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S0003347220301809 | During aggression animals signal their physical abilities to deter opponents from fighting . Competitors that have a coevolved system of communication can resolve the outcome of a fight without paying the cost of engaging in potentially injurious fighting . Invasive species complicate the dynamics of competition becaus... | We studied traits used to escalate aggression in two species of invasive crayfish. Both species escalated and resolved disputes using their claws as signals. Claw size determined the outcome of interactions that escalated to physical combat. Species ability to communicate with competitors may affect invasive potential. |
S0003347220301810 | Sexual signals are often elaborate even spectacular behaviours . The reproductive rewards for successful display are great but so are the potential costs . These costs include not only the resources needed to produce a display but also resources required if the display evokes attack from a rival or predator . To maximi... | We examine how energy balance social context affect display effort in singing mice. We injected mice with leptin or saline before or after exposure to conspecific song. Song effort increased after leptin injection and playback of conspecific song. Leptin injection changed song effort in ways consistent with residual bo... |
S0003347220301822 | Research into plumage ornaments and plumage signals of individual state has focused primarily on males while variation among females has received far less attention . White patches of plumage around the eye are a female specific plumage trait in the wood duck | We examined a unique plumage trait white eye patches of female wood ducks. Eye patch area EPA varied considerably and repeatedly among females. EPA varied strongly with age and weakly with body condition. Females with smaller EPAs initiated nests earlier an indicator of individual quality . Older females with larger EP... |
S0003347220301834 | The long held view that birdsong is exclusively a male trait has been challenged recently by a number of studies and reviews highlighting the prevalence of female song . Despite that there remains a lack of knowledge on the function of female song with most evidence thus far focusing on females performing duets with ma... | Female antthrushes sing to defend territories and guard mates from other females. They sing only to males that sing higher pitched songs than they do. As small antthrushes sing higher pitched songs females sing to smaller males. |
S0003347220301846 | Behavioural lateralization the asymmetric expression of cognitive functions is reported to enhance key fitness relevant traits such as group coordination multitasking and predator escape . Therefore studies reporting negative effects on lateralization in fish due to environmental stressors such as ocean acidification h... | Behavioural lateralization reportedly enhances many fitness relevant traits. Thus negative effects of environmental stressors on lateralization are worrisome. We develop and propose new statistical analyses to test for lateralization. Lateralization in five fish species using a detour test was highly nonrepeatable. Pot... |
S0003347220301949 | The sense of olfaction has been traditionally considered of low relevance in bird biology . In particular the location of cached seeds by scatter hoarder corvids is assumed to depend on spatial memory whereas no study has demonstrated the use of olfaction to detect these seeds . In this study we tested whether olfactio... | Olfaction has been neglected in studies of seed retrieval in scatter hoarder birds. We experimentally studied the role of smell in buried seed detection in magpies. Magpies detected buried natural nuts and discarded 3D printed fake nuts. Results suggest that magpies make use of olfaction to pinpoint cached nuts. Olfact... |
S0003347220301986 | Spatial patterns in moving fish shoals originate from social interactions and are driven by factors that benefit individuals such as predator avoidance or reduced energy expenditure . How shoaling is influenced by the presence and absence of a flow field is only partially understood . Adopting a reductionist approach t... | Swimming minnow pairs were recorded in static and flowing water. Minnow pairs adopted a side by side configuration in flowing water. A side by side configuration led to effective bidirectional information transfer. Shoaling was reduced in the absence of flow and fish adopted positions in tandem. Information transfer wa... |
S0003347220301998 | Animals may face trade offs when several simultaneous functions or processes compete for limiting resources . In that context allocation of resources to the most fitness enhancing competing function can be prioritized . Immune response and locomotor performance are relevant fitness components mainly due to their import... | We examined potential immune systemlocomotion trade offs in adult newts. We used. cell wall lipopolysaccharide LPS to trigger an immune response. An immune challenge by LPS did not affect newt swimming speed. The results were consistent 24. None. h and 7 days following the challenge. Locomotion could be prioritized due... |
S0003347220302001 | Urbanization rapidly alters the environment often leading to decreased biodiversity . One abiotic selection pressure uniquely associated with urbanization is the urban heat island effectwherein built structures capture heat during the day retain it through the dark cycle and result in significantly elevated night time ... | Black widow spiders experience an extreme urban heat island UHI in Phoenix AZ U.S.A. Behavioural plasticity may allow urban animals to survive urban disturbance. We show that the UHI greatly limits black widow development. Under UHI temperatures spiders increase web building voracity and cannibalism. |
S0003347220302013 | Animal signallers are subject to audience effects when they alter communication due to changes in the presence or characteristics of receivers . Studies aimed at understanding audience effects have typically examined effects of conspecific audiences on signaller communication . Less work has focused on heterospecific a... | Chickadees and titmice called less in larger conspecific flocks. In nonrisk chickadees called less in larger heterospecific flocks. In nonrisk titmice were unaffected by heterospecific flock size. In risk chickadees and titmice called more in larger heterospecific flocks. Audience effects likely reflect dominance relat... |
S0003347220302025 | Considerable interindividual variation in behaviour including learning ability and personality exists within populations . Recent research has suggested that these two traits might covary that is the expression of certain personality traits might be correlated with learning ability . We experimentally tested this hypot... | Repeatable personality traits did not form a behavioural syndrome. Individuals performed slightly better during individual than social learning. Personality traits individual and social learning were independent of each other. Personality had only a weak effect on learning performance. |
S0003347220302037 | The sensory drive hypothesis states that selection acts on signals to make them more detectable in the habitat conditions in which they occur resulting in signal divergence for species occupying different habitats . For colour signals visibility depends on the luminance contrast and the chromatic contrast between the s... | lizards signal with red and yellow throat fans. We tested effects of ambient light on signal visibility against a green background. In high light typical of low shade red is most visible. In low light typical of shaded habitat yellow and red are equally visible. Habitat shade level may drive the evolution of. signal co... |
S0003347220302062 | The idea that animals gain a higher food intake rate when foraging in larger groups has been reported in many studies . However some studies suggested that the number of neighbours under surveillance may play a more important role in affecting food intake rate than flock size . In addition the effect of the number of n... | More neighbours lead to decreased foraging time and foraging efficiency. Cryptic competition among neighbours reduces individuals intake rate. Number of neighbours is more important in affecting intake rate than flock size. |
S0003347220302074 | Avian brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species leaving the hosts to care for the parasitic offspring . The bookkeeping hypothesis predicts that in order to reduce competition between parasitic nestlings female parasites should keep a mental inventory of host nests that they have already parasitized ... | Screaming cowbirds heavily parasitize greyish baywings in Argentina. Genetic data showed that multiple unrelated cowbirds parasitize the same host. However repeat parasitism on the same host nest by the same parasite was rare. Avoidance of repeat parasitism is consistent with mental bookkeeping by cowbirds. |
S0003347220302086 | Understanding the determinants of fighting ability is key to elucidating the evolution of aggressive behaviour as current tests of contest theory rely on realistic proxies for overall RHP . Traditionally RHP is considered equivalent to body size but it is increasingly clear that a wider range of morphological and physi... | Fighting often involves the repeated performance of agonistic behaviours. Individuals may vary in how skilfully they perform such behaviours. We investigate the link between spatial skill and fighting success in hermit crabs. We find that winners perform rapping behaviour more skilfully than losers. Our results indicat... |
S0003347220302098 | Acclimation conditions may affect the fighting ability of individuals involved in agonistic contests through their oxidative status . For instance exposure to high temperatures might increase the metabolic rate of opponents and their production of damaging reactive oxygen species . Animals investing more strongly in an... | Oxidative status may mediate the effects of thermal conditions on fight outcome. In crickets males with higher antioxidant defences were more likely to win fights. This advantage only occurred between opponents acclimated to the same temperature. Hence antioxidant defences contribute to resource holding potential of op... |
S0003347220302104 | Cold developmental conditions can greatly affect adult life history of ectotherms in seasonal habitats . Such effects are mostly negative but sometimes adaptive . Here we tested how cold conditions experienced during pupal development affect adult wing melanization of an insect ectotherm the Glanville fritillary butter... | Pupal cold exposure induces wing melanization and may alter basking behaviour. Preflight heating rate was not increased by darker wings but was via wing vibrating. More melanized wings reduced mating success in both sexes and altered space use. We found no clear thermal advantage of wing melanization but a fitness cost... |
S0003347220302116 | Animals can transfer food between each other through both competition and cooperation . Analysing patterns of food transfers can thus yield valuable insights into animals social dynamics e.g . intragroup competition and cooperation . Previous studies on food transfers in our closest living relatives the great apes have... | Orang utans flexibly used cooperative and competitive strategies to transfer food. Proximate mechanisms explain changes in strategies delays success and resistance. Food transfers within a dyad were not independent events. Food transfers were influenced by the preceding interaction within each dyad. These results revea... |
S0003347220302128 | Past threatening experiences such as exposure to a predator or a capture event can influence an animal s future behaviour with profound consequences on its survival and ultimate fitness . We hypothesize that an animal s physiological stress response phenotype modulates the influence of past experiences on future behavi... | Threatening experiences can influence future behaviour. We tested whether corticosterone CORT responsiveness influenced this relationship. After capture low CORT response birds were more neophobic than low CORT controls. After capture high CORT response birds were less neophobic than high CORT controls. Capture experie... |
S000334722030213X | Understanding the patterns and processes related to sexual dimorphism and sex differences in diverse animal taxa is a foundational research topic in ecology and evolution . Within the realm of animal communication studies have traditionally focused on male signals assuming that female choice and malemale competition ha... | We describe and quantify female song in barn swallows for the first time. Females sang about 10 times less than males and only early in the breeding season. Song traits showed greater sex differences than visual plumage traits. Sexual differentiation was correlated with female but not male reproductive success. |
S0003347220302268 | Naked mole rats are eusocial mammals that live in hierarchies consisting of one breeding female one to three male consorts and their reproductively suppressed offspring . A disperser morph subcaste has been suggested with a subset of nonbreeders exhibiting motivation to leave their natal colony and mate with unfamiliar... | We evaluated dispersal behaviour in 17 laboratory colonies of naked mole rats. Queen aggression predicted presence of female but not male dispersers. However dispersers were not direct targets of queen aggression. Dispersers were more aggressive than nondispersers but less aggressive than queens. Litter production did ... |
S000334722030227X | Collective decision making is essential for multicellular and self organized society coordination but how this occurs when most of the individuals have limited knowledge of the external environment remains elusive . Using empirical data to inform a neuroscience based firing rate model we found that integration of negat... | Honey bees use a stop signal to reduce waggle dancing for a poor quality food site. They come from foragers with no knowledge of the food site reducing cognitive load. The negative feedback stop signal also reduces waggle dance pheromone production. The feedback dynamics are the same for human brain neurons during deci... |
S0003347220302281 | Collective movement is critical to the survival of some animals . Despite substantial progress in understanding animal collectives such as fish shoals and bird flocks it is unknown how collective behaviour is affected by changes in multiple environmental conditions that can interact as stressors . Using a fully factori... | How do different environmental stressors interact to affect collective behaviour. We tested shoals of sticklebacks manipulating darkness and additional noise. These stressors act independently and on different aspects of collective motion. Shoals were more spaced apart and less coordinated in darkness. Shoal structure ... |
S0003347220302347 | Many animals rely on the integration of senses to interact with their environment . While most studies on multisensory integration focus on animals that use passive sensing fewer studies have investigated actively sensing animals such as animals that use echolocation . Prior work has demonstrated that bats and dolphins... | Bats signals had narrower bandwidth and longer duration during daylight vs night. Signals had less resolution during the day than during the night. Changes in resolution were more pronounced in complex environments. These findings suggest bats may supplement echolocation with vision. |
S0003347220302359 | Insect species display a large range of inter and intraspecific variation in learning and memory retention . Variation in associative learning ability has also been reported for three species in the parasitoid wasp genus | strains differ in how well stimuli are learned and memorized. Despite significant intraspecific variation there is no difference between species. Memory retention pattern is strain specific and similar across stimulus modalities. Individual strains are not representative of species level cognitive abilities. |
S0003347220302360 | Males typically court females extensively to convince them to mate . In some species however males coerce females to mate . We studied mating behaviour in the spider | Males of the spider. bite females instead of courting. Females are inseminated by males after being immobilized by male bites. Males also bind females with silk to prolong the state of immobility. After the copulation females are less mobile than they were before. Larger venom glands of males indicate their adaptation ... |
S0003347220302372 | Many group living animals use precisely coordinated vocalizations to signal group quality and cohesion . However the timing of these signals depends not only on the precision of signallers which has been studied in detail but also on the geometric location of both signallers and receivers . This is because the timing o... | We studied spatial effects on the efficacy of magpie lark duetting displays. We used robotic models to assess the roles of the visual and vocal components. The visual component reduced the effect of signallers separation on duet tempo. Visual displays also enhanced the perception of quality for duets. We suggest that t... |
S0003347220302384 | Brood parasitic cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other birds and thereafter abandon their young to the care of the host . Thus all maternal investment is restricted to investment in the egg . Optimal investment at this stage is likely to have a large impact on maternal reproductive success . Many bird species opt... | Female brood parasitic cuckoos invest only in the egg. Selection pressures of host rejection and environment on egg size conflict. Sliding window approach was used to investigate periods of climate sensitivity. Host defences are the overriding selection pressure on cuckoo egg morphology. Hosts use adult cuckoo presence... |
S0003347220302396 | Anthropogenic noise is globally increasing in aquatic ecosystems and causes adverse repercussions in many fish species yet its effect on freshwater fish is not well understood . Here we test the impact of boat noise on foraging and swimming behaviour on a number of wild freshwater fish species as well as captive black ... | We assessed the impacts of boat noise on fish in the laboratory and in the wild. Boat noise caused captive bullheads to forage less and increase erratic behaviour. Responses of wild fish were comparable to those of fish tested in the laboratory. Fish with specialized hearing structures had greater responses to boat noi... |
S0003347220302426 | Using information from multiple predation cues may allow prey to accurately assess predation risk and correlate antipredator responses with the intensity of the threat . We assessed whether combined unimodal cues would enhance antipredator behaviour in captivity by presenting 10 wild caught ship rats | Amalgamating information from two unimodal predation cues can inform prey behaviour. Direct and indirect predation cues may interact to amplify defensive behaviour. Presenting combinations of predation cues may enhance pest management strategies. |
S000334722030244X | With an increasing human population and expansion of urban settlements wild animals are often exposed to humans . As humans may be a threat a neutral presence or a source of food animals will benefit from continuously assessing the potential risk they pose in order to respond appropriately . Herring gulls | Herring gulls living in built up areas differ greatly in their wariness of humans. We tested whether age and urbanization affected gulls aversion to human gaze. Urban herring gulls could be approached more closely than their rural counterparts. However gulls in urban and rural areas fled sooner if a person was looking ... |
S0003347220302451 | Animals living in heterogeneous landscapes are often faced with making a trade off between maximizing foraging success and avoiding risk . Using high resolution GPS tracking data this study explored the fine scale movement patterns and risk sensitivity of crop raiding African elephants | Elephants move faster and straighter with closer temporal proximity to farmland. Inside farmland elephants decrease speed and likelihood of moving straight. Elephants may consider the nutritional gain from crop raiding to outweigh the risks. |
S0003347220302463 | The use of social network analysis to quantify animal social relationships has increased exponentially over the last two decades . A popular aspect of social network analysis is the use of individually based network metrics . Despite the diversity of social network metrics that exist and the large number of studies tha... | We outline quantitative and qualitative issues associated with metric hacking. We provide guidance on the appropriate use of multiple network metrics. We encourage diligent consideration of methods and reasoned justification of metrics. Reasoned a priori choice of metrics will improve our understanding of social networ... |
S0003347220302475 | Neophobia the fear response of organisms towards novel cues is a phenotypically plastic trait that manifests among prey that experience uncertain often high levels of risk . Prey that find themselves in uncertain or highly variable risk environments over ecological and evolutionary time could benefit from reducing the ... | Neophobia is a phenotypically plastic response by prey to uncertain risk. Elevated mean predation risk and predictability of risk should drive neophobia. We exposed dace to predictable or unpredictable risk at high vs low levels. Neophobic responses were stronger following exposure to unpredictable risk. Risk unpredict... |
S0003347220302487 | Behavioural thermoregulation can ameliorate thermal stress but is costly . For species that court in a thermally stressful microhabitat sexual selection via endurance rivalry favours individuals that are able and willing to endure harsh conditions in the courtship habitat as retreats to a thermal refuge will reduce mat... | Male fiddler crabs face a trade off between courtship and thermoregulation. Time on the surface where courtship occurs is limited by high temperatures. Male fiddler crabs took greater thermal risks in the presence of a female. Thermal retreat decisions depend on social and abiotic conditions. |
S0003347220302505 | During separation infants of various species often produce a special call type the separation cry which elicits instant response from the caregiver . Ignoring this stimulus might be costly hence adults have evolved a sensitivity to infant cries . As the acoustic structure and function of these vocalizations are conserv... | The type of playback stimulus affected dogs behaviour. Dogs reacted fastest and longest to pup and artificial calls. Reactions were slowest and shortest to baby cries. Noisiness affected speaker and owner orientation positively. Habituation to baby cries occurred only in dogs experienced with babies. |
S0003347220302591 | Communication plays an integral role in facilitating intra and interspecific interactions . The study of signal function and content reveals the rules that govern such interactions informing hypotheses in behavioural ecology and evolution . The ubiquitous nature of antipredator vocalizations in ground squirrels provide... | Antipredator vocalizations may serve to deter predators and warn offspring. A nonhibernating squirrel gives antipredator vocalization throughout the year. Squirrels uttering antipredator vocalizations were predominantly female. Multiple signal functions may select for increased communication complexity. |
S0003347220302608 | Insect societies are challenged by harmful pathogens that originate from waste such as faeces food leftovers or corpses . The discarding of waste to outside the nest reduces these sanitary risks and contributes to the social immunity of ant colonies . In this study we tested whether the nest cleaning behaviour in | Ant colonies adapt nest cleaning based on waste pathogenicity and brood presence. The greater the pathogenicity of waste the faster it was discarded by the ants. The presence of the brood enhanced the hygienic response of workers. Efficiency of sanitary behaviour was not correlated with workers immune defences. |
S000334722030261X | Group hunting where two or more individuals chase the same prey occurs in various vertebrate clades . Its evolution has typically been attributed to the resulting increased prey capture rate . Indeed many studies have documented positive correlations between the number of individuals and probability of success suggesti... | We studied the effect of group size on hunting success in yellow saddle goatfish. Groups catch prey faster and with higher probabilities than singleton hunters. No correlation of individuals hunting success rates when alone versus in groups. Collaboratively hunting individuals perform better in groups than alone. |
S0003347220302621 | Predation success depends on factors such as hunger prey size prey availability and intensity of competition . A neglected factor that may also influence predation success is the proper function of morphological traits related to prey search capture and manipulation . Injuries that compromise the functionality of these... | Some morphological traits are crucial for prey capture and subjugation. The functionality of these traits is thus crucial for predation success. Tail autotomy in scorpions causes loss of the stinger used for venom inoculation. Stinger loss reduced subduing success of both small and large prey. In conclusion tail autoto... |
S0003347220302633 | Many species use early life sensory experiences to guide phenotypic plasticity and facilitate decision making during later adult settlement in new habitats or location of suitable resources . However only some of the available sensory information in the environment is relevant for future decision making and in addition... | Larval experience affects adult moth host plant decisions. There is a sensitive period for host plant cue transfer over the full metamorphosis. Only experience at late larval instars affects adult host plant choice decisions. Adults use innate preference when exposed to early instar plant experience. |
S0003347220302645 | In mammals allogrooming is prominent in forming and maintaining social and cooperative relationships . Yet an animal s social time is constrained which may limit its access to a large number of partners . Dunbar 1993 | Polyadic grooming PG is hypothesized to promote efficient access to many partners. Territorial wild chimpanzees engaged more in PG than nonterritorial wild bonobos. PG increased the efficiency of access to partners in bonobos but not in chimpanzees. Both chimpanzees and bonobos primarily used PG with frequent grooming ... |
S0003347220302657 | Conspicuous colours in animals are usually explained by mate attraction predator avoidance and prey attraction . Predators may lure prey by mimicking food or other resources . Alternatively some animals avoid predation by visually signalling unpalatability to predators . The evolution of a signal is affected by receive... | We tested whether orb web spider colour morphs attract prey or deter predators. There was no difference in foraging success of models red yellow black none . Black models bore more attack marks than red and yellow models. Conspicuous coloration is possibly a warning signal in |
S0003347220302669 | In resource defence mating systems where males control nest sites complex interrelationships between nest characteristics and nest advertisement are likely to influence female mate choice . Surprisingly however we know little about the influence of such relationships on female mating decisions . In terrestrial breeding... | We examined the influence of moisture pH and calling on female nest site selection. Females deposited more eggs in wetter and less acidic nests. Nest moisture and pH were positively related to the calling potential of males. Female mate choice is influenced by a complex interplay between nest traits. Nesting behaviour ... |
S0003347220302670 | Vocalizations often contain both dynamic information related to short term fluctuations in the individual s emotional states and static information related to long term attributes such as age sex weight and body size which define an individual vocal signature . While both types of information may be of functional value... | We investigated the coding of individual signature in a graded vocal repertoire. We compared the strength of individual vocal signature across the bonobo repertoire. Quantitative analysis revealed graded structure between most common call types. All call types investigated showed significant individual vocal signatures... |
S0003347220302682 | Animals move in modes where movement patterns relate to specific behaviours . Despite much work on the movement of butterflies their behavioural modes are relatively unexplored . Here we analysed the behaviour of the model butterfly species the meadow brown | Behavioural modes of. vary with motivation and habitat. Optimal time foraging or mate searching was evaluated with a mathematical model. Behavioural modes impact movement rate predictions from movement models. |
S0003347220302694 | In environments where females mate multiply males should adjust their behaviour and physiology in response to the perceived level of sperm competition to maximize their fitness . Evidence of such plasticity has been found in several laboratory and field studies but little is known about the cues stimulating these respo... | Perceived sperm competition risk alters male behaviour linked to sexual fitness. The cues driving plasticity in the wild have not been well explored. We show aggregation of food leads to increased intrasexual encounter rate. This in turn stimulates responses likely to affect sperm competition performance. Our data help... |
S0003347220302700 | The observable diversity of antipredator defences across organisms demonstrates predation s impact on trait evolution . The functions of many traits that are presumed to have an antipredator function have never been directly tested . The spiny orb weaving spider | We tested whether. uses stridulation in antipredator defence. We quantified behavioural and acoustical properties of stridulation. We tested survival of silenced and control adult females in the laboratory field. Survival of silenced and control females did not differ. Stridulation may not serve an antipredator functio... |
S0003347220302724 | The lateral line system of fishes is composed of neuromast mechanoreceptors that detect movement through vibration and changes in pressure gradients in the water . Although mechanosensory information has been shown to be important in the contexts of predator escape and foraging little is known about the role of the lat... | The role of mechanosensory signals in fish communication is not well understood. Males without access to mechanosensory information won fewer contests. Females without access to mechanosensory signals showed reduced mate discrimination. Mechanosensory signals play an important role in social decision making in fish. |
S0003347220302736 | Acoustic communication mediates many types of social interactions however few studies have investigated whether courtship vocalizations contain distinctive individual signatures necessary for individual recognition . Male house mice | Unlike lab mice wild male mice rarely vocalized until presented with female odour. Upon sniffing female scent males called at a high rate and with a large repertoire. Male USVs showed high individual variation and most showed consistency over time. We found greater inter than intraindividual variation in USVs over 3 we... |
S0003347220302748 | Social interactions can shape daily activity patterns and this is an area of growing research interest . The propensity for individuals to be active at certain times of day may structure interactions with competitors and potential mates influencing fitness outcomes . Aspects of daily activity such as timing of activity... | Arctic ground squirrels showed evidence of circadian chronotypes. Activity onset and offset differed by sex especially during mating and lactation. Activity onset reflected life history energetics rather than sexual selection. Repeatability estimates were affected by sampling frequency and design. |
S000334722030275X | Individuals sometimes exhibit striking constancy to a single behaviour even when they are capable of short term behavioural flexibility . Constancy enables animals to avoid costs such as memory constraints but can also inflict significant opportunity costs through behaviourenvironment mismatch . It is unclear when indi... | We examined factors influencing constancy of foraging tactics in bumble bees. Bees forage via floral openings legitimate or via holes at the flower base rob . Bee foraging was highly constant feeding legitimately or robbing nectar. Bees readily switched tactics and there was no cost to switching. |
S0003347220302761 | Negative patterning discrimination is considered a nonelemental form of learning and has been extensively investigated across taxa . Several insect species have also been examined with this task but only honey bees | Free flying bumble bees demonstrate a nonelemental form of learning. Bumble bees can solve colour visual pattern and visual olfactory negative patterning. Bees show interindividual differences in the bimodal negative patterning task. |
S0003347220302773 | Paleontologists and biologists generally utilize different lines of evidence and approaches to study conceptualize and categorize animal behaviour which has led to a divide between the two disciplines and lack of integration of their data . Numerous filters impact the preservation of behaviour in the fossil record . He... | The fossil record of behaviour in deep time richly complements the modern. A diversity of behaviours is represented in the paleontological literature. Surveying this record can reveal how behaviours originated and evolved over time. Understanding how behavioural evidence preserves is important for this goal. |
S0003347220302785 | Social communication systems are predominantly multimodal and can combine modulatory and information bearing signals . The honey bee waggle dance one of the most elaborate forms of social communication in animals activates nestmates to search for food and communicates symbolic information about the location of the food... | Honey bee species differ in the set of signals produced in the waggle dance. Dance followers candidate signal recipients were observed in three Asian species. Follower behaviour throughout the waggle dance was highly similar across species. Most followers oriented lateral to the dancer with a mean body angle of 90. The... |
S0003347220302876 | Animals compete in contests over limited resources and contestants with greater fighting ability or resource holding potential typically win contests . Contest strategies have evolved to balance contest costs with the benefit of winning resources . Sometimes contestants decide to leave by estimating their opponent s re... | Snapping shrimp switched from mutual assessment to cumulative assessment. Snapping shrimp assessed their opponent s recent contest success. Winner effects facilitated early and accurate contest decisions. |
S0003347220302888 | Intra and intersexual selection drives the evolution of secondary sexual traits leading to increased body size trait size and generally increased reproductive success in bearers with the largest most attractive traits . Evolutionary change through natural selection is often thought of primarily in terms of genetic chan... | We examined trade offs between somatic growth and reproductive success. We propose a nongenetic mechanism for rapid decline in sexually selected traits. We model impacts of selective harvest on horn size in male bighorn sheep. Average male horn length declined rapidly following selective removal of prime males. Smaller... |
S000334722030289X | Resource value assessment in which competitors adjust behaviours according to the perceived value of a contested resource is well described in animal contests . Such assessment is usually assumed to be categorical or linear for example males fight more aggressively when females are present than absent or as female fecu... | Mantis shrimp inhabit protective coral rubble burrows in a size assortative manner. Intruders without burrows won fights over burrows smaller than the predicted ideal size. Intruders won by delivering more high force strikes and by being aggressive first. Burrow residents showed no evidence of burrow size assessment. T... |
S0003347220302906 | Niche partitioning among different age breeding status or sex classes allows resource use to be maximized while reducing intraspecific competition . Individual specialization marks the finest scale of niche partitioning where within a species individuals differ in their realized niches . Despite having important implic... | Immature long lived seabirds at 36 years old can be as specialized as adults. Males have more individually specialized foraging movements than females. A greater isotopic variability in males suggests they consume more discards. Human derived resources can drive sexual differences in foraging strategy. |
S0003347220302918 | Consistent interindividual differences in behaviour can influence a range of ecological and evolutionary processes including predation . Variation between individual predators in commonly measured personality traits such as boldness and activity has previously been linked to encounter rates with their prey . Given the ... | We studied individual variation in the behaviour of wild pike cichlid predators. Predators were repeatedly presented with prey stimuli and no prey controls. Individual predators differed consistently in the time spent near prey. Variation in the response to prey was not explained by behaviour without prey. Typical pers... |
S000334722030292X | Like birds and many other animals bats produce diverse acoustic calls for social communication . Geographical variation in social acoustic signals and perceptual discrimination abilities are well studied in birds but largely unexplored in bats . In this study we recorded male territorial calls of the great Himalayan le... | We examined geographical variation in male Himalayan leaf nosed bat calls. Male calls showed significant geographical variation across colonies. Neither ecological nor morphological factors nor drift explained the call variation. Males can discriminate between calls of their own colony and those of a foreign colony. |
S0003347220302931 | Animals often exhibit extensive flexibility in movement behaviours on a range of temporal and spatial scales in response to cues that reliably predict fitness outcomes . The annual timing of movements between distinct habitats can be crucial particularly in seasonal environments with narrow ecological windows of opport... | Brown trout males move from feeding lakes to spawning streams before females. While length of activity period is similar males conduct more frequent movements. Transitional movements of both sexes are primarily nocturnal. Movement probability increases as river height increases and the moon wanes. |
S0003347220302943 | The sexes may have different optima in cognitive traits due to differences in life history strategies and the expense of investing in metabolically costly brain tissue . However given genetic correlations each sex could be constrained from reaching its cognitive optimum due to intralocus sexual conflict . We compared l... | Swordtail fish showed tactical and sexual dimorphism in learning performance. There was no evidence for a genetic correlation across the sexes for learning. This suggests no intralocus sexual conflict on investment in cognition. Maternal effects on the slower learning tactic may mitigate genetic correlation. Our result... |
S0003347220302955 | Bird nests often consist of stronger materials to maintain nest structure and a softer layer of lining materials to reduce heat loss . We studied whether early learning affected the use of nest materials by cross fostering between two tit species with similar breeding ecology the blue tit | Many more feathers and hairs are found in blue tit than in great tit control nests. We cross fostered blue tits and great tits. Use of nest material does not seem to be affected by early social learning. Females raised by the other species use fewer feathers than controls. |
S0003347220302967 | Environmental changes caused by urbanization and noise pollution can have profound effects on acoustic communication . Many organisms use higher sound frequencies in urban environments with low frequency noise but the developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying these shifts are generally unknown . We used a co... | Animals in urban environments often produce higher frequency sounds. Frequency differences of urban and rural birds persisted in a quiet common garden. Higher minimum frequencies of urban birds are not a plastic response to noise. Genetic evolution and or early life experiences appear to cause this difference. Urban en... |
S0003347220303006 | Bees efficiently learn asocial and social cues to optimize foraging from fluctuating floral resources . However it remains unclear how bees respond to divergent sources of social information and whether such social cues might modify bees natural preferences for nonsocial cues hence affecting foraging decisions . Here w... | Honey bees colour preferences are influenced by conspecifics and heterospecifics. Honey bees colour preferences are overridden by conspecific social information. Honey bees discriminate conspecific from bumble bees when making foraging decisions. Conspecific social information is prioritized in a foraging context. |
S0003347220303018 | Environmental context is a crucial factor that influences sexual communication systems . Particularly in ectotherms which can not metabolically regulate their body temperature temperature has an outsized effect on these intraspecific interactions . Using the desert dwelling jumping spider | Temperature affected vibratory not visual courtship in a desert jumping spider. Male mass and visual not vibratory courtship impacted female mate choice. Females preferred shorter visual displays but only at high temperatures. Reductive approaches examining sexual signals cannot explain mate choice patterns. |
S000334722030302X | The reciprocal pilferage hypothesis argues that despite the occurrence of pilferage scatter hoarding behaviour could evolve if cache loss is compensated by gains pilfered from others . However this model has not been strictly tested because of the difficulty associated with tracking caches including ownership over long... | Individual cache animal links were established for 14 pairs of. Competition first appeared at food sources followed by competition for caches. Cache loss was compensated by harvesting from food sources and pilfering from others. Cache loss from pilferage could be offset by gains pilfered from competitors. Empirical evi... |
S0003347220303043 | Cryptic interactions among individuals in animal societies can be challenging to detect due to their rarity or their covert nature but they can have important fitness consequences for the individuals involved . Using radiofrequency identification technology we examined the pattern and function of visits to the nests of... | We documented visits made by songbirds to the nests of conspecifics. Some visits made by males were consistent with seeking extrapair copulations. Some visits were consistent with prospecting for future nest sites or mates. Males biased visits towards kin even outside of a helping context. Extraterritorial visits likel... |
S0003347220303055 | Various avian species give mobbing calls that draw conspecific and heterospecific individuals to react against the potential predator . According to the attract the mightier hypothesis when predators appear prey will produce mobbing calls to attract superior predators to repel or kill the primary predator . To test thi... | Attract the mightier is an unproved functional hypothesis for mobbing behaviour. We conducted a playback experiment to test the attract the mightier hypothesis. Mobbing calls from prey to primary predators attracted superior predators. Raptors might use the information contained in mobbing calls for hunting. |
S0003347220303067 | Rapid colour change is widespread in animals and allows them to respond dynamically to the physical and social environment . However few studies have examined the information conveyed by dynamic colour signals in different social contexts such as courtship and rivalry contests . Furthermore dynamic colour change on dif... | Male bearded dragon lizards change colour during interactions with other lizards. Winners had darker beards and their beard changed more than those of losers. Residency was the strongest predictor of contest outcome. Neither colour nor the extent of colour change predicted copulation attempts. |
S0003347220303079 | The importance of vision reliant defensive traits in mimicry studies is well established but their effectiveness is limited by visibility . In low light conditions for instance acoustic or tactile channels may be more effective . The juvenile and adult stages of the nocturnal hunting | spiders stridulate when harassed similar to well defended mutillid wasps. spiders and geckoes either do not attack or drop. and wasps. and wasp stridulations are similar. spiders are Batesian acoustic mimics of sympatric mutillid wasps. |
S0003347220303080 | Many species of insects have sex specific and species specific cuticular lipid profiles that help regulate mate recognition and courtship behaviour . However in adult butterflies little is known about cuticular hydrocarbons the main component of the lipid profile and their function in mating . Here we investigated whet... | males use cuticular hydrocarbons CHCs for mate discrimination. The CHCs of males and heterospecific females suppress male copulation attempts. Certain cuticular alkenes serve as behavioural inhibitors of male copulation. |
S0003347220303092 | Prey detection and selection by birds can be influenced by prey coloration . Whereas certain colours can indicate to predators the unpalatability of prey other colours can render prey cryptic against the background . However there are discrepancies in the response of birds to prey coloration reported in different studi... | Yellow dummy caterpillars received fewer bird attacks probably due to aposematism. Green caterpillars received fewer bird attacks probably due to reduced detectability. Birds predominantly attacked caterpillars with dark colours. The effect of dummy prey colour on bird predation was consistent across sites. Predation r... |
S0003347220303109 | Complex systems exhibit emergent behaviours as a result of the interactions of their components . These components often vary in several traits . Such variation may improve system performance by increasing its efficiency or its robustness to environmental change . These two outcomes efficiency and robustness are often ... | The function of assumed adaptive size variation in bumble bees is unclear. We created colonies with different size variation in stable and unstable conditions. Variation did not affect colony performance conditions affected worker physiology. Lipid storage increased under unstable conditions particularly in smaller wor... |
S0003347220303195 | Varying forms of polygyny are observed across many animal groups . In some species a male defends a group of females from other males and successful defence leads to greater reproductive success . This is often referred to as harem polygyny and is most observed in mammals . A female biased sex ratio has been associated... | Tree wt aggregations in roosts vary depending on sex ratio and population density. Males with larger heads are associated with more females. Males avoid roosting with other males unless females are present in the roosts also. |
S0005789419300450 | Despite the incidence of trauma in the histories of people with Hoarding Disorder reexperiencing symptoms namely intrusive images have not been investigated in the condition . To address this 27 individuals who met DSM 5 criteria for HD and 28 community controls were interviewed about their everyday experiences of intr... | This is the first study to investigate intrusive imagery in Hoarding Disorder. Hoarding individuals report intrusive imagery that impedes discarding. Imagery based interventions may prove useful for treating Hoarding Disorder. |
S0005789419300462 | Sleep problems are common in school age children and linked to numerous negative outcomes . Sleep disturbances are particularly common in children with mental health disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder depression and anxiety . Despite frequent use of nonpharmacological pediatric sleep interventio... | Psychosocial pediatric sleep treatments improves some sleep parameters. Psychosocial sleep treatments less beneficial for youth with internalizing problems. Sleep interventions reduce externalizing but not internalizing problems in youth |
S0005789419300474 | Loneliness has been described as a common source of discomfort based on a subjective discrepancy between the actual and desired social situation . For some people this feeling may become a sustained state that is associated with a wide range of psychiatric and psychosocial problems . While there are few existing treatm... | Loneliness is a transdiagnostic problem linked to several adverse consequences. Internet delivered psychological treatment has not been tested for loneliness. This pilot randomized controlled trial showed of reduction of loneliness. |
S0005789419300486 | Cognitive behavioral therapy is an efficacious treatment for child anxiety disorders but 40 50 of youth do not respond fully to treatment and time commitments for standard CBT can be prohibitive for some families and lead to long waiting lists for trained CBT therapists in the community . SmartCAT 2.0 is an adjunctive ... | mHealth SmartCAT app was used in conjunction with brief CBT for child anxiety. App and portal demonstrated strong feasibility usability and acceptability. Brief CBT app associated with high rates of recovery and improved CBT skills |
S0005789419300498 | Evidence based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder often produce significant symptom reduction within eight sessions . However some patients take longer to respond and a better understanding of predictors of later response can help guide treatment . In the current study the cohort consisted of all VA patients ... | We investigated prevalence and predictors of meaningful PTSD change in VA care. 14 of veterans achieved meaningful change within 8 sessions and 10 subsequently. Those without some symptom reduction by session 8 are at high risk for nonresponse |
S0005789419300619 | Severe irritability is a common and clinically important problem longitudinally associated with internalizing and externalizing problems in children . To better understand these mechanisms and to inform treatment research we tested cognitive behavioral processes as candidate mediators in the paths from irritability to ... | This three wave longitudinal study explored mechanisms of irritability in children. Irritability predicted multiple internalizing and externalizing problems over 6 and 12 months. Irritability was linked to intolerance of uncertainty emotion coping and rumination. Difficulties with emotions and uncertainty mediated path... |
S0005789419300620 | Severe chronic irritability is one of the most frequently reported problems in youth referred for psychiatric care . Irritability predicts adult depressive and anxiety disorders and long term impairment . Reflecting this pressing public health need severe chronic and impairing irritability is now codified by the DSM 5 ... | Exposure based cognitive behavioral therapy as treatment for severe irritability. Parent management training as important treatment module for severe irritability. Clinically rich example of a case with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Discussion of future directions and research pursuits |
S0005789419300632 | The Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale is an observer rated measure of cognitive behavioral therapy treatment fidelity . Although widely used the factor structure and psychometric properties of the CTRS are not well established . Evaluating the factorial validity of the CTRS may increase its utility for training and fideli... | The multilevel factor structure of the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale was evaluated. Three distinct and interpretable within therapist factors were found. A single between therapist factor was found |
S0005789419300644 | Computerized interpretation bias modification programs show promise for the treatment of anxiety disorders though they have rarely been compared to active treatments . The goal of the present study was to compare the efficacy of IBM to progressive muscle relaxation for the treatment of social anxiety disorder . Sixty f... | We compared interpretation bias modification to progressive muscle relaxation for social anxiety. Both treatments were delivered online and had very low attrition. Both treatments were associated with substantial equivalent improvements in social anxiety |
S0005789419300656 | Evidence from analogue samples suggests that deficits in emotional functioning namely elevated emotional reactivity and distress intolerance are implicated in the development and maintenance of hoarding disorder . We aimed to extend previous research in this area by investigating emotional reactivity and distress intol... | Trait distress intolerance independently predicted greater hoarding severity. Trait distress intolerance shared a small moderate relationship with task persistence. Hoarding and clinical groups self reported poorer trait emotional functioning. Groups did not differ on task induced subjective or physiological reactivity... |
S0005789419300668 | Rumination is thought to play a central role in affective disorders such as social anxiety disorder . Past research indicates that rumination tends to exacerbate negative emotions and increase the risk of engaging in maladaptive coping behaviors . However little is known on how to effectively protect against the negati... | Rumination predicts social avoidance in social anxiety. Across two samples we tested if emotion differentiation moderates this link. The rumination avoidance link is not significant under high emotion differentiation. Emotion differentiation may protect against behavioral dysregulation |
S000578941930067X | Anxiety and insomnia disorders are two of the most common and costly mental health conditions . They are frequently comorbid but current treatments do not target both . To streamline treatment we developed a computerized intervention targeting a transdiagnostic factor safety aids . We conducted a randomized controlled ... | A new computerized transdiagnostic treatment for insomnia and anxiety was tested. Treatment reduced safety aids strategies used to manage distress. Reductions in safety aids were associated with reductions in anxiety and insomnia |
S0005789419300681 | Hope is a trait that represents the capacity to identify strategies or pathways to achieve goals and the motivation or agency to effectively pursue those pathways . Hope has been demonstrated to be a robust source of resilience to anxiety and stress and there is limited evidence that as has been suggested for decades h... | Hope is cognitive trait that predicts resilience and recovery from anxiety disorders. This study examined hope as a transdiagnostic mechanism of change in CBT. Transdiagnostic and four disorder specific CBTs all produced large increases in hope. Intraindividual changes in hope were robust predictors of symptom trajecto... |
S0005789419300693 | Although the experience of disgust is commonly endorsed among women with eating disorders it remains unclear how to best model this emotion in relation to disordered eating . The present study sought to identify potential disgust conditioning abnormalities that may underlie the development of eating disorder symptoms .... | Examined disgust conditioning in high HED and low LED eating disorder groups. CS. None. and CS did not vary as a function of conditioning for the LED group. HED group characterized by stronger conditioning than the LED group. Disgust acquisition in the HED group was greater than fear acquisition. Acquisition of disgust... |
S000578941930070X | There is a major public health need for innovative and efficacious behavioral and cognitive interventions for smoking cessation . This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of an acceptance and commitment therapy smartphone application in augmenting ACT group treatment for smoking cessation . One hundred f... | There is a need for innovative and efficacious smoking cessation interventions. This trial compared behavioral support ACT and ACT combined with smartphone app. The combined intervention promoted smoking reduction at posttreatment. Acceptance and awareness improved in the combined group at posttreatment. The three grou... |
S0005789419300747 | People often overestimate the intensity and duration of their future emotions referred to as an impact bias . Impact biases have been documented in predictions people make about their own emotions as well as the others emotions i.e . | Study examined relations between social anxiety and affective empathic forecasts. Social anxiety was related to negative but not positive empathic forecasts. Social anxiety was related to affective forecasts of shame and guilt. Negative affective and empathic forecasts were significantly correlated. Hypothesized effect... |
S0005789419300760 | Affective styles appear to be relevant to the development of psychopathology especially anxiety disorders . The aim of the current study was to investigate changes in affective styles in patients with panic disorder and specific phobia as a result of undergoing cognitive behavioral therapy and to identify a possible li... | CBT is associated with positive changes in affective styles. Adjusting and tolerating significantly increased after therapy. Concealing did not decrease significantly. Higher scores on adjusting significantly predicted remission after therapy. Increased adjusting was significantly associated with the reduction of sympt... |
S0005789419300772 | Affective traits including irritability and limited prosocial emotions callous unemotional traits each explain significant variance in youth conduct problems but few studies have examined these constructs simultaneously . This study examined whether irritability LPE CU or their combination explained significant varianc... | Irritability and LPE CU are less correlated with each other than with defiance. Irritability was correlated with anxiety and affect problems but LPE CU was not. LPE CU was correlated with low positive parent involvement but irritability was not. Irritability and LPE CU interact to explain impairment and proactive aggre... |
S0005789419300784 | Both negative posttraumatic cognitions and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms decrease over the course of cognitive behavior therapy for PTSD however further research is needed to determine whether cognitive change precedes and predicts symptom change . The present study examined whether weekly changes in blame pre... | Posttraumatic stress symptoms and self blame reduced over the course of treatment. Changes in posttraumatic stress symptoms and self blame were dynamically linked. Changes in other blame did not predict changes in posttraumatic stress symptoms. |
S0005789419300796 | Irritability refers to a proneness for anger and is a symptom of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology . Since irritability is associated with significant cross sectional and longitudinal impairments research on the behavioral and neural correlates of pediatric irritability in populations at risk for signific... | Frustration GNG task elicits frustration and changes in cognitive control. Child rated irritability predicts changes in frustration on task over ADHD symptoms. Impact of frustration on cognitive control same for ADHD and TD children |
S0005789419300838 | Recent work has drawn attention to the previously underrecognized role that irritability plays in childhood psychopathology . Despite increased recognition of the clinical importance of pediatric irritability as a transdiagnostic symptom dimension there is a lack of evidence based treatments for this population that si... | Retrospective chart review of transdiagnostic treatment for pediatric irritability. Parents of irritable youth find transdiagnostic treatment acceptable. Treatment shown to be feasible for clinicians and families. Data support initial efficacy of treatment in reducing pediatric irritability. |
S0005789419300954 | Irritability is a substrate of more than one dozen clinical syndromes . Thus identifying when it is atypical and interfering with functioning is crucial to the prevention of mental disorder in the earliest phase of the clinical sequence . Advances in developmentally based measurement of irritability have enabled differ... | We present the Early Childhood Irritability Related Impairment Interview E CRI . The E CRI is a developmentally sensitive irritability specified impairment interview. The E CRI was validated across the early childhood period in two independent samples. The E CRI exhibits strong explanatory power for clinical outcomes. |
S0005789419300966 | Body dysmorphic disorder has a severe presentation and chronic course when untreated . Although effective BDD treatments exist most individuals do not have access to them . We therefore developed and pilot tested the first smartphone delivered individual cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for adults with BDD . The ... | Developed and pilot tested the first smartphone delivered CBT service for BDD. A 12 week open trial suggests the app may be feasible acceptable and satisfactory. Severity and impairment reduced with large effects. Insight and quality of life improved with large effects. Smartphone based CBT for BDD shows promise as a l... |
S0005789419300978 | Our field has come a long way in establishing cognitive behavioral therapy as the empirically supported treatment of choice for a wide range of mental and behavioral health problems . Nevertheless most individuals with mental disorders do not receive any care at all and those who do often have difficulty accessing care... | Most individuals with mental disorders receive no care and care is often inadequate. Emerging technology offers new solutions to lessen the treatment gap. Internet and smartphone based treatments can be highly effective and scalable. Pitfalls of technology based interventions must be carefully examined. |
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