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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferden] | [TOKENS: 1968]
Contents Ferden Ferden is a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. Besides the village of Ferden itself, the municipality includes the hamlet of Goppenstein, and the alpine settlements of Faldum, Resti and Kummen. History Ferden is first mentioned in 1380 as Verdan. Geography Ferden has an area, as of 2009[update], of 27.9 square kilometers (10.8 mi2). Of this area, 4.93 km2 (1.90 mi2) or 17.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 5.38 km2 (2.08 mi2) or 19.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.22 km2 (0.085 mi2) or 0.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.32 km2 (0.12 mi2) or 1.1% is either rivers or lakes and 17.05 km2 (6.58 mi2) or 61.1% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 0.2% and transportation infrastructure made up 0.5%. Out of the forested land, 14.4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 1.3% is pastures and 16.4% is used for alpine pastures. Of the water in the municipality, 0.4% is in lakes and 0.8% is in rivers and streams. Of the unproductive areas, 17.5% is unproductive vegetation, 41.8% is too rocky for vegetation and 1.8% of the land is covered by glaciers. The municipality is located in the Westlich Raron district. It is at the bottom of the Lรถtschen valley at an elevation of 1,370 m (4,490 ft). It consists of the haufendorf village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) of Ferden, the hamlet of Goppenstein, and the alpine settlements of Faldum, Resti and Kummen. Stausee Ferden is a reservoir on the Lonza River. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess by a bar wavy Argent, in chief Gules a Cross bottony Argent and in base Vert the Host Argent radiating Or issuant from a Cup Or. Demographics Ferden has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 247. As of 2008[update], 1.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000โ€“2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of -17.9%. It has changed at a rate of -5.3% due to migration and at a rate of -6.3% due to births and deaths. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (280 or 97.9%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (4 or 1.4%) and French is the third (1 or 0.3%). As of 2008[update], the population was 51.5% male and 48.5% female. The population was made up of 135 Swiss men (51.5% of the population) and (0.0%) non-Swiss men. There were 125 Swiss women (47.7%) and 2 (0.8%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 214 or about 74.8% were born in Ferden and lived there in 2000. There were 43 or 15.0% who were born in the same canton, while 17 or 5.9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 10 or 3.5% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2000[update], children and teenagers (0โ€“19 years old) make up 22.4% of the population, while adults (20โ€“64 years old) make up 60.1% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 17.5%. As of 2000[update], there were 145 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 123 married individuals, 16 widows or widowers and 2 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000[update], there were 112 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 36 households that consist of only one person and 9 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 106 apartments (63.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 46 apartments (27.5%) were seasonally occupied and 15 apartments (9.0%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010[update], was 4.02%. The historical population is given in the following chart: Politics In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 75.24% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (15.88%), the SP (6.28%) and the FDP (1.66%). In the federal election, a total of 125 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 54.1%. In the 2009 Conseil d'ร‰tat/Staatsrat election a total of 156 votes were cast, of which 15 or about 9.6% were invalid. The voter participation was 67.0%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 125 votes were cast, of which 3 or about 2.4% were invalid. The voter participation was 54.1%, which is much less than the cantonal average of 59.88%. Economy As of 2010[update], Ferden had an unemployment rate of 0.8%. As of 2008[update], there were 26 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. 6 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 2 businesses in this sector. 68 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 10 businesses in this sector. There were 145 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 40.7% of the workforce. In 2008[update] the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 67. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 9, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 5, all of which were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 53. In the tertiary sector; 2 or 3.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 37 or 69.8% were in the movement and storage of goods and 8 or 15.1% were in a hotel or restaurant. In 2000[update], there were 75 workers who commuted into the municipality and 107 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 34.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 43.4% used a private car. Transport Goppenstein railway station is within the municipality, is on the Lรถtschberg line, and is served by trains to Bern, Thun and Brig. It is also the southern terminus of a car carrying shuttle train to Kandersteg station via the Lรถtschberg tunnel. The municipality straddles the road up the Lรถtschental valley from Steg to Fafleralp. A PostAuto bus service runs along the road as far as Fafleralp, connecting the upper valley settlements, including Blatten village, to Goppenstein station, with some buses continuing further down the valley to Steg. Religion From the 2000 census[update], 274 or 95.8% were Roman Catholic, while 9 or 3.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. 1 (or about 0.35% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 2 individuals (or about 0.70% of the population) did not answer the question. Education In Ferden about 89 or (31.1%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 18 or (6.3%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 18 who completed tertiary schooling, 83.3% were Swiss men, 11.1% were Swiss women. As of 2000[update], there were 16 students in Ferden who came from another municipality, while 26 residents attended schools outside the municipality. References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ื’ืืœ_ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“] | [TOKENS: 3334]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื’ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“ ื™ื’ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“ (30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1937 โ€“ 27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019) ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื™ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“, ื™ืœื™ื“ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘' ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ "ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ", ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื” ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ. ืขืงื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ, ืกื•ืœืง ืื•ืจื’ื“ ืžื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืžื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืคืชื— ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ "ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™", ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ, ืฉืงืจื ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967, ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืคืจืฉื• ืž"ื—ืจื•ืช" ืขื ื”ืจื—ืงืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1967 ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžืกื™ืจืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื•"ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973 ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื™ืชืŸ, ืžืคืงื“ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืืจืืœ, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืกื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”ื™ื” ืœืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1974 ืฉื‘ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชื‘ืฆื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-24 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื’ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืื•ืจื’ื“", ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1977โ€“1988, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื– ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืงืฆืฅ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืžื“ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—ื™ ืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื™ืฆื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช. ื›ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื’ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-11 ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘-15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1983, ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื•ื ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ ืืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืคืจืฉ ืžืžื ื” ื™ื•ืจื ืืจื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืกืคื’ ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”"ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’. ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš, ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“ ื‘-18 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1983 ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื” 11 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืžื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘-13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1984. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื–ื™ื ืงื” ื”ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืž-250% ืœื›-450%. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-117 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ - ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•". ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืื™ืช"ื". ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™ (ืž"ืž ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ), ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืขืฅ ืœื‘ื•ื“, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื–ืง ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื‘-16 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2001 ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื“ื•ื“ ืจื•ื–ืŸ 150 ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ - ืœืœื ื”ืจืฉืขื”. ืื•ืจื’ื“ ื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืžื”, ื–ื™ื•ืฃ, ืงืฉื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืชืื’ื™ื“, ืืš ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื“ ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื“ืงื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘-2003 ืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจืื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื ืขืžืง ื’ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื™ 2008, ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจื’ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— 1.8 ื“ื•ื ื ื‘ืžืชื—ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืชื—ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ืคืกืงื”. ื‘-2012 ืชื‘ืข 1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื”ื”ืกื›ื ืขืžื•. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2004, ืžื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื–ืง. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื” ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื™ื“ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘-2013 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืžื•ืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื›ื”ืŸ-ืื•ืจื’ื“ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืืฉืชื• ืฉืจื” (1937โ€“2005). ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 82, ื‘-27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ื™ืจืงื•ืŸ. ื—ืชื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ: ืžืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช โ€ข ืžืฉื•ืœื ื ื”ืจื™ โ€ข ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ื”ืŸ โ€ข ื—ืžื“ ืขืžืืจ โ€ข ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื—ื™ื™ื_ื›ื”ืŸ_(ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ)] | [TOKENS: 9387]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ (ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ) ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืžืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ (11 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1911 โ€“ 10 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2002) ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉ"ื. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืง ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืื—ื“ ืž-4 ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ืช, ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืกื‘ื• ืžืฆื“ ืืžื• ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืงืจืœื™ื‘ืš, ืฉืืฆืœื• ื’ื ืœืžื“ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœืฉ ืขื“ ืชืฉืข. ืกื‘ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื–ืื‘ ื•ื™ืœื”ืœื (ื•ื™ืœื™), ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืจื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ. ืื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืื '), ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืžื”ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื ื™. ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช (ื•ืืฃ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื), ืฉื‘ื”ื ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื•ืขืจืš. ื›ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ืœื”ื˜ ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื“ื—ื™ืงืช ื”ืงืฅ". ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื•, ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืงืจืœื™ื‘ืš. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ "ื”ืžืจืงื“" ืฉืœืžื” ืงืจืœื™ื‘ืš. ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง ื•ืฉืžืื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื ื•ื“ืข (ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ), ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื”ืŸ-ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืœื™ืื• ื›ื”ืŸ, ืžืจืืฉื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืฉื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืฉื•ืื” (ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจื™ืืœ ื›ื”ืŸ). ืžืฉืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 19, ืฉืœื ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื (ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื—ืคืฆื• ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื—ืคื– ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ), ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืช ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ, ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื” ืฉื ื” ื•ืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืงื•ืง ืขืœื™ื• ืชื™ืืจ ื›ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื’ื ื‘ืื”ื“ืชื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, "ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ืชื ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื•", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื— ื–ืืช. ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืข ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค, ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืžืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืœืจื‘ ื—ืจืœ"ืค ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื›ืš ื›ืœืœ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1933 ื ืฉื ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ืืœื™ืฉื‘ืข (ืืœื–ื”) ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื•, ืืœื™ (ืฆ'ื•ืคื™) ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืจ-ื—ืŸ. ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘-1933 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืกื‘ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืื– ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืชื— ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื“ื•ืงื”, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ืืช ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืชื• ื‘ืฉืืœื”, ืžื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืงื” ืœื›ืคื™ืจื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืฉืจ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื ืกืคื” ืื—ื™ื•, ืืš ื’ื ืœืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื "ืš, ืฉืžืฆื ื‘ื• ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืžืขื ื”ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืืœืช "ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืจืข ืœื•". ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืชืจืžื” ืœื›ืš. ืืฉืชื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื“ื•ืงื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจื– ื”ืกื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ืžืฉืžืช ืกื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ (ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืฉื•ืื”) ื‘-1948. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืžืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืง, ืฉืงืจื ืœื• "ื”ืืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•". ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1947 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื” ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืกืžืš ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืกื•ื™, ื‘ื• ืฉื•ืœื‘ื• ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื•ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืจื”ืคื˜ื™ื’ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ ื“ืื–, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืคืขืœ ืœืžืกืžืก ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืชื—ื•ื ืชื—ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื•. ืขื ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ืž-1950 ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘, ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื, ืฉืจืื” ื›ื—ื•ืง ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœืื•ืช ืžืชื”. ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1952 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™. ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื”. ื›ื”ืŸ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“. ื‘-19 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1960 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืืฉืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืœื™ืฉื‘ืข ื›ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1954. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื—ื•ืœืœื• ืกื ืกืฆื™ื” ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืงื•ื ืกืจื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘-1966, ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ื–ืžื•ืจื” (ื‘ืช ืžืฉื” ื–ืžื•ืจื”), ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืกื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื”ืŸ. ื›ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื• ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ ืจื’ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื•ืกืœื• ืžื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืฉืืช ื’ืจื•ืฉื”, ืืš ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื• ืฉ"ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืœื›ืชื™" ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื›ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืœืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืื•"ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื. ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืืš ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื•ื”ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืœ"ื‘ 1971 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืชื•ืืจ ื™ืงื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-5 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1980 ืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช ื”'ืชืฉ"ื. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืž"ืž ืจืง ื›ืฉื ื”, ื•ื‘-11 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1981, ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ืคืจื™ืฉื”, ืคืจืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ื–ืงื ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1982 ืœ-1988. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืคืจืฉื• ื•ื ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื‘ืขืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืกืœื™ื“ืชื• ืžื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื•. ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื—ืจืฆืช ืœืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ. ื›ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื•ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื• โ€“ ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื•ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™", ืฉื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ื™ืฉื• ืื• ืชืจืžื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืื˜ื•ืก. ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคื ื™ื™ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื—ืคืฆื• ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืœ ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื“ืขืชื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืืžืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืง: "ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ื” ื•ืœื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื–ื”". ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื• ื•ืžืืžืจื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืคืงื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืขืจืš ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื“ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื’ื•ื“ืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช. ืืœื, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื•, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื• ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ืจืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื™ืงื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฆืžืจืช ืืจื ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืคืกื™ืงื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคื•ืกืง ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™. ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืœืคื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืื–ืจื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืชื•ืจ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขื™ื’ืŸ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ืคืกื™ืงื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉ"ื”ืื— ื“ื ื™ืืœ", ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืกื•ื•ืืœื“ ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื ืฆืจ, ืœื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™). ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืชื•, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืžืžืกื“. ื‘ื“ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ ืงื‘ืข ืฉืื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜, ืจืฉืื™ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืžื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ื™ื”. ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืจืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1963 ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืืœืช "ืžื™ื”ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ื’ืœ ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘. ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ ื ื’ื“ื• "ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™ื—ื˜ื" ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืื“. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ืžืœื˜ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื” ื ื’ื“ื• ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืคืœื™ืœื™, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข. ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื“ื•ืจ ืืžืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื’ื ืื ื–ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืืช ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืขืชื• ื“ืขืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืงืจื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ืฉืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืœื—ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืฆืžื“ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื ื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ืจ ืกื™ืคืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืจืฉื™ืข ืื“ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื• "ืฉืœื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข", ืืš ื›ืžื—ืื” ืงื ืก ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ื‘ืœื™ืจื” ืื—ืช. ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื•ืคื ืกื™ื” ืœื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืจื ืก ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฉื“ื—ื” ืืช ืขืจืขื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืขืชื•, ืื•ืœื ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข ื‘ื—ืคื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœื• ื‘ื›ืœื, ื•ืฉืœื— ืœื• ืžื›ืชื‘ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื• ื‘ื—ืคื•ืชื•. ืžืืžืฆื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘-1983 ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืก ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืงืฆื‘ ืืช ืขื•ื ืฉื•, ื ื’ื“ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืขืžื“ ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืชื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืœื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื”ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื‘ืจื ืก, ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื• ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืืœ ื–ื•ืกืžืŸ, ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืŸ-ืคื•ืจืช ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืฉืจืจื” ืื–. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“ืœื™ื” ื“ื•ืจื ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืจื ืก, ืืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื ืก ื–ื•ื›ื”. ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื“ื•ืจื ืจ. ื›ื”ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœืคืŸ ืืœื™ื” ืžืžื™ื˜ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืชื™ืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื•ืœ "ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™", ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืจื ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืืœื•ื ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื•. ื‘ืžืชื— ืฉื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ื ื•ื˜ื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”'ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช': ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”'ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช' ืฉืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืจื•ื‘ื 'ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื' ืื• ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช. ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืื™ื ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืจื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืืœื ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœืœ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”'ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืช': ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื•ื”ืชื ืฆื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืฉื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“, ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืฉืœื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ื ืฆื—ืช ื”ืจืขื” ืืœื ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจื˜ ืืช ื•ื•-ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืจืฃ (ืชืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืข) ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœืขืจืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ โ€“ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ื“ ื”ื, "ื•ื‘ื ื–ื• ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื–ื•, ื•ื‘ื ื–ื• ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืืช ื–ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•" - ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžื ื—ื ืืœื•ืŸ. ืกืคืจื™ื• ืื™ืœืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•: ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast] | [TOKENS: 3261]
Contents Belgorod Oblast Belgorod Oblast (Russian: ะ‘ะตะปะณะพั€ะพฬะดัะบะฐั ะพฬะฑะปะฐัั‚ัŒ, romanized: Belgorodskaya oblastสน) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Belgorod. As of 2021[update], the population is 1,540,486. History During the Princely era of Kievan Rus', the region was part of the Principality of Chernigov. The area was devastated by Mongol-Tatar raids and came under the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th and 15th centuries. Since 1500 it was part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. At the turn of the 17th century, a solid line of military fortifications was built in the area, stretching for almost 800 kilometers (500 mi). Zaporozhian Cossacks, who moved here because of the nobility and the tax burden, were in charge of the line defenses. Even more Cossacks moved to the area during the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648โ€“1657) and the internecine wars in the Cossack Hetmanate (1659โ€“1679). Belgorod became the military and administrative center, after originating as an outpost on the southern borders of Russia. Following the Battle of Poltava, Peter I granted to soldiers of Greater Belgorod the regiment flag. From 1708 to 1727, the territory of the modern Belgorod Oblast was part of the Kiev and Azov governorates. In 1727, Belgorod Governorate was established from parts of Kiev Governorate. The governorate lasted until 1779. This territory was much greater than that of today, and the governorate incorporated territories modern Kursk, Oryol, and parts of Bryansk and Kharkiv oblasts. The coat of arms of the then-Governorate is still used by the modern Belgorod Oblast. In 1775โ€“1779, the territory of Belgorod Governorate was abolished and divided between the newly formed governorates and vice-royalties. The city of Belgorod and the area around it became a part of Kursk Vice-Royalty, while the southeastern uyezds became a part of Voronezh Governorate. During the 19th century and up until 1928 the territory of modern Belgorod Oblast remained part of the Kursk and Voronezh governorates. After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in April 1918, in January 1919 the territory was incorporated into the Ukrainian State under hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi. The current administrative-territorial boundaries of Belgorod Oblast were formed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 6 January 1954. The oblast was formed from several districts of Kursk and Voronezh Oblasts. For the courage and resilience shown by the people of Belgorod Oblast in defense of the Motherland during the Great Patriotic War, and for progress in reconstruction and development of national economy. On 4 January 1967, Belgorod Oblast was awarded the Order of Lenin, and in 1980 the city of Belgorod was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, first degree. In 2007, the city of Belgorod received the honorary title of the City of Military Glory. In May 2023, the governor of the region claimed that a Ukrainian "sabotage group" entered the region. Ukrainian media identified the alleged groups as the Freedom of Russia Legion and Russian Volunteer Corps. The units claimed they had "completely liberated" the settlement of Kozinka in the oblast, and that they had entered Graivoron. Government officials declared a state of emergency in the Belgorod region on 14 August 2024 during the Russo-Ukrainian War following the incursion of Ukrainian military forces into the neighboring Kursk region and many attacks on airbases within Belgorod itself. Geography Belgorod Oblast is part of the Central Black Earth economic region and the Central Federal District. It borders with Luhansk, Kharkiv, and Sumy Oblasts of Ukraine in the south and west, Kursk Oblast in the north and northwest, and Voronezh Oblast in the east. The total length of its borders is about 1,150 kilometers (710 mi), of which 540 kilometers (340 mi) are on the border with Ukraine. The area of the oblast is 27,100 square kilometers (10,500 sq mi); the oblast stretches for about 190 kilometers (120 mi) from north to south and for about 270 kilometers (170 mi) from east to west. The oblast is located in the southwestern and southern slopes of the Central Russian Upland in the Dnieper and Don River basins, in the steppe zone of elevated hilly plain with an average height of 200 meters (660 ft) above the sea level. The highest point is 277 meters (909 ft) above sea level, in Prokhorovsky District. The lowest point is located at the bottom of the Oskol and Seversky Donets River valleys. Rivers, lakes, and marshes occupy about 1% of the oblast. There are more than 480 small rivers and streams. The largest of them are in the northwestโ€”the Seversky Donets, Vorskla, Vorsklitsa, Psyol, and in the eastern regionsโ€”the Oskol, Tikhaya Sosna, Chyornaya Kalitva, Valuy. The total length of the river network is roughly 5,000 kilometers (3,100 mi), and in addition, there are 1,100 ponds and four artificial reservoirs. The climate of Belgorod Oblast is temperate continental with a relatively mild winter with some snowfall and long summers. Average annual air temperature varies from +5.4 ยฐC (41.7 ยฐF) to +6.7 ยฐC (44.1 ยฐF), being warmer on average in the southeast than the north. The coldest month is January and the frost-free period is 155โ€“160 days, with an average of 1800 hours of sunshine. Rainfall is uneven by year and season, with an average of 540โ€“550 mm although rainfall can dramatically differ between the western and northern areas and the warmer, drier eastern and southeast where some years lows of around 400 millimeters (16 in) have been recorded. Over 40% of known iron ore reserves of Russia are concentrated in the oblast. Deposits are confined to the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly area. Among them are Korobkovsky, Lebedinskoye, Stoylenskoye, and prospective Prioskolskoye iron ore deposits in Stary Oskol District, Bolshetroitskoye in Shebekinsky District, as well as Yakovlevskoye and Pogremetskoye fields. Identified and explored in varying degrees are the large deposits of bauxites, apatites, underground mineral waters, and numerous deposits of construction materials such as chalk, sand, clay, and more. There are also known occurrences of gold, graphite, and other rare metals. Geographical features make the oblast likely to have deposits of platinum, hydrocarbons, and other minerals. The fauna is predominantly of the meadow-steppe variety and comprises, by various estimates, from ten to fifteen thousand species. About 10% of the animal species are in need of special protection. Fifty species are included in the IUCN Red List. There are about 279 species of birds, including 152 that breed in the oblast. The richest bird populations include sparrows (111 species); waders (45 species); geese (up to 30 species); day predators (21 species). The richest bird populations include sparrows (111 species); waders (45 species); geese (up to 30 species); day predators (21 species). The numbers of game animal species are as follows: moose: 387; deer: 501; roe deer: 4474; boar: 2574; hare: 18361; fox: 3856; marten: 2025; polecat: 1120; wolf: 36. The annual number of game animals remains stable. The vegetation reflects the features of the northern forest-steppe, characterized by the alternation of forests with the meadow steppes. It is chiefly represented by two types of vegetationโ€”the zonal and extrazonal. In all, there are 1,284 flora species. Woodlands cover 9.8% of the total area, of which over 800 hectares are classified as protected areas because their rare species of plants and habitats of animals are on the IUCN red list. Culture The Belgorod region played a significant role in the evolution of Russian culture. It was inhabited by different tribes besides East Slavs and was one of the earliest Rus' principalities. Belgorod region played an important role in the Russian wedding tradition of the Rushnyk. Belgorod is also famous for its wood carving. Politics During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Belgorod CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, when the CPSU lost power, the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament. The Charter of Belgorod Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Belgorod Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia. The governor of Belgorod Oblast, Yevgeny Savchenko, was first appointed to this position in 1993 and subsequently re-elected in 1995, 1999, 2003, 2012 and 2017. In the 1999 election, his rival was Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Savchenko holds the title of longest-serving governor in post-Soviet Russia, being in office for 27 years. Since November 2020, Vyacheslav Gladkov is the governor of Belgorod Oblast. On 13 September 2020, elections to the 7th Belgorod Oblast Duma were conducted. The United Russia Party has won 44 out of 50 seats, 4 seats were won by the Communist Party, 1 by the LDPR, and 1 by the Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice. Demographics In terms of area, the oblast is in the 67th place among the federal subjects of Russia; while in terms of population it is 30th (as of the results of the 2021 Census, down two places compared to the 2010 Census results. According to the results of the 2021 Census, the population of the oblast was 1,540,486, with the urban population of 65.2% and the rural population of 34.8%. This is up from 1,532,526 recorded in the 2010 Census, and 1,380,723 recorded in the 1989 Census. Population density in 2008 was 56.1 persons per 1 km2. The average age is 38.5 yearsโ€”35.6 for men and 41 for women; 46% of the population are economically active. As in other regions of the European part of Russia, since the dissolution of the Soviet Union there has been a natural population decrease (about -5 per 1,000 of the population). In recent years, there has been some reversion of this decline as a result of growth of fertility and mortality. Nevertheless, despite the negative trend of growth, the population of the area has remained relatively stable because of immigration. Belgorod, in Soviet times, attracted retirement workers from the Far North and Ukraine. This trend has increased since 2005 and now cancels out the natural decline in population. Worker migrants also arrive in Belgorod from Uzbekistan; however, Muslim migrants face discrimination on a daily basis, and choose to leave. Population: 1,540,486 (2021 census); 1,532,526 (2010 census); 1,511,620 (2002 census); 1,380,723 (1989 Soviet census). Vital statistics for 2024: Total fertility rate (2024): 1.07 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total โ€” 70.67 years (male โ€” 66.54, female โ€” 74.66) According to a 2012 survey 50.5% of the population of Belgorod Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 8.1% are nondenominational Christians (excluding Protestant churches), 1.7% are Orthodox Christians who don't belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. In addition, 22.2% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious, 10.5% is atheist or irreligious, and 7% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question. Administrative divisions Belgorod Oblast is administratively divided into twenty-one districts (raions), which are further divided into 335 rural okrugs. There are ten cities/towns in the oblast, as well as twenty urban-type settlements and 1,592 rural-type settlements. Economy Belgorod Oblast is a highly developed industrial-agrarian region, whose economy relies on its enormous wealth of mineral resources and the black chernozem soils. Some 2,713.4 thousand hectares is dedicated to agriculture, over 70% of which are chernozems. Per capita, there are an average of 1.43 hectares of pastoral land, and 1.1 hectares of arable land. Natural forests and forest plantations occupy 248.3 thousand hectares, or 12.5% of the oblast's area. Total timber reserves are estimated to be 34.3 million m3. Belgorod Oblast has traditionally had and still has strong ties with the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Despite its relatively small size, the oblast accounts for one fifth of the trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine.[citation needed] Important railways and highways of regional significance cross the oblast's territory, connecting Moscow with the southern and western regions of Russia and Ukraine. Of major importance is the Crimea Highway, or federal highway M-2 Crimea, and the Moscow-Kharkiv-Sevastopol railway line. The length of railways for general use is 694.6 km; the length of paved roads is 8,500 km; roughly 87% of the total road surface in the oblast. References External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/2026_February_15&action=edit&editintro=Portal:Current_events/Edit_instructions] | [TOKENS: 1660]
Editing Portal:Current events/2026 February 15 The daily current events "blank" boxes are now generated daily by an efficient bot, so the instructions below this only apply if the bot has been disabled. If you reached this page via the current date box's "edit" link, check whether the portal box has already been initiated, and already contains the following (parsed) wiki code (use copy/paste from the code below, if necessary, to correct any syntax errors): Then save the page, before adding any news items. This will help insure the new day displays according to the current events portal design. Note that the above items: CURRENTYEAR, CURRENTMONTH, and CURRENTDAY, all will display as positive integers once the page is saved.For example, the code to generate March 27, 2009 (Friday) in the box should appear as {{Current events|year=2009|month=3|day=27|content=... Click on the small "edit" link in the top right corner of the box that you want to edit. Only administrators are allowed to edit the actual page. Copy and paste: โ€“ โ€” ยฐ โ€ฒ โ€ณ โ‰ˆ โ‰  โ‰ค โ‰ฅ ยฑ โˆ’ ร— รท โ† โ†’ ยท ยง Sign your posts on talk pages: ~~~~ Cite your sources: <ref></ref> {{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] &nbsp; <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span> Symbols: ~ | ยก ยฟ โ€  โ€ก โ†” โ†‘ โ†“ โ€ข ยถ # โˆž โ€นโ€บ ยซยป ยค โ‚ณ เธฟ โ‚ต ยข โ‚ก โ‚ข $ โ‚ซ โ‚ฏ โ‚ฌ โ‚  โ‚ฃ ฦ’ โ‚ด โ‚ญ โ‚ค โ„ณ โ‚ฅ โ‚ฆ โ‚ง โ‚ฐ ยฃ แŸ› โ‚จ โ‚ช เงณ โ‚ฎ โ‚ฉ ยฅ โ™  โ™ฃ โ™ฅ โ™ฆ ๐„ซ โ™ญ โ™ฎ โ™ฏ ๐„ช ยฉ ยผ ยฝ ยพ Latin: A a ร รก ร€ ร  ร‚ รข ร„ รค ว วŽ ฤ‚ ฤƒ ฤ€ ฤ รƒ รฃ ร… รฅ ฤ„ ฤ… ร† รฆ วข วฃ B b C c ฤ† ฤ‡ ฤŠ ฤ‹ ฤˆ ฤ‰ ฤŒ ฤ ร‡ รง D d ฤŽ ฤ ฤ ฤ‘ แธŒ แธ ร รฐ E e ร‰ รฉ รˆ รจ ฤ– ฤ— รŠ รช ร‹ รซ ฤš ฤ› ฤ” ฤ• ฤ’ ฤ“ แบผ แบฝ ฤ˜ ฤ™ แบธ แบน ฦ ษ› ฦŽ ว ฦ ษ™ F f G g ฤ  ฤก ฤœ ฤ ฤž ฤŸ ฤข ฤฃ H h ฤค ฤฅ ฤฆ ฤง แธค แธฅ I i ฤฐ ฤฑ ร รญ รŒ รฌ รŽ รฎ ร รฏ ว ว ฤฌ ฤญ ฤช ฤซ ฤจ ฤฉ ฤฎ ฤฏ แปŠ แป‹ J j ฤด ฤต K k ฤถ ฤท L l ฤน ฤบ ฤฟ ล€ ฤฝ ฤพ ฤป ฤผ ล ล‚ แธถ แธท แธธ แธน M m แน‚ แนƒ N n ลƒ ล„ ล‡ ลˆ ร‘ รฑ ล… ล† แน† แน‡ ลŠ ล‹ O o ร“ รณ ร’ รฒ ร” รด ร– รถ ว‘ ว’ ลŽ ล ลŒ ล ร• รต วช วซ แปŒ แป ล ล‘ ร˜ รธ ล’ ล“ ฦ† ษ” P p Q q R r ล” ล• ล˜ ล™ ล– ล— แนš แน› แนœ แน S s ลš ล› ลœ ล ล  ลก ลž ลŸ ศ˜ ศ™ แนข แนฃ รŸ T t ลค ลฅ ลข ลฃ ศš ศ› แนฌ แนญ รž รพ U u รš รบ ร™ รน ร› รป รœ รผ ว“ ว” ลฌ ลญ ลช ลซ ลจ ลฉ ลฎ ลฏ ลฒ ลณ แปค แปฅ ลฐ ลฑ ว— ว˜ ว› วœ ว™ วš ว• ว– V v W w ลด ลต X x Y y ร รฝ ลถ ลท ลธ รฟ แปธ แปน ศฒ ศณ Z z ลน ลบ ลป ลผ ลฝ ลพ รŸ ร รฐ รž รพ ลŠ ล‹ ฦ ษ™ Greek: ฮ† ฮฌ ฮˆ ฮญ ฮ‰ ฮฎ ฮŠ ฮฏ ฮŒ ฯŒ ฮŽ ฯ ฮ ฯŽ ฮ‘ ฮฑ ฮ’ ฮฒ ฮ“ ฮณ ฮ” ฮด ฮ• ฮต ฮ– ฮถ ฮ— ฮท ฮ˜ ฮธ ฮ™ ฮน ฮš ฮบ ฮ› ฮป ฮœ ฮผ ฮ ฮฝ ฮž ฮพ ฮŸ ฮฟ ฮ  ฯ€ ฮก ฯ ฮฃ ฯƒ ฯ‚ ฮค ฯ„ ฮฅ ฯ… ฮฆ ฯ† ฮง ฯ‡ ฮจ ฯˆ ฮฉ ฯ‰ {{Polytonic|}} Cyrillic: ะ ะฐ ะ‘ ะฑ ะ’ ะฒ ะ“ ะณ า า‘ ะƒ ั“ ะ” ะด ะ‚ ั’ ะ• ะต ะ ั‘ ะ„ ั” ะ– ะถ ะ— ะท ะ… ั• ะ˜ ะธ ะ† ั– ะ‡ ั— ะ™ ะน ะˆ ั˜ ะš ะบ ะŒ ัœ ะ› ะป ะ‰ ั™ ะœ ะผ ะ ะฝ ะŠ ัš ะž ะพ ะŸ ะฟ ะ  ั€ ะก ั ะข ั‚ ะ‹ ั› ะฃ ัƒ ะŽ ัž ะค ั„ ะฅ ั… ะฆ ั† ะง ั‡ ะ ัŸ ะจ ัˆ ะฉ ั‰ ะช ัŠ ะซ ั‹ ะฌ ัŒ ะญ ั ะฎ ัŽ ะฏ ั ฬ IPA: tฬช dฬช สˆ ษ– ษŸ ษก ษข สก ส” ษธ ฮฒ ฮธ รฐ สƒ ส’ ษ• ส‘ ส‚ ส รง ส ษฃ ฯ‡ ส ฤง ส• สœ สข ษฆ ษฑ ษณ ษฒ ล‹ ษด ส‹ ษน ษป ษฐ ส™ โฑฑ ส€ ษพ ษฝ ษซ ษฌ ษฎ ษบ ษญ สŽ สŸ ษฅ ส ษง สผ ษ“ ษ— ส„ ษ  ส› ส˜ ว€ วƒ ว‚ ว ษจ ส‰ ษฏ ษช ส สŠ รธ ษ˜ ษต ษค ษ™ ษš ษ› ล“ ษœ ษ ษž สŒ ษ” รฆ ษ ษถ ษ‘ ษ’ สฐ สฑ สท สฒ ห  หค โฟ หก หˆ หŒ ห ห‘ ฬช {{IPA|}} Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station] | [TOKENS: 4167]
Contents Power station A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid. Many power stations contain one or more generators, rotating machines that converts mechanical power into three-phase electric power. The relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor creates an electric current. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity. Low-carbon power sources include nuclear power, and use of renewables such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric. History In early 1871 Belgian inventor Zรฉnobe Gramme invented a generator powerful enough to produce power on a commercial scale for industry. In 1878, a hydroelectric power station was designed and built by William, Lord Armstrong at Cragside, England. It used water from lakes on his estate to power Siemens dynamos. The electricity supplied power to lights, heating, produced hot water, ran an elevator as well as labor-saving devices and farm buildings. In January 1882 the world's first public coal-fired power station, the Edison Electric Light Station, was built in London, a project of Thomas Edison organized by Edward Johnson. A Babcock & Wilcox boiler powered a 93 kW (125 horsepower) steam engine that drove a 27-tonne (27-long-ton) generator. This supplied electricity to premises in the area that could be reached through the culverts of the viaduct without digging up the road, which was the monopoly of the gas companies. The customers included the City Temple and the Old Bailey. Another important customer was the Telegraph Office of the General Post Office, but this could not be reached through the culverts. Johnson arranged for the supply cable to be run overhead, via Holborn Tavern and Newgate. In September 1882 in New York, the Pearl Street Station was established by Edison to provide electric lighting in the lower Manhattan Island area. The station ran until destroyed by fire in 1890. The station used reciprocating steam engines to turn direct-current generators. Because of the DC distribution, the service area was small, limited by voltage drop in the feeders. In 1886 George Westinghouse began building an alternating current system that used a transformer to step up voltage for long-distance transmission and then stepped it back down for indoor lighting, a more efficient and less expensive system which is similar to modern systems. The war of the currents eventually resolved in favor of AC distribution and utilization, although some DC systems persisted to the end of the 20th century. DC systems with a service radius of a mile (kilometer) or so were necessarily smaller, less efficient of fuel consumption, and more labor-intensive to operate than much larger central AC generating stations. AC systems used a wide range of frequencies depending on the type of load; lighting load using higher frequencies, and traction systems and heavy motor load systems preferring lower frequencies. The economics of central station generation improved greatly when unified light and power systems, operating at a common frequency, were developed. The same generating plant that fed large industrial loads during the day, could feed commuter railway systems during rush hour and then serve lighting load in the evening, thus improving the system load factor and reducing the cost of electrical energy overall. Many exceptions existed, generating stations were dedicated to power or light by the choice of frequency, and rotating frequency changers and rotating converters were particularly common to feed electric railway systems from the general lighting and power network. Throughout the first few decades of the 20th century central stations became larger, using higher steam pressures to provide greater efficiency, and relying on interconnections of multiple generating stations to improve reliability and cost. High-voltage AC transmission allowed hydroelectric power to be conveniently moved from distant waterfalls to city markets. The advent of the steam turbine in central station service, around 1906, allowed great expansion of generating capacity. Generators were no longer limited by the power transmission of belts or the relatively slow speed of reciprocating engines, and could grow to enormous sizes. For example, Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti planned what would have become the largest reciprocating steam engine ever built for a proposed new central station, but scrapped the plans when turbines became available in the necessary size. Building power systems out of central stations required combinations of engineering skill and financial acumen in equal measure. Pioneers of central station generation include George Westinghouse and Samuel Insull in the United States, Ferranti and Charles Hesterman Merz in UK, and many others.[additional citation(s) needed] Thermal power stations In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce steam, so they are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into mechanical power, according to the second law of thermodynamics; therefore, there is always heat lost to the environment. If this loss is employed as useful heat, for industrial processes or district heating, the power plant is referred to as a cogeneration power plant or CHP (combined heat-and-power) plant. In countries where district heating is common, there are dedicated heat plants called heat-only boiler stations. An important class of power stations in the Middle East uses by-product heat for the desalination of water. The efficiency of a thermal power cycle is limited by the maximum working fluid temperature produced. The efficiency is not directly a function of the fuel used. For the same steam conditions, coal-, nuclear- and gas power plants all have the same theoretical efficiency. Overall, if a system is on constantly (base load) it will be more efficient than one that is used intermittently (peak load). Steam turbines generally operate at higher efficiency when operated at full capacity. Besides use of reject heat for process or district heating, one way to improve overall efficiency of a power plant is to combine two different thermodynamic cycles in a combined cycle plant. Most commonly, exhaust gases from a gas turbine are used to generate steam for a boiler and a steam turbine. The combination of a "top" cycle and a "bottom" cycle produces higher overall efficiency than either cycle can attain alone. In 2018, Inter RAO UES and State Grid Archived 21 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine planned to build an 8-GW thermal power plant, which's the largest coal-fired power plant construction project in Russia. A prime mover is a machine that converts energy of various forms into energy of motion. Power plants that can be dispatched (scheduled) to provide energy to a system include: Non-dispatchable plants include such sources as wind and solar energy; while their long-term contribution to system energy supply is predictable, on a short-term (daily or hourly) base their energy must be used as available since generation cannot be deferred. Contractual arrangements ("take or pay") with independent power producers or system interconnections to other networks may be effectively non-dispatchable.[citation needed] All thermal power plants produce waste heat energy as a byproduct of the useful electrical energy produced. The amount of waste heat energy equals or exceeds the amount of energy converted into useful electricity[clarification needed]. Gas-fired power plants can achieve as much as 65% conversion efficiency, while coal and oil plants achieve around 30โ€“49%. The waste heat produces a temperature rise in the atmosphere, which is small compared to that produced by greenhouse-gas emissions from the same power plant. Natural draft wet cooling towers at many nuclear power plants and large fossil-fuel-fired power plants use large hyperboloid chimney-like structures (as seen in the image at the right) that release the waste heat to the ambient atmosphere by the evaporation of water. However, the mechanical induced-draft or forced-draft wet cooling towers in many large thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, fossil-fired power plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, geothermal, biomass and waste-to-energy plants use fans to provide air movement upward through down coming water and are not hyperboloid chimney-like structures. The induced or forced-draft cooling towers are typically rectangular, box-like structures filled with a material that enhances the mixing of the upflowing air and the down-flowing water. In areas with restricted water use, a dry cooling tower or directly air-cooled radiators may be necessary, since the cost or environmental consequences of obtaining make-up water for evaporative cooling would be prohibitive. These coolers have lower efficiency and higher energy consumption to drive fans, compared to a typical wet, evaporative cooling tower.[citation needed] Power plants can use an air-cooled condenser, traditionally in areas with a limited or expensive water supply. Air-cooled condensers serve the same purpose as a cooling tower (heat dissipation) without using water. They consume additional auxiliary power and thus may have a higher carbon footprint compared to a traditional cooling tower.[citation needed] Electric companies often prefer to use cooling water from the ocean or a lake, river, or cooling pond instead of a cooling tower. This single pass or once-through cooling system can save the cost of a cooling tower and may have lower energy costs for pumping cooling water through the plant's heat exchangers. However, the waste heat can cause thermal pollution as the water is discharged. Power plants using natural bodies of water for cooling are designed with mechanisms such as fish screens, to limit intake of organisms into the cooling machinery. These screens are only partially effective and as a result billions of fish and other aquatic organisms are killed by power plants each year. For example, the cooling system at the Indian Point Energy Center in New York kills over a billion fish eggs and larvae annually. A further environmental impact is that aquatic organisms which adapt to the warmer discharge water may be injured if the plant shuts down in cold weather[citation needed]. Water consumption by power stations is a developing issue. In recent years, recycled wastewater, or grey water, has been used in cooling towers. The Calpine Riverside and the Calpine Fox power stations in Wisconsin as well as the Calpine Mankato power station in Minnesota are among these facilities.[citation needed] Power from renewable energy Power stations can generate electrical energy from renewable energy sources. In a hydroelectric power station water flows through turbines using hydropower to generate hydroelectricity. Power is captured from the gravitational force of water falling through penstocks to water turbines connected to generators. The amount of power available is a combination of height and water flow. A wide range of Dams may be built to raise the water level, and create a lake for storing water. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.[citation needed] Solar energy can be turned into electricity either directly in solar cells, or in a concentrating solar power plant by focusing the light to run a heat engine. A solar photovoltaic power plant converts sunlight into direct current electricity using the photoelectric effect. Inverters change the direct current into alternating current for connection to the electrical grid. This type of plant does not use rotating machines for energy conversion. Solar thermal power plants use either parabolic troughs or heliostats to direct sunlight onto a pipe containing a heat transfer fluid, such as oil. The heated oil is then used to boil water into steam, which turns a turbine that drives an electrical generator. The central tower type of solar thermal power plant uses hundreds or thousands of mirrors, depending on size, to direct sunlight onto a receiver on top of a tower. The heat is used to produce steam to turn turbines that drive electrical generators.[citation needed] Wind turbines can be used to generate electricity in areas with strong, steady winds, sometimes offshore. Many different designs have been used in the past, but almost all modern turbines being produced today use a three-bladed, upwind design. Grid-connected wind turbines now being built are much larger than the units installed during the 1970s. They thus produce power more cheaply and reliably than earlier models. With larger turbines (on the order of one megawatt), the blades move more slowly than older, smaller, units, which makes them less visually distracting and safer for birds. Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy or ocean power) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. The movement of water in the world's oceans creates a vast store of kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power homes, transport and industries. The term marine energy encompasses both wave powerโ€”power from surface waves, and tidal powerโ€”obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water. Offshore wind power is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the wind, even if the wind turbines are placed over water. The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential of providing a substantial amount of new renewable energy around the world. Salinity gradient energy is called pressure-retarded osmosis. In this method, seawater is pumped into a pressure chamber that is at a pressure lower than the difference between the pressures of saline water and fresh water. Freshwater is also pumped into the pressure chamber through a membrane, which increases both the volume and pressure of the chamber. As the pressure differences are compensated, a turbine is spun creating energy. This method is being specifically studied by the Norwegian utility Statkraft, which has calculated that up to 25 TWh/yr would be available from this process in Norway. Statkraft has built the world's first prototype osmotic power plant on the Oslo fjord which was opened on 24 November 2009. In January 2014, however, Statkraft announced not to continue this pilot. Biomass energy can be produced from combustion of waste green material to heat water into steam and drive a steam turbine. Bioenergy can also be processed through a range of temperatures and pressures in gasification, pyrolysis or torrefaction reactions. Depending on the desired end product, these reactions create more energy-dense products (syngas, wood pellets, biocoal) that can then be fed into an accompanying engine to produce electricity at a much lower emission rate when compared with open burning.[citation needed] Storage power stations It is possible to store energy and produce electrical power at a later time as in pumped-storage hydroelectricity, thermal energy storage, flywheel energy storage, battery storage power station and so on. The world's largest form of storage for excess electricity, pumped-storage is a reversible hydroelectric plant. They are a net consumer of energy but provide storage for any source of electricity, effectively smoothing peaks and troughs in electricity supply and demand. Pumped storage plants typically use "spare" electricity during off peak periods to pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. Because the pumping takes place "off peak", electricity is less valuable than at peak times. This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low. During daytime peak demand, when electricity prices are high, the storage is used for peaking power, where water in the upper reservoir is allowed to flow back to a lower reservoir through a turbine and generator. Unlike coal power stations, which can take more than 12 hours to start up from cold, a hydroelectric generator can be brought into service in a few minutes, ideal to meet a peak load demand. Two substantial pumped storage schemes are in South Africa, Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme and another in the Drakensberg, Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme. Typical power output The power generated by a power station is measured in multiples of the watt, typically megawatts (106 watts) or gigawatts (109 watts). Power stations vary greatly in capacity depending on the type of power plant and on historical, geographical and economic factors. Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in China. As of 2022, the Gansu Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in the world, producing 10.45 GW of power, followed by the Zhang Jiakou (3000 MW). As of January 2022, the Hornsea Wind Farm in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 1218 MW, followed by Walney Wind Farm in United Kingdom at 1026 MW. In 2021, the worldwide installed capacity of power plants increased by 347 GW. Solar and wind power plant capacities rose by 80% in one year. As of 2022[update], the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are led by Bhadla Solar Park in India, rated at 2245 MW. Solar thermal power stations in the U.S. have the following output: Large coal-fired, nuclear, and hydroelectric power stations can generate hundreds of megawatts to multiple gigawatts. Some examples: Gas turbine power plants can generate tens to hundreds of megawatts. Some examples: The rated capacity of a power station is nearly the maximum electrical power that the power station can produce. Some power plants are run at almost exactly their rated capacity all the time, as a non-load-following base load power plant, except at times of scheduled or unscheduled maintenance. However, many power plants usually produce much less power than their rated capacity. In some cases a power plant produces much less power than its rated capacity because it uses an intermittent energy source. Operators try to pull maximum available power from such power plants, because their marginal cost is practically zero, but the available power varies widelyโ€”in particular, it may be zero during heavy storms at night. In some cases operators deliberately produce less power for economic reasons. The cost of fuel to run a load following power plant may be relatively high, and the cost of fuel to run a peaking power plant is even higherโ€”they have relatively high marginal costs. Operators keep power plants turned off ("operational reserve") or running at minimum fuel consumption[citation needed] ("spinning reserve") most of the time. Operators feed more fuel into load following power plants only when the demand rises above what lower-cost plants (i.e., intermittent and base load plants) can produce, and then feed more fuel into peaking power plants only when the demand rises faster than the load following power plants can follow. Not all of the generated power of a plant is necessarily delivered into a distribution system. Power plants typically also use some of the power themselves, in which case the generation output is classified into gross generation, and net generation. Gross generation or gross electric output is the total amount of electricity generated by a power plant over a specific period of time. It is measured at the generating terminal and is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWยทh), megawatt-hours (MWยทh), gigawatt-hours (GWยทh) or for the largest power plants terawatt-hours (TWยทh). It includes the electricity used in the plant auxiliaries and in the transformers. Net generation is the amount of electricity generated by a power plant that is transmitted and distributed for consumer use. Net generation is less than the total gross power generation as some power produced is consumed within the plant itself to power auxiliary equipment such as pumps, motors and pollution control devices. Thus Operations Operating staff at a power station have several duties. Operators are responsible for the safety of the work crews that frequently do repairs on the mechanical and electrical equipment. They maintain the equipment with periodic inspections and log temperatures, pressures and other important information at regular intervals. Operators are responsible for starting and stopping the generators depending on need. They are able to synchronize and adjust the voltage output of the added generation with the running electrical system, without upsetting the system. They must know the electrical and mechanical systems to troubleshoot problems in the facility and add to the reliability of the facility. Operators must be able to respond to an emergency and know the procedures in place to deal with it. See also References External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Juba] | [TOKENS: 171]
Contents Lower Juba Lower Juba (Somali: Jubbada Hoose, Maay: Jubithy Hoosy, Arabic: ุฌูˆุจุง ุงู„ุณูู„ู‰, Italian: Basso Giuba) is an administrative region (gobol) in southern Somalia. With its capital at Kismayo, it lies in the autonomous Jubaland region. Lower Juba is bordered by Kenya, the Somali regions of Gedo and Middle Juba (Jubbada Dhexe), and the Somali Sea. The province is named after the Jubba River that passes through it and empties into the Somali Sea at Goobweyn. The Lag Badana National Park is situated in Lower Juba. Districts Lower Juba Region consists of 5 districts: The Bajuni Islands are also within the region. Notes External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Bryansk_Oblast] | [TOKENS: 674]
Contents Governor of Bryansk Oblast The governor of Bryansk Oblast (Russian: ะ“ัƒะฑะตั€ะฝะฐั‚ะพั€ ะ‘ั€ัะฝัะบะพะน ะพะฑะปะฐัั‚ะธ) is the highest official of Bryansk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia. The governor heads the executive branch in the region and is elected by direct popular vote for the term of five years. History of office The first post-Soviet head of Bryansk Oblast was Vladimir Barabanov, people's deputy of the RSFSR, deputy chairman of the Navlinsky District council and presidential representative in the region. On 14 December 1991, he took the position of acting Head of Administration, and he was approved in office a month later. In April 1993 Barabanov lost the first gubernatorial elections to Communist people's deputy Yury Lodkin. Five months later, during the final stage of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis Lodkin expressed his support to the Supreme Soviet and anti-Yeltsinist forces. He was sacked by president on 25 September, and governor's office was stormed by the police. For the next three years Yury Lodkin unsuccessfully contested his removal in courts. The next governor-appointee Vladimir Karpov fell in the summer of 1995, as a result of conflict between his alleged patron businessman Oleg Kibalchich and other powerful figures in the region. Vladimir Barabanov was appointed again, but his second reign did not last long. In May 1996 an address of pro-Yeltsin Bryansk politicians appeared, in which Barabanov was accused of disloyalty to the federal government, close cooperation with the Communists and Lodkin. Barabanov allegedly created "a situation for the defeat of democracy", meaning possible low results of Yeltsin in Bryansk Oblast in the upcoming presidential election. Barabanov's deputy and successor Alexander Semernyov was defeated by Lodkin in December 1996. In 2000, Lodkin's main competitors were businessmen Nikolay Denin and Yury Dyomochkin. Lodkin received 29% of the vote and was declared winner as the first-past-the-post system was used that year. In 2004 Yury Lodkin was nominated for a third term with support from Communist and Agrarian parties, but he was removed from registration "for abuse of office". Lodkin linked his removing from ballot with his Communist Party membership. He accused the United Russia party of โ€œunwillingness to win legallyโ€ and called his supporters to vote against all. Nikolay Denin was elected next governor of Bryansk Oblast. In 2007, Denin was appointed for a second term, as gubernatorial elections were not held in Russia from 2005 to 2012. After reform of the federal legislature, Bryansk Oblast became one of the five regions to hold elections in 2012. On 5 October Denin was removed from ballot due to invalid signatures of his supporters' submitted to the election commission. Six days later, the decision of the regional court was canceled by the Supreme Court, and United Russia's candidate successfully re-elected on 14 October. In 2014, Denin was dismissed by Vladimir Putin due to the "loss of president's trust." List of officeholders Timeline References Sources
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)] | [TOKENS: 14021]
Contents Somali Civil War (2009โ€“present) Ongoing Supported by: France Italy Russia UAE United Kingdom Hizbul Islam (until 2010; 2012โ€“2013) Alleged state allies: Afghanistan Eritrea Iran Quds Force DPRK Qatar Alleged non-state allies: Houthis (de facto control over most of Yemen's population) Somali pirates Battles Member State of the Arab League Diplomatic missions: The ongoing phase of the Somali Civil War began in 2009 and is concentrated in southern and central Somalia, primarily between the forces of the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS), assisted by African Union peacekeeping forces, and the Islamist militant group al-Shabaab, which pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2012. During the insurgency that followed the 2006 Ethiopian invasion of Somalia, al-Shabaab rose to prominence and made major territorial gains. Several weeks before the end of the military occupation, Islamist insurgents had seized most of the south and Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was on the verge of collapse. In early 2009, Ethiopian troops withdrew from Somalia and former Islamic Courts Union leader Sharif Ahmed was elected president TFG, marking a new phase of the civil war. Al-Shabaab and allied Islamist groups continued fighting against the new TFG and the African Union mission (AMISOM) throughout 2009 and 2010, weakening the frail TFG further. By 2010, al-Shabaab reached its peak operational capacity as it absorbed other factions and began embracing drastic changes in the types of attacks they utilized. That year the group merged with Hizbul Islam and also carried out the Kampala bombings in response to Ugandan support for AMISOM. In August 2011, al-Shabaab withdrew from Mogadishu and lost the significant control it had established in the city since the insurgency began in 2007. While the group continues to carry out operations in the capital, the 2011 withdrawal marked the end of a strong insurgent presence. The Kenyan invasion of southern Somalia aimed at al-Shabaab, Operation Linda Nchi, began in October 2011. Coinciding with the operation, the Ethiopian military redeployed into Somalia in large numbers for the first time since 2009. In 2012 the FGS was formed, and it was becoming increasingly clear that a military victory would not resolve the conflict, and during that same year al-Shabaab pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda. In 2014, ENDF troops in Somalia were formerly integrated into AMISOM. Despite the growing challenges, al-Shabaab still controls large swathes of territory in southern Somalia. It remains influential in many rural areas, and it now prioritizes guerrilla and terror attacks over territorial acquisitions. The Islamic State in Somalia (ISS) and Hizbul Islam have also carried out attacks against both factions. In 2013 Hizbul Islam renounced violence against the government, but as of 2023, ISS remains active in northern Somalia. In 2023, the Las Anod conflict broke out in the northern part of Somalia between SSC-Khatumo and the Somaliland Army. Background Established in 2004, the internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government's (TFG) in Somalia was waning until the United States-backed 2006 invasion by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF), which drove out the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) from power. Following this defeat, the ICU splintered into several different insurgent factions. In early 2007, many Somalis rallied behind an insurgency which aimed to expel the Ethiopian military occupation in Mogadishu. The Ethiopians were caught off guard by the scale and intensity of the emerging resistance, responding with bombardments of urban areas. Thousands of Ethiopian troops and Somalis had been killed during fierce fighting for Mogadishu. ENDF military losses had reached unsustainable levels by the end of 2007. In 2008 insurgent pressure intensified in the capital and across south-central Somalia, particularly in the Shabeelle, Jubba Valley, Bay, and Bakool regions. Skirmishes with ENDF/TFG forces soon morphed into a sustained insurgent offensive. The TFG and its Ethiopian backers had low public support. The government lacked legitimacy, capacity, and credibility, and refused to broaden its political base throughout 2007. Opposition figures were purged from parliament, leaving a narrow coalition that failed to advance any political transition or create institutions. The TFG was widely seen as corrupt, fractured and abusive. Al-Shabaab, former a youth militia under the ICU's military wing, emerged as an independent faction in early 2007. It gained significant combat experience and began governing territory for the first time in 2008. The Ethiopian invasion transformed the group from a fringe entity to a dominant insurgent force. By 2008, most of the country had fallen under insurgent control, leaving the TFG on the brink of collapse. More than 80% of its police and army had deserted. The invasion failed to empower the TFG, which only controlled some parts of Mogadishu and its original 2006 capital of Baidoa by the end of 2008. The Ethiopian army withdrew with significant casualties and little to show for their efforts. The insurgency had achieved its primary goal of removing the Ethiopian military presence from most of Somalia by November 2008. As the Ethiopians withdrew from Somalia, tensions between the differing insurgent factions exacerbated. By this time most elements of the pre-invasion Islamic Courts had merged into one of the two wings of the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) or had joined al-Shabaab, though some smaller factions continued operating independently under the ICU banner into 2009. A power-sharing deal was reached in Djibouti between the TFG and Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's ARS-D faction in late 2008. Al-Shabaab, which had broken away from the moderate Islamists, rejected the agreement and expanded its control, later joined by Hizbul Islamโ€”a coalition of insurgent groups from the Ethiopian military occupation era, including the ARS-Asmara faction led by Hassan Dahir Aweys. Meanwhile, Ahlu Sunnah Waljama'ah, backed by Ethiopia and aligned with the TFG, fought and successfully repelled al-Shabaab advances in Galguduud. Rather than eliminating jihadist activity in Somalia, the invasion significantly expanded it, with al-Shabaab's ranks growing from around 600 to several thousand fighters by the time of Ethiopia's 2009 withdrawal. Between 2004 and 2008, Ethiopiaโ€”then the TFG's main allyโ€”trained thousands of Somali troops, but over 10,000 deserted or joined the insurgency. After Ethiopia's 2009 withdrawal, AMISOM assumed responsibility for rebuilding the army, which still lacked a functional chain of command. After parliament took in 275 officials from the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, ARS leader Sheikh Ahmed was elected TFG President on 31 January 2009. Since then, the al-Shabaab radical Islamists have accused the new TFG President of accepting the secular transitional government and have continued the civil war since he arrived in Mogadishu at the presidential palace in early February 2009. Timeline Al-Shabaab also vowed to fight the government. On 4 February 2009, four Islamist groups, including Hassan Dahir Aweys' Eritrean branch of the ARS merged and created the group Hisbi Islam, to oppose the new government of Sharif Sheikh Ahmed. The new TFG President Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed arrived in Mogadishu as president for the first time on 7 February 2009. The al-Shabaab and other radical Islamists began firing at the new TFG president hours later. They accused the new President of accepting the secular transitional government. On 8 February, heavy fighting broke out in southern Mogadishu.[citation needed] al-Shabaab leader Sheikh Mukhtar Robow (Abu Mansur) met with Sharif Ahmed for peace talks during his visit to Mogadishu, while Omar Iman rejected the president.[citation needed] During these negotiations, Sharif Ahmed said that he would be prepared to enforce Sharia Law in Somalia, which was the radical groups' main demand. However, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow, a former al-Shabaab spokesman, denied having talked to Sharif Ahmed and vowed to continue fighting until his demands for Sharia Law were met. Sheikh Mukhtar Robow warned Nigeria against sending peace keepers to Somalia, as al-Shabaab view the AU peace keepers as occupying forces. An offensive was launched two days later by al-Shabaab to take the Bakool province. Government officials who had been ousted from Baidoa had been amassing troops in the city of Hudur (Xudur) and planning a major offensive to re-take Baidoa. Islamist forces attacked the province and reached the capital where they started a battle against government forces. In Galmudug, Clan militia took the town of Masagaway from al-Shabaab, while there was also fighting in Warsheekh. The spokesman for al-Shabaab at the time, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow (Abu Mansur), rebuffed reports from several media outlets that a mutual agreement between him and newly elected president Sharif Ahmed was made. In his 12 February statement, he also added that he had no intention to contact the president on any matters, and that they would continue fighting against foreign troops and what he described as an "apostate" government. Al-Shabaab also vowed war against the new government. On 22 February, a double suicide bomb attack on an AU base in Mogadishu left 11 Burundian soldiers dead and another 15 wounded. Two days later, heavy fighting erupted in the city as TFG and AU forces attempted to retake the city from radical Islamist forces. The fighting lasted for two days and killed 87 people, including: 48 civilians, 15 insurgents and 6 TFG policemen. At the same time as the fighting raged in Mogadishu, al-Shabaab forces took the town of Hudor, to the northwest, in fighting that killed another 20 people: ten TFG soldiers, six insurgents and four civilians. On 28 February, it appeared that Hisbi Islam would sign a ceasefire with the Transitional Federal Government. However, by 1 March, it was clear that no ceasefire would be given, despite President Sharif Ahmed having agreed to proposals for a truce and having offered to accept the implementation of Sharia law but refused to move troops from civilian areas despite the Islamists doing so. al-Shabaab announced on 6 May that it would continue the war even if AMISOM withdrew. The Somali government, in turn, later announced an immediate blockade on airstrips and seaports under insurgent control to stop the flow of weapons reaching them. On 7 May, a fierce battle for control of Mogadishu started between al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam against the TFG. Hundreds were killed and injured and tens of thousands were displaced. By 11 May, rebel forces gained the upper hand and made large gains taking over most of the capital. The rebels came close to overthrowing the government before fighting ended on 14 May, new rounds of fighting would last all through August. By 16 May, al-Shabaab captured the strategic town of Jowhar, which connects Mogadishu with central Somalia. One of the largest battles of the war took place about 3 weeks later on 5 June when Hizbul Islam captured Wabho leaving 50 combatants killed. On 19 June, the transitional parliament speaker Sheikh Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe asked the international community to send foreign troops to Somalia within the following 24 hours. He stated that the government's power is on the verge of being defeated by Islamist forces in the Somali capital. The Somali cabinet declared a state of emergency, and asked for help from neighboring countries which included Kenya, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Yemen. Ethiopia refused saying intervention needs an international mandate. al-Shabaab responded by 21 June saying they would fight any foreign troops, and made threats against potential Kenyan intervention. President Sheikh Sharif Ahmed declared a state of emergency by 22 June, as a new round of fighting in Mogadishu left 12 dead and 20 injured with hundreds more fleeing the city. The notion of Ethiopian troops intervening in the conflict caused defections by local government administration officials. Areas affected by this included Beledweyne, El-gal village, and Hiraan. The effects also caused many pro-government Islamic Courts Union officials to resign. In response, TFG forces led by general Muktar Hussein Afrah started military manoeuvers in the East side of Mogadishu. On 6 July, The Amir of al-Shabaab, Ahmed Godane gave government forces an ultimatum of five days to hand over their weapons which was rejected. At some point, foreign aid to the government was provided in the form of security advisors. On 17 July, two of these advisors (sent by France) were captured by insurgents. The Somali government gave permission for French commandos to launch operations inside Somalia to free the two French nationals that were held by al-Shabaab. France responded on 22 July by sending in warships and helicopters near the ports of Mogadishu and Marka declaring they would undertake military operations to free the two French military advisors who had been captured by insurgents. One of the hostages eventually was able to escape by August 2009, while the other was last seen in a video released in June 2010 asking for assistance. The United States also took up targeting Al-Qaeda members. On 14 September several U.S. Navy helicopters launched a raid in Baraawe against Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, killing him as well as five other militants. Also in 2009, British Army soldiers from the Special Air Service and the Special Reconnaissance Regiment were deployed to Djibouti as part of Combined Joint Task Force โ€“ Horn of Africa to conduct operations against Islamist terrorists in Somalia. They carried out missions focusing on surveillance and targeting of terrorists, alongside their US counterparts. They have also been carrying out this role in Yemen. The armed conflict between Hizbul Islam and al-Shabaab began due to a dispute between the faction of the Ras Kamboni Brigades led by Sheikh Ahmed "Madoobe" and al-Shabaab, over a power sharing agreement in Kisimayo. Hizbul Islam and al-Shabaab had made a power sharing agreement for the city, where the power would rotate between the two factions, with each faction controlling the city for periods of six months. However, due to clan politics al-Shabaab refused to let the power rotation take place. This led to internal problems within Hizbul Islam as its ARS-A and JABISO factions, which were aligned with al-Shabaab in Hiran and Mogadishu, refused to support the Ras Kamboni Brigades, while Anole remained neutral. It also led to a split within the Ras Kamboni Brigades, with a faction led by Hizbul Islam's deputy chairman Sheikh Hassan "Turki" refusing to back Ahmad "Madoobe" and instead siding with al-Shabaab. It was reported on 1 October that heavy fighting in Kisimayo had broken out between the two factions, al-Shabaab controlled most of the city with dozens of casualties reported by the afternoon. At least 17 more people were killed in a series of battles overnight on 5 October. Hizbul Islam claimed that they had captured foreign fighters in the battle. The battle eventually ended with a decisive victory for al-Shabaab, which expelled Madbobe's Ras Kamboni Brigade forces from the city. Throughout November 2009, fighting between the two factions continued as the battle lines moved into Southern Somalia, resulting in a decrease in insurgent attacks at Mogadishu targeting government forces (TFG) and their allies (AMISOM). Sheikh Ahmad Madobe's forces were ultimately overpowered by al-Shabaab and its local allies, and forced to withdraw from the Lower Juba region and most of Southern Somalia. The merger between al-Shabaab and Sheikh Hassan Turki's branch of the Ras Kamboni Brigades occurred early in 2010 (February) with a call for other groups in Hizbul Islam to do the same. Additional battles throughout 2010 were fought between Hizbul Islam and al-Shabaab in central Somalia as fighting moved from the Hiran region to the Bay region, to Lower Shabelle. Hizbul Islam eventually was forced to surrender the Luuq District in Gedo region to al-Shabaab, after which the group announced that it would merge with al-Shabaab. From mid-December al-Shabaab fighters started taking over Hizbul Islam positions. The merge was confirmed on 20 December, when Hizbul Islam Chairman Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys and Sheikh Mohammad Osman Arus, the organisation's official spokesman, surrendered to al-Shabaab and disbanded the organisation. Al-Shabaab controlled roughly half the lands claimed by the Somali government at their greatest extent in 2009 July. With the help of allies, government forces slowly started to make gains that would lead to a retake of lost territory through various military operations. An offensive on 20 February 2011 was dubbed by AU Representative Wafula Wamunyinyi as the "Battle of Gashandiga." This offensive involved AMISOM troops destroying a large complex of al-Shabaab trenches, killing six al-Shabaab commanders in Mogadishu. Towards the end of February, disturbances moved into Mogadishu again in the form of one suicide attack and heavy shelling as al-Shabaab fighters attempted to re-take lost territory. This push resulted in the deaths of at least 47 people, rebels displayed one wounded and five dead Burundian AMISOM soldiers. Another offensive was opened up between 26 February and 28 February by TFG troops with support of Ethiopian soldiers in Bula Hawo (southern Somalia), resulting in 33 deaths. By 5 March, AMISOM and TFG forces claimed to control seven of the city's districts, while six were contested and three were controlled by anti-government forces. Al-Shabaab responded to the government offensive by putting up roadblocks to prevent the movement of goods from the seaport. This adversely affected both sides of the conflict, as the TFG controlled the port and its profits. At the same time though, places such as Bakaara Market were controlled by the insurgents where many of the goods were bound to be sold. It was also reported by this time that up to 53 AMISOM may have died in the clashes, which included 43 Burundian and 10 Ugandans. An additional 1,000 peacekeepers to assist in the TFG's renewed offensive against al-Shabaab were brought in, and by 16 March AMISOM had a force of nearly 9,000. In early May 2011, al-Shabaab were pushed out of Garbahare by government forces commanded by Nur Matan Abdi. At least 26 al-Shabaab militants were killed, while just five government soldiers were wounded. The 2010โ€“11 battle of Mogadishu began when al-Shabaab militants launched an offensive to capture the city. The battle soon swung in favor of government forces, who were able to drive the militant group out by 11 October 2011. The complete capture of the city took place on 7 September 2012, when the Transitional Federal Government's troops and their AMISOM allies managed to secure the city. Around the same time witnesses reported al-Shabaab vehicles abandoning their bases in the capital for the south-central city of Baidoa. The group's spokesman Sheikh Ali Mohamud Rage described the exodus as a tactical retreat, and vowed to continue the insurgency against the national government. Observers have suggested that the pullout may have been caused in part by internal ideological rifts in the rebel organization. The city was by no means safe after al-Shabaab withdrew as the militant group continued hit and run tactics in the Northern part of the city. Suicide bombs continued to be an occurrence lasting into 2020 (see below). On 2 to 3 September, fighting was reported in Puntland that resulted in the deaths of up to 60 people, including eight Puntland soldiers and 40 al-Shabaab militants, with Insurgents being repelled. al-Shabaab claimed on 7 September that they have captured two Kenyan troops who were on a surveillance mission near the Kenyan-Somali Border. Puntland forces captured 18 members of al-Shabaab in counter-terrorism operations on 8 September. al-Shabaab attacked the southern town of Elwaq on 10 September 2011, resulting in the deaths of 12 insurgents and soldiers. The next day, Somali troops fought back, retaking the town after militants fled on captured technicals. The bodies of 30 militants were later found, some of them children. Conversely, al-Shabaab claimed they killed around 70 government aligned troops and captured 10 technicals. The Burundian military lost 51 soldiers in October, causing anger among Burundians, who believe that their country is sacrificing too much. Many Burundians have urged other AU members to contribute troops to the Somalia mission. Nigeria, Djibouti, and Guinea have indicated sending troops, but all have yet to contribute. On 4 September 2012 the Kenyan Navy shelled Kismayo. This was part of an AU offensive to capture the city from al-Shabaab fighters. The harbour was shelled two times and the airport three times. According to a UN report the export of charcoal through Kismayo is a major source of income for al-Shabaab. On 28 September 2012, the Somali National Army assisted by AMISOM troops and Ras Kamboni militia launched an assault on Kismayo, al-Shabaab's last major stronghold. The allied forces reportedly managed to re-capture much of the city from the insurgents. In August 2014, AMISOM supported by Somali forces began Operation Indian Ocean. On 1 September 2014, a US drone strike carried out as part of the broader mission killed al-Shabaab leader Mukhtar Abu Zubeyr, also known as Ahmed Godane US authorities hailed the raid as a major symbolic and operational loss for al-Shabaab, and the Somali government offered a 45-day amnesty to all moderate members of the militant group. Political analysts also suggested that the insurgent commander's death will likely lead to al-Shabaab's fragmentation and eventual dissolution. From 19 July 2015, AMISOM and the Somali National Army regained many villages and the major towns of Bardhere and Dinsoor. Operation Piga Jangili, seizing Bardhere, involved fighting for six hours against an estimated 175 to 200 insurgent opponents. "Upon entering the kill zone, several Improvised Explosive Device initiated ambushes [delayed] convoy movement and killed and wounded multiple KDF soldiers." Then-Captain William Doyle of 10th Special Forces Group, US Army, won the Silver Star for "exposing himself to effective fire so he could ... keep the KDF convoy moving through the valley." The medal citation credits his actions with contributing to 173 enemy killed and 60 more wounded, while saving "countless" partner forces. On 15 January 2016, al-Shabaab attacked a Kenyan-run AMISOM base in El Adde Somalia, overrunning the compound and killing approximately 185 soldiers. Al-Shabaab then regained the important town of Marka, 45 km from the capital, and the port of Gard in Puntland region (March 2016). Al-Shabaab's activities create constant dilemmas for international humanitarian aid organisations. On 5 March 2016, US aircraft and unmanned drones killed more than 150 al-Shabaab insurgents at a training camp called "Camp Raso", located about 120 miles north of Mogadishu as they were "training for a large-scale attack," according to a spokesman for the United States Department of Defense. The camp had been under surveillance for some time before the strike. In the early hours of 9 March 2016, US Somali special forces killed between 1 and 15 al-Shabaab fighters in a heliborne-attack on the al-Shabaab-controlled town of Awdhegele, as well as capturing an undisclosed number of high-value al-Shabaab figures. On 11/12 April 2016, two US airstrikes on al-Shabaab targets in the town of Kismayo killed about a dozen suspected militants who posed an "imminent threat" to American troops in the country. As of May 2016, roughly 50 US special operations troops operate at undisclosed locations across southern Somalia, with their headquarters at the airport in Mogadishu; advising and assisting, Kenyan, Somali and Ugandan forces in their fight against al-Shabaab. Also in that month, US personnel helped those forces plan an operation against illegal checkpoints. On 12 May 2016, a small group of US military advisers accompanied some Ugandan soldiers during a raid on an illegal taxation checkpoint just west of Mogadishu, when the Ugandans came under fire from 15 to 20 al-Shabaab militants, the US commander on the ground called in a "defensive" airstrike, killing five militants and wounding two more. Two days previously, the US provided helicopters and advise and assist in support of a Somali military mission against a group of al-Shabaab militants, which one defense official said was also defensive because they had intelligence that the al-Shabaab fighters were planning an attack on the AMISOM installation nearby. No word on how many al-Shabaab were killed or wounded in that operation. On 13 May, a US strike targeted nine al-Shabaab militants, three of them were allegedly killed. On the night of 31 May 2016, two senior al-Shabaab operatives; Mohamud Dulyadeyn, the plotter behind the Garissa University attack in April 2015 and Maalim Daud, head of al-Shabaab's intelligence hit squads and another 16 members from al-Shabaab were killed by the Somali National Army and anti-terror partners. Defense Department spokeswoman Lt. Col. Michelle L. Baldanza told CNN "US forces supported this Somali-led operation in an advise-and-assist role,". On 1 June 2016, al-Shabaab militants attacked with a car bomb on the gate of Ambassador Hotel in Mogadishu, Somalia. At least 15 people have been killed in the attack, among 10 civilian pedestrians and two members of parliament near the gate. Also that day, the Pentagon announced that it had conducted an airstrike that killed a senior al-Shabaab leader in Somalia on 27 May. On 3 August 2016, a contingent of elite American troops acting as military advisers assisted Somali commandos in an assault on an al-Shabaab checkpoint in Saakow, as the Somali-led force approached the checkpoint the militants opened fire, a gun battle ensued that resulted in 3 militants killed. On 29 September 2016, a Somali regional government demanded an explanation from the United States after an airstrike killed 22 civilians and other soldiers instead of the targeted al-Shabaab militants in Galmudug. The Military Times also reported that on 26 September a bomb-manufacturing network linked al-Shabaab attacked a small team of US and Somali troops, who were conducting an operation near Kismayo, with small-arms fire. A Pentagon spokesman said the US military "conducted a self-defense strike to neutralize the threat and in doing so killed nine enemy fighters." Also on 28 September, near the town of Galkayo, a Somali army unit conducting counterterrorism operations nearby, when the Somali soldiers came under fire from al-Shabaab militants. The Somali soldiers engaged them, then broke contact and rejoined with their nearby American advisers and soon afterwards the militants "began to maneuver in an offensive manner" so the US conducted a self-defense airstrike, killing 4 militants. In late March 2017, President Donald Trump gave US Africa Command more freedom to conduct airstrikes and other military operations. In addition to stepping up airstrikes, US special forces fighting with Somali forces have also been increased, conventional US troops give lessons in building defense institutions, with added support from other nations. CNN reported that General Thomas Waldhauser, commander of AFRICOM, told reporters in April that the US seeks to help Somali security forces gain the ability to provide for their own security by 2021. The New York Times reported that on 4 May 2017, a US Navy SEAL team partnered with Somali National Army forces, carried out a mission on an al-Shabaab-occupied complex around 60 kilometres (40 mi) west of Mogadishu. Fox News reported that they targeting what Pentagon spokesperson Captain Jeff Davis said was a "group of people" associated with attacks on Mogadishu. The New York Times reported that Defence Department officials said that Somali forces were to have led the operation, with the SEALs hanging back in an advise, assist and accompany role, however Brig.Gen. David J. Furness, the commander of the military's task force for the Horn of Africa, said that American and Somali forces were traveling together in a single group. Whilst approaching the complex, the militants opened fire and the mission was aborted, Senior chief petty officer Kyle Milliken was killed, 2 other SEALs and an interpreter were wounded. Captain Jeff Davis said that the mission "resulted in the death of three Shabaab operatives including Moalin Osman Abdi Badil," the group quickly returned to the aircraft that had taken it to the area and was exfilled. Davis described Badil as an al-Shabaab leader responsible for gathering information on troop movements in order to support attacks on Somali and African Union forces and that he had been linked to the death of several soldiers and at least one civilian. CNN reported that on 11 June 2017, that a US air strike killed 8 al-Shabaab militants in Sakow, the president of Somalia said that "This was a successful strike which destroyed a key al-Shabaab command and supply hub," and that "This will ultimately disrupt the enemy's ability to conduct new attacks within Somalia." CNN reported that on 23 July 2017, The US carried out a targeted airstrike an al-Shabaab regional commander in Banadir. Fox News reported that on 30 July 2017, a US strike near Tortoroow in southern Somalia which was coordinated with regional partners as a direct response to al-Shabaab's actions which included attacks on Somali forces, killed Ali Jabal, who was considered a senior al-Shabaab terrorist and was responsible for leading forces operating in the Mogadishu and Banadiir area, including planning and carrying out attacks in Mogadishu. ABC reported that on 10 August 2017, airstrikes conducted by drones in Banaadir in a joint operation against al-Shabaab fighters, killing a high-level al-Shabaab leader. The airstrikes marked the fourth offensive airstrike against al-Shabaab since the new authorisation in March. CNN reported that on 17 August 2017, the US conducted a "self defense" drone strike in Jilib after a joint US-Somali force, consisting of Somali troops and US advisors, came under direct attack by al-Shabaab militants and a firefight ensued, 7 militants were killed. Military.com reported that on 3 November 2017, that a US drone conducted two airstrikes against Islamic State in Somalia, at least six missiles were used which struck in Buqa, 37 miles north of Qandala, AFRICOM said in a statement that "several terrorists" were killed and that the strikes were carried out in coordination with Somalia's government; marking the first time the US has conducted airstrikes against ISS terrorists in Somalia. CNN reported that US drone aircraft conducted five strikes between 9 and 12 November against al-Shabaab and ISS-linked militants, killing 36 al-Shabaab and four ISS fighters. One of the strikes killed an al-Shabaab member who had attacked a joint US-Somali military convoy in Gaduud. CNN reported that a US airstrike on a camp 125 miles northwest of Mogadishu killed more than 100 al-Shabaab militants; the US now estimates there are between 3,000 and 6,000 al-Shabaab fighters and fewer than 250 ISIS operatives in Somalia. Military Times reported that on 14 November, a US drone strike roughly 60 miles northwest of Mogadishu killed several al-Shabaab militants. CNN reported that on 24 December, a US airstrike in southern Somalia killed 13 al-Shabaab terrorists. On 15 December 2018, there were demonstrations in Baidoa by supporters of Mukhtar Robow, a presidential candidate, who was arrested two days before by government forces and transferred to Mogadishu. Rowbow is a former member of al-Shabaab. Robbow was seized by the Ethiopian National Defence Force. African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) announced in a statement that its forces did not assist in Rowbow's arrest and his transfer to Mogadishu. By 2019, the United States was heavily involved in the war, using airstrikes. On 14 April, AFRICOM killed Abdulhakim Dhuqub, a high-ranking ISIS-Somalia official, near Xiriiro, Bari Region. On 25 October, a US airstrike targeted Islamic militants near Ameyra, south of Bosaso, which killed three of their leaders. On 12 July, A car bombing and gun attack killed at least 26 people, including two prominent journalists and nine foreigners, in Kismayo, Lower Juba. On 22 July, a bombing killed 17 people and injured 28 others in Mogadishu. On 24 July, a suicide bomber detonated inside the office of the Mayor of Mogadishu, killing six government officials; mayor Abdirahman Abdi Osman was hospitalised in Doha, Qatar before succumbing to his injuries on 1 August. On 26 August, the Somali Army captured Burweryn from al-Shabaab. On 28 December, an al-Shabaab suicide truck bomber killed at least 85 people at a police checkpoint in Mogadishu. On 5 January, al-Shabaab militants attacked the airstrip of the military base Camp Simba, which is used by US and Kenyan forces. One US serviceman and two contractors were killed; two US servicemen were wounded and four militants were also killed in the gunfight. On 19 March, the Somali Army captured Janale town from al-Shabaab, with support from the US military. On 31 May, the Somali military shot dead approximately 18 al-Shabaab militants and injured several others in an operation conducted in the southern Lower Shabelle region. On 7 February, a roadside bomb exploded in Dusmareb, Galguduud, killing 12 agents working for the National Intelligence and Security Agency. The local head of the intelligence agency, Abdirashid Abdunur, was among those killed. On 14 February, al-Shabaab killed two SNA soldiers in Awdheegle district in Lower Shabelle. On 2 March, al-Shabaab publicly killed five people by firing squad for allegedly spying for the United States and Somali intelligence agencies in Jilib, Middle Juba. Hundreds of people reportedly gathered to watch the killings. On 5 March, a suicide car bomber killed at least 20 people outside a restaurant in Mogadishu. On 3 April, al-Shabaab militants attacked two SNA bases near Mogadishu resulting in several hours of fighting. The SNA said they killed 77 al-Shabaab militants. al-Shabaab said they killed 47 SNA troops in the attack. On the same day, a suicide bomber detonated their suicide vest targeting civilians outside a teashop in Mogadishu. The attack left 6 people dead, including the perpetrator. On 10 April, a suicide bomber tried to kill a regional governor in Baidoa. The governor escaped, but 3 others were killed in the attack, including two of his bodyguards. On 14 April, 17 civilians were killed when an IED exploded as a minibus drove over it whilst travelling on the Mogadishu-Jowhar road. From 25 April โ€“ 6 May, hundreds of Somali soldiers mutinied. On 12 June, a Somali policeman was killed and two others were wounded when ISIS operatives detonated an IED at a police checkpoint in the City of Afgooye, 20 km northwest of Mogadishu. On 15 June, at least 15 Somali Army recruits were killed when an al-Shabaab suicide bomber blew himself up at a Somali Army training camp in Mogadishu. On 27 June, Puntland executed 21 al-Shabaab prisoners in the largest single execution of al-Shabaab fighters in Somalia. On 10 July, nine people were killed after a car bomb exploded in Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab later claimed responsibility. On 24 September, two Somali policemen were shot dead by ISS operatives in Mogadishu. On 25 September, at least eight people were killed and six others were wounded in a suicide bombing in Mogadishu. On 25 November, an al-Shabaab suicide bomber in a sport utility vehicle killed eight people in Mogadishu. On 5 December, al-Shabaab claimed responsibility a bomb blast at a restaurant in Awdhegle in southern Somalia. At least five people including civilians were killed and more than six others wounded in the attack. On 12 January, al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for a car bomb that killed eight people and wounded another nine outside the Mogadishu International Airport, a facility which hosts the United States Embassy and other diplomatic offices. The group said via a radio address that a convoy of "white officials" had been the target of the bombing. On 19 February, a suicide bombing in a restaurant in the city of Beledweyne killed 14 people. Al-Shabaab later claimed responsibility. On 23 March, al-Shabaab carried out attacks in Mogadishu and Beledweyne. Politicians Amina Mohamed Abdi and Hassan Dhuhul were among killed. On 3 May, at least 30 soldiers of the African Union, including 10 Burundian soldiers, were killed after al-Shabaab militants attacked an African Union military base near the village of Ceel Baraf, about 100 miles north of Mogadishu. At least 20 al-Shabaab fighters were reportedly killed. In late July, al-Shabaab launched an invasion of Ethiopia with at least 1,500 militants. The insurgents captured a town, advanced up to 150 kilometres (93 mi), and inflicted heavy losses on the Ethiopians before being driven back by security forces. On 19 August, al-Shabaab militants attacked a hotel in Mogadishu, killing at least 21 people and wounding over 100. In response to the terror attack, President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud declared "total war" against al-Shabaab. Cooperating with United States forces (who contributed airstrikes against al-Shabaab, one of which killed 27 al-Shabaab militants with no civilian casualties reported), an offensive operation began to weaken al-Shabaab's forces in the Hiran region. The offensive operations had been described as the "largest combined Somali and ATMIS offensive operation in five years." It was reported that at least 43,000 Somalis died as a result of drought in 2022. The Somali army had been expanding anti-al-Shabaab efforts from beyond Hirshabelle state, and they were now beginning to strike at al-Shabaab bases in Galmudug state. The army cooperated with local Gedir clan militias and drone strikes from the United States in Mudug, seizing the towns of Harardhere and Galcad in January as a result. Al-Shabaab was reported to begin increasing its usage of IEDs when fighting, while also targeting civilians for attacks. The group was also reported to be targeting drug dealers and robbers in Mogadishu, in an apparent drive to gain support for the group in the city. Fighting broke out between the Khatumo State and Somaliland leading to the 2023 Las Anod conflict where Khatumo Forces capture nearly all military bases and towns in the Sool region but fighting is still ongoing. In March it was reported that al-Shabaab has lost one third of its territory in Somalia, since the government launched its major military offensive in August 2022. On 26 March the president of Somalia declared the start of the second phase of the offensive operations. On 26 May, al-Shabaab launched a deadly attack on the Buulo Mareer military base using Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Devices and suicide bombers. Ugandan troops discovered the bodies of 54 Ugandan soldiers who were killed in the attack. The discovery took place as the Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF) regained control of the forward operating base in Buulo Mareer, about 120 kilometers southwest of Mogadishu, State House Uganda said via Twitter Saturday. Armed clashes was reported in the town of Masagaway after an al-Shabaab attack on a military base there on 30 May. The government claimed to have ambushed the al-Shabaab contingent and inflicted casualties upon them after they withdrew from their attack on the base. The African Union has been giving up bases to the Somali Armed Forces since June, the African Union (AU) is winding down its peacekeeping mission in the country and AU soldiers will finally depart at the end of 2024, leading to concern of what will happen next. A decisive turning point in the war came during the Battle of Osweyne in late August 2023, where the SNA suffered a severe defeat and retreated from hard fought regions. On 17 September it was reported that 20-plus Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) fighters were killed/captured by al-Shabaab fighters in Rabdhure, Bakool . On 29 September a suicide bomber exploded a bomb in a tea shop in Mogadishu. On 26 November, the United Nations announced that they are lifting the arms embargo on Somalia next month. On 10 January, al-Shabaab militants attacked a UN helicopter and forced it to make an emergency landing. They then burned the helicopter and seized most of the crew of nine people. One person was killed and two others were unaccounted for after the incident. On 6 February, four bombings inside Bakaara Market in the Somali capital killed at least ten people and injured about fifteen others. On 11 February, al-Shabaab attacked the General Gordon Military Base in the Somali capital Mogadishu, resulting in deaths of four Emirati troops and one Bahraini military officer. In the last quarter of 2023, the Somali National Army captured new localities in south Mudug, but by the end of February 2024, they had been given back up for al-Shabaab to reoccupy. In north Galmudug, the SNA secured the villages to support the Ma'awisley clan militia present. But when Ma'awisley withdrew following a land dispute between their leadership and Somali president Hassan Sheikh, the SNA was too weak to remain on its own, and was forced to withdraw as well. In other localities however, the reasons for losses were different as SNA troops were in sufficient numbers to hold the town. Discipline was lacking, many soldiers lost their nerve and broke ranks during a battle with insurgents. On 14 March, militants attacked and sieged the SYL Hotel in Mogadishu. On 13 July, At least eight people are killed and twenty-one others injured in a shootout between security forces and inmates in a Mogadishu prison during an escape attempt. The prisoners who attempted to escape were members of al-Shabaab. On 14 July, 10 people were injured in a cafe due to a car bombing done by al-Shabaab. On 2 August, 37 people were killed by an al-Shabaab suicide bomber at Lido Beach. On 18 October, seven were killed in another cafรฉ bombing in Mogadishu. Throughout late October, Somalia's spy agency killed 40 al-Shabaab militants and injured many others. On 8 January 2025, the Puntland armed forces greatly increased their fight against Islamic State militants in the Al Miskat mountain range, located in the Bari region. These forces said they are working to block all escape routes and are closing in on areas where the militants are hiding. Puntland's Counter-Terrorism Operation said their troops are surrounding the Al Miskat mountains and moving into the suspected hideouts. Security operations are also happening in nearby areas like Hamure. The security force is also talked to local people and asked them to not collaborate with the militants. They warned residents to stay away from the group before it was too late. On 9 January 2025, Puntland forces carry out drone strikes on Islamic State targets in the Cal Miskaad mountains near Balidhidhin District of Bari, The counterterrorism claimed that they killed several militants. On 20 February 2025, al-Shabaab launched attacks on several villages and military bases in the Middle Shabelle and Hiran region causing the deaths of 130 al-Shabaab militants and dozens of Somali soldiers. On 4 March 2025, the U.S. Embassy in Mogadishu has warned of imminent attack threats from al-Shabaab in Mogadishu including at Aden Adde International Airport. Embassy personnel movements are suspended. The embassy also warned that militant groups continue to plan kidnappings, bombings, and other attacks across the country. Turkish Airlines and Qatar Airways halted all flights to Mogadishu following security warnings from the U.S. Embassy about potential terrorist attacks targeting Mogadishu Airport. On 18 March 2025, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, president of Somalia, was targeted by al-Shabaab in a roadside bombing assassination attempt using improvised explosive devices near Villa Somalia while his entourage headed to Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu. Hassan survived the attack. On 16 April 2025, al-Shabaab captured the town of Adan Yabaal from government forces. The town has strategic military significance and serves as a critical logistical hub connecting Hirshabelle state to the neighboring central state of Galmudug. An American airstrike carried out on September 12, 2025, in Badhan, in the region of Sanaag in Puntland, which targeted a traditional leader accused of being a member of Al-Shabaab, was executed, in coordination with the Somali federal government. Foreign involvement The African Union has deployed more than 16,000 soldiers to Somalia, mandated to support transitional governmental structures, implement a national security plan, train the Somali security forces, and assist in creating a secure environment for the delivery of humanitarian aid. As part of its duties, AMISOM also supports the Transitional Federal Government's forces in their battle against al-Shabaab militants. AMISOM was created by the African Union's Peace and Security Council on 19 January 2007 with an initial six-month mandate. On 21 February 2007 the United Nations Security Council approved the mission's mandate. Subsequent six-monthly renewals of AMISOM's mandate by the African Union Peace and Security Council have also been authorised by the United Nations Security Council. AMISOM's UN mandate was extended for a further six months in August 2008 by UNSCR 1831. The AMISOM's mandate has been extended each period that it has been up for review. It is now set to be reviewed again on 16 January 2013. On 12 November 2013, the UN Security Council adopted SC Resolution 2124 (2013) extending AMISOM's mandate from 28 February 2014 to 31 October 2014. Acting upon the force's request, the resolution also increases AMISOM's maximum authorized strength from 17,731 to 22,126 troops. The force, which has fought throughout the country, has reportedly suffered significant casualties during their mission, although no precise figures have been issued by the contributing countries. In March 2022, the 14-year-long AMISOM mission changed its name to the African Union Transition Mission in Somalia (ATMIS). It was announced that it was hoped that ATMIS's mandate would end in 2024. ATMIS consists of troops from the East African nations of Burundi, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. The Government of Somalia has requested U.S. involvement multiple times. The United Nations Development Programme for Somalia spends about $50 million each year, though these funds are not related to military aid. Instead these programs, such as Employment Generation for Early Recovery (EGER). As of October 2010, the US State Department noted the United States directly obligated over $229 million to support AMISOM, and paid for other UN assistance for the mission indirectly through its obligations to the international body. In January 2013, the US announced that it was set to exchange diplomatic notes with the new central government of Somalia, re-establishing official ties with the country for the first time in 20 years. According to the Department of State, the decision was made in recognition of the significant progress that the Somali authorities had achieved on both the political and war fronts. The move is expected to grant the Somali government access to new sources of development funds from American agencies as well as international bodies like the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, thereby facilitating the ongoing reconstruction process. In addition to diplomatic ties; roughly 50 US special operations troops operate at undisclosed locations across southern Somalia advising and assisting, Kenyan, Somali and Ugandan forces in their fight against al-Shabaab. At the behest of the Somali and American federal governments, among other international actors, the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved United Nations Security Council Resolution 2093 during its 6 March 2013 meeting to suspend the 21-year arms embargo on Somalia. The endorsement officially lifts the purchase ban on light weapons for a provisional period of one year, but retains certain restrictions on the procurement of heavy arms such as surface-to-air missiles, howitzers and cannons. On 9 April 2013, the US government likewise approved the provision of defense articles and services by the American authorities to the Somali Federal Government. At the request of the Somali authorities and AMISOM, the US military in late 2013 also established a small team of advisers in Mogadishu to provide consultative and planning support to the allied forces. The United Kingdom is also involved in combating Islamist extremists in Somalia. Since 2009, members of the Special Air Service and the Special Reconnaissance Regiment have conducted counter-terrorist operations in Somalia from Camp Lemonnier; they have watched Britons believed to be travelling to Somalia for terrorist training and have worked with US counterparts observing and "targeting" local suspects. They have also been carrying out a similar role in Yemen. In May 2016, it was reported that 70 UK military personnel have arrived in Somalia to counter al-Shabaab as part of a UN peacekeeping mission; ten soldiers will offer medical, engineering and logistical support to AMISOM. Personnel will also be sent to South Sudan to carry out a similar role. On 16 October 2016, The New York Times reported that American officials said the White House had quietly broadened the president's authority for the use of force in Somalia by allowing airstrikes to protect American and African troops as they combat fighters from al-Shabaab. About 200 to 300 American Special Operations troops work with soldiers from Somalia and other African nations like Kenya and Uganda to carry out more than a half-dozen raids per month, according to senior American military officials. The operations are a combination of ground raids and drone strikes. SEAL Team 6 has been heavily involved in many of these operations. American military officials said once ground operations are complete, American troops working with Somali forces often interrogate prisoners at temporary screening facilities, including one in Puntland, before the detainees are transferred to more permanent Somali-run prisons. The Pentagon has only acknowledged a small fraction of these operations, announcing 13 ground raids and airstrikes so far in 2016 (three of which took place in September)โ€”up from five in 2015; according to data compiled by New America (a Washington think tank) the strikes have killed about 25 civilians and 200 people suspected of being militants. At a former Russian fighter jet base in Baledogle, US Marines and private contractors are working to build up a Somali military unit designed to combat al-Shabaab throughout the country. On 30 March 2017, CNN reported that US President Donald Trump signed off a decision by the White House which approved a new strategy granting AFRICOM the authority to step up counterterrorism strikes in Somalia; under the new strategy, the US military will now be able to conduct precision airstrikes in support of the Somalia National Army and AMISOM forces. The new authorization designates some regions of Somalia an "area of active hostilities," freeing counterterrorism strikes there from restrictions governing other strikes outside the areas; an official said that the designated areas will not include Mogadishu and Puntland. Captain Jeff Davis, a Pentagon Spokesman said that "The additional support provided by this authority will help deny al-Shabaab safe havens from which it could attack US citizens or US interests in the region." Another official said that the legal basis for the new authority is the 2001 AUMF. In mid-April 2017, it was reported that 40 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division were deployed to Somalia on 2 April 2017 to improve the capabilities of the Somalia Army in combating Islamist militants. AFRICOM stated that the troops will focus on bolstering the Somali army's logistics capabilities; an AFRICOM spokesman said that "This mission is not associated with teaching counterextremism tactics" and that the Somali government requested the training. On 16 June 2020, Human Rights Watch revealed the inconsistency in investigation by the US authorities in a 2 February airstrike, which killed one woman. And a 10 March attack that killed five men, including a child. President Donald Trump ordered the Department of Defense to remove the majority of the 700 US military troops in Somalia from the country in December 2020. On 16 May 2022, it was announced that President Joe Biden was reversing President Trump's withdrawal and sending up to 450 ground troops back into Somalia. On 16 February, Somali MP Mohamud Sayid Adan, former Mogadishu mayor Mohamed Omar Habeeb and local police officer Hassan Dhicisow, were arrested by Ethiopian forces in the town of Dolow in Gedo region. On 28 May, two Ethiopian soldiers, an Ethiopian civilian, two Somali soldiers, four Somali civilians (working for the government) and four Somali insurgents were killed when insurgents attacked a convoy carrying Omar Hashi Aden, who was returning from his visit to Ethiopia. On 31 May, Ethiopian forces launched search and seizure operations in Hiraan, in Kalaberyr village, near Beledweyn. On 12 June, Ethiopian forces with several battle wagons entered in Balanbal town in Galgudud and set up military bases. On 14 June, the Ethiopian military said it had come to fight foreign mujahedin which the military described as "foreign enemies of Ethiopia and Somalia" and launched operations to search for them in Balanbal town which they control. Sheik Hassan Ya'qub Ali, head of the information affairs for Islamic administration in Kisimayo warned the Ethiopians that "there is no candy and dates to eat from here in Somalia. But the men who chased you forcibly from the country are here in Somalia." The suicide bombing on 18 June targeted a meeting between TFG and Ethiopian commanders. On 19 June, Ethiopian forces entered Bakool and reached Elberde town. They withdrew after holding talks with local clan elders. On 22 June, Ethiopian forces started launching search and seizure operations in Kala-beyrka intersection in Hiran region. The Ethiopian government then announced it would not intervene without an international mandate. On 30 June, Ethiopian forces entered El-gal and Ilka'adde villages which are less than 20 km north of regional capital Beledweyn. Reports from Kala-beyrka intersection say that more extra troops from Ethiopia crossed from the border. On 4 July, Ethiopians withdrew from their bases in Banabal town in Galgudug. On 18 July, Ethiopian forces vacated their bases in Yed Village in insurgent-controlled Bakool region. During the weekend of 29โ€“30 August, Ethiopian forces advanced to Beledweyne, supporting a government offensive on the insurgent part of, Beledweyne. They withdrew on 31 August. The assault on Beledweyne by government forces came as the TFG governor of Hiraan (belonging to Sharif Ahmed's ARS-Djibouti faction), Sheikh Abdirahman Ibrahim Ma'ow, which controls the other part of Beledweyne, withdrew his administration's support for the TFG. 19 March, Mohammed wali Odowa, spokesman of Hizbul Islam's Hiraan administration in Beledweyne, threatened that Hizbul Islam forces would attack any Ethiopian forces which entered Hizbul Islam controlled territories in Hiraan. 20 May, Ethiopian forces seized control of the previously al-Shabaab held towns of Yeed and Elbarde, in Bakool region. al-Shabaab had captured Elbarde from the TFG on 20 April. On 18 July, Ethiopian forces withdrew from all their bases in Hiraan and Bakool regions. Ethiopian forces had held these territories for two months, during which they clashed several times with al-Shabaab forces which control most of Hiraan. Before they withdrew they released over 20 lorries which used to travel between the South and Central regions of Somalia. On 1 August, 27,000 Ethiopian troops entered Somalia through the border town of Dolo, where 6,000 Ethiopian forces are based. They advanced deep into Gedo region in the direction of the towns of Beledehawa and Elwak, accompanied by militia of pro-Ethiopian, Somali fraction leaders. In Hiraan, Ethiopian forces which entered along with TFG-forces exchanged fire with al-Shabaab militants and advanced until the Kalaber junction, near Beledweyne. The Ethiopian troops then withdrew to Ferfer. On 29 August, there was a second Ethiopian incursion. A large number of Ethiopian forces in military vehicles, accompanied by highly trained TFG forces, entered several villages in al-Shabaab controlled Hiraan region. This came at a time when al-Shabaab militants regularly ventured near the border. Hussein Abdallah, an ASWJ loyalist claimed that the movements were a preliminary action to signal that Ethiopian authorities are able of weakening the Islamist insurgents, to al-Shabaab's leadership. On 1 September, Ethiopian forces moved deeper into Gedo region, via Dolow, entering the TFG-held village of Yeed. TFG officials in the region reported they were planning to capture the entire Bay and Bakool regions from al-Shabaab. On 30 December, TFG forces clashed with Ethiopian troops in the Jawil district, near Beledweyne, after Ethiopian forces took a TFG soldier into custody. One TFG soldier and one civilian were injured in the clashes. On 3 January, Ahlu Sunna Waljamaa official Sheikh Abdi Badel Sheikh Abdullahi, complained about Ethiopian forces in the town of Dolo, in Gedo region. The town is controlled by 300 ASWJ and TFG forces, but it is also home to several Ethiopian military bases. Ethiopian forces had called on ASWJ fighters in the district to lay down their arms. According to a TFG official, three Ethiopian commanders had then come to the town of Dolo and ordered TFG forces to disarm. Ethiopian troops then disarmed a number of TFG and ASWJ forces. Sheikh Abdullahi alleged that Ethiopian forces were doing this because they were outraged by ASWJ's military capability. On 19 November, eyewitness reported large number of Ethiopian troops crossing into Somalia. Ethiopian authorities denied this. After a multinational conference held on 25 November in Addis Ababa, IGAD announced that the Ethiopian government had agreed to support the allied forces' campaign against al-Shabaab. On 31 December 2011, the Transitional Federal Government soldiers and around 3,000 allied Ethiopian army troops attacked Beledweyne in the early morning, capturing it after hours of fighting. They later took control of Baidoa, among other areas. On 22 October 2012, the Spokesman of African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) Col. Ali Aden Humed speaking to journalists in Mogadishu on Saturday said that Ethiopian forces present in parts of the regions of Somalia will soon pull out from the country. The spokesman said AMISOM troops will take over the areas where Ethiopian forces are holding at the moment. "The plan by AMISOM is to take over the positions held by Ethiopian forces in parts of the regions of the country, Ethiopian troops will soon retreat back to their position along Somalia border" said Col. Ali Aden Humed. In 2013, Ethiopian Foreign Minister Tedros Adhanom announced that Ethiopian troops were pulling out of Baidoa as the situation on the ground was relatively stable and the Somali military and AMISOM forces were now able to assume security duties. The withdrawal was well planned and coordinated. Adhanom added that a pullout could have occurred twelve months earlier, but the allied forces were at the time unprepared to take over, so the move was postponed. Additionally, he asserted that Eritrea was attempting to destabilize Somalia and environs, and that the international community should take the situation seriously since Eritrea was also still allegedly supporting al-Shabaab. Following the Westgate shooting in Nairobi by al-Shabaab operatives, the Ethiopian government halted its plans to withdraw completely out of Somalia. In November 2013, the Ethiopian government announced that it would integrate its troops that are deployed in Somalia into the AMISOM multinational force. Somalia's Foreign Minister Fowzia Haji Yussuf welcomed the decision, stating that the move would galvanize AMISOM's campaign against the insurgent group. She also emphasized the importance of collaboration between Somalia and Ethiopia. The Ethiopian authorities' announcement came a month after a failed October bombing attempt by al-Shabaab in the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa, and a week after Ethiopia received a renewed terrorism threat from the insurgent group. According to Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Ambassador Dina Mufti, the Ethiopian military's decision to join AMISOM is intended to render the peacekeeping operation more secure. Analysts also suggested that the move was primarily motivated by financial considerations, with the Ethiopian forces' operational costs now slated to be under AMISOM's allowance budget. It is believed that the Ethiopian military's long experience in Somali territory, its equipment such as helicopters, and the potential for closer coordination will help the allied forces advance their territorial gains. On the other hand, there is a certain amount of unease following Ethiopia's entry into AMISOM given local animosity originating from Ethiopia's heavy handed intervention in 2006. There are also fears that al-Shabaab could use Somali animosity towards Ethiopia as a rallying cry and to recruit more members. It is also believed that some Ethiopian troops in Somalia operate independently from AMISOM. In December 2014, the Ethiopian government offered to replace the last AMISOM contingent from Sierra Leone with fresh Ethiopian military reinforcements. On 4 May 2020, an East African Express Airways Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia airliner on an air charter flight delivering COVID-19 pandemic relief supplies crashed on approach to Berdale, Somalia, killing all 2 crew and 4 non-revenue passengers on board. On 10 May, a leaked AMISOM report alleged that ground troops of the Ethiopian National Defense Force operating outside AMISOM authority had shot the aircraft down, mistakenly believing it was undertaking a suicide attack. This allegation ignited renewed controversy over unauthorized Ethiopian incursions into Somalia to fight al-Shabaab. Ethiopian, Kenyan and Somali authorities have initiated a joint investigation of the accident. According to press reports, Somali and Kenyan government officials have recruited and trained Somali refugees in Kenya and Kenyan nationals who are ethnic Somalis to fight insurgents in Somalia. However, the Somali chief of military staff and spokesmen from the Kenyan government have denied this. On 20 July 2010 border clashes between Kenya and al-Shabaab insurgents occurred when gunmen from the militia attacked a Kenyan border patrol along the border area in Liboi, Lagdera. There was a subsequent fierce exchange of fire between the two sides leading to the deaths of 2 militia and the wounding of one Kenyan officer. Hundreds of security personnel were later deployed to the border following the clash and because of continued fighting between two militia groups in the neighbouring town of Dobley, Somalia. al-Shabaab had previously claimed responsibility for a deadly suicide bombing in Uganda in July. In October 2011, the Kenya Defence Forces began Operation Linda Nchi against al-Shabaab in southern Somalia. The mission was officially led by the Somali armed forces, with the Kenyan armed forces providing supporting role. In early June 2012, Kenyan forces were formally integrated into AMISOM. On 5 January 2020, al-Shabaab militants launched an attack at on Camp Simba at Manda Air Strip used by Kenyan and US troops in Lamu County, Kenya, the attack was repelled, leaving three American nationals killed; one serviceman and two contractors. Four militants died in the attack and five were arrested. Moreover, six aircraft and land vehicles were destroyed or damaged at the airstrip. Some of the airframes lost included a De Havilland Canada Dash 8 and two helicopters. Piracy Government officials from the Galmudug administration in the north-central Hobyo district also reportedly attempted to use pirate gangs as a bulwark against Islamist insurgents from southern Somalia's conflict zones. Other pirates are alleged to have reached agreements of their own with the Islamist groups, although a senior commander from the Hizbul Islam militia vowed to eradicate piracy by imposing sharia law when his group briefly took control of Harardhere in May 2010 and drove out the local pirates. See also Notes References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ืขืงื‘_ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ_ืฉืคื™ืจื] | [TOKENS: 3549]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื (4 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1902 โ€“ 14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1993) ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืคื™ืจื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ึถืœื™ืกึทื‘ื˜ึฐื’ืจื“, ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช (ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ืงืจื•ืคื™ื‘ื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”) ื‘-1902. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ื ื•ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ืจืงื•ื‘. ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช-ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฆ"ืก ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืกื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1923โ€“1924 - ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 21 ื ืฉืœื— ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช-ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1924. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช "ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ" ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืคืจื“ืกื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1932 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคื"ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1934 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืขืกืง ืฉื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ืขืคืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1948-1950). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1948 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื—ื™ืจื" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช: ื›ืจืžืœื™, ื’ื•ืœื ื™ ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืข. ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1948. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื ื” ื‘ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืืš ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื•ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื• ื—ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื–, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื•ืก ื•ืžืกืงื ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ื–ืงื™ืฃ, ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืœื ื“ื•ืคื™. ืฉืคื™ืจื, ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื“ ืื– ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”, ื ื–ืงืง ืœื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืจืžื•ืช ืื™ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื—"ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1948 ืชื‘ืข ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉืคื™ืจื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืืš ืขืชื™ืจืชื• ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช "ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื›ืœืœ" ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืจืžื” ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช. ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”, ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1964 ืคืจืกื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื• ืชืงืฃ ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืขืกืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฉ. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” (ื•ืœื• ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช) ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื›ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื (ืื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคื"ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™, ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ืจืฉ ืืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื"ื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ืžื—ืงื• ืžืฉืงืขื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1966 ืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื (ืฉืื™ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช) ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”-13 ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื“ื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ืฉืชืžืš ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1968 ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจื ืœื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืขื“ 1973 (ืœืžืขื˜ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื”) ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืขืจืš. ืฉืคื™ืจื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื“ืื’ ืœื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืžืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”; ืคืขืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช 'ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช - ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชืฉืœื•ื', ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉื” ืžืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืขืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช; ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”; ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”; ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื; ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืื•-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช. ืชืžืš ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ: "ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื-ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืื—ืช-ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื ื• - ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ืœื—ื–ืง ืขืžื“ืชื ื•, ืฉืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื›ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ...ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืฉื›ื ื”ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื”ืœื›ื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืืช ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืœื ื ืขื ื” ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1973. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1993, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 91. ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื‘ืจื”ื_ืฉืจื™ืจ] | [TOKENS: 3887]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืจื™ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืึทื‘ึผืจึธืฉึธื”) ืฉึธืจื™ืจ (23 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1932 โ€“ 24 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2017) ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืจื™ืจ (ืฉืจื™ื™ืจ) ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืืฉื™ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40, ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžื”ืฆื‘ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื ืจืฉื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืกืžืš ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื” ืืจืœื™ืš ื•ื”ืชืงื“ื ืขื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1954โ€“1964, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1964โ€“1967 ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื• ืขืกืง ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1967โ€“1970 ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘-1969 ื ื›ืœืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1970โ€“1974 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืงื•ื ืกื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื• ืขื“ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœื›ื ืกืช ื‘-1977. ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื ื—ื ืขืฆืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืคืœื’ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ. ืืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคืง ืœืฉืจื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืกื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ื”ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’. ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ืขื–ืจ ืœืืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985, ื ื—ืงืจ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ืžืืœื‘ื™ืŸ, ืœื”ื’ื ืชื• ืืžืจ ืฉืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืกืคื™ ืžืชื ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืช ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-10 ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1986 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื ื”ื ืชื ื•ืชื•, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืฉื”ื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืืจื— ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”. ืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ื ื” ืงืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื•ื“ืื’ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1988, ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื™ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื™ืฉื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืžืฉืœืชื•. ืฉืจื™ืจ ื ื“ื”ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1990 ืขื–ื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช "ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™". ืฉืจื™ืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›"ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" "ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืกืจื™ื—". ื‘ืขืช ืฉืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉ"ืก ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ืœื—ืฆื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืš ืฉืชืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืงืง ืœืขืจื™ืง ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ืฉืจื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืชื•. ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืจ, ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื•ื›ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉืจื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ึพ13, ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ืžืคืœื’ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืกืคื™ ืœืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืชืงื•ื. ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืจืชื• ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื›ืฉืฉืžื™ืจ ืœื ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืขื“ื• ืžืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื• ืขื•ื’ืžืช ื ืคืฉ. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ "ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืกืจื™ื—" ืฉื‘ ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจ: "ืื‘ืจืฉื”, ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”!". ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื” ืืœ ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืชื• ืœืฉืžื™ืจ. ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืฉืžื— ืฉื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืชืžืกืžืก", ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื–ื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืก ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื™ืœื• ืงืžื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2017 ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœืš ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื›ื™ืœื•ื‘. ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืจื‘ืงื” ืฉืจื™ืจ, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื. ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื’ื“ ืขืกืงืช ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื‘ืขืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื™ืชื, ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืงืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื›ืœื™ืœ ื•ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ื›ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจื ื™ื ืžืœื™ื“ื”. ื›ืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืกื’ื™ืจ ืืช ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื ืงืฉ ืœืฆืจืคืช, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืœื˜, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืจืฆื— ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื‘ืจื— ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉืจื™ืจ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืกื’ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืงืฉ ื ืฉืงืคืช ืกื›ื ื” ืื ื™ื•ืกื’ืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉืจื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื’ืจื”. ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™ ื•ื“ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงืจ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื ืฉื™ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื ื™ืœื™ ืืจื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื”ื›ืจื™ืข ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืœื ื ืฉืขื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืœื”. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื™ื™ืœืช_ืฉืงื“] | [TOKENS: 15962]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“ ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“ (ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ึพ7 ื‘ืžืื™ 1976, ื–' ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื•) ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื•ื›ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”. ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“" ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืื™ื™ืœืช ื‘ืŸึพืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืœื” ืื— ืื—ื“. ืืžื”, ืืจืืœื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชื "ืš, ื•ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื›ืฉืฉืงื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 23. ื”ื™ื ืฆืืฆืื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ืืžื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ื‘ืชื™ื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื—ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ; ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื‘ืึพืจื‘ื ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืจืž"ื“, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืคื™ื ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื ื˜ื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘; ืจื—ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ โ€“ ืกื‘ืชืึพืจื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“ โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืื‘ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื“ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคืœืจ, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘. ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“, ืžื ืฉื”, ืžืžื•ืฆื ืขื™ืจืืงื™, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขืกืงื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื. ืฉืงื“ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื“'. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืจืฉื’"ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ืžืฉ"ืงื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื’ื“ื•ื“ 12 ื•ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™. ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ BSc ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกืก ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืก. ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“ ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืื•ืคื™ืจ ืฉืงื“, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื ื™ืง ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืื–ืจื— ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื˜ื™ืก ืฆื”"ืœื™ ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก F-16 ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2018, ื•ืœื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืช. ื”ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘-2006, ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžื•ื ืชื” ืฉืงื“ ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ืœืฉื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืขืช ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืœืœืฉื›ื” ืืช ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2008 ืคืจืฉื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื•ืฉืงื“ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืก ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”-NFC ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช 2010 ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื™" ื•ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื™ 2012. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ืง ืœืื•ืžื™, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื ืง ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ "ื“ื™ื’ืœ" ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื‘ื ืง ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืžื›ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ืชืžืจ ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ืฉืงื“, ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคื•ื’ืœ ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื•. ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื”: "ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžืœื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช. ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™ืช. ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืฉ". ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฉืข"ืโ€“2011 ืืจื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืจื™ ื—ืœืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืขืจื™ืจื™ื™ื, ืœื”ื•ืงืจืช ื–ื›ืจื ื•ืืžื™ืจืช ืงื“ื™ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2011 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกืžื” "ื’ืœ"ืฆ โ€“ ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื", ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ืจื ื™ื ืฉื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืžืืก ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ 2011 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื›ื ื” ืœืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื” ื’ื ื ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ืฉืงื“ ืงืจืื” ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื•ืœื—ื•ืงืง ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื ื‘ืžืฉืžื•ืจืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืฉืงื“ ื”ืชืคืงื“ื” ืœืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2012 ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉืงื“ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื ื™ืฃ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ืกื ื™ืฃ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2012 ืคืจืฉื” ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ื‘ึพ14 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012 ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขื ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœึพ12 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืงื“ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ึพ19 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืงื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืชึพืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคื•ืœืืจื“, ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™, ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื (2013) ืฉืชืžื•ืจืชื• ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืจืฆื—ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉืงื“ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ ื•ื”ืืฉื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืกื›ื ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืืช ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคื•ืœืืจื“. ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2014 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“, ืื•ืจื™ืช ืกื˜ืจื•ืง ื•ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืฉืืœ ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกื™ืจืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ึพ19 ื™ื–ืžื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—"ื› ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืื” ืœืชืช ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ืฉืงื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืชึพื”ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื˜ืœ" ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื’ื™ื•ืก ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืขืžืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืš ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 19 ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ึพืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ึพืื–ืจื—ื™. ืฉืงื“ ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืœื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืงืง ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ืจืื•ื™ื” โ€“ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืง, ื•ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ื•ืก ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืœื ืชืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื”. ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2014 ืื•ืฉืจื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืœื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืงื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” (ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•"ืจ ื‘ื ื˜ ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ืชืงื•ืžื” ืื•ืจื™ ืืจื™ืืœ). ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ 8 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉืงื“ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื›ื ืกืช. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ึพ34 ื‘ึพ14 ื‘ืžืื™ 2015 ืžื•ื ืชื” ืฉืงื“ ืœืฉืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืงื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ึพื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ืฉืงื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ึพ1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015 ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฉืงื“ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืคืฉืจื” ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ื—ืจื ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ึพBDS ื™ื–ืžื” ืฉืงื“ ื‘ึพ2015 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจื” ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ืจื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื—ืจ, ืืคืœื™ื” ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื“ืžื” ื—ื•ืง ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื•ืœืคื™ื• ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื–ืจื” ื™ืฉืœืžื• 45% ืžืก ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”. ื‘ึพ20 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2015 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื•ื ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื–ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“, ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ื“ื” ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื“ 10 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ ื’ื ืื ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื•ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ ืื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ืื• ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืงื™ืคืช ืฉื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืขื™ ื™ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2014โ€“2015. ื‘ึพ2 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2015 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ื”ื•ืจืืช ืฉืขื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืฉืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“ ื”ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื ืฉื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืœืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืงืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ื‘ึพ2016 ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืกื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ึพ2011, ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ึพ18 ื•ื”ึพ19. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื”ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ืžืขื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ื•ืžืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ ืžื ื”ืœื™. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืฉืงื“, ืฆื™ืคื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื•ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ื•ืงื”, ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื™ืกืŸ ืกืœื•ืžื™ืื ืกืงื™. ื—ื•ืง ื–ื” ืžืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืจื›ืื•ืช., ื‘ึพ22 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2017 ื‘ื—ืจื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ื ืฅ, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืงืจื, ื™ืขืœ ื•ื™ืœื ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื• ืฉืžืจื ื™, ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื ืชืคืฉ ื›ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืฉืงื“ ื”ืœื™ืš ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ20, ื•ืจืฉื 180,000 ื“ื•ื ื ืžื”ื ื’ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื›ืื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2017 ืคืจืกืžื” ืฉืงื“ ืืช ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช (ื”ื›ื ืกืช) ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ืคืกื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ. ื‘ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืข ืฉื‘ื’"ืฅ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ื—ื•ืง ืืœื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ 9 ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกื™ืœื” ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 61 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2018 ื‘ื—ืจื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื” ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ: ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืœื›ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“ ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืขืจืš ื•ืœืฉืžืจืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ื’ืจื•ืกืงื•ืคืฃ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืกืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“ ืžื™ื ืชื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื 330 ืจืฉืžื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉืงื“: "ืื ื™ ื’ืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืขื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื•ืกืกืช ื‘ื’ืื•ืŸ. ืฉื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ื”". ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“ ืชืจืžื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื”, ืืคื™ ื ื•ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื ื˜ื• ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื. ืฉืงื“ ื™ื–ืžื” ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื™ื (ื‘ืคืจื˜: ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื—) ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื’"ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืชืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขืชื™ืจืชื ืชืชืงื‘ืœ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ. ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2018 ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืฉืงื“, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ื”ื—"ื›ื™ื ื ื™ืกืŸ ืกืœื•ืžื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ', ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ึพ29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2018, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืงื“ ืขื ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื™ืจื•ืฆื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืฉืงื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืฉืขื™ืงืจื” ื”ื—ืจื’ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืข ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืชื” ื”ืžืœืื”, ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื• ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉื™ื โ€“ ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืœืฆืช ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื”, ื•ืฉืงื“ ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ึพ2 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ึพ22 ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ืฉืงื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ื ืื•ื ืฉื ืฉืื” ืงืจืื” ืฉืงื“ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื™ืžื™ื ื”", ืขื ืฉืงื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืกื™ืขื•ืช. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ืฉืงื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ึพ24 ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื” ืฉืงื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืคืœื’ืชื” ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื ื™ ืขื ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื˜ ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“, ื™ืื™ืจ ืœืคื™ื“. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ืžื•ื ืชื” ืฉืงื“ ืœืฉืจืช ื”ืคื ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021 ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื” ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2021 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืงื“ ืœืชืž"ื 38. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ึพ400%, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื™ื•ืจื—ื‘ื• ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื“ ืœื”ืืจื›ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื•ืชืž"ืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจ. ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ึพ26 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืฉืงื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื’ื ืฉืœ ืžืข'ืืจ ืžืžื•ืขืฆื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืœืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2022 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ื—ืจื™ืฉ ื›ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืจืฅ 2022, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ืืœืงื™ืŸ, ื™ื–ืžื” ืฉืงื“ ื”ืงืžืช ืขื™ืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ืฉืชืื›ืœืก 100,000 ืื™ืฉ, ื‘ืฉื ื›ืกื™ืฃ. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ื–ืžื” ื”ืงืžืช 14 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื•ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ึพ24 ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื™ 2022, ื”ืชืžื ืชื” ืฉืงื“ ืœืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื”. ื‘ึพ27 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2022 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉืงื“ ื•ื™ื•ืขื– ื”ื ื“ืœ ื•ืกื™ืขืช ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืงื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ึพ11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ึพ13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ื•ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ื‘-1.19% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2023 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงืจื“ืŸ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ืืช ืฉืงื“ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื™ื•"ืจ ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžื•ื ืชื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2023 ืžื•ื ืชื” ืฉืงื“ ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื ืืžื ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืจ. ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืงื“ ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื•. ื”ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื ื˜ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื—ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ C ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื•ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืจ ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื—ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื’ืขื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื™ ืคืขืœื” ืฉืงื“ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื”ึพืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื”ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืืœ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ ืฉืžืืœ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ึพBDS ื›ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช. ืฉืงื“ ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืœ"ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื’"ืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื˜ืœื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ื”ืžืคืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืฉืžืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจื•. ืฉืงื“ ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคืขืœื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืกื™ืœืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื™ื–ืžื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ึพ19 ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืกืงืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื•, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ืœื—ื•ืงืง ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ 61 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ืคืกืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ืกื•ื“. ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื–ื• ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ื’ื– ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2016 ืžืชื—ื” ืฉืงื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื” ื•ืกืžื›ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื ื–ืง ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืืช ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ "ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื”ืืจื ืง" ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”: ืœืื•ืชื ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจืง ืงืจื 'ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื'. ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืžืชื• ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื”ื 'ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ืœื•ืช'. ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžืฉื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื—ื•ืงืง ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืžืจื” ืฉืงื“ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”, ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื›ื™ "ืขืžืขื•ื ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื‘ืคืกืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืœื ื”ื›ืจ". ืฉืงื“ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื˜ืœ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืœื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื•ื˜ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื’ื•ืจื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ืœื’ื•ืจื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื•ืคื•ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ื›ืคื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืคืจืกืžื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ึพื”ืขืช "ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื—" ืคืจืฉื” ืฉืงื“ ืืช ื—ื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืชืคื™ืฉืช ืขื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช (ืืกื“ืจื”) ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”. ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช. ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื— ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืคื’ืข ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช; ืžื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ืœืคื ื• ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืฉืงื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื›ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืืช ืคืกื™ืœืชืŸ, ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ื•, ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืฉืงื“ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง. ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืชื” ืืช ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืขืœื™ื, ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉืœื ืชืขืœื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•"ืฉ ืžื‘ื’"ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืฉืงื“ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื‘ืžืฉืง (ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”), ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ, ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื”ื˜ืœืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•, ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“". ืฉืงื“ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื–ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ึพ2015 ืืžืจื” ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื, ื”ื—ืœืช ืชื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”, ื”ื˜ืœืช ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขืกืงืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืืœื” ืžืงืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ื–ืžื”, ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื (ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”) ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืžื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืจื‘ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืฉืงื“ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื•ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืคืฉื™ืขื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืฉื. ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ืงืชื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2014 ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืœืฉื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืฉืคื™ืจื ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืฆื”ืจืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื. ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืื‘ื™_ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ] | [TOKENS: 6683]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื‘ื™ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืื‘ื™) ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื ื™ืกึถื ึฐืงื•ึนืจึฐืŸ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-20 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1967, ื—' ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื–) ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ" ื•ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขืคื•ืœื”, ืœืื™ืœื ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื–ื•ื’ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืฉืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื’ื•ืžื•ืœืงื”". ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื™ืฆื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ื•ืขืจ ื‘-1986 ื‘ืจื™ืฆืช ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืจ. ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ื‘ื”"ื“ 4. ืœืžื“ ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื”ื•ืกืžืš ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1997โ€“1999 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ืื’ืฃ ืœืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ืœืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืขืกืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคื ืกื™ื” ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื ืกื™ื” ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช, ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืฉื›ืจ ืืจืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื•ื”ืกื›ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื–ืง. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1999 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื‘-2001 ื”ืงื™ื ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื’ืžืœ ื•ืคื ืกื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืขื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืคืจ ืขื™ื ื™, ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2010. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืขื•ืคืจ ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2014, ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื™ืคื•. ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื“ื—ืชื”, ื•ื‘ืžืื™ 2014 ืื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื™ืขืช ืขื•ื’ืŸ. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ื—ืชืžื” ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืขื ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช, ืž-4,300 ืœ-5,000 ืฉ"ื—, ื•ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืชืขืœื” ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืœ-5,300 ืฉ"ื—. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื–ื” ืชื™ืงื ื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื‘ื–ืง, ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื. ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื (ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”) ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื•: ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016 ื”ืชืคืงื“ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2016 ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืื– ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช 2018. ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื–ื• ืคืขืœ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืงื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2017 ื—ืชืžื” ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืขื ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœ-42 ืฉืขื•ืช (ื›ืš ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ 182 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื 186 ืฉืขื•ืช). ื‘-15.3.18 ื ื—ืชื ืฆื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืž-1 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018 ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง ื™ืงื•ืฆืจ ืœ-42 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืื‘ืงื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื ืงื‘ืข (ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง) ื›ื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืขืชื™ ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื” (ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื•ืฉืขืชื™) ื™ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ (5,300 ืฉ"ื—) ื‘-182 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ื 186 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ 29.12 ืฉ"ื— ืœืฉืขื”, ืืš ื—ื•ืง ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื ืชื•ืงืŸ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2017 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืกื™ืขืช ืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืฆื— ืขื 62.42% ืžืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืืฃ ืขืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื™ื—ื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ืื ืฉื™ื” ืœื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืฃ ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื” ืœื—ืฆื™ ื™ืžืžื”. ื™ื—ื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืขืชืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2017 ื“ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ืขืชื™ืจืช ื™ื—ื™ืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ', ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ื‘-16 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019 ืœืงื— ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ืœืœื ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืจืฅ 2019 ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืืจื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ-ื“ื•ื“. ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ-ืชืœ"ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•"ืจ ืชืœ"ื ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” 35 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ื‘ื” ืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืœื™ื•"ืจ ืกื™ืขืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-22 ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ, ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืกื“ืจืช. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืกื“ืจืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2020 ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื ืžื“ื•ืข ืื•ืฉืจื• ืื• ื ื“ื—ื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื™ื•ืœื™ 2020 ืงื‘ืข ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™, ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื›ื ื™ืกืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื ื“ื—ืชื”, ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2021. ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืคืกืงื™ ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ืงื™ื ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื™ืฆื™ืง ืฉืžื•ืœื™, ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืœื˜ืจื ืกื’'ื ื“ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืกืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืื‘ื™ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืœื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื (ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืช, ื˜ืจื ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืœื”ื˜"ื‘) ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” (ืคืœื™ืœื™) ืขืžื™ืช ืžืจืจื™, ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืจืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ (ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“) ื•ืจื ืฉืคืข (ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ), ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืช ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœืœื’ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืข ื™ืชื™ืจ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก, ื•ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 21. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืชืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื ืข ืืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2020 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœืžื—ื™ืงืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ื ืื‘ืง ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช. ื‘-29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื’ื ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021. ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-31 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืงื—ืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-24. ื‘-3 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2021 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืขืžื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื™ื•"ืจ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ"ื”. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2023 ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ, ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืฅ, ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ืจ ืื—ื–ืงื•ืช. ื‘-9 ื‘ืžืื™ 2023 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021. ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืื ื“ืจืื”, ืจื•ืคืื” ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื’"ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ, ื•ืื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืœื” ืืคื™ืœืคื˜ื™ืช ืงืฉื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื“ื—ืฃ ืืช ื ื™ืกื ืงื•ืจืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืžื™ืจ_ืื•ื—ื ื”] | [TOKENS: 12300]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ื—ื ื” ืืžื™ืจ ืื•ื—ื ื” (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1976, ื™"ื’ ื‘ืื“ืจ ื‘' ื”'ืชืฉืœ"ื•) ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง-ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ืœืื•ื, ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ืื” ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืชื•. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจ ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื•ื—ื ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข, ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”'. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืืกืชืจ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืื•ื—ื ื”, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืžืจื•ืงื•. ืื™ืžื• ื™ืœื™ื“ืช ื•ื–ืืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื™ืœื™ื“ ืžืจืงืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืœืจื‘ืื˜. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50. ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ืฆื™ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื ืฉืœื— ืœืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘-1995 ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ืกื•ื ืงืจื ื™. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืงื•ืจืก ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืžืคืงื“ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืื™ืœืช ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื”. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืข ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆ"ื— ื‘"ืฉ ื•ืžืฆ"ื— ื“ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื‘-ืกืจืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ, ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื‘"ื’ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืงื“ืŸ ื‘ื—ืž"ืœ ืื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘"ื› ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2000โ€“2006. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื• ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื– ืžืจื›ื–, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืœื™ืœื™. ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-20, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื—ื ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื’"ื— ื‘ื”ื ืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื”ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ื”ื ืคืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื“ืœืง ื•ื‘ื ืง ืื™ื’ื•ื“. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“", ืชื ื”ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘-2011, ื•ืžื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ืื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ], ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžืื‘ืง ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™. ืžืื– ื”ื•ืงื, ืชืคืก ื”ืชื ืชืื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”, ื•ืื•ื—ื ื” ืกื•ืžืŸ ื›ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืฆื•ืจืฃ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื—ื•ื’ "ืชื“ืžื•ืจ", ืคื•ืจื•ื ื ืืžื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื "ืžื ื•ืฃ" โ€“ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืืคืœื™ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื”ื˜"ื‘, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉื‘ืžืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš "ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ" ืคืขืœ ืœื’ื™ื•ืก ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉื“ืจื•ืช, ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ื›ื™ื ื•ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ืœื™ืง ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2014 ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื ืคืืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015, ืกื™ื™ืข ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ื—ื–ืจืชืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื•ืช ื•ืœืืœื• ืฉื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ืœืœื™ื“ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื’ืœืขื“ ืืจื“ืŸ, ืฉืคืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืฆื™ื’ ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-32 (ืฉืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–) ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืืš ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื–ื›ื” ื‘-30 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-27 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2015 ื ื›ื ืก ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœื›ื ืกืช, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืกื™ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืฆืžื•: "ืื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ื•ืžื•, ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ื ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืœื™ื‘ืจืœ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช". ื‘-23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2016 ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—"ื› ืื•ืจืŸ ื—ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื— ืžื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘-20 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2016 ืžื•ื ื” ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื“ื ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืคืขืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ืคืฉื™ืขื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช. ืื•ื—ื ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉืชืชื™ืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื’ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ. ื™ื–ื ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื•ืœืœ ืชืงื ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ืžื•ื ืŸ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื. ืคืขืœ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžืกืชื ื ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœื ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืจื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืจื“ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื”ืœืš. ื’ื ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2017 ืžื•ื ื” ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืœืื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื” ืกื™ื›ืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ืืช ื—ืงื™ืงืช "ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™" ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื–ื”, ืฉืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ ืœืืงื•ื ื” ื™ืคื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ื™ื, ืคืจืกื ืื•ื—ื ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชื•ืงืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื™ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืชื ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ "ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื•ืช" ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืื•ื—ื ื” ื ื’ื“, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื ื›ืœืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ืกื™ืขืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœื”ื˜"ื‘, ื”ื•ืจื—ืง ืžื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช (ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019) ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-19 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื (ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019) ื•-ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ (ืžืจืฅ 2020) ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-21 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘-5 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019 ืžื™ื ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืืช ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ืžืฉืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช 12 ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019 ืืžืจ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ืœื ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื’ื ื›ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืŸ ืœืจื•ื—ื•. ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืืช ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืืžื™ ืคืœืžื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“. ื‘-11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืžื•ื ืชื” ืกื™ื’ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ื™ ืœืžืžืœืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2019 ืคืจืกื ืืช ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื โ€“ ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืงื“ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—"ื›, ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกืฃ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืื™ืฉ ื•ืืฉืชื•", ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชืงื‘ืข, ื•ืœื ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื. ื‘-16 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2019 ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชืŸ ืœืชื•ืงืฃ, ืขื“ ืœืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020, ืฉืœ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื–ืžื” ืงื•ื“ืžืชื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืื™ื™ืœืช ืฉืงื“. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื: ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืช ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”; ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืกื“ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ-ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉื™ื•ืขื ืง ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช, ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื›ืจ ืคื•ืจื” ืœืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™. ืขื•ื“ ืืžืจ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื•ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”, ืฉื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืžืฉืชืจืขื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืฉืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืงื”, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื•ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2019 ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื—"ืฉ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020 ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื—ื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ืื•ื—ื ื” ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื•ืงืžื”, ืืš ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืžืชื”. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2019 ื›ื™ื ืก ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช", ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื“ืœื™ืคื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืชืงืฃ ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืง 4000, ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื—ื•ื˜ ืžืžื ื• "ื’ืจืกื” ืžืœืื”, ืชืคื•ืจื” ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ื“" ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ืงื™ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื—ืคืฅ ืขืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื• ื•ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืฉืจ ืื•ื—ื ื”. ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉืจ ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืืš ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื”ืคืจ ืฆื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ื—ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ืื•ืจืœื™ ื‘ืŸ-ืืจื™, ืœืžืžืœืืช ืžืงื•ื ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืœืžื” ืœืžื‘ืจื’ืจ. ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืžืกืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ "ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื—ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืžืชื—ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจื•". ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืชืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™. ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื”ืงืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ ื•ื™ืชืจื” ืขืœื™ื•. ื›ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2020, ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ื—ื ื” ืืช ื“ืŸ ืืœื“ื“ ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020, ืœืงืจืืช ืคืงื™ืขืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื“ื“ ื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ืขืชื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืจื›ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™, ื•ื–ื” ืืกืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื‘ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•. ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื” ืื•ื—ื ื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืงืœื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื–ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืคื ื” ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื ื’ืœืžืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืื ื’ืœืžืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืกื˜ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021 ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื— ืฉืœ ื ื™ืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื—ื ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื—ืคืฅ ืขืจืขืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื•ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2022, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืฉืจื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื”, ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ืคืฅ, ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืœืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืคืจืฉ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™", ื•ืคื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืœืขืžื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื™. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืขื™ื›ื‘ ื”ืฉืจ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื›ื™ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื–ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื ื•ืช ืืš ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020, ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืœ-ISA, ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ืžื’"ื‘ ืงื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื›"ืœ ื”-19 ืฉืœ ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ ืคืจื™ ืœื ืฆื™ื‘ืช ืฉื‘"ืก ื”-18. ื‘ืžืื™ 2021 ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจืžื“ืืŸ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021, ื‘ืขืช ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืœืชืช ื›ืชืฃ" ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ืกื’ืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉืกื’ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื•ื ื›ื ืก ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™. ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืขื“ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ืจืฃ ืคื ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืื™ืชืžืจ ื’ืจื•ื˜ื•, ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืื‘ื™ื—ื™ ืžื ื“ืœื‘ืœื™ื˜, ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ืชื™ืขื“ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืœื—ืกืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ. ื”ืขืชื™ืจื•ืช ื ื“ื—ื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืกื ื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื, ืืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืžืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื—ืจื’ ืžืกืžื›ื•ืชื•. ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืคื•ืฆื• ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืจ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืจ. ื‘-10 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ืืจื™ื” ื“ืจืขื™ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืขืช ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืœื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ื™ืชืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืกื›ื ืฉืœื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื”ืจ ืืš ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืงื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืœ"ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืžืจ, ื™"ื— ื‘ืื™ื™ืจ ื”'ืชืฉืค"ื, 30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2021 ืื™ืจืข ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจ, ื•ื‘ืชื“ื—ื•ืงืช ืงื”ืœ ื ืกืคื• 45 ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ื ืคืฆืขื• 102 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ื—ื ื”: "ืื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™. ืื ื™ ืื—ืจืื™ โ€“ ืืš ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืืฉืžื”". ื‘-30 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2022 ืฉืœื—ื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ืœืื•ื—ื ื”, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”, ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื• ืžืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘-6 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2024 ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ื•ื‘-29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022, ืขื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ืงืก ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื• ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื—ื ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื• ืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืœื ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžืกื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื ืขื ื”ืกื™ื˜ื• ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ืงืกื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•, ื›ืฉืืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื™ืฆื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคื™ื ื“ืจื•ืก ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”. ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื—ื ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื™ 2023. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ืื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2023. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืช 2023 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืžืขื•ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื”. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2025 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื˜ืงืก ื”ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืžื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ (20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2025) ืคื ื” ืื•ื—ื ื” ืืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืืจ "ืฉื•ืคื˜" ื•ืœื "ื ืฉื™ื" - ืฆืขื“ ืฉื’ืจืจ ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืœื™ืื” ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื”ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”; ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืขืžื“ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื•ืช. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื’ื ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืžื™ืช ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื‘ื• ื ืื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค, ื•ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืื•ื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื–ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกื“ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืฆื•ืข ืฆื”"ืœ ืžืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ. ืื•ื—ื ื” ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื•ื‘ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜"ื‘. ืื•ื—ื ื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™. ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืฉืจืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ื ื” "ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”". ื‘ืžืื™ 2018, ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืชืจ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืข ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™-ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืœื ืžื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื•ืœื ืžื—ื ืš ื”ื“ื•ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืกื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ืœื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื•ืœื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ืœืžืขื˜ 'ืžืงืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ืฉื“ื’ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ืžืขืœื™ื”ื', ื•ืœื ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื›ืืœื” ืขื“ ื›ื”". ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื•ื—ื ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 ื›ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ. ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื•, ืืœื•ืŸ ื—ื“ื“, ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2015 ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ื—ื“ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืช. ืื•ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื–ืืช ื›ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœืกืœื•ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ืงื™ืจื™ื ื ืื•ืžื™ื•: ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Ministry_of_Justice.svg] | [TOKENS: 759]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Ministry of Justice.svg ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื–ื”ื• ืกืžืœื™ืœ (ืœื•ื’ื•) ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ืื™ ืœื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื: ื ื ืœื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืœืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ OTRS ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืกืฃ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ื›ืืŸ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืชืืจื™ืš/ืฉืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœื“ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื–ื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื‘ื ื–ื”ื” ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” (ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื): ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”: ืžื˜ืึพื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื• ืžืกื•ืจืง ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donghai_County] | [TOKENS: 192]
Contents Donghai County Donghai County (simplified Chinese: ไธœๆตทๅŽฟ; traditional Chinese: ๆฑๆตท็ธฃ; pinyin: DลnghวŽi Xiร n; lit. 'east sea') is under the administration of Lianyungang, Jiangsu province, China. It borders the prefecture-level cities of Linyi (Shandong) to the north and Xuzhou to the west. The county has 300 million tons of quartz and 300,000 tons of rock crystal reserves, which is the highest in China, so it is nicknamed "the county of rock crystal". The crystal coffin of pre-president of China, Mao Zedong was unearthed here. Administrative divisions At present, Donghai County has 2 subdistricts, 11 towns and 8 townships. Climate References External links This Jiangsu location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information.
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing] | [TOKENS: 947]
Contents Skiing Skiing is the use of skis to glide on snow for basic transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport. Many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS). History Skiing has a history of almost five millennia. Although modern skiing has evolved from beginnings in Scandinavia, it may have been practiced more than 100 centuries ago in the Altai Mountains, according to an interpretation of ancient paintings. However, this continues to be debated. The word "ski" comes from the Old Norse word "skรญรฐ" which means to "split piece of wood or firewood". Asymmetrical skis were used in northern Finland and Sweden until at least the late 19th century. On one foot, the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and a shorter ski was worn on the other foot for kicking. The underside of the short ski was either plain or covered with animal skin to aid this use, while the long ski supporting the weight of the skier was treated with animal fat in a similar manner to modern ski waxing. Early skiers used one long pole or spear. The first description of a skier with two ski poles dates to 1741. Troops in continental Europe were equipped with skis by 1747, and into the 21st century many nations continue to equip and train specialized troops for ski warfare. Skiing was primarily used for transport until the mid-19th century but, since then, it has also become a recreation and sport. Military ski races were held in Norway during the 18th century, and ski warfare was studied in the late 18th century. As equipment evolved and ski lifts were developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, two main genres of skiing emergedโ€”Alpine (downhill) skiing and Nordic skiing. The main difference between the two is the type of ski binding (the way in which the ski boots are attached to the skis). Types Also called "downhill skiing", Alpine skiing typically takes place on a piste at a ski resort. It is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skier's boot. Ski lifts, including chairlifts, bring skiers up the slope. Backcountry skiing can be accessed by helicopter, snowcat, hiking and snowmobile. Facilities at resorts can include night skiing, aprรจs-ski, and glade skiing under the supervision of the ski patrol and the ski school. Alpine skiing branched off from the older Nordic type of skiing around the 1920s when the advent of ski lifts meant that it was no longer necessary to climb back uphill. Alpine equipment has specialized to the point where it can now only be used with the help of lifts. Alpine Touring setups use specialized bindings which are switchable between locked and free-heel modes. Climbing skins are temporarily attached to the bottom of alpine skis to give them traction on snow. This permits Nordic style uphill and back-country travel on alpine skis. For downhill travel, the heels are locked and the skins are removed. The Nordic disciplines include cross-country skiing and ski jumping, which both use bindings that attach at the toes of the skier's boots but not at the heels. Cross-country skiing may be practiced on groomed trails or in undeveloped backcountry areas. Ski jumping is practiced in certain areas that are reserved exclusively for ski jumping. Telemark skiing is a ski turning technique and FIS-sanctioned discipline, which is named after the Telemark region of Norway. It uses equipment similar to Nordic skiing, where the ski bindings are attached only at the toes of the ski boots, allowing the skier's heel to be raised throughout the turn. However, the skis themselves are often the same width as Alpine skis. Competition The following skiing disciplines are sanctioned by the FIS. Many have their own world cups and are included in the Winter Olympic Games. Equipment Equipment used in skiing includes: Technique Technique has evolved along with ski technology and ski geometry. Early techniques included the telemark turn, the stem, the stem Christie, snowplough, and parallel turn. New parabolic designs like the Elan SCX have enabled the more modern carve turn. On other surfaces Originally and primarily an outdoor winter sport on snow, skiing is also practiced on synthetic "dry" ski slopes, on sand, indoors and with ski simulators. With appropriate equipment, grass skiing and roller skiing are other alternatives which are not performed on snow. Gallery See also References External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืฉืžื•ืืœ_ืชืžื™ืจ] | [TOKENS: 14480]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืชืžื™ืจ (ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ; 10 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1923 โ€“ 29 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1987) ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1923. ืื‘ื™ื•, ื“"ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื ื™ื—ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ (ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžืžื™ืช) ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืžืคืœื“ื•ืจ. ืืžื•, ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ืข ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื ื›ืช. ื‘-1938 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืืฆ"ืœ. ื‘-1944 ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืคืงื“ืช ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ืคื™ืงื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืก ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-1946 ื ืชืžื ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ื•ื– ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื ืขืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘-1946 ื”ื•ื’ืœื” ืœืงื ื™ื”. ื‘ื—ื–ืจืชื• ืœืืจืฅ, ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ ื›ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื‘-1948 ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื–ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘-1952, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžืจืœื™ืŸ, ื”ืœืœ ืงื•ืง ื•ืขืจื™ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง (ืขืจื™ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ื” ื—ื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื”ื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื ืกื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช). ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืชืžื™ืจ ืœืคื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ ืžืžืกื“ื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื ืื‘ืงื• ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืคื"ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžื” ืœื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืžืกื“ื™ "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”". ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ืจื™, ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืื‘ื ืจื™ ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžืžืกื“, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช. ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืฉืฉืฉ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืžืกื“ื™, ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืœื“ืขืชื•. ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ ืฉื™ืœื ืกืงื™, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1952 ื›ืฉื‘ืชื™ืงื• ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ืืฉื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ืžื™ื. ืฉื™ืœื ืกืงื™ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœ-21 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ืžืืกืจ, ืืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ื–ื›ื” ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื–ื›ื• ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื”, ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืกื™ืคืง ืœื• ืชืžื™ืจ. ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ "ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื", ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืžืกื“ื™ ืฉืคืจืกื ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ) ืฉื ื’ืขื• ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช. ืขืžื•ืก ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื”, ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืž-1956, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืขืœื” ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ืฉืœ ืžืคื"ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืกื”ืจ ืžืคื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื• ืงื ื” ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื” ื›ื ื’ื“ื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ. ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ, ืžืจืืฉื™ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื ืฉื™ ืžืžืกื“ ืžืคื"ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœืจืฆื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื’ื–ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื ืืฆื™, ืคื•ืฉืข ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืืฉื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ืืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื›ืจ. ืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื“ื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืžืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ-ื›ืš ืฉืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืฉืช ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“, ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืชืคื˜ืจ. ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื’ื“ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื‘ื”. ืชืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“, ื•ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1954 ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ืืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืืœื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœ"ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ", ื•ื’ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืฉืžื” ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื ื’ื“ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื"ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื—ื™ืคื• ืขืœ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื• ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืžื. ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื, ื”ืกืชืจืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ื”ืคืงืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช "ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื", ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื”ื›ืฉืœืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืืœ ื‘ืจื ื“ ื•ื”ืคืงืจืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืืœ ืคืœื’ื™, ืคืจืฅ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื ื” ืกื ืฉ. ื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ืืฉืžืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืจ, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื”-ื ืืฆื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ื›ื•ืคืจ, ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืœืš ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื• - ืžืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ืœื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ื™ืฆื, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ. ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืืคื™ืงื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• - ื”ืืฉืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื”ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜, ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื•, ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ (ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ). ื‘-22 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1955 ื”ืงืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืืช ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืคืกื™ืงืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื”ื˜ืœืช ืคืฆืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”. "ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ืžื›ืจ ืืช ื ืคืฉื• ืœืฉื˜ืŸ" ืคืกืง ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜, ื•ืžืฆื ืืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ืืฉื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืœืช ืคื•ืฉืข ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืจ ืžืขื•ื ืฉื•. ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื ืœืกืขืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืื” (ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื). ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื ืžืฉื›ืช, ื”ืชื ืงืฉื• ื‘-4 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1957 ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื•ื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1958, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื ืจืฆื—, ื”ืคืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ื•. ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ื”ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ืžืืฉืžืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” (ืืš ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ื™ ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœื” ืืช ืงื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื›ืจ ืžืขื•ื ืฉื•). ืคืจืกื•ื "ืžืกืžื›ื™ ืกืืกืŸ" ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืŸ Life ื‘-1960, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืžืคื™ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ: "ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื ื“"ืจ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื•ืžืกืจืชื™ ืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ืžืจืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืืฃ ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉืืขืฆื•ื ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืื ื™ื— ืœืžืื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืืœืคื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืขืกืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ - ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ 15,000 - 20,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ... ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืกื™ื™ืข ืœืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜. ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืืœืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื", ื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืชืžื™ืจ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ, ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื–ื ืจ, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื—ืงื™ืจืชื• ืชื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื•ืชืืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจ. ื”ืื•ื–ื ืจ ืกื™ืจื‘, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ืืช. ืชืžื™ืจ ืคื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื“ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”. ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ืœืฉืŸ ืงื‘ืข, ืฉืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื”ืžืช ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœึฐื”ึธื–ึตื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืคืจืฉืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ืœื ื™ืจื“ื” ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™: ื”ืžื—ื–ื” "ืงืกื˜ื ืจ" ืžืืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืœืจื ืจ ื”ืคืš ืœื“ืจืžืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ื•ืจื‘ื”, "ื‘ืจื—ืชื™ ืžืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ", ื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืคืกืง ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื™. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื•ืืจ ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ื›ื˜ "ื›ื—ืฉ". ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ืง ืฉืคื™ืจื ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ืคืจื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ" ื›ืฉื”ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1955, ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 101, ื ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืจืฆื— ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื, ื›ื ืงืžื” ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื”ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื•ื“ื“ ื•ื’ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืจ. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื™ืจื“ื ื™ ื“ืื–. ื”ืืจื‘ืขื”, ืžืื™ืจ ื”ืจ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ (ืื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจืฆื—ืช), ื™ื•ืจื ื ื”ืจื™, ื–ืื‘ ืกืœื•ืฆืงื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืจื ื”ื™ืจืฉืคืœื“, ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืคื"ื™, ื—"ื› ืฉืœืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืขื•"ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ื. ืœื“ืขืช ืชื•ื ืฉื’ื‘, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 101, ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ืชืžื™ืจ. ื‘ื˜ืจื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’, ืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืขื ื”ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื ืฉื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื”ื - ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืžืขืฉื”. ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืขื•ืจืจื” ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ ืืฆืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคื"ื™, ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื”ืจืžื˜ื›"ืœ - ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ - ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื’ื ื•ื– ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ื”ื ืืฉืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืคื˜ืจื• ืืช ืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืคื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืช ืฆื ื—ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ. ืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ, ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื ืืฉืžื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืœื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ื›ื™ "ื‘ื ืืœื™ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกืžืš ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืจื ื“ืจื’, ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ 'ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ' (ืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืื– ืื• ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ)... ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื ื’ื“ื ื• ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื•ื ืžื ื” ืชื—ืชื™ืš ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื•...". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื” ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืจ-ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคืกืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœื“ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืฆื ื—ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชืžื™ืจ, ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื• ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื• ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื•ื, ืœืคื™ื• ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื ืืฉืžื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ืจ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืืžืจ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื”. ืœืื—ืจ 20 ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื”ืจึพืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื“ื“ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื‘ื ืชื ื™ื” ื™ื•ืก'ืงื” ืืœื˜ืœื ื” ืขืœื” ืืจืฆื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘-1935. ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1948, ืขืจื‘ ื’ื™ื•ืกื• ืœืฆื”"ืœ, ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื•ืœื ื™, ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคืจื•ืง ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื” ืืœื˜ืœื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื–ืชื”, ืงืคืฅ ืœืžื™ื ื•ืฉื—ื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืœืœื ื ืฉืง, ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉื•ื—ื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข ืงืฉื”, ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืื•ืœื ืฉื ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื—ื™. ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื”ืฉืชืงื. ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืคืฆื•ืข ืฆื”"ืœ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื™ื•ืกืงื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื. ืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืฆืœ ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ื’ื•ืจื ื™, ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืจืฉืช ืืœื˜ืœื ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืชื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื•ืœืช ืืœื˜ืœื ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ื•ืงื™ืช. ืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื•ืคื˜ ื•ืžืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื‘ื“ืจ"ื› ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื ื›ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืคืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืืœื ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜. ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขื•"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ืžืกืžืš ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื’ืœื™ืœื™ ื•ืืฉื›ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื›ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจื™ืงืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืกื›ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžืกืžืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ืžื—"ื› ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ-ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ืื–, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ืฉื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืจืขื•ืจื™ื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื›ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื›ื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ืงืช ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื "ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ". ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืงืชื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกืงื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืคืฉืจื” ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจืฆื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืฉื”. ื‘ื›ืš ืชืžื” ืคืจืฉืช ื™ื•ืกืงื” ืืœื˜ืœื ื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืงื‘ืข ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืืœื˜ืœื ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืกื›ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื•ืกืงื”. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ื—ื•ืง, ืฉื“ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืืฆ"ืœ ื•ืœื—"ื™ ื›ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื“ื“ ืืช ืื•ืช ื™ืงื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืชื ื™ื”. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘-1959 ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ - ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื— ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืžืžืกื“ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1964 ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื˜ืขื ื’ื—"ืœ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื• ืื›ื–ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช (ืื ื›ื™ ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืคืจืฉื• 5 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขื ื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื›ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื). ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1966 ืงืจื ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ืงืจื ืชื™ื’ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืขืชื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• (ืืš ืฉื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจ). ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช: "ืžื—ื ื” ืชืžื™ืจ" ื•"ืžื—ื ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ". ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื’ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืคืœื’ืชื•. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1967 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ื’. ืชืžื™ืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื—ืงื• ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืกืจ ืœื•ื‘ื•ืฆืงื™, ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™" ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืขืžื“ื• ืชืžื™ืจ, ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜, ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื ื•ืฃ ื•ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื ื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื ื•ืชืจื• ืชืžื™ืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืงื˜ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื• ื ื™ืฆื™ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื ืฉื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1973, ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื” ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™" ื•ื‘ื”ื ืชืžื™ืจ. ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืงื• ืžืชื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™" (ื“"ืฉ). ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœื”ื–ืจืžืช ืจื•ื— ืจืขื ื ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ (ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžืžืฉืคื˜ ืงืกื˜ื ืจ, ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื—ืจื•ืช) ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจื• ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื™ื“ื™ืŸ. ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื“"ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื ืžื˜ื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคืš ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื“"ืฉ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื“"ืฉ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1977. ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืœื ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1980. ื“"ืฉ ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืขืžื“, ื•ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืืœื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืชืžื™ืจ. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืืฃ ื”ื™ื, ื•ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ื ืกื™ืขืช ื™ื—ื™ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื‘-1981 ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืœื›ื ืกืช, ืคืจืฉ ืชืžื™ืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืชืžื™ืจ ืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›"ื™ื•"ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”". ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื ื—"ืœ ืฉื ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982, ืชืžื•ืจืช 4,700 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1983. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืืœื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื—ืžื“ ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืœ. ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1984 ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985 ืคืจืฉ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืขืกืงื” ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื” "ืขืกืงืช ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืœ" ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• 1,150 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื (ื—ื–ื™ ืฉื™, ื ืกื™ื ืกืืœื ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืจื•ืฃ). ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืงื” (ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืžืื™ 1985) ื ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขื–ื”. ืชืžื™ืจ, ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืขืกืงื” ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื”, ืจืฆื” ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”. ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ืจ, ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืงืฉื•ื—, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื— ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื‘ืจื™ืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ืชืžื™ืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขืกืงื”. ืชืžื™ืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืื™ืœืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ืชื•, ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืœืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืœืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื. ื“ื•ื“ื•, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืžื—ื•ืชืžื™ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”, ื“ื•ื“ื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ, ื•ื“ื•ื“ืชื• ืจื—ืœ ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื–ืจ, ื ืฉื™ืื”ึผ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืกืžืš ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ. ืชืžื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ (ืข. ื˜ื•ืจ-ืžืœื›ื), ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’. ื‘ื ื•, ืกื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ, ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืžืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1971. ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื“ื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ื” ืงืชืจื™ื ื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• "ืฆื•ืงื™ "ื“ื•ื“". ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื•ืงื ืœื–ื›ืจ 10 ื”ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”. ื‘ืชื• ืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืคืจื•ืค' ืคื™ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืจืงื™ - ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืงืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ื— ื”ืœืœ-ื™ืคื”. ื‘ืชื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื“"ืจ ื ื’ื” ื“ื•ื›ื•ื‘ื ื™, ืžืจืฆื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืคืจื•ืค' ืื”ื•ื“ ื“ื•ื›ื•ื‘ื ื™, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืžืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ. ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืช 20 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคืช ืื ื™ื™ื”; ื‘ื ื•, ืขื•"ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืชืžื™ืจ, ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืœื™ื˜ื™ื’ืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื•ื”"ื“ ืชืžื™ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืช'; ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื•"ื“ ืขื™ื ืช ืงื•ืœืกืงื™ ืชืžื™ืจ, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืกื—ืจื™. ื ื›ื“ื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืช ืฉืžื•, ื”ื•ื ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ (ืฉื•ืจืงื™). ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื• ื”ื ืฆื—ืชื• ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข. ืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื ื—ื ืš "ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ" ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืฉื ื—ื™ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60. ื”ื’ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืชืœ ืืจืฉืฃ (ื—ื•ืฃ ืกื™ื“ื ื ืขืœื™). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจื•. ืœืจื’ืœ 25 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื˜ื™ืจืชื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืจื‘ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื: "ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช". ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ืฉืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืง ื•ื“ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœืจืžืŸ ื•ื ื›ื—ื• ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื: ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)] | [TOKENS: 2161]
Contents War crimes in the Myanmar civil war (2021โ€“present) The military of Myanmar (Tatmadaw), its allies, and anti-junta factions have committed numerous war crimes and crimes against humanity during the 2021โ€“present Myanmar civil war. According to a reports, from February 2021 to April 2024, the military junta has conducted 2,471 airstrikes across the country, resulting in the deaths of 1,295 innocent civilians which included women and children and injuring 1,634 others. The attacks also led to the destruction of 187 religious buildings, 114 schools, and 39 hospitals. Background The military of Myanmar has been long accused of atrocities over the broader course of the ongoing conflict that has run for decades since 1948. Thaslima Begum, wrote for The Guardian that "widespread sexual violence perpetrated by Myanmar's soldiers has been a hallmark of the culture of abuse and impunity in the country's decades-long civil wars with its ethnic minorities." Matt Wells, the director of Amnesty International's Crisis Response program, has said that "the Myanmar military has a blood-stained rรฉsumรฉ of indiscriminate attacks with devastating consequences for civilians". Children Both the Tatmadaw and various non-state armed factions have been implicated in war crimes against children, including the recruitment of child soldiers, rape, attacks on schools, abductions, and using schools for military purposes. A boy under 16 from the Ayeyarwady Region who was conscripted by the Tatmadaw, Maung Zin Ko Ko, defected to rebels in Tanintharyi Region with weapons. However, the National Unity Government's Ministry of Defense reaffirmed principles to not recruit anyone under 18 on 29 August 2025. People with disabilities According to statements made to an Al Jazeera documentary team, the Tatmadaw conscripts people with profound developmental disabilities at gunpoint where they are forced to attend rudimentary basic training sessions before being sent into battle. Prohibited weapons Amnesty International has documented the use of banned cluster munitions by the Tatmadaw in northern Shan State. Massacres and civilian attacks In October 2023, the Yangon-based Institute for Strategy and Policy wrote that the Tatmadaw had committed 22 massacres in the country since their 2021 coup d'รฉtat, defining a massacre as "the killing of 10 or more civilians at once". During the anti-junta forces's Operation 1027 offensive, war crimes and abuses by the Tatmadaw escalated. The military has repeatedly said it does not target civilians and often claims it is resistance forces that commit the violence. The Tatmadaw has increased the use of its historic four cuts strategy that involves violent collective punishment against civilians. A video showed displaced people scrambling for cover under a cloud of tear gas in Myanmar. The military used civilians as human shields, forcing people to walk ahead of troops to detonate potential landmines in their path, protecting their own troops. In late 2021 and throughout 2022 Catholic Bayingyi villages were targeted by the Tatmadaw in Sagaing region, leading to at least 5 civilian deaths. Over the course of a week in 2023, army troops in Sagaing killed a total of 99 villagers, beheaded 20 resistance fighters, and raped at least 3 women. In March 2022, army troops tortured and executed at least 30 villagers during the Pinlaung massacre in Shan State, including 3 Buddhist monks. In mid-April, Myanmar Air Force bombed a celebration gathering during the Pazigyi massacre in Sagaing Region, killing at least 165 civilians, including several children, days before Thingyan, the Burmese new year. The junta's spokesperson General Zaw Min Tun stated that they chose to attack the village as the village was allegedly opening a PDF office. The United Nations condemned the attack, citing a disregard of the military's duty to protect civilians. On 22 March 2025, an airstrike targeted a clinic in the village Hnan Khar in Magway, killing 11 people including a doctor. In April 2025, in the span of one week, the Myanmar military carried airstrikes on villages of Kywegyan, Sinkhaung, Gazat, and Masein in the Kalewa Township, Sagaing, killing at least five people and injured several others. On 12 May 2025, at least 22 civilians, including 20 children and two teachers, were killed in an airstrike on a school by the Myanmar Air Force in the village of Oe Htein Kwin, Tabayin in the Sagaing Region. On 10 December 2025, at least 33 civilians were killed in an airstrike on a hospital by Myanmar Air Force in Mrauk U township of Rakhine State. On 21 February 2024, two members of the Karenni Nationalities Defence Force murdered a Free Burma Rangers aid worker. They were court-martialed by the KNDF and sentenced to 20 years in prison. On August 5 and 6, 2024, Arakan Army forces launched attacks along the Myanmar-Bangladesh border, targeting thousands of fleeing Rohingya civilians. According to eyewitnesses and survivors, these assaults resulted in over a hundred deaths, including women and children, as they sought refuge in Bangladesh. In 2025, Human Rights Watch and Fortify Rights accused the Arakan Army of committing widespread abuses against Rohingya civilians in Arakan which includes forced labor, extortion, arbitrary detention, and recruitment of minors. Rohingyas were subjected to movement restrictions, property seizure and forced conscription disguised as โ€œself-defense training.โ€ Leaked videos and survivor testimonies revealed torture, executions and beheadings in AA detention centre. The AA also allegedly burned Rohingya villages in Buthidaung leading to massive displacement. The claims were denied by the Arakan Army. On 10 July 2025, 8 members of a Shwebo District-based Local PDF were sentenced to 20 years in prison with hard labor for the murder of Catholic priest, Father Donald Martin. Attacks on religious buildings According to Amnesty International photo and video analysis, as well as interviews with witnesses, indicated the Myanmar air force had dropped bombs on three locations near the St Peter Baptist Church in Sagaing's Kanan village on 7 January 2024, killed 17 villagers, including nine children, while at least 20 people were injured. On 24 May 2021, four people were killed and eight others were injured in an attack in Sacred Heart Church by the Tatmadaw near Loikaw, Kayah State. In 2022, the Tatmadaw looted and torched Catholic chapels in several Bayingyi villages of Sagaing Region, with clergymen targeted and arrested. The village of Chaung Yoe was reportedly the hardest hit, being attacked with artillery, leaving only 20 of the 350 buildings left standing. On 8 April 2025, several airstrikes by the military junta destroyed a Catholic church in Falam. On 13 April, a Baptist Church in Mindat, Chin State was severely damaged by airstrikes by the military junta. Treatment of prisoners of war Junta forces have committed severe abuses against captured rebels, including public executions and torture. As an example, on 7 November 2023, two members of the Yaw Defense Force, Phoe Tay and Thar Htaung, were publicly burned to death by junta soldiers and allied Pyusawhti militias members in the Gangaw township's Myauk Khin Yan village, Magway region, after suffering from torture. The military denied it was involved in the execution, though CNN has proven that the incident occurred at a time in which the regime was in full control of the village. Some factions within the anti-junta rebellion allegedly committed abuses against prisoners. Reports of beatings and forced labor from Yaw Defence Force (YDF) prison camps reached news groups such as Myanmar Now. Many of the victims were fellow members of the YDF or civilians. Around January 2025, rebel forces (including Mobye PDF) attacked a military outpost near a monastery in Kayin State. During the battle, 3 rebel fighters were killed and 4 soldiers were killed. One Tatmadaw soldier walked towards the fighters with his weapons, and gave them to the fighters. The insurgents did not restrain him. When the soldier attempted to walk away, the rebels opened fire; two fighters were downed during this incident. As the soldier attempted to crawl, a fighter, "Joseph", killed the unarmed soldier. Joseph later defended his actions and told al-Jazeera that the soldier attempted to expose rebel positions to nearby Tatmadaw units; Joseph further claimed that he shot the soldier dead due to "[not] want[ing] him to suffer anymore," and that he does not feel guilty because "the [soldier] was stupid enough to join the Myanmar military. That's how he should go". Around April 2025, two members of Battalion 802 of the Naypyidaw PDF allegedly beat and killed a member accused of rape during an interrogation. His body was then buried until November when complaints were sent to the NUG Minister of Defense, Yee Mon, and the Karenni Joint Chiefs of Staff. On 23 November, a pro-resistance village administrator in Bahin, Myaing Township, and two staff members were detained by PDF. The administrator died in custody while the staff members remained missing. The incident was allegedly related to a motorcyclist being lashed 4 times by the administrator's law enforcement for noise violations. Pro-junta paramilitaries The pro-junta Pyusawhti militias have been accused of several atrocities against civilians as well as forcibly recruiting local men by threatening to burn down their villages. International reactions In February 2024, Amnesty International and SAC-M urged the Security Council to refer Myanmar to the International Criminal Court (ICC). An ICC investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar on the issue of the deportation of Rohingya from Myanmar to Bangladesh had already been opened in November 2019. On 27 November 2024, the ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan KC filed an arrest warrant application for the Senior General and acting president Min Aung Hlaing, the commander-in-chief of the Myanmar Defence Services, for his "criminal responsibility for the crimes against humanity of deportation and persecution of the Rohingya, committed in Myanmar, and in part in Bangladeshโ€. The prosecutor's statement also noted that more arrest warrant applications against high-level Myanmar government officials will follow. References
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall] | [TOKENS: 3991]
Contents Shopping mall Page version status This is an accepted version of this page A shopping mall (or simply mall) is a large indoor shopping center, usually anchored by department stores. The term mall originally meant a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming increasingly commonplace. In the United Kingdom and other countries, shopping malls may be called shopping centres. In recent decades, malls have declined considerably in North America, partly due to the retail apocalypse, particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called "dead malls". Successful examples of de-malling have seen such changes as added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as power centers, lifestyle centers, factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces. In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities. In many European countries and Asian countries, shopping malls continue to grow and thrive. Terminology In the United States, Persian Gulf countries, and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.[page needed] Outside of North America, the terms shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the UK, such complexes are considered shopping centres; however, shopping centre covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American mall. Other countries follow UK usage. In Canadian English, and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term mall may be used informally but shopping centre or merely centre will feature in the name of the complex (such as Toronto Eaton Centre). The term mall is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex.[original research?] Types The International Council of Shopping Centers, based in New York City, classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and super regional malls. A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores. A super-regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or 40 km) in which it is located. Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers, and specialized formats such as power centers, festival marketplaces, and outlet centers. History Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered bazaars. In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire. In London, the Royal Opera Arcade opened in 1816, and the more famous Burlington Arcade opened in 1819. Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island, built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States. The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, which opened in 1877, was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls. In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924). The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after World War II, with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2) Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles, built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California. In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo, Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach, Santa Monica Mall (1965). Although Bergen Mall opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s.[page needed] The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin, which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleรฅ, in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine) and was named Shopping; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe. The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen. This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Canadian writer Malcolm Gladwell. The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall, which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957, and was later enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland, Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois. Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl. Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included Main Place Mall in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now Fashion District Philadelphia) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air pedestrian malls. In the United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger. In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year. But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the Great Recession, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years. City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession. Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without the overhead of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors). Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shopโ€”far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010. Thus, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20โ€“40%), or in trouble (10โ€“20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014. In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed". By the time shopping mall operator Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to exit the American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe). In 2019, The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a 'Fifth Avenue' mix of shops", such as H&M, Zara, and Sephora below them. This is one of the first two malls built recently, along with American Dream in which both opened in 2019 since City Creek Center. Online shopping has also emerged as a major competitor to shopping malls. In the United States, online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales. In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business. To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes. In the United States, the 600,000 square foot Highland Mall will be a campus for Austin Community College. In France, the So Ouest mall outside of Paris was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV-style apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of green space. The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products. The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements. Design High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards. The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.[citation needed] Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as Times Square, Dragon Centre, Apm, Langham Place, ISQUARE, Hysan Place and The One. A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant archeology. The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls; consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically โ€“ two locations horizontally โ€“ connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former McDonald's, split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults โ€“ complete with arrowslits โ€“ in the basement dining rooms. Components A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area. When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor stores or draw tenants. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.[citation needed] Regional differences There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47 billion. This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping centres. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall โ€“ a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area โ€“ or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic. The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include Westquay in Southampton; Manchester Arndale; Bullring Birmingham; Liverpool One; Trinity Leeds; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow; St James Quarter in Edinburgh; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the Metrocentre in Gateshead; Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield serving South Yorkshire; the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester; White Rose Centre in Leeds; the Merry Hill Centre near Dudley; and Bluewater in Kent. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Westfield London (White City) is the largest shopping centre in Europe.[citation needed] In Russia, on the other hand, as of 2013[update] a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class. Management and legal issues A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)", using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom. Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, intu Properties renamed many of its centres to "intu (name/location)" (such as intu Lakeside); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance The Glades in Bromley). One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards, over central business districts (CBD) or downtowns, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage. In response, a few jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls. The Supreme Court decision Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students. World's largest malls This is a list of the world's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft). Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export. In popular culture There are several movies that are set in a shopping mall, either entirely or in part, including Mallrats, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, Bad Santa, Paul Blart: Mall Cop, and Chopping Mall, among many others. In season 2, episode 9 of the American sitcom, How I Met Your Mother, it is revealed that Robin Scherbatsky has a secret past of being a teenage Canadian pop star and, under the name Robin Sparkles, has a hit single entitled "Let's Go To The Mall". See also References Further reading External links
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:ืžืฉืจื“_ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™_ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ_ืœื•ื’ื•_2015.svg] | [TOKENS: 785]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื’ื• 2015.svg ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื–ื”ื• ืกืžืœื™ืœ (ืœื•ื’ื•) ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ืื™ ืœื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื: ื ื ืœื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืœืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ OTRS ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืกืฃ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ื›ืืŸ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืชืืจื™ืš/ืฉืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœื“ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื–ื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื‘ื ื–ื”ื” ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” (ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื): ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”: ืžื˜ืึพื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื• ืžืกื•ืจืง ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ื•ื‘ืœ_ื ืืžืŸ] | [TOKENS: 9466]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ (14 ื‘ืžืื™ 1925 โ€“ 26 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2006) ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ; ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืคืจืก ื.ืž.ืช.; ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ื•ืจืืฉื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขืžื” ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925 ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื‘ื ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื ืืžืŸ (ื ึถื™ื™ืžืŸ). ืกื‘ื•, ืื‘ื ื ืืžืŸ (ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื ึถื™ึฐืžึธืŸ, ื™ืœื™ื“ ืœื™ื˜ื), ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ ืชืฉืข ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกืขื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ื ืืžืŸ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”". ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืจืŸ, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื—ื ื” ืกื ืฉ. ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื‘ืชืข"ืฉ ืืš ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื—ื ื•ื™ืฆื ืœืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ืœืงื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื•ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื™"ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื’ื“ื•ื“ 51 ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ ื•ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ื•ืื‘. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ืžื•ื ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื˜ื›"ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉ ืขื ืฃ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ื ืืžืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื” ื›ืื™ืฉ ืžืค"ื, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืงื•ื“ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื›"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืืœื•ืฃ-ืžืฉื ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืจื›ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืฉื ืช 1951. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1954, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื—ืช ืจืืฉ ืืž"ืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืœื™, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืืžืŸ ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืคื˜ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืกื’ื ื• ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืคืงื“ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื›ืจืžืœื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืกืง ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื•ืคืขื ื•ื— ืฆืคื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉ, ืจื™ื›ื– ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืขื ืฆืจืคืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1957 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื ืกืคื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชืžืกืจ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืื•ืชื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1961. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961 ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืืœื•ืฃ-ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™. ื‘-1967, ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ืคืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ืฉืื™ ืขื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืกืง ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžื—ื“ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ื›ืขื™ืกื• ืืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืคื ื” ื ืืžืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™, ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื•ืก ืกืœืื, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื ืช 1979. ื”ื™ืฉื’ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” S U ( 3 ) {\displaystyle SU\left(3\right)} . ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืื™ืš ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžื™ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื–ื•. ื ืืžืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืืจื™ ื’ืœ-ืžืืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื. ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ฮฉ โˆ’ {\displaystyle \,\Omega ^{-}} (ืื•ืžื’ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืก) ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืงื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘-1964, ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื• ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื—ื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ืœ-ืžืืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ื ืืžืŸ ืื™ืฉืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื•ืคืจืกื ืืช ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื•. ื’ืœ-ืžืืŸ ื•ื ืืžืŸ ืคืจืกืžื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ "The Eightfold Way", ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ืžืืžืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื’ืœ-ืžืืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื ืช 1969, ืœืœื ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆื•ื•ื™ื’ ืฉืชืจื ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœืชื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช. ื ืืžืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆื”, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืกื‘ ืœื• ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš: ื—ืฉืชื™ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืจื‘ ืฉืœื’ืœ-ืžืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืกื“ ืฉืœื ืฉืขืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื™. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘, ืฉื›ืŸ ื’ื–ืœืชื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื™. ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื™ื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”. โ€ฆ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืžืื– ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ 1962, ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1964 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืกื’ืŸ ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ืžื•ื ื” ื’ื ืœืกื’ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืคืจื•ืค' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื•ืจื˜ื ืจ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืจืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 1966, ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1971โ€“1975 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ (1971) ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืชื•ื•ื” ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ ืืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื (ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ืคืจืก ืœืืžื™ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™), ื‘-1972 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืก ื.ืž.ืช. ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื ื—ืœืฅ ืœืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื›ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘-1971 ื”ื•ืงื, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื•, ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ืขืžื“ืชื ื”ื ื—ืจืฆืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืคืจื™ ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืฅ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” - ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70. ื ืืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื“ืข, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘-1973, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื•. ื’ื ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื ืืžืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ืงื™ื“ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืชื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืžื ื• ื’ื ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืœื ื•ืขืจ, ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ ืžื“ืข ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™, ื•ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจืช "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช" ืฉืœ "ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1977 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืชืขืœืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืœื” ืฉืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›-1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ื”ื•ืคืกืง ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืชืœื” ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื ืขื“ืจื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1952 ื”ื™ื” ื ืืžืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘-1961, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜, ื ืขืฉื” ื ืืžืŸ ืžื ื”ืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื—ืœ ืฉื•ืจืง. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืขืžื“ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืงืจื™ื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื•ื ืืžืŸ, ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืชื—ืชื™ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ื•ืคืจืฉ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ. ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืกื•ื•ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืคืจืก ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืงื ื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื ืืžืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉืชืžื›ื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื ืืžืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘-1981 ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžื‘ืฆืข ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืขื•ืจืจื” ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ื•ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืœื• ืื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื ืจื™, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืœื‘, ืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืฉืœืœ ื ืืžืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชืคื™ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช. ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืจืชืขื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉืœืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜".[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืคืจืกื ื ืืžืŸ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืงืจื ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืคืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืื‘ื ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื‘-1979 ื”ืงื™ื ืขื ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื”ืชื—ื™ื”" ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื”. ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื ื” "ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™" ื•ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื ืืžืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืงืžืค ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืžื™ืช. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืจืžืช ื’ื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ืืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืชืื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืกืชื™ืจื” ื—ื“ื” ืœืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื™ืžื• ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืขืœ ื›ืš ืกื™ืคืจ: ืื ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืงืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืžื” ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืื“ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ... ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ. ืื ื™ ื ืชืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘-2005, ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื•, ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ. ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ืœื•ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”. ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ: ืฉื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืจืข ื‘ื ืฉืง ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื ื•. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื• ื•ืœื ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืœืงื— ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืกืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช (1981) ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื "ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื”", ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1982โ€“1984 ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืงืชื“ืจื” ืข"ืฉ ื•ื•ืœืคืกื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1983โ€“1984 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืื™ 1984 ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืขืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1990 ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืฉืžื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืชื™ืง ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช. ื ืืžืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžื“ืจื™ื“ ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœืกื›ืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืช ืกื™ืขื•ืช "ืžื•ืœื“ืช", "ื”ืชื—ื™ื”" ื•"ืฆื•ืžืช". ื ืืžืŸ ืคืจืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘-21 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1992, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื”" ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืืช ืงืฉื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืชืœื” ื ืืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืงื™ื ื”ืขืฆื ื™, ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœ, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, "ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช". ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื• ืœื”ืงืžืช ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืงื•ืกืžื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช: ืื ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืืคืกื™ ืื ื™ ืชื•ืคืก ื‘ื•, ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืจื’ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช, ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘, ืฉื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืžืขืžื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1998โ€“2002 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืžืื™ 2005 ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื ืืžืŸ. ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ืชื• ื ืืžืŸ ืœืงื” ื‘-23 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2006 ื‘ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื—ื™. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-26 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืžืคืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืจืขื™ื” (ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ), ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืช, ืื—ื•ืช (ืจื•ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืœืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฉืคื˜) ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื ื›ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ืชื• ืžืฆื“ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื”ืจืจื™, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ื‘ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”-1 ืขื“ ื”-7, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช) ื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื–ื”ืจ, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืจื™, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื“ืข ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื ืืžืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืจื‘ืข, ื•ืกื“ื ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžื“ืข, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืžืกืคืจื™ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืฉืœืžื”_ืจื•ื–ืŸ] | [TOKENS: 923]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ื–ืŸ (21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1905 โ€“ 7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1985) ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืคืขื™ืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืค"ื ื•ื”ืžืขืจืš ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืจื•ื–ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื•ืจื‘ืกืงื” ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจื•-ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ืช (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืฆ'ื›ื™ื”) ื‘-21 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1905. ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘-1926. ื‘-1927 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉืจื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื• ื—ื™ ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1933โ€“1935 ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•. ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืืจืฆื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช "ืชื›ืœืช-ืœื‘ืŸ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืค"ื. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกื™ืขืชื• ืœืžืขืจืš. ื•ื‘-1969 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืขืจืš. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื•ืกื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-20 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1972 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”. ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘-1974, ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”. ื‘-16 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1977 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื•ืคืจ. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_building] | [TOKENS: 3437]
Contents Capacity building Capacity building (or capacity development, capacity strengthening) is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy". The terms capacity building and capacity development have often been used interchangeably, although a publication by OECD-DAC stated in 2006 that capacity development was the preferable term. Since the 1950s, international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and communities use the concept of capacity building as part of "social and economic development" in national and subnational plans. The United Nations Development Programme defines itself by "capacity development" in the sense of "'how UNDP works" to fulfill its mission. The UN system applies it in almost every sector, including several of the Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved by 2030. For example, the Sustainable Development Goal 17 advocates for enhanced international support for capacity building in developing countries to support national plans to implement the 2030 Agenda. Under the codification of international development law, capacity building is a "cross cutting modality of international intervention". It often overlaps or is part of interventions in public administration reform, good governance and education in line sectors of public services. The consensus approach of the international community for the components of capacity building as established by the World Bank, United Nations and European Commission consists of five areas: a clear policy framework, institutional development and legal framework, citizen participation and oversight, human resources improvements including education and training, and sustainability. Some of these overlap with other interventions and sectors. Much of the actual focus has been on training and educational inputs where it may be a euphemism for education and training. For example, UNDP focuses on training needs in its assessment methodology rather than on actual performance goals. The pervasive use of the term for these multiple sectors and elements and the huge amount of development aid funding devoted to it has resulted in controversy over its true meaning. There is also concern over its use and impacts. In international development funding, evaluations by the World Bank and other donors have consistently revealed problems in this overall category of funding dating back to the year 2000. Since the arrival of capacity building as a dominant subject in international aid, donors and practitioners have struggled to create a concise mechanism for determining the effectiveness of capacity building initiatives. An independent public measurement indicator for improvement and oversight of the large variety of capacity building initiatives was published in 2015. This scoring system is based on international development law and professional management principles. Definitions A "good practice paper" by OECD-DAC defined capacity development as follows: "Capacity development is understood as the process whereby people, organizations and society as a whole unleash, strengthen, create, adapt and maintain capacity over time.": 9 Capacity is understood as "the ability of people, organizations and society as a whole to manage their affairs successfully".: 8 The OECD-DAC stated in 2006 that the term "capacity development" should be used rather than the term "capacity building". This is because "capacity building" would imply starting from a plain surface and a step-by-step erection of a new structure - which is not how it works. The European Commission Toolkit defines capacity development in the same way and stresses that capacity relates to "abilities", "attributes" and a "process". It is an attribute of people, individual organizations and groups of organizations. Capacity is shaped by, adapting to and reacting to external factors and actors, but it is not something external โ€” it is internal to people, organizations and groups or systems of organizations. Thus, capacity development is a change process internal to organizations and people. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), formerly the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), defines capacity development in the disaster risk reduction domain as "the process by which people, organizations and society systematically stimulate and develop their capability over time to achieve social and economic goals, including through improvement of knowledge, skills, systems, and institutions โ€“ within a wider social and cultural enabling environment." Outside of international interventions, capacity building can refer to strengthening the skills of people and communities, in small businesses and local grassroots movements. Organizational capacity building is used by NGOs and governments to guide their internal development and activities as a form of managerial improvements following administrative practices. The United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration in 2006 offered an additional term, "community capacity building". It is defined as a long-term continual process of development that involves all stakeholders as opposed to practices which limit oversight and involvement in interventions with governments. The list of parties that it defines as "community" includes ministries, local authorities, non-governmental organizations, professionals, community members, academics and more. According to the Committee, capacity building takes place at an individual, an institutional, societal level and "non-training" level. The term "community capacity building" (CCB) began to be used in 1995 and since then became popular for example within the policy literature in the United Kingdom, particularly in the context of urban policy, regeneration and social development. It is, however, difficult to distinguish it from the practice of "community development". It is "built on a deficit model of communities which fails to engage properly with their own skills, knowledge and interests". Therefore, it does not properly address structural reasons for poverty and inequality. Components The World Bank, United Nations and European Commission describe capacity building to consist of five areas: a clear policy framework, institutional development and legal framework, citizen/democratic participation and oversight, human resources improvements including education and training, and sustainability. The United Nations Development Group Capacity Development Guidelines presents a framework of capacity development comprising three interconnected levels of capacity: Individual, Institutional and Enabling Policy. Thinking of capacity building as simply training or human resource development is insufficient.: 74 Evolution The discourse on and concept of capacity development has traditionally been closely associated with development cooperation.: 4 The UNDP was one of the forerunners in designing international interventions in the category of capacity building and development. In the early 1970s, the UNDP offered guidance to its staff and governments on what it called "institution-building" which is one of the pillars of its current work and is part of a category of "public administration reform". In the 1970s, international organizations emphasized building capacity through technical skills training in rural areas, and also in the administrative sectors of developing countries. In the 1980s they expanded the concept of institutional development further. "Institutional development" was viewed as a long-term process of interventions in a developing country's government, public and private sector institutions, and NGOs. Under the UNDP's 2008โ€“2013 "strategic plan for development", capacity building is the "organization's core contribution to development". The UNDP focused on building capacity at an institutional level and offers a six-step process for systematic capacity building. The six steps are: Conducting training need assessment, engage stakeholders on capacity development, assess capacity needs and assets, formulate a capacity development response, implement a capacity development response, evaluate capacity development. Since about 2005, the capacity development agenda has also been adopted beyond the traditional aid community. This is particularly true for Africa: for example the African Union has developed a Capacity Development Strategic Framework and is using capacity development as one of three themes to structure its Development Effectiveness internet portal.: 7 Trends in development cooperation shape how capacity development is discussed. These include for example: new forms of financing and less of a Northโ€“South dichotomy; more in-country leadership and less donor power; resilience as a framework in fragile environments; increasing private sector engagement. The UNDP integrated this capacity-building system into its work on reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by the year 2015. The UNDP states that it focused on building capacity at the institutional level because it believed that "institutions are at the heart of human development, and that when they are able to perform better, [...] they can contribute more meaningfully to the achievement of national human development goals." The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals mention capacity building (rather than capacity development) in several places: Sustainable Development Goal 17 is to "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development". Target 9 of that goal is formulated as "Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through northโ€“south, South-South and triangular cooperation." Sustainable Development Goal 6 also includes capacity building in its Target 6a which is to "By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies". Similarly, Sustainable Development Goal 8 Target 8.10 states "Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all". Scale As of 2009, some $20 billion per year of international development intervention funding went for capacity development; roughly 20% of total funding in this category : 1 The World Bank committed more than $1 billion per year to this service in loans or grants (more than 10% of its portfolio of nearly $10 billion). A publication by OECD-DAC in 2005 estimated that "about a quarter of donor aid, or more than $15 billion a year, has gone into "Technical Cooperation", the bulk of which is ostensibly aimed at capacity development".: 7 Processes for different entities One of the most fundamental ideas associated with capacity building is the idea of building the capacities of governments in developing countries so they are able to handle the problems associated with environmental protection, economic and social needs. Developing a government's capacity whether at the local, regional or national level can improve governance and can lead to sustainable development and political reform. Capacity building in governments often targets a government's ability to budget, collect revenue, create and implement laws, promote civic engagement. International donors often include capacity building as a form of interventions with local governments or NGOs working in developing areas. A study in 2001 observed that "the act of resetting aspirations and strategy is often the first step in improving an organization's capacity". Secondly good management is important (committed people in senior positions to make capacity building happen). Thirdly, patience is required: "there are few quick fixes when it comes to building capacity". Some methods of capacity building for NGOs might include visiting training centers, organizing exposure visits, office and documentation support, on-the-job training, learning centers, and consultations. For private sector organizations, capacity building may go beyond the improvement of services for public organizations and include fund-raising and income generation, diversity, partnerships and collaboration, marketing, positioning, planning and other activities relating to production and performance.:35โ€“36 Capacity development of private organizations involves the build-up of an organization's tangible and intangible assets. Organization development (OD) is the study and implementation of practices, systems, and techniques that affect organizational change. The goal of which is to modify an organization's performance and/or culture. Evaluation The difficulties with achieving results from capacity development projects have regularly been described in a range of publications. For example, in 2006, a document by OECD-DAC stated that: "evaluation results confirm that development of sustainable capacity remains one of the most difficult areas of international development practice. Capacity development has been one of the least responsive targets of donor assistance, lagging behind progress in infrastructure development or improving health and child mortality".: 7 Since the arrival of capacity building as a dominant subject in international aid, donors and practitioners have struggled to create a concise mechanism for determining the effectiveness of capacity building initiatives. Recognition of problems in capacity building interventions in evaluations funded and managed by international organizations dates back to the year 1999. A World Bank review in the year 2000 found many examples where capacity building interventions undermined public management efforts. In these cases, public sector reform and institution-building were hindered.: 41 In 2005, the Bank noted again in its evaluations that business practices to its capacity building work are not as rigorous as they are in other areas. For example, standard quality assurance processes were missing at the design stage. Similar problems were reported by UNDP in 2002 when they reviewed their capacity building projects.: 8 In 2007, specific criteria for effective evaluation and monitoring of the capacity building of NGOs were proposed, though only in generalities without clear measures for the tool. The proposal suggested only that evaluating the capacity building ability of NGOs should be based on a combination of monitoring the results of their activities and also a more open flexible way of monitoring that also takes into consideration, self-improvement and cooperation. Other wishes were that monitoring for capacity building effectiveness should include an organization's clarity of mission, an organization's leadership, an organization's learning, an organization's emphasis on on-the-job-development, an organization's monitoring processes. In 2007, USAID published a report on its approach to monitoring and evaluating the capacity building. According to the report, USAID monitors program objectives, the links between projects and activities of an organization and its objectives, a program or organization's measurable indicators, data collection, and progress reports. USAID noted two types of indicators for progress: "output indicators" and "outcome indicators." Output indicators measure immediate changes or results such as the number of people trained. Outcome indicators measure the impact, such as laws changed due to trained advocates. Both the "numbers of people trained" and "laws changed" are, however, just inputs or intermediate inputs and do not measure actual improvements in "performance" in terms of measurable outcomes of public agencies that are the definition of capacity building. Despite these claims of existence of these evaluation approaches, there was little more than lists of inputs and outputs without use of professional management standards or any kind of real oversight, and a report for the World Bank in 2009 noted that the failures were deep and systemic, where the measures used are "smile sheets", asking beneficiaries if they are "happy" or "better off" and measuring things like "raised awareness", "enhanced skills", and "improved teamwork" that are "locally driven", rather than on whether the underlying problems are solved, and refraining from asking whether there may be hidden agendas to buy influence, subsidize elites, and continue dependency.: 34 An independent public measurement indicator for improvement and oversight of the large variety of capacity building initiatives was published in 2015, with scoring, and based on international development law and professional management principles. This comprehensive indicator for capacity building was proposed as part of the elements codifying international development law in a treatise. It consists of 20 specific elements that apply law, administrative principles, social science concepts, and education concepts, to troubleshoot the actual problems that occur and to promote public oversight and accountability. The indicator has two sections: one with 11 questions to assure proper application of the five recognized principles of capacity building, analyzing their application in diagnosis and design of an intervention (7 questions), sustainability of reform (2 questions), and good governance (2 questions), and second, with 9 questions to assure professionalism and safeguards against conflicts of interest, unintended consequences, and distortion of public and private systems. This indicator is one of 13 that is part of the treatise of international development law and can be applied with the other indicators for specific sectors and development principles, as well as assurance of quality of evaluation systems. Critique Critique of capacity development has centered on the ambiguity surrounding it in terms of its anticipated focus, its effectiveness, the role of infrastructure organisations (such as empowerment networks), and the unwillingness or inability of public agencies to apply their own principles and international law. Capacity building has been called a buzzword within development which comes with a heavy normative load but little critical interrogation and appropriate review. The term capacity building is usually "loaded with positive value". Despite some 20 years recognizing the problems, practitioners continue to note that some capacity development projects are just "throwing money at symptoms with no logic or analysis". Others are "disguised bribes to government officials and attempts to undermine entire government structures by setting up foreign run Ministries and foreign influenced political parties or civil society to lobby for foreign interests" using the interventions as a form of "soft power". One common problem of interventions that focus on education and training of foreign government officials is that they are akin to trying to "teach elephants to fly" or to "teach wolves not to eat sheep" while avoiding the actual changes needed for impact. Under international development law, there is also concern that much of the implementation of capacity building has been and continues to be in violation of existing international treaties such as the U.N. Declaration Against Corruption and Bribery, Articles 15, 16, 18, and 19. Examples Below are examples of capacity building in developing countries: References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ื•ืกืฃ_ืืœืžื•ื’ื™] | [TOKENS: 3208]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ืื”ืจืŸ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ (5 ื‘ืžืื™ 1910 โ€“ 2 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1991) ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ืื”ืจืŸ ืงืจืœื ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื–ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929, ืœืื—ืจ ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ" ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื (ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ืขืœื” ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1937 ืขื‘ืจ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืœื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืœืจืืฉ ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ. ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœืฆื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžืคืงื“ ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืจืง ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื’ื™ื•ืกื• ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘-1940, ืขืงืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืกื‘ื. ื‘-30 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1940 ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื•ืจื™, ืžืคืงื“ ื”"ื”ื’ื ื”" ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ืคื” ืฉื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื ื• ื›ืขืช. ื”ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืžืฉื” ืฉืจืช ืฉืคืกืง ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื•ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื’ื™ื•ืกื•. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื ืฉืœื—, ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ืœืงื•ืจืก ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืกืจืคื ื“ (ืฆืจื™ืคื™ืŸ) ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1940 ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืงื•ืจืคื•ืจืœ (ืจื‘-ื˜ื•ืจืื™) ื›ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืกืจื’'ื ื˜ (ืื ') (ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกืžืœ). ืขืจื‘ ื’ื™ื•ืกื ื ืชืžื ื• ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืคืงื“ื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื”ื’ื ื”", ืืœืžื•ื’ื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ, ืœ"ืžืคืงื“ื” ืขืœื•ืžื”" ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ืช ื”ื—ืคืจื™ื 606 ื›ืกืžืœ ืžื—ืœืงื”. ื‘-29 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1941 ื ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืขื ืขื•ื“ ื›-1,500 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ื ื›ืœื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืœื’ 8B ื‘ืฉืœื–ื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1945. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ื’ื™ืœื” ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืคื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉ"ืงื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืคืงื“ืช ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื‘-ืกืžืœ ืฉืจื™ืฃ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืœ ืžืคืงื“ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืœืงื™ื ื“, ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื™ื™ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืฆื‘ืื™ ืžืœื. ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืก ืœืคื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื’ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืขื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช "ืืœ ืžืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื" ื•"ืงื“ื™ืฉ". ืžืฉืžืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฆืขื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืกืข ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื”. ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื–ืžื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื ื˜ื™ืขืช ื™ืขืจ "ืคื“ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™" ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืง"ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืœืื—ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืคื“ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ - ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืคืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฉื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื ืฆืขื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘-12 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945 ื•ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ืœืžื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ืจืื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ืžืฉื ื—ื–ืจื” ืืจืฆื” ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉืจื•ืช. ื‘-1948 ืขื™ื‘ืจืช ืืช ืฉืžื• ืœ"ืืœืžื•ื’ื™", ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1951โ€“1958 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ืคื”, ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคื"ื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืขืžื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ "ืืชื". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื–ื›"ืœ ืžืคื"ื™, ื•ืžืฉื ืช 1955 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืง ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1962 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขื“ ืžืื™ 1965, ืขืช ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืจืค"ื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ 1963 ืœ-1965 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื’ื ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืขืžื™ื“ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ 1963 ืœ-1966 ื’ื ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืคื"ื™, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืจืค"ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืจืค"ื™ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ืืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื›ืฉืกื™ืขืชื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ืขื 15 ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื (ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื). ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1975. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1976 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-2 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1991 ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ. ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืจืื• ื’ื ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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