative binomial model was more reliable in general for safety analysis. Allowing heterogeneous means variances of random parameters offered more insights. Interactive effects of safety factors on crash frequency were concluded. fold cr... |
S0001457520315803 | In this paper the potential of using Augmented Reality technology to improve the safety of pedestrian crossings was tested by means of virtual information provided to a driver approaching a zebra crossing area . To achieve this objective a driving simulator study was carried out . The effectiveness of the system was te... | Data crashes show that more than 280 000 victims of road crashes are pedestrians. The majority of road crashes are caused by poor driver oversight of road users. Augmented Reality technology could enable future systems to detect dangers earlier. Several AR video and audio warnings are tested in a driving simulator stud... |
S0001457520315815 | The goal of the current study was to develop a method to estimate whole body injury metrics which measure the overall impact of injuries using stochastic injury prediction results from a computational human surrogate . First hospitalized pedestrian data was queried to identify injuries sustained by pedestrians and thei... | A method was developed to estimate whole body injury metrics from injury risk. The estimated values were close to those from inpatient pedestrian data. The proposed method can simplify a vehicle design optimization process. The proposed method can be applied to various human surrogates. |
S0001457520315827 | Teen drivers are overrepresented in motor vehicle crashes and most studies concluded it was mainly due to their lack of experiences and tendencies of risk taking . The design of advanced driving assistance systems aims to provide assistance in multiple stages in human information processing during driving including env... | The impact of an ADAS on age related differences in drivers following behavior on real roads were examined. Potential negative effects of ADAS on teen drivers following behavior were observedbut not for adult drivers. Factors affecting drivers following behavior were investigated by mixed model analyses. All adult driv... |
S0001457520315918 | Pedestrian crossings are sites in which vehicles and pedestrians can crash into each other and are very important in terms of urban traffic . Drivers and pedestrians are more likely to violate traffic regulations and thus adversely affect traffic safety and flow in streets that have many such crossings . Careful planni... | The performance of pedestrian crossing locations is evaluated. A GIS and microsimulation based multi criteria decision analysis approach is applied. A hybrid AHP and VIKOR approach model is proposed. 11 geographic related and 13 traffic related criteria are considered. Results show that proposed scenarios are better th... |
S000145752031592X | A hierarchical Bayesian peak over threshold approach is proposed for conflict based before after safety evaluation of Leading Pedestrian Intervals . The approach combines traffic conflicts of different sites and periods to develop a uniform generalized Pareto distribution model for the treatment effect estimation . The... | A conflict based EVT before after safety study is used to evaluate treatment effect of LPI. A hierarchical Bayesian peak over threshold approach is proposed to model conflict extremes. A hierarchical Bayesian structure is used to incorporate covariates and unobserved heterogeneity. Traffic conflicts of different sites ... |
S0001457520315931 | Road accidents are one of the leading causes of death and injuries among adolescents and young adults . Road safety education programs aim to promote safe traffic behavior through information skills training or fear appeals . During the last decade an intervention type using victim testimonials has been developed . The... | We examined the effect of a school based road safety educational program using testimonials for lower secondary school. Only a small effect on knowledge on risk factors in traffic was found. No effect was found on overall cycling behavior and seat belt use. Gender parental educational background and risky cycling behav... |
S0001457520315943 | Music can influence car following performance . However it is not well resolved about its mediation effect on car following when the drivers personalities are considered . We investigated how music style and tempo influence car following with different personalities . Twelve tracks were used in this study four for each... | Introverts are susceptible to music and prefer slow tempo and classical music. Pop music aroused more than classical one and induce closer headway time. Medium music tempo was most appropriate for keeping stable car following. Drivers were more excited and less concentrated with tempo speeding up. |
S0001457520315955 | Road crashes have become a leading cause of death in China . Although enormous efforts have been exerted to determine the factors that affect individual crash incidents neighborhood level crash incidence in Chinese cities has not been sufficiently analyzed . This study fills this gap by quantifying the effects of built... | Chinas post 2008 suburbanization promotes traffic safety in the suburb. NACD tends to get lower with high mixed land use and high density expressway. In Chengdu City Proper the suburb tends to have lower crash density than inner city by 26.9 . |
S0001457520315967 | During highly automated driving drivers no longer physically control the vehicle but they might need to monitor the driving scene . This is true for SAE level 2 where monitoring the external environment is required it is also true for level 3 where drivers must react quickly and safely to a take over request . Without ... | In self driving cars mindwandering can make the driver out of the loop. The level of mindwandering was estimated by analysing gaze behavior. Partial least squares regression models were used to identify visual strategies. The best model used both static and dynamic visual indicators. The study may contribute to the des... |
S0001457520315979 | Although numerous efforts have been devoted to exploring the effects of area wide factors on the frequency of pedestrian crashes in neighborhoods over the past two decades existing studies have largely failed to provide a full picture of the factors that contribute to the incidence of zonal pedestrian crashes due to th... | Using population as a surrogate of pedestrian exposure leads to biased estimates. Activity based exposure measures should be used when modeling pedestrian crashes. Travel diary survey offers a straightforward means to estimate pedestrian activity. Spatial heterogeneity is worthy of note in zonal pedestrian crash freque... |
S0001457520315992 | Given the severe traffic safety issue tremendous efforts have been devoted to identify the crash contributing factors for developing and implementing safety improvement countermeasures . According to the study findings driving behaviors have attributed to the majority crash occurrence among which inadequate driving cap... | Proposed two Responsibility Sensitive Safety RSS based longitudinal driving capability indicators. Utilized Bayesian Tobit quantile regression BTQR models to quantify driving capability with trip level characteristics. Presented case studies for longitudinal driving capability assessment. Discussed model applications f... |
S000145752031602X | This paper investigates factors associated with the severity of pedestrian outcomes from motor vehicle crashes by analyzing a database of all 13 856 reported pedestrian crashes in Colorado over an 11 year period from 2006 to 2016 . A total of 14 391 pedestrians were involved in these crashes resulting in 612 pedestrian... | 13 856 reported pedestrian vehicle crashes in Colorado from 2006 to 2016 were analyzed. 14 391 pedestrians were involved in these crashes causing 612 pedestrian fatalities and 11 576 pedestrian injuries. Significant factors were intersection proximity lighting vehicle type and speed ped age and impairment and driver im... |
S0001457520316031 | The blooming of intelligent connected vehicle has been continuously shaping a hybrid traffic environment in which the road is shared among ICVs and vehicles driven by human drivers . However due to the insufficient understanding of the human driving strategy and style the conflicts between ICVs and human drivers have a... | a modified driving risk field model is developed for risk assessment in the car following scenario. a driving behavior modeling diagram is proposed by analyzing how drivers respond to driving risk. an intuitive car following model RRDM is proposed to explicitly reveal individualized driving style. an RRDM based exempla... |
S0001457520316043 | As the use of cannabis for medical purposes becomes increasingly prevalent driving under the influence of cannabis is emerging as a major public health issue . Understanding current behaviours attitudes and perceptions around DUIC in medical cannabis users is an important first step in addressing this issue . Here we p... | Some medical cannabis patients at risk of driving under the influence of cannabis. Most drivers disagree that cannabis impairs driving. Driving under the influence of cannabis perceived to be low risk. Majority of drivers wait at least 7 hours before driving. Likelihood of driving under the influence related to frequen... |
S0001457520316055 | Road hazard perception is considered the most prominent higher order cognitive skill related to traffic accident involvement . Regional cultures and social rules that govern acceptable behavior may influence drivers interpretation of a traffic situation and consequently the correct identification of potentially hazardo... | We compared hazard perception among drivers from Ukraine Italy Spain and Sweden. Road hazard levels modulate response times and visual search strategies. There are cross cultural differences in road hazard perception. Cultural factors modulate the promptness of drivers responses. Cultural factors modulate drivers visua... |
S0001457520316067 | This study evaluated the impact of an optimal in vehicle advanced warning information service in a connected vehicle environment to prevent secondary crashes . Driving simulation experiments were designed and performed to analyze driving behavior . The forward crash situation was reproduced in a simulated highway envir... | This study evaluated the safety effect of advanced warning information systems on secondary crash risk under connected vehicle environment. Drivers behaviors are analyzed according to the forward crash notifications on the road where the crash occurred. To explore the effectiveness of the system this study utilized rep... |
S0001457520316080 | This driving simulator study compared drivers eye movements during a series of lane changes which required different levels of motor control for their execution . Participants completed 12 lane changing manoeuvres in three drives categorised by degree of manual engagement with the driving task Fully Manual Drive Manual... | Levels of automation were used to control the motor control requirements needed from drivers to perform the given task. Drivers have a more dispersed gaze with lesser motor control. However as they prepare for the lane change their gaze pattern tends to converge. Drivers gaze behaviour during an automated lane change i... |
S0001457520316092 | Guardrail end terminals are designed to gradually decelerate vehicles during impact and protect vehicle occupants from severe injuries . It has been observed that some in service end terminals are damaged and it is unclear if their safety performance is still acceptable . The objectives of this study were to examine th... | Common damage patterns of guardrail end terminals were investigated by using post crash pictures collected from the NASS CDS. Finite Element FE models of two minorly and three severely damaged ET Plus systems were developed. Increasing avg. deceleration max yaw angles and deformations were observed in the vehicle model... |
S0001457520316110 | As of 2022 lane keeping assistance systems and other selected safety technologies will become mandatory in new European vehicles to increase safety for passengers pedestrians and cyclists . Lane support systems are based on advanced computer vision technologies and they are expected to give safety benefits in reducing ... | Provided a comprehensive road safety framework for Lane Support System LSS . Conducted a systematic collection of data on LSS operation and road characteristics. Identified the most suitable statistical approach for logit regression of rare events. Identified significant road factors affecting the LSS performance in da... |
S0001457520316122 | Attributions of the causes of accidents to human error are problematically reductive yet such attributions persist in media coverage . Few experiments have examined how human error attributions affect peoples perceptions . An experiment compared attributions of accidents to human error versus other causes . Participant... | We manipulated attributions of accidents human error versus other causes in 50 real news stories. Human error attributions resulted in greater endorsement of individual punishment. Human error attributions resulted in less perceived organizational responsibility. Human error attributions were perceived as more preventa... |
S0001457520316134 | Left turns are some of the most dangerous maneuvers drivers face as they involve a complex decision making process . Indeed drivers must wait for an adequate gap in oncoming traffic to safely complete a left turn maneuver . In this context incorrectly assessed gaps can lead to severe crashes and severe traffic delays a... | Crash data show that left turns are quite dangerous maneuvers. Augmented Reality AR could enable future systems to detect dangers earlier. AR warnings increase the number of safe left turns of connected vehicles. Delays at intersection decreases using AR warnings. No significant differences are observed among different... |
S0001457520316146 | The present paper discusses two fuzzy Surrogate Safety Metrics for rear end collision the Proactive Fuzzy SSM and Critical Fuzzy SSM . The objective is to investigate their applicability for evaluating the real time rear end risk of collision of vehicles to support the operations of advanced driver assistance and autom... | Two Fuzzy Surrogate Safety Metrics FSSMs for rear end collision are presented. Unsafe situations are distinguished between critically and proactively unsafe. The new metrics are assessed based on test track experiments. FSSMs outperform traditional metrics based on crisps thresholds. FSSMs are suitable for supporting d... |
S0001457520316158 | Run off the road crashes account for a significant proportion of severe injuries to vehicle occupants . Traffic barriers have been installed with an objective to keep vehicles on the roadway and prevent them from hitting natural obstacles like trees or boulders . However still injuries and fatalities of barrier crashes... | In this study crashes are aggregated across different barriers and those crashes were converted into costs by considering both impacts of crash severity and frequency. A semi parametric method of quantile regression technique was implemented to account for the skewness of the response by relaxing model distribution par... |
S0001457520316183 | The threat assessment process is a crucial part of intelligent vehicles for evaluating the levels of criticality and taking possible measures to avoid the collision especially for the collision avoidance systems . In this study a novel threat assessment framework based on the drivers evasive behavior namely the CPIC is... | A comprehensive threat assessment framework combining crash probability and inevitable crash state is proposed. Detailed evasive driver behavior models are introduced to the proposed framework. The framework can be used for both warning based and intervention based collision avoidance systems in different scenarios. Th... |
S0001457520316195 | Pedestrian protection is an important component of road safety . Intersections are dangerous locations for pedestrians with mixed traffic . This paper aims to predict potential traffic conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles at signalized intersections . Using detection and tracking techniques in computer vision ped... | Trajectories of pedestrians and vehicles are generated using automated video techniques. The LSTM model is established to predict potential pedestrian vehicle conflicts at the signalized intersections. The external testing results show the model generalizes well at different locations. The proposed model can be applied... |
S0001457520316213 | Connected Vehicles technology has been used to address safety issues on highway horizontal curves . Existing curve warning systems are either using curve warning signs or providing drivers with an in vehicle curve warning message in advance allowing drivers to adjust their speed prior to the vehicle entering the curve ... | Propose an advanced curve speed warning system A CSW to address the in curve speed incompliance issue due to one time warning nature. A CSW provides guided speed warning through driving the entire course of horizontal curves via CV enabled DSRC based V2I commutation. A mixed linear model with random effects is develope... |
S0001457520316249 | In SAE Level 3 automated driving taking over control from automation raises significant safety concerns because drivers out of the vehicle control loop have difficulty negotiating takeover transitions . Existing studies on takeover transitions have focused on drivers behavioral responses to takeover requests . As a com... | Drivers have systematic psychophysiological patterns in automated driving. Psychophysiological patterns are good indicators of takeover requests. Internal states can be specified by psychophysiological data in takeover transitions continuously. The findings are helpful for driver monitoring and adaptive alert systems d... |
S0001457520316250 | Benefiting from the rapid development of communication and intelligent vehicle technology in recent years most traffic information is capable of being collected processed and transmitted to each vehicle through a connected and automated vehicles system . To meet the higher requirements of driving safety in CAVs environ... | The acceleration and the steering angle are incorporated into potential field model for the first time. The model is capable of showing the dynamic spatial distribution of the safe potential field under different motion conditions. A novel risk indicator was proposed based on the safe potential field. A warning strateg... |
S0001457520316262 | A pre and post survey of psychosocial variables was used to examine the effect of a compulsory pre licence driver education program for drivers aged 1620 years in the Australian Capital Territory . While the final survey was collected by telephone all other surveys were completed online . Two way mixed ANOVAs revealed ... | Pre licence driver education is mandatory for new drivers in the Australian Capital Territory. Young novice driver sensation seeking and optimism bias increased between pre and 912 months post the education course. Illusionary invulnerability and differential association decreased over this period. Results indicate tha... |
S0001457520316274 | Traffic accidents are a global concern due to the elevated mortality rates of both drivers and pedestrians . The World Health Organization declared 2011 2020 as the Decade of Action for Road Safety endorsing initiatives to reduce traffic related deaths . Yet despite these incentives fatal accidents still occur . Differ... | An online neuropsychological evaluation discriminates between offender non offender drivers. Demographic cognitive and personality factors can define risky driver profiles. The vulnerability factor is higher in safe drivers than in repeat offenders. Education Level is the factor with the highest discriminative power. |
S0001457520316419 | This study applies a simulation based traffic conflict technique to evaluate the hypothesis that sun glare under upper vents exerts negative impacts on traffic safety in urban tunnels . A modified cellular automata model is applied to simulate the deceleration behavior due to sun glare in real traffic . And the model i... | A modified CA model for urban tunnel is proposed and validated. The safety impact of sun glare in urban tunnel is studied. A conceptualized sunshade system is designed to improve safety conditions in urban tunnel. |
S0001457520316420 | Car driving performance is negatively affected by the intake of alcohol tranquillizers sedatives and sleep deprivation . Although several studies have shown that the standard deviation of the lateral position on the road is sensitive to drug induced changes in simulated and real driving performance tests this parameter... | Machine learning using multiple driving features improves the assessment of drug induced abnormal driving behaviour. Alcohol and alprazolam influenced driving behaviour in a different way. The created models may facilitate quantitative description of abnormal driving behaviour |
S0001457520316511 | This study introduces a method that allows the generation and safety evaluation of a scenario catalog derived from potential car pedestrian conflict situations . It is based on open source software components and uses the road layout standard OpenDRIVE to derive participants motion profiles with the support of availabl... | Automatic generation of potential accident scenarios between pedestrian and cars based on road layout descriptions. Introduction of an enhanced open source framework for simulation and evaluation of pedestrian car accident scenarios with open standards. Systematic evaluation of the effect of a generic AEB system on 100... |
S0001457520316535 | In recent years globally quantile based model and spatially conditional mean models have been widely and commonly employed in macro level safety analysis . The former ones assume that the model coefficients are fixed over space while the latter ones only represent the entire distribution of variable effects by a single... | GWPQR model is applied to analyze the heterogeneity of crashes. Exposure traffic network socioeconomic and land use are considered in model. Accidents data collected in New York City are used to validate the fitting performance. The key variables are identified according to the significant coefficients. Spatially heter... |
S0001457520316547 | There has been no scarcity in the literature of suggested antecedents of employee safety behavior and this paper brings together the disaggregated antecedents of safety behavior in the construction field . In total 101 eligible empirical articles are obtained . Bibliometric and context analyses are combined to identify... | A review of the research on antecedents of safety behavior in construction. From 101 empirical articles eighty three factors in five groups are identified. Propose a safety behavior antecedent analysis and classification model. Propose a safety behavior resource flow model. Bibliometric analysis and content analysis ar... |
S0001457520316560 | Norwegian authorities encourage people to commute by bicycle to improve public health decrease rush hour traffic jams and reduce pollution . However increasing the number of bicyclists especially in the rush hour traffic may increase the number of serious bicycle injuries . To explore trends in hospitalized bicycle inj... | The number of admitted bicyclists to Oslo University Hospital increased 2.5 times from 2005 to 2016. The most common mechanism of injury were single bicycle crashes which made up two thirds of all injuries. The age distribution showed two peaks one for in the early teens and one for adults starting at 20 years and tape... |
S0001457520316572 | Modern day Connected and Autonomous Vehicles with more than 100 million code lines running up to a hundred Electronic Control Units will create and exchange digital information with other vehicles and intelligent transport networks . Consequently ubiquitous internal and external communication within all CAV related nod... | Critical areas identified for Connected Autonomous Vehicles CAVs in combating cyber attacks. Integrated CAVs communication framework is developed for potential cyber attacks. Consolidated details of the cyber attacks on the CAVs in the Intelligent Transport System are presented. Mitigation strategies for CAVs cyber att... |
S0001457520316584 | Selecting an appropriate exposure measure and functional form for Safety Performance Functions is critical in precisely predicting crash counts by different crash types for intersections . This study proposes a new approach namely Generalized Negative Binomial P model to model the complex relationship between crashes a... | Exposure measures and functional forms are investigated in intersections SPFs. Generalized Negative Binomial P models are estimated for intersection crash prediction. Overdispersion is parameterized to account for data heterogeneity. Exposure measures and functional forms vary across intersection types and crash types. |
S0001457520316596 | To support the coordination of road users in situations like merging or turning left an advanced driver assistance system for cooperative driving could be helpful whether driving manually or automated . This simulator study investigated the behavior of drivers being confronted with system failures . In two test situati... | System failures during maneuver coordination are evaluated. The effect of an explanation of the system failure is investigated. The results revealed decreased trust in the system after a failure for short time. The explanations were perceived as helpful but no effect on acceptance was found. |
S0001457520316602 | Rural highways are an important component of highway networks in developing countries . The high fatality rates of single vehicle crashes in these highways recently attracted increasing attention . Given that most studies on the factors that affect the severity of single vehicle crashes in rural highways were conducted... | LCA and BLR were employed to identify factors affecting rural highway single vehicle fatal crashes in China. Driver age collision type and presence of a curve are significant in all three sub class models. Twelve factors only have a significant effect in specific sub class model. Road traffic safety management strategi... |
S0001457520316614 | The crash severity levels of two parties involved in a two vehicle accident may differ markedly and may be correlated . Separately estimating the severity levels of two parties ignoring their potential correlation may lead to biased estimation however modelling their severity levels simultaneously by using a bivariate ... | Crash severity levels of both parties in two vehicle accidents are modeled. The generalized estimating equations method is used to estimate ordered probit models. Comparisons with univariate and bivariate models in a detailed prediction performance matrix were conducted. Key risk factors are identified and correspondin... |
S000145752031664X | Pedestrian safety plays an important role in the transportation system . Intersections are dangerous locations for pedestrians with mixed traffic . This paper aims to predict the near accident events between pedestrians and vehicles at signalized intersections using PET and TTC . With automated computer vision techniqu... | Automated computer vision techniques are used to generate trajectories of pedestrians and vehicles from video data. Two Surrogate Safety Measures SSMs indicators are used to label the pedestrians near accident events. Extreme Value Theory EVT is used to select the most appropriate threshold values for SSMs indicators. ... |
S0001457520316651 | Cell phone use while driving is becoming a key problem in traffic safety as it causes visual manual distraction and has been linked to increases in crash rates . The use of hand held phones has been banned in several countries yet research comparing the safety of hands free phone use with hand held has produced inconsi... | Hierarchical coding structure was built for 52 phone distracted Shanghai NDS events. Fluctuation of speed headway and lane offset was less during phone use. Specific phone tasks demographics and context e.g. road and weather affect speed. |
S0003347219302507 | Niko Tinbergen characterized ethology as the biological study of behaviour involving four kinds of question causation ontogeny adaptive function and phyletic evolution Tinbergen 1963 | I provide a historical perspective of Tinbergen and his four questions of ethology. Namely that of causation ontogeny adaptive function and phyletic evolution. Tinbergen insisted that each question be given equal attention. That requirement continues to present an agenda for ethological aspiration. |
S0003347219303550 | Social learning can be a shortcut for acquiring locally adaptive information . Animals that live in social groups have better access to social information but gregarious and nonsocial species are also frequently exposed to social cues . Thus social learning might simply reflect an animal s general ability to learn rath... | Nonsocial juvenile Port Jackson sharks learnt faster with trained demonstrators. Acquisition occurred between training bouts. Social living is not a prerequisite for social learning in elasmobranchs. |
S0003347219303598 | Polyandry has been a central topic in the study of animal behaviour . Yet it is still not clear how the body weight of each sex affects the probability of female remating and what each sex gains from polyandry . Here we aimed to shed some light on these questions using the Mediterranean flour moth | Heavier moths of both sexes are of higher fecundity and greater promiscuity. Almost all virgin pairs mate regardless of weight to ensure fertilization. Probability of polyandry rises when the female and or the second male are heavier. Sperm displacement mechanisms allow each sex to gain fitness via polyandry. Two sexes... |
S0003347219303604 | Signals of resource holding potential in dyadic contests are relatively straightforward typically reflected in the attributes of the individual including body size and resource ownership . However conveying this information is considerably more complex in social species the outcome of collective contests will be influe... | Myriad workers aggregate between adjacent colonies forming a collective display. Dyadic displays between non nestmate workers rarely escalate into physical contests. Dyadic displays frequently involve one worker replacing another. Worker replacement frequency can convey information about relative colony size. Colonies ... |
S0003347219303616 | Femalefemale competition for mates can be as intense as malemale competition but it has received little attention until recently . Typically such competition is expressed as context dependent aggressive encounters between individuals of the same species within a complex social environment . Unlike male competition in c... | We examined femalefemale aggression in a sexualunisexual molly mating system. Body size was not as important as species in determining aggressiveness. Body size influenced tail beats species influenced the number of bites. Total aggression depended on body size species and sex of the conspecific audience. Sexual sailfi... |
S000334721930363X | Monogynous male mating strategies have repeatedly evolved in spiders along with female biased sexual size dimorphism and extreme male mating investment . As a manifestation of sexual conflict male African golden silk spiders | males are monogynous and show extreme mating investment. Female attacks and sexual cannibalism prevent a male monopolizing a female. Males that are attacked during copulation cast off legs which the female feeds on. Experimentally offering male legs to the female reduced the probability of attacks. The antipredation st... |
S0003347219303641 | We used an automated radiotelemetry system to determine diurnal patterns of activity and temporal phenotype in female European starlings during breeding . Parental care is thought to be the most costly part of reproduction with high rates of intense activity due to foraging and provisioning for chicks so we predicted t... | Diurnal activity of breeding starlings varied systematically with breeding stage. There was low to moderate repeatability of temporal phenotype. Chick rearing birds were less active than incubating birds. Numerous reproductive fitness measures were independent of temporal phenotype. |
S0003347219303653 | Laterality is the prevalence of one side of the body to perform motor acts and perceptual functions . The evolution of directional biases that are consistent across individuals of a group may have been constrained by the opportunity for asymmetric animals to interact with other asymmetric animals . If we assume that so... | Nonbrooded chicks are more lateralized and more aligned than brooded chicks. Nonbrooded chicks are more social and less emotional than brooded chicks. Cohesion and behavioural synchronization correlate with laterality strength. A multidimensional analysis shows a direct link between sociality and laterality. The more s... |
S0003347219303665 | Encountering and adaptively responding to unfamiliar or novel stimuli is a fundamental challenge facing animals and is linked to fitness . Behavioural responses to novel stimuli can differ strongly between closely related species however the ecological and evolutionary factors underlying these differences are not well ... | Exploratory behaviours in Lake Malawi cichlids differ strongly between species. Species differences in exploratory behaviour are explained by microhabitat. Major evolutionary radiations also explain variation in exploratory behaviours. Intermediate habitats are associated with differences in open field behaviour. Patte... |
S0003347219303677 | Latin America was fundamental in the intellectual formation of the founders of modern biology but these pioneers directed their findings primarily to a European audience . Only later did European ethological influence reach Argentina Brazil Mexico and Venezuela . From there the study of behaviour moved to Ecuador and C... | Latin America was fundamental to the intellectual formation of modern biology. European influence reached Argentina Brazil Mexico and Venezuela early on. A Latin American scientific diaspora prospers in Europe U.S.A. Canada Australia . Latin American scholars develop interdisciplinary research in ethology. Ethology of ... |
S0003347219303689 | In insects cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are complex phenotypic traits with several functions they provide protection against pathogens and water loss and convey information about insect identity . They are particularly important in ants as they are the basis for colony specific signatures which allow nestmate recogni... | Cuticular hydrocarbons CHCs help ants protect themselves and communicate. Levels of. alkane are strongly influenced by the environment. Variation of CHCs with elevation has consequences for nestmate recognition. Global warming may impact ant behaviour through pleiotropic traits like CHCs. |
S0003347219303690 | Understanding the sources of variation in reproductive fitness is a central goal of sexual selection research . Research investigating factors limiting male reproductive potential typically focus on limited mate availability or mate access . This focus often minimizes the potential relevance of physiological or other l... | Limits to reproductive potential are surprisingly understudied in males. We allowed male flies unlimited mating opportunities to reveal reproductive limits. We found that males who mated with more females did not always sire more offspring. Females who received low quality mates remated rapidly. These findings suggest ... |
S0003347219303707 | The experience of traumatic events can catalyse physiological trade offs that increase the vulnerability of organisms to disease and death . Among potential sources of trauma the arrival of new males in female philopatric species may be particularly salient due to the accompanying threat of infanticide . In such social... | Injury risk increased for all group members following male immigration in geladas. Dependent infants and lactating females incurred the most injuries. Injured females had longer interbirth intervals. Our results reveal a link between male immigration and female reproductive fitness. |
S0003347219303719 | Behavioural plasticity can be costly but is advantageous when it allows animals to adjust their behaviour to current conditions . Since individual differences in learning ability could be a source of differences in behavioural plasticity the frequency dependence of payoffs within a foraging group may permit the coexist... | We examined learning speed vs behavioural plasticity during foraging in finches. Contrary to expectation slow learners were more plastic than fast learners. Thus cognitive processes involved in simple and complex tasks may differ. Effects of the fastslow continuum on plasticity may differ with social context. |
S0003347219303720 | The defensive repertoires of prey are shaped by diverse ecological and evolutionary demands . This can generate trade offs between the components of defences as in the classic fight or flight dichotomy or dedicated investment in a singular end allowing individuals in better condition to mount a more effective defence a... | Deimatic displays seemingly provide prey with a best of both worlds defence. Mountain katydids are cryptic at rest and reveal striking colours when attacked. We tested for fight or flight trade offs and variation by experience and sex. Sexes respond differently to attack and in the trade off between display and escape.... |
S0003347219303732 | In cooperatively breeding societies dominant breeders are assisted by other individuals in raising their young . In many of these species helping behaviours and their benefits for breeders have been studied by investigating the helpers contribution to direct offspring care even though a significant proportion of help i... | Helpers of cooperatively breeding cichlids increase reproductive success of breeders. Experimental increase in workload fosters division of labour among group members. Helpers care more in the presence of young and reduce the workload of breeders. Digging out shelters is an important investment benefiting all group mem... |
S0003347219303744 | In many mammalian species males are selected to kill unrelated infants and or fetuses in order to cause lactating and pregnant females to begin cycling sooner than they otherwise would . As a result females have evolved numerous counterstrategies to prevent infanticide and feticide . One such proposed counterstrategy i... | The Bruce effect is a purported counterstrategy to infanticide feticide by males. High risk of infanticide is sufficient for the Bruce effect to benefit females. High risk of feticide and maternal death injury are also sufficient. Many species are predicted to exhibit an as yet unreported Bruce effect or feticide. More... |
S0003347219303768 | Female mate choice is a widespread and well recognized phenomenon . Nevertheless individual variation in female preference has not yet received the same attention although such preferences can have important effects on evolutionary dynamics . Here we assess and compare population and individual level female preferences... | Female spiders did not show preference for male characters at the population level. Larger males sired more spiderlings. Offspring survival and feeding performance did not correlate with male characters. Female spiders showed individual preferences for male size. |
S000334721930377X | The study of vocal communication in nonhuman primates especially apes offers critical insight into the origins of human language . Although human language represents a highly derived and complex form of communication researchers have found that the organization of language follows a series of common statistical pattern... | Male gibbon morning calls conform to Zipf s law of brevity and Menzerath s law. The most common notes being shortest in duration. Longer sequences are made up of shorter calls on average. |
S0003347219303781 | Sexual conflict generates a reproductive arms race that often involves behavioural adaptations of females to avoid male sexual coercion . Given the cognitive demands underlying behavioural adaptations it is surprising that there has been little exploration of whether sexual conflict plays an important role in the evolu... | Rates of male attention to females correlate with rates of female approach to males. Longer male genitalia lead to increased coercion only with large brained females. Female body size best explains avoidance of male copulation attempts. Smaller brains are better at avoiding copulations from males with longer genitalia. |
S0003347219303872 | Individuals exhibit consistent differences in behaviour and related cognitive performance . Cognitive styles based hypotheses suggest the trade off between speed and accuracy is an important factor where an individual s behavioural traits and linked decision speeds may account for its cognitive performance . The expect... | We report evidence to support the cognitive styles hypothesis in archerfish. Consistently fast fish learn to shoot novel targets quicker than slower fish. Consistently slower fish have greater discrimination success in three choice tests. Even with differential rewards two choice tests fail to reveal cognitive styles. |
S0003347219303884 | Inhibitory control is the ability to resist performing a prepotent but ultimately incorrect behaviour in situations that demand restraint . Inhibitory control is linked to brain size and intelligence in humans and animals but it is unclear just how it evolves . Inhibitory control is thought to be particularly important... | For hyaenas living in larger groups may demand greater inhibitory control. Cohort size was a stronger predictor of inhibitory control than overall group size. Low ranking hyaenas living in larger groups had better inhibitory control. Adult male and female hyaenas did not differ in inhibitory control. Our results suppor... |
S0003347219303896 | Mating generally occurs with adult females which undergo a suite of changes in morphology physiology and behaviour during maturation . In the brown widow spider | Mating with immature females is an alternative tactic for brown widow males. Adult females cannibalize mating males but immature females do not. Males approached and preferred to mate with adult females over receptive immatures. Males did not show a preference for unreceptive versus late stage receptive immatures. Clos... |
S0003347219303902 | Males frequently compete for access to mates sometimes at a cost to parental behaviour and self maintenance . Theory predicts that aggressive competition among females should be less common and intense due to a trade off between competition and future reproductive investment . However the consequences of female aggress... | Aggressive females protected more eggs from ovicide during increased competition. They did not invest less in egg production. Aggressive females and their mates provisioned offspring more frequently. Offspring of more aggressive females were larger at multiple points in development. They were also more likely to fledge... |
S0003347219303914 | Theory suggests that the balance between unknown dangers and novel opportunities drives the evolution of species level neophobia . Juveniles show lower neophobia than adults within mammals and birds presumably to help minimize the costs of avoiding beneficial novelty and adults tend to be more neophobic to reduce risks... | Neophobia differs by species and is often lower in young birds mammals than adults. Predicting neophobia levels is hard but can inform natural history and conservation. We measured object neophobia across the majority of an endangered crow species. All crows were neophobic but juveniles were much more neophobic than ad... |
S0003347219303926 | In monogamous mating systems pair mates frequently share similar characteristics such as size or ornamentation a pattern suggesting mutual mate choice . When pairs persist across multiple seasons preferences for familiar pair mates can either reinforce or disrupt patterns of assortative pairing . Snapping shrimp | Male snapping shrimp preferred larger females even during the nonreproductive season. Females preferred their current pair mate over size matched novel males. Females increased mate sampling during the nonreproductive season. Males showed no preference for current mates females showed no size preferences. Sex differenc... |
S0003347219303938 | When disturbed animals use various modes of communication to alert conspecifics about the source of danger . Some species have evolved graded or continuous signals specific to the type of threats . African elephants | Asian elephants modulate both high and low frequency calls when disturbed. Duration of trumpets decreases and that of rumbles increases when disturbed. Fundamental frequency and formant positions of rumbles decrease during disturbance. Smaller groups produce longer rumbles when disturbed. |
S000334721930394X | Traditionally it has been suggested that sexual selection can cause sexual size dimorphism . However a recent review in gastropods shows that SSD itself can also cause sexual selection Ng etal . 2019 . | Dimorphism is negatively correlated with sexual selection differential in gastropods. Dimorphism plus similarity based mate choice can cause strong sexual selection. Preference bias can have the opposite effect than dimorphism on sexual selection. Past mate choice causing dimorphism cannot be estimated from present sex... |
S0003347219303951 | The nonlinearity and fear hypothesis predicts that the structure of alarm vocalizations will be influenced by the signaller s internal state . Specifically stressed or otherwise more aroused individuals will produce alarm calls that are relatively more nonlinear . The position of an individual in a social network can i... | Alarm call structure is affected by an individual s social network position. Socially isolated marmots lower outstrength produce noisier alarm calls. Social relationships may influence how individuals perceive their safety. |
S0003347219304087 | Territoriality is central to animal behaviourists understanding of many facets of animal behaviour including resource acquisition space use behaviour communication and mating systems . However the term itself how it is conceptualized and defined has long been nebulous and contentious . Here we ask whether juxtaposing d... | Territoriality is a powerful framework but it is challenging to define. We delineate key problems with territoriality from the animal behaviour literature. We juxtapose debates about territoriality from animal behaviour and social science. Focusing on access and not ownership addresses key problems with territoriality. |
S0003347219304105 | Anthropogenic noise pollution is known to alter the behaviour of acoustically sensitive animals . Many animals also sense vibrations through solid substrates and use substrate borne vibrations in conspecific communication . The effects of substrate borne noise pollution however remain largely unknown . Here we investig... | Seismic noise presents a novel challenge to vibrationally sensitive animals. beetles stridulate during parental care and may sense vibrations. We measured responses to seismic noise in. Beetles stridulated throughout burial and sensed low frequency vibrations. Beetles showed reduced reproductive output in the presence ... |
S0003347219304130 | It has been argued that the influx of women into the fields of primatology and animal behaviour caused a transformation in conventional beliefs particularly with regard to our understanding of malefemale sexual dynamics and the role of females in animal societies . Women members of the Animal Behavior Society have play... | The 1970s saw an influx of women in the fields of animal behaviour and primatology. Since then women have had major impacts on the development of animal behaviour. The Animal Behavior Society has been unusually receptive to women colleagues. |
S0003347219304142 | Geographical variation has been widely studied in oscine songbirds with particular attention paid to the interplay between variables associated with learned song and dispersal . While most field based studies have focused on discrete dialects analysing data from quickly growing citizen science libraries could uncover g... | Citizen science data revealed long range geographical patterns in song features. Chipping sparrow song rate and frequency varied with longitude but not latitude. Despite early song matching diverse song types persisted across the species range. Song and genetic variation were not correlated suggesting a complex life hi... |
S0003347219304154 | For many animals group living mitigates predation risk and ensures survival . However in yellow bellied marmots increased sociality is associated with lower female reproductive success decreased female longevity and increased overwinter mortality for both males and females which raises questions about the adaptive valu... | Group living mitigates risks in many but not all species. We used social network analysis to examine benefits of group living in marmots. Yearling females with strong social relationships had higher summer survival. No other agesex cohort benefited in the same way. The benefits of sociality may vary by age and sex. |
S0003347219304166 | In mammals characterized by a mating system in which a single male monopolizes reproduction infanticide is reported to occur following a male take over often resulting in females returning to oestrus more rapidly than if their infant has survived . However over the course of a 17 year study of golden snub nosed monkeys | Infanticide is common in polygynous mammals but varies across species. We found no infanticide in a 17 year study of polygynous wild snub nosed monkeys. Social network and genetic analyses show most infants are from extrapair matings. Female golden snub nosed monkey might reduce infanticide by confusing paternity. High... |
S0003347219304178 | Toxic or noxious prey often signal their unpalatability through aposematic coloration and the evolution of aposematism has become a model system in evolutionary behaviour . Aposematic colours are not only easily recognized by predators but for many predators aposematism enhances learning and memory retention . In this ... | We offered different colours of dyed crickets to insectivorous lizards. Lizards attacked red crickets less often than green or black ones. We then trained new lizards to avoid dyed crickets by adding a distasteful powder. Lizards learned after a single exposure not to attack crickets regardless of colour. Lizards remem... |
S000334721930418X | Scent marking where individuals deposit signals on objects in the environment is a common form of chemical signalling in mammals and is thought to play a critical role in maintaining social organization within wide ranging spatially dispersed populations . Senders however can incur scent marking costs through mark prod... | Species can use spatial scent marking strategies to facilitate communication. Leopards showed higher investment in maintaining scent marks at home range boundaries. Communication behaviours are impacted by human modifications to the environment. Leopards are highly flexible in their scent marking strategies. GPS and fo... |
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