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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Ukraine)] | [TOKENS: 164]
Contents Ministry of Energy (Ukraine) The Ministry of Energy is responsible for energy in Ukraine. The government ministry was originally formed in the 1970s as the Ministry of Energy and Electrification. Functions Fuel energy complex associations History Previous names: The ministry also absorbed a separate Ministry of Coal Mining which existed since 1954 until 1999 and was revived in 2005-2010. The Ministry was (as it turned out) temporally merged the ministry with the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources by Honcharuk Government (on 29 August 2019). But the succeeding Shmyhal Government re-created the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources (on 27 May 2020). List of ministers Ministry of Coal Mining of Ukraine existed at least since 1954. See also References External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine] | [TOKENS: 1445]
Contents Energy in Ukraine Ukraine mostly uses energy from gas, followed by nuclear, oil and coal. The country has a diversified energy mix. Most gas and oil is imported, and energy policy prioritises energy security and diversifying energy supply. Integration with EU energy is in the energy strategy to 2050, and resilience and net zero carbon emissions. The energy and climate plan to 2030 includes efficiency. Ukraineโ€™s gas network has much storage, which can be useful for storing Europe's gas to even out supply and demand, and in the first quarter of the 21st century it transited much Russian natural gas to Europe. Energy infrastructure is much changed due to the Russo-Ukrainian war: some has been destroyed by Russian attacks, but wind farms and solar power are thought to be resilient because they are distributed. The coal industry has been disrupted by the war, and most electricity generation is nuclear. Policy Energy policy includes aligning with the Energy policy of the European Union. History When Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union, large energy systems were constructed to meet the needs of industry and to provide redundancy in case of a war with NATO, and after independence it relied on cheap energy from Russia. But since the fall of Yanukovych governments have tried to integrate with energy in the EU, before the full scale invasion there were mostly monopolies. In 2011, Ukraine joined the European Energy Community, however there has been slow progress on implementing European energy regulations. Energy infrastructure is somewhat resilient due to overbuilding by the Soviet Union. Fossil fuel subsidies were USD 1.6 billion in 2021. Gas Gas is an important part of energy in Ukraine. About 20 billion cubic meters of fossil gas is extracted each year, and since 2022 this has almost met demand, which in winter can reach 150 mcm a day. Ukraine has the largest gas storage in Europe. Oil In 2022 almost a fifth of total energy supply in Ukraine was from oil, and most energy imports were oil products such as gasoline and diesel. The country used to produce and refine its own oil. Strategic reserves of oil and products were set up after 2023 to help with energy security. Products from Lukoil have been banned from transiting the country, except to Hungary. This goes through the Druzhba pipeline. Excise duty on diesel and gasoline was increased in 2024. The Odesaโ€“Brody pipeline is not being used as of 2023. Refineries, such as Kremenchuk were destroyed or shutdown in 2022 in the Russo-Ukrainian war. Formerly supplied from Russia and Belarus, gasoline and diesel now come from ports in Poland and Romania. Coal Coal mining has historically been an important industry in Ukraine. Although the industry is often associated with the coal-rich Donets basin in the east of the country, other coal mining regions include the Lviv-Volhynian basin and the Dnieper brown coal mining basin. The Donets basin is Ukraine's most developed and largest coal mining region. In 2013, Ukraine was the third largest coal producer in Europe. In 1976, national production was 218 million metric tonnes. By 2016, production had dropped to 41 million metric tonnes. The Donets Black Coal Basin in eastern Ukraine, with 90% of the nation's reserves, suffers from three connected problems: (1) mines are not profitable enough to sustain capital investment, resulting in aging mining equipment and processes, (2) the government, taking advice from the International Monetary Fund, has discontinued $600 million annual mining subsidies, and (3) the Ukrainian government refuses to buy from mines controlled by Russia. Electricity Electricity is an important part of energy in Ukraine. Most electricity generation is nuclear, and the system is inflexible. The bulk of Energoatom output is sold to the government's "guaranteed buyer" to keep prices more stable for domestic customers. Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not. Some electricity infrastructure was destroyed in the Russo-Ukrainian War, but wind farms, solar power and batteries are thought to be resilient because they are distributed. As of 2025[update] there is about a third of pre-invasion installed capacity. As of 2025[update] just over 2 GW can be imported from other European countries, but that is not enough to cover peak demand. Better air defence is needed,: 5 and many small gas-turbine generators are being installed to generate flexibly to reduce the blackouts being caused by Russian attacks. As of 2025[update] the Energy Ministry is prioritising decentralisation for energy security, such as rooftop solar with batteries. The share of renewables within energy in Ukraine is less than 5%.: 27 In 2020 10% of electricity was generated from renewables; made up of 5% hydro, 4% wind, and 1% solar. Biomass provides renewable heat.: 35 There is a National Renewable Energy Action Plan to 2030. Heating District heating has been attacked and significantly damaged. In 2024 the International Energy Agency (IEA) wrote about heat supply to Ukraineโ€™s major cities. โ€œMost attacks on heating infrastructure have occurred in regions close to the front lines. The Kharkiv region is now without large-scale heat generating capacity and other frontline regions โ€“ particularly Chernihiv, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Sumy and Mykolaiv โ€“ have suffered severe damage to their heat generation capacities. Heat supply is also at risk in Ukraineโ€™s capital, Kyiv.โ€ Efficiency and demand response As of 2025[update] it is much less energy efficient than the EU. In 2024 the IEA recommended engaging consumers in energy saving and demand response, while continuing investments in energy efficiency. They said that โ€œa social tariff that safeguards a certain volume of consumption at subsidised rates, after which consumers pay a higher price, would help to incentivise efficient practices and investments, supported by public information campaigns that advise on energy efficiency measures for immediate impact as well as longer-term gains. Lowering the default temperature for district heating can also provide quick savings.โ€ Personnel and finance Ukraine signed a loan agreement in-principle for $3.65 billion with the China Development Bank in 2012, during President Viktor Yanukovich's term of office, contingent on the development of agreed projects in the coal and gas sectors. However, by 2017 Ukraine had not agreed any suitable projects due to a "lack of convergence in the positions of [Uglesintezgaz] and the energy ministry". Elementum Energy Ltd owns the most power plants.[need quotation to verify] In 2025 financial assistance is needed for emergency repairs. As of 2025[update] households were still paying less than the market price. The European Investment Bank is financing municipal district heating and energy efficiency projects. Although by 2024 more women were working in the energy sector than before they were still underrepresented in leadership positions. References
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich] | [TOKENS: 16551]
Contents Munich Munich[a] is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is not a state of its own, and it ranks as the 11th-largest city in the European Union (EU). The metropolitan area has around 3 million inhabitants, and the broader Munich Metropolitan Region is home to about 6.2 million people. It is the third largest metropolitan region by GDP in the EU. Munich is located on the river Isar north of the Alps. It is the seat of the Upper Bavarian administrative region. With 4,500 people per km2, Munich is Germany's most densely populated municipality. It is also the second-largest city in the Bavarian dialect area after Vienna. The first record of Munich dates to 1158. The city has played an important role in Bavarian and German history. During the Reformation, it remained a Catholic stronghold. Munich became the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 and developed as a centre for arts, architecture, culture, and science. The House of Wittelsbach ruled until 1918, when the German revolution of 1918โ€“1919 ended their reign and saw the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic. In the 1920s, Munich became a centre of political movements, including the rise of the Nazi Party. The city was known as the "Capital of the Movement". During World War II, Munich was heavily bombed, but much of its historic architecture has since been restored. After the war, the city's population and economy grew rapidly. Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1974 FIFA World Cup final. Munich is a major centre for science, technology, finance, innovation, business, and tourism. It has a high standard of living, ranking first in Germany and third worldwide in the 2018 Mercer survey. It was named the world's most liveable city by Monocle's Quality of Life Survey 2018. Munich is the wealthiest city in the EU by GDP per capita among cities with over one million inhabitants and is among the most expensive German cities for real estate and rents. In 2023, 30.1% of residents were foreigners, and 19.4% were German citizens with a migration background from abroad. Munich's economy is based on high tech, automobiles, the service sector, information technology, biotechnology, engineering, and electronics. Multinational companies such as BMW, Siemens, Allianz SE, and Munich Re are headquartered there. The city has two research universities and many scientific institutions. Munich is known for its architecture, cultural venues, sports events, exhibitions, and the annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest. History Munich was a tiny 12th-century monastic settlement, which was named zu den Munchen ("to the monks"). The Old High German Munche served as the base for the modern German city name Mรผnchen. The river Isar was a prehistoric trade route and in the Bronze Age Munich was among the largest raft ports in Europe. Bronze Age settlements up to four millennia old have been discovered. Evidence of Celtic settlements from the Iron Age have been discovered in areas around Ramersdorf-Perlach. The ancient Roman road Via Julia, which connected Augsburg and Salzburg, crossed over the Isar south of Munich, at the towns of Baierbrunn and Gauting. A Roman settlement north-east of Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of Denning. Starting in the 6th century, the Baiuvarii populated the area around what is now modern Munich, such as in Johanneskirchen, Feldmoching, Bogenhausen and Pasing. The first known Christian church was built ca. 815 in Frรถttmanning. The first medieval bridges across the river Isar were located in current city areas of Munich and Landshut. Henry the Lion, the Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, founded the town of Munich in his territory to control the salt trade, after having burned down the town of Fรถhring and its bridges over the Isar. Historians date this event at about 1158.: 167 The layout of Munich city, with five city gates and market place, resembled that of Hรถxter.: 168 Henry built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home, somewhat upstream, at a settlement around the area of modern old town Munich. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrรผcke are now located. Otto of Freising protested to his nephew, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. However, on 14 June 1158, in Augsburg, the conflict was settled in favor of Duke Henry. The Augsburg Arbitration mentions the name of the location in dispute as forum apud Munichen. Although Bishop Otto had lost his bridge, the arbiters ordered Duke Henry to pay a third of his income to the Bishop in Freising as compensation. 14 June 1158 is considered the official founding day of the city of Munich. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square (near Marienplatz) in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn (subway) in 2012 discovered shards of vessels from the 11th century, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than the Augsburg Arbitration of 1158. The old St. Peter's Church near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town. In 1175, Munich received city status and fortification. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, including his trial and exile, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the Bishop of Freising. In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, when the Duchy of Bavaria was split in two, Munich became the ducal residence of Upper Bavaria. Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. On 13 February 1327, a large fire broke out in Munich that lasted two days and destroyed about a third of the town. In 1349, the Black Death ravaged Munich and Bavaria. The growth of Munich was supplemented by its location on top of a gravel bed, where the Isar branched into Munich City Streams, which in turn provided power for many mills and industries within Munich. In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of Gothic arts: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest Gothic church โ€“ the Frauenkirche โ€“ now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468. When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief war against the Duchy of Landshut, Munich became its capital. The arts and politics became increasingly influenced by the court.[citation needed] The Renaissance movement beset Munich and the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach under Duke Albrecht V who bolstered their prestige by conjuring up a lineage that reached back to classical antiquity. In 1568 Albrecht V built the Antiquarium to house the Wittelsbach collection of Greek and Roman antiquities in the Munich Residenz. Albrecht V appointed the composer Orlando di Lasso as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late Renaissance music. During the rule of Duke William V Munich began to be called the "German Rome" and William V began presenting Emperor Charlemagne as ancestor of the Wittelsbach dynasty. Duke William V further cemented the Wittelsbach rule by commissioning the Jesuit Michaelskirche. He had the sermons of his Jesuit court preacher Jeremias Drexel translated from Latin into German and published them to a greater audience. William V was addressed with the epithet "the Pious" and like his contemporary Wittelsbach dukes promoted himself as "father of the land" (Landesvater), encouraged pilgrimages and Marian devotions. William V had the Hofbrรคuhaus built in 1589. It would become the prototype for beer halls across Munich. After World War II the Residenze, the Hofbrรคuhaus, the Frauenkirche, and the Peterskirche were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the Nazi Party seized power in 1933. The Catholic League was founded in Munich in 1609. In 1623, during the Thirty Years' War (1618โ€“1648), Munich became an electoral residence when Duke Maximilian I was invested with the electoral dignity, but in 1632 the city was occupied by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. In 1634 Swedish and Spanish troops advanced on Munich. Maximilian I published a plague ordinance to halt an epidemic escalation. The bubonic plague nevertheless ravaged Munich and the surrounding countryside in 1634 and 1635. During the Thirty Years' War (1618โ€“1648) troops again converged on Munich in 1647 and precautions were taken, so as to avoid another epidemic. Under the regency of the Bavarian electors, Munich was an important centre of Baroque life, but also had to suffer under Habsburg occupations in 1704 and 1742.[citation needed] When Elector Maximilian III Joseph died in 1777, the succession empowered the Palatinate branch within the House of Wittelsbach. In 1777 Bavarian lands were inherited by Karl Theodor. The new duke was disliked by the citizens of Munich for his supposedly enlightened ideas. In 1785 Karl Theodor invited Count Rumford Benjamin Thompson to take up residency in Munich and implement stringent social reforms. The poor were forced to live in newly built workhouses. The Bavarian army was restructured, with common soldiers receiving better food and reassurances that they would be treated humanely by officers. Munich was the largest German city to lose fortification in the 1790s. In 1791 Karl Theodor and Count Rumford started to demolish Munich's fortifications. After 1793 Munich's citizens, including house servants, carpenters, butchers, merchants, and court officials, seized the opportunity, building new houses, stalls, and sheds outside the city walls. After making an alliance with Napoleonic France, the city became the capital of the new Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806 with Elector Maximillian IV Joseph becoming its first king. The state parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising were also located in the city. The establishment of Bavarian state sovereignty profoundly affected Munich. Munich became the center of a modernizing kingdom, and one of the king's first acts was the secularization of Bavaria. He had dissolved all monasteries in 1802 and once crowned, Maximilian Joseph generated state revenues by selling off church lands. While many monasteries were reestablished, Maximilian Joseph I succeeded in controlling the right to brew beer (Braurecht). The king handed the brewing monopoly to Munich's wealthiest brewers, who in turn paid substantial taxes on their beer production. In 1807 the king abolished all ordinances that limited the number of apprentices and journeymen a brewery could employ. Munich's population had swelled and Munich brewers were now free to employ as many workers as they needed to meet the demand. In October 1810 a beer festival was held on the meadows just outside Munich to commemorate the wedding of the crown prince and princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The parades in regional dress (Tracht) represented the diversity of the kingdom. The fields are now part of the Theresienwiese and the celebrations developed into Munich's annual Oktoberfest. The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. Brewers and the beer taverns (Wirtshรคuser) were taxed, and the state also controlled the quality of beer while limiting the competition among breweries. In 1831 the king's government introduced a cost-of-living allowance on beer for lower-ranking civil servants and soldiers. Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s. By the 1850s beer had become essential staple food for Munich's working and lower classes. Since the Middle Ages beer had been regarded as nutritious liquid bread (flieรŸendes Brot) in Bavaria. But Munich suffered from poor water sanitation and as early as the 1700s beer came to be regarded as the fifth element. Beer was essential in maintaining public health in Munich and in the mid-1840s Munich police estimated that at least 40,000 residents relied primarily on beer for their nutrition. In 1832 Peter von Hess painted the Greek War of Independence at the order of King Ludwig I. Ludwig I had the Kรถnigsplatz built in neoclassicism as a matter of ideological choice. Leo von Klenze supervised the construction of a Propylaea between 1854 and 1862. During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion. The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a line going to Augsburg in the west. By 1849 a newer Munich Central Train Station (Mรผnchen Hauptbahnhof) was completed, with a line going to Landshut and Regensburg in the north. In 1825 Ludwig I had ascended to the throne and commissioned leading architects such as Leo von Klenze to design a series of public museums in neoclassical style. The grand building projects of Ludwig I gave Munich the endearment "Isar-Athen" and "Monaco di Bavaria". Between 1856 and 1861 the court gardener Carl von Effner landscaped the banks of the river Isar and established the Maximilian Gardens. From 1848 the Mรผnchner Neueste Nachrichten was published as a regional newspaper in Munich. In 1857 the construction of the Maximilianeum was begun. By the time Ludwig II became king in 1864, he remained mostly aloof from his capital and focused more on his fanciful castles in the Bavarian countryside, which is why he is known the world over as the 'fairytale king'. Ludwig II tried to lure Richard Wagner to Munich, but his plans for an opera house were declined by the city council. Ludwig II nevertheless generated a windfall for Munich's craft and construction industries. In 1876 Munich hosted the first German Art and Industry Exhibition, which showcased the northern Neo-Renaissance fashion that came to be the German Empire's predominant style. Munich based artists put on the German National Applied Arts Exhibition in 1888, showcasing Baroque Revival architecture and Rococo Revival designs. In 1900 Wilhelm Rรถntgen moved to Munich, where he was appointed as a professor of physics. In 1901 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. The Prince Regent Luitpold's reign from 1886 to 1912 was marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich. At the dawn of the 20th century Munich was an epicenter for the Jugendstil movement, combining a liberal magazine culture with progressive industrial design and architecture. The German art movement took its name from the Munich magazine Die Jugend (The Youth). Prominent Munich Jugendstil artists include Hans Eduard von Berlepsch-Valendas, Otto Eckmann, Margarethe von Brauchitsch, August Endell, Hermann Obrist, Wilhelm von Debschitz, and Richard Riemerschmid. In 1905 two large department stores opened in Munich, the Kaufhaus Oberpollinger and the Warenhaus Hermann Tietz, both having been designed by the architect Max Littmann. In 1911 the expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter was established in Munich. Its founding members include Gabriele Mรผnter. Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. During French air raids in 1916, three bombs fell on Munich.[citation needed] In 1916, the 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' (BMW) produced its first aircraft engine in Munich. The public limited company BMW AG was founded in 1918, with Camillo Castiglioni owning one third of the share capital. In 1922 BMW relocated its headquarters to a factory in Munich. After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, Ludwig III of Bavaria and his family fled the city. After the murder of the first republican premier of Bavaria Kurt Eisner in February 1919 by Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed. The November 1918 revolution ended the reign of the Wittelsbach in Bavaria. In Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler described his political activism in Munich after November 1918 as the "Beginning of My Political Activity". Hitler called the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic "the rule of the Jews". In 1919 Bavaria Film was founded and in the 1920s Munich offered film makers an alternative to Germany's largest film studio, Babelsberg Studio. In 1923 Gustav von Kahr was appointed Bavarian prime minister and immediately planned for the expulsion of all Jews who did not hold German citizenship. Chief of Police Ernst Pรถhner and Wilhelm Frick openly indulged in antisemitism, while Bavarian judges praised people on the political right as patriotic for their crimes and handed down mild sentences. In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The revolt failed, resulting in Hitler's arrest and the temporary crippling of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). Munich was chosen as capital for the Free State of Bavaria and acquired increased responsibility for administering the city itself and the surrounding districts. Offices needed to be built for bureaucracy, so a 12-story office building was erected in the southern part of the historic city centre in the late 1920s. Munich again became important to the Nazis when they took power in Germany in 1933. The party created its first concentration camp at Dachau, 16 km (10 mi) north-west of the city. Because of its importance to the rise of National Socialism, Munich was referred to as the Hauptstadt der Bewegung ("Capital of the Movement"). The NSDAP headquarters and the documentation apparatus for controlling all aspects of life were located in Munich. Nazi organizations, such as the National Socialist Women's League and the Gestapo, had their offices along Brienner StraรŸe and around the Kรถnigsplatz. The party acquired 68 buildings in the area and many Fรผhrerbauten ("Fรผhrer buildings") were built to reflect a new aesthetic of power. Construction work for the Fรผhrerbau and the party headquarters (known as the Brown House) started in September 1933. The Haus der Kunst (House of German Art) was the first building to be commissioned by Hitler. The architect Paul Troost was asked to start work shortly after the Nazis had seized power because "the most German of all German cities" was left with no exhibition building when in 1931 the Glass Palace was destroyed in an arson attack. The Red Terror that supposedly preceded Nazi control in Munich was detailed in Nazi publications; seminal accounts are that of Rudolf Schricker Rotmord รผber Mรผnchen published in 1934, and Die Blutchronik des Marxismus in Deutschland by Adolf Ehrt and Hans Roden. In 1930 Feinkost Kรคfer was founded in Munich; the Kรคfer catering business is now a world leading party service. The city was the site where the 1938 Munich Agreement signed between the United Kingdom and the Third French Republic with Nazi Germany as part of the Franco-British policy of appeasement. The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain assented to the German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland in the hopes of satisfying Hitler's territorial expansion. The Munich-Riem Airport was completed in October 1939. On 8 November 1939, shortly after the Second World War had begun, Georg Elser planted a bomb in the Bรผrgerbrรคukeller in Munich in an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, who held a political party speech. Hitler, however, had left the building minutes before the bomb went off. By mid 1942 the majority of Jews living in Munich and the suburbs had been deported. During the war, Munich was the location of multiple forced labour camps, including two Polenlager camps for Polish youth, and 40 subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp, in which men and women of various nationalities were held. With up to 17,000 prisoners in 1945, the largest subcamp of Dachau was the Munich-Allach concentration camp. Munich was the base of the White Rose, a student resistance movement. The group had distributed leaflets in several cities and following the 1943 Battle of Stalingrad members of the group stenciled slogans such as "Down with Hitler" and "Hitler the Mass Murderer" on public buildings in Munich. The core members were arrested and executed after Sophie Scholl and her brother Hans Scholl were caught distributing leaflets on Munich University campus calling upon the youth to rise against Hitler. The city was heavily damaged by the bombing of Munich in World War II, with 71 air raids over five years. US troops captured Munich on 30 April 1945. In the aftermath of World War II, Germany and Japan were subject to US Military occupation. Due to Polish annexation of the Former eastern territories of Germany and expulsion of Germans from all over Eastern Europe, Munich operated over a thousand refugee camps for 151,113 people in October 1946. After US occupation Munich was completely rebuilt following a meticulous plan, which preserved its pre-war street grid, bar a few exceptions owing to then-modern traffic concepts. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The city continued to play a highly significant role in the German economy, politics and culture, giving rise to its nickname Heimliche Hauptstadt ("secret capital") in the decades after World War II. In Munich, the Bayerischer Rundfunk began its first television broadcast in 1954. The Free State of Bavaria used the arms industry as kernel for its high tech development policy. Since 1963, Munich has been hosting the Munich Security Conference, held annually in the Hotel Bayerischer Hof. Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician Franz Josef Strauss from the 1960s to the 1980s. The Munich Airport, which commenced operations in 1992, was named in his honor. In the early 1960s Dieter Kunzelmann was expelled from the Situationist International and founded an influential group called Subversive Aktion in Munich. Kunzelmann was also active in West Berlin, and became known for using situationist avant-garde as a cover for political violence. Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics. After winning the bid in 1966 the Mayor of Munich Hans-Jochen Vogel accelerated the construction of the U-Bahn subway and the S-Bahn metropolitan commuter railway. In May 1967 the construction work began for a new U-Bahn line connecting the city with the Olympic Park. The Olympic Park subway station was built near the BMW Headquarters and the line was completed in May 1972, three months before the opening of the 1972 Summer Olympics. Shortly before the opening ceremony, Munich also inaugurated a sizable pedestrian priority zone between Karlsplatz and Marienplatz. In 1970 the Munich city council released funds so that the iconic gothic facade and Glockenspiel of the New City Hall (Neues Rathaus) could be restored. During the 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by Palestinian terrorists in the Munich massacre, when gunmen from the Palestinian "Black September" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team. The most deadly militant attack the Federal Republic of Germany has ever witnessed was the Oktoberfest bombing. The attack was eventually blamed on militant Neo-Nazism. Munich and its urban sprawl emerged as the leading German high tech region during the 1980s and 1990s. The urban economy of Munich became characterized by a dynamic labour market, low unemployment, a growing service economy and high per capita income. Munich is home of the famous Nockherberg Strong Beer Festival during the Lenten fasting period (usually in March). Its origins go back to the 17th/18th century, but has become popular when the festivities were first televised in the 1980s. The fest includes comical speeches and a mini-musical in which numerous German politicians are parodied by look-alike actors. In 2007 the ecological restoration of the river Isar in the urban area of Munich was awarded the Water Development Prize by the German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (known as DWA in German). The renaturation of the Isar allows for the near natural development of the river bed and is part of Munich's flood protection. About 20% of buildings in Munich now have a green roof. Munich city council has been encouraging better stormwater management since the 1990s with regulations and subsidies. On the fifth anniversary of the 2011 Norway attacks an active shooter perpetrated a hate crime. The 2016 Munich shooting targeted people of Turkish and Arab descent. Munich was one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2020, which was delayed for a year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, and was a host city for UEFA Euro 2024. Geography Munich lies on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria, about 50 km (31 mi) north of the northern edge of the Alps, at an altitude of about 520 m (1,706 ft) ASL. The local rivers are the Isar and the Wรผrm. Munich is situated in the Northern Alpine Foreland. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile flint area which is no longer affected by the folding processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with morainic hills. Between these are fields of fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the ground water can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to marshes as in the north of Munich. According to the Kรถppen climate classification, the climate is oceanic (Cfb) bordering on humid continental (Dfb), with features like warm to hot summers and cold winters, but without permanent snow cover. The city centre lies between both climates, while the airport of Munich has a humid continental climate. The warmest month, on average, is July. The coolest is January. The proximity to the Alps brings higher volumes of rainfall and consequently greater susceptibility to flood problems. Studies of adaptation to climate change and extreme events are carried out; one of them is the Isar Plan of the EU Adaptation Climate. Showers and thunderstorms bring the highest average monthly precipitation in late spring and throughout the summer. The most precipitation occurs in July, on average. Winter tends to have less precipitation, the least in February. The higher elevation and proximity to the Alps cause the city to have more rain and snow than many other parts of Germany. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways too; for example, the warm downhill wind from the Alps (fรถhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours even in the winter. Being at the centre of Europe, Munich is subject to many climatic influences, so that weather conditions there are more variable than in other European cities, especially those further west and south of the Alps. Munich is near the Alps. Annual variation in temperature can be significant, because there are no large bodies of water nearby. The winter in Munich is generally cold and overcast, and some Munich winters have significant snow. January is the coldest month. While winter averages remain only moderately cold, and relatively mild for an elevated inland location of Munich's latitude, inversion from the nearby Alps causes cold air to sink and result in temperatures below โˆ’15 ยฐC (5 ยฐF). In Munich the summer is usually pleasantly warm, with daytime temperatures averaging 25 ยฐC (77 ยฐF). Munich is subject to active convective seasons and sometimes damaging events. The Alpine thunderstorm system moves along the mountain range, or detaches, heading east-north-east over the foothills of the Alps. At Munich's official weather stations, the highest and lowest temperatures ever measured are 37.5 ยฐC (100 ยฐF), on 27 July 1983 in Trudering-Riem, and โˆ’31.6 ยฐC (โˆ’24.9 ยฐF), on 12 February 1929 in the Botanic Garden of the city. In Munich, the general trend of global warming with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about 1 ยฐC (1.8 ยฐF) in Germany between 1900 and 2020 can be observed as well. In November 2016 the city council concluded officially that a further rise in medium temperature, a higher number of heat extremes, a rise in the number of hot days and nights with temperatures higher than 20 ยฐC (tropical nights), a change in precipitation patterns, as well as a rise in the number of local instances of heavy rain, is to be expected as part of the ongoing climate change. The city administration decided to support a joint study from its own Referat fรผr Gesundheit und Umwelt (department for health and environmental issues) and the German Meteorological Service that will gather data on local weather. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. With the help of those programs issues regarding spatial planning and settlement density, the development of buildings and green spaces as well as plans for functioning ventilation in a cityscape can be monitored and managed. Demographics From only 24,000 inhabitants in 1700, the city population doubled about every 30 years. It was 100,000 in 1852, 250,000 in 1883 and 500,000 in 1901. Since then, Munich has become Germany's third-largest city. In 1933, 840,901 inhabitants were counted, and in 1957 over 1 million. Munich has reached 1.5 million in 2022. In December 2023, Munich had 1.58 million inhabitants; 477,855 foreign nationals resided in the city as of 31 December 2023 with 42.88% of these residents being citizens of EU member states, and 29.66% citizens in European states not in the EU (including Kosovo and Turkey). Along with the Turks, the Croats are one of the two largest foreign minorities in the city, which is why some Croats refer to Munich as their "second capital". The largest groups of foreign nationals were Turks (38,947), Croats (37,541), Italians (28,142), Greeks (24,843), Bosnians (24,161), Ukrainians (21,899), and Austrians (21,944). About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were Catholic, 11.4% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish (see: History of the Jews in Munich), and 3.6% were members of an Orthodox Church (Eastern Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox). About 1% adhere to other Christian denominations. There is also a small Old Catholic parish and an English-speaking parish of the Episcopal Church in the city. According to Munich Statistical Office, in 2013 about 6.9% of Munich's population was Muslim. Munich has the largest Uyghur population with about 800 (whole Germany about 1,600) people with Uyghur diaspora. Many of them fled to Munich due to the Chinese government and are exiled in Munich. Munich is also home to World Uyghur Congress, which is an international organisation of exiled Uyghurs. Government and politics As the capital of Bavaria, Munich is an important political centre for both the state and country as a whole. It is the seat of the Landtag of Bavaria, the State Chancellery, and all state departments. Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the Federal Finance Court of Germany, the German Patent Office and the European Patent Office. Bavaria has been dominated by the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) on a federal, state, and local level since the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949. The current mayor of Munich is Dieter Reiter, he is from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows: The Munich city council (Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows: The governing coalition after the 2020 election consisted of the Greens and the SPD, as well as the allied Volt and Pink List, which had one seat each. While the Greens had gained the most seats in the city council, the mayor was from the SPD. The parties made an agreement including social and ecological goals and focusing on heightening stipulations for new development in the city. The Red-Green alliance is a reprise of the 1990โ€“2014 coalition, which was interrupted by a six-year CSU-SPD majority from 2014 to 2020. In the Landtag of Bavaria, Munich is divided between nine constituencies. After the 2018 Bavarian state election, the composition and representation of each was as follows: In the Bundestag, Munich is divided between four constituencies. In the 20th Bundestag, the composition and representation of each was as follows: Since the reform of 1992, Munich is divided into 25 administrative boroughs (Stadtbezirke). They are subdivided into 105 statistical areas. Allach-Untermenzing (23), Altstadt-Lehel (1), Aubing-Lochhausen-Langwied (22), Au-Haidhausen (5), Berg am Laim (14), Bogenhausen (13), Feldmoching-Hasenbergl (24), Hadern (20), Laim (25), Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt (2), Maxvorstadt (3), Milbertshofen-Am Hart (11), Moosach (10), Neuhausen-Nymphenburg (9), Obergiesing (17), Pasing-Obermenzing (21), Ramersdorf-Perlach (16), Schwabing-Freimann (12), Schwabing-West (4), Schwanthalerhรถhe (8), Sendling (6), Sendling-Westpark (7), Thalkirchen-Obersendling-Forstenried-Fรผrstenried-Solln (19), Trudering-Riem (15), and Untergiesing-Harlaching (18). There is no official division into districts. The number of districts is about 50, and if smaller units are counted as well, there are about 90 to 100 (see map). The three largest districts are Schwabing in the north (about 110,000 inhabitants), Sendling in the southwest (about 100,000 inhabitants), and Giesing in the south (about 80,000 inhabitants). Architecture At the centre of the old town is the Marienplatz with the Old Town Hall and the New Town Hall. Its tower contains the Rathaus-Glockenspiel. The Peterskirche is the oldest church of the inner city. Nearby St. Peter, the Gothic hall-church Heiliggeistkirche was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the Viktualienmarkt. Three gates of the demolished medieval fortification survive; these are the Isartor, the Sendlinger Tor, and the Karlstor. The Karlstor leads up to the Stachus, a square dominated by the Justizpalast (Palace of Justice). The Frauenkirche serves as the cathedral for the Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising. The nearby Michaelskirche is the largest renaissance church north of the Alps, while the Theatinerkirche is a basilica in Italianate high baroque, which had a major influence on southern German baroque architecture. Its dome dominates the Odeonsplatz. Schloss Nymphenburg (Nymphenburg Palace, construction started 1664) is a museum open to the public for tours. The smaller Schloss Fรผrstenried (Fรผrstenried Palace, construction 1715โ€“1717) is used by the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising as a conference location. Schloss Blutenburg (Blutenburg Castle) opened as a children's library in 2024, but visitors may tour the late-Gothic Blutenburg Castle Church built on the same grounds. The large Munich Residenz complex on the edge of Munich's Old Town now ranks among Europe's most significant museums of interior decoration. Within the Residenz is the splendid Cuvilliรฉs Theatre and next door is the National Theatre Munich. Among the mansions that still exist in Munich are the Palais Porcia, the Palais Preysing, the Palais Holnstein and the Prinz-Carl-Palais. All mansions are situated close to the Residenz, so is the Alter Hof, the first residence of the House of Wittelsbach. Despite Munich being the breeding ground for German Jugendstil, starting with the architect Martin Dรผlfer, Munich Jugendstil style was quickly submerged as historic trash. While the modernist architect Theodor Fischer was based in Munich, his influence on Munich underwhelmed. Prior to 1914 the city of Munich was under-industrialized. During the Weimar Republic, the Munich establishment was hostile to modernism. The TUM professor German Bestelmeyer favored a conservative style, and Jacobus Oud was rejected for the post of city building chief. Modernist exceptions include a series of post offices by Robert Vorhoelzer built in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Examples of avant-garde temporary constructions include the Wohnmaschine (Housing Machine) by Robert Vorhoelzer, as well as the Flachdachhaus (Flat Roof House) by Fritz Norkauer. Paul Schultze-Naumburg, and the Kampfbund enjoyed particular popularity. Several high-rise buildings are clustered at the northern edge of Munich in the skyline, like the HVB Tower, the Arabella High-Rise Building, the Highlight Towers, Uptown Munich, Mรผnchner Tor and the BMW Headquarters next to the Olympic Park. Further high-rise buildings are located in the Werksviertel [de] in Berg am Laim. Munich is subject to a long-term residential development plan that is established by the city administration of Munich. The LaSie ("Langfristige Siedlungsentwicklung") was passed in 2011 in response to the acute housing crisis. LaSie is aligned with the strategic development plan passed for Munich in 1998 ("Perspektive Mรผnchen"). LaSie defines three priorities for the construction of residential housing in Munich. Existing housing estates, post-war low-density developments, and the suburban area are subject to densification ("Nachverdichtung"). Non-residential industrial areas are subject to conservation and will be turned into residential and mixed-use areas. On greenfield sites in the Munich periphery medium and large-scale housing estates are to be built so as to extend Munich's urban center. Parks Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell became famous for designing the Englischer Garten between 1789 and 1807. Besides planning the first public garden in Europe, Sckell also redesigned Baroque gardens as landscape gardens, including the parks of Nymphenburg Palace and the Botanischer Garten Mรผnchen-Nymphenburg. Other large green spaces are the Olympiapark, the Westpark and the Ostpark. The city's oldest park is the Hofgarten, near the Residenz, dating back to the 16th century. The site of the largest beer garden in town, the former royal Hirschgarten, was founded in 1780. Sports Munich is home to several professional Association football teams including the FC Bayern Munich. Other notable clubs include 1860 Munich, who currently play in the 3. Liga. Noticeably, FC Bayern Munich is the most successful club in Germany and it is also very reputed across Europe and the world. Munich hosted matches in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. FC Bayern Munich Basketball is currently playing in the Beko Basket Bundesliga. The city hosted the final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1993, where the German national basketball team won the gold medal. The city's ice hockey club is EHC Red Bull Mรผnchen who play in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. The team has won four DEL Championships, in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2023. Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics; the Munich massacre took place in the Olympic village. It was one of the host cities for the 2006 Football World Cup, which was not held in Munich's Olympic Stadium, but in a new football specific stadium, the Allianz Arena. Munich bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games, but lost to Pyeongchang. In October 2025, Munich citizens voted heavily (66%) in favor of their city's bid to host the 2036, 2040, or 2044 Olympic Games. The pro-bid campaign focused on ecological and sustainable solutions, social housing, and leveraging existing infrastructure. Regular annual road running events in Munich are the Munich Marathon in October, the Stadtlauf end of June, the company run B2Run in July, the New Year's Run on 31 December, the Spartan Race Sprint, the Olympia Alm Crosslauf and the Bestzeitenmarathon. Public sporting facilities in Munich include ten indoor swimming pools and eight outdoor swimming pools, which are operated by the Munich City Utilities (SWM) communal company. Popular indoor swimming pools include the Olympia Schwimmhalle of the 1972 Summer Olympics, the wave pool Cosimawellenbad, as well as the Mรผllersches Volksbad which was built in 1901. Further, swimming within Munich's city limits is also possible in several artificial lakes such as for example the Riemer See or the Langwieder lake district. River surfing is a popular sport in Munich. The Flosskanal wave in the south of Munich is less challenging. A well visited surfing spot for experienced surfers is the Eisbach standing wave, where the annual Munich Surf Open is celebrated on the last Saturday of July. Culture German is spoken and understood in and around Munich. While the German language has many dialects, so-called "Standard German" or "High German" is learned in schools and spoken among Germans, Austrians and in some parts of Switzerland. A speaker of a Low German dialect in Hamburg may find it difficult to understand the dialect of a Bavarian mountaineer. The Bavarian dialects are recognized as regional language and continues to be spoken alongside Standard German. The gothic Morris dancers of Erasmus Grasser are exhibited in the Munich City Museum in the old gothic arsenal building in the inner city. In 1903 Oskar von Miller assembled a group of engineers and industrialists, who chartered the Deutsches Museum. The Museum was built with the financial support of the German business and imperial nobility community, as well as the blessing of Wilhelm II, German Emperor. The Deutsches Museum had its grand opening in 1925, but has undergone a reinvention recently. The Deutsches Museum now operates three locations. The original site in central Munich continues to expand its exhibits. The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the Kunstareal. The Lenbachhaus displays works of the movement Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a Munich-based modernist art.Starting in 1970s, German municipalities started to respond to cultural tourism and invested in public museums. The Neue Pinakothek, like other German museums, was wholly reconstructed from 1974 until 1981. The Pinakothek der Moderne lets the public see an eclectic mix of contemporary art and the principle attention of the permanent collection is Classical Moderns. But the displays are enhanced continuously with spectacular gifts from private collections. City guides published in the early 1860s directed tourists to Munich's architecture and art collections, which at the time were unique in Germany and are a legacy mainly of Ludwig I of Bavaria, with contributions from Maximilian II of Bavaria. The Alte Pinakothek contains works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. Major displays include Albrecht Dรผrer's Self-Portrait (1500), his Four Apostles, Raphael's paintings The Canigiani Holy Family and Madonna Tempi as well as Peter Paul Rubens large Judgment Day. An extensive collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the Glyptothek and the Staatliche Antikensammlungen (the State Antiquities Collections). Works on display include the Medusa Rondanini, the Barberini Faun and figures from the Temple of Aphaea on Aegina for the Glyptothek. Another interesting museum is the Staatliche Sammlung fรผr ร„gyptische Kunst (the State Collection of Egyptian Art). Several public collections of LMU Munich are still housed in the Kunstareal. The expanded state collections are housed in the Palรคontologisches Museum Mรผnchen, and the Zoologische Staatssammlung Mรผnchen.[citation needed] After the first German art exhibition in the Glaspalast for an international audience in 1869, Munich emerged as a focal point for the arts. Men of distinction from around the world visited the Academy of Fine Arts under the directorship of Karl von Piloty and later Wilhelm von Kaulbach. The Museum Five Continents is the second largest collection in Germany of artefacts and objects from outside Europe, while the Bavarian National Museum and the adjoining Bavarian State Archaeological Collection display regional art and cultural history. The Schackgalerie is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings. The memorial museum of the former Dachau concentration camp is just outside the city. Munich is a major international musical centre and has played host to many prominent composers including Orlande de Lassus, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Carl Maria von Weber, Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Max Reger and Carl Orff. Some of classical music's best-known compositions have been created in and around Munich by composers born in the area, for example, Richard Strauss's tone poem Also sprach Zarathustra or Carl Orff's Carmina Burana.[citation needed] Richard Wagner was a supporter of William I, German Emperor, but Wagner only found a generous patron in Ludwig II of Bavaria. 1870 til 1871 Wagner premiered Die Meistersinger von Nรผrnberg (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) in Munich, a popular success for Wagner and King Ludwig II. Wagner premiered at the Hoftheater, now the National Theatre Munich, with Angelo Quaglio the Younger designing the premiere production. The National Theatre Munich is now the home of the Bavarian State Opera and the Bavarian State Orchestra. Next door, the modern Residenz Theatre was erected in the building that also houses the Cuvilliรฉs Theatre. The Staatstheater am Gรคrtnerplatz is a state theater while another opera house, the Prinzregententheater, has become the home of the Bavarian Theater Academy and the Munich Chamber Orchestra. The modern Gasteig centre houses the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra. The third orchestra in Munich with international importance is the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulessaal in the former city royal residence, the Munich Residenz. Many important conductors have been attracted by the city's orchestras, including Felix Weingartner, Hans Pfitzner, Hans Rosbaud, Hans Knappertsbusch, Sergiu Celibidache, James Levine, Christian Thielemann, Lorin Maazel, Rafael Kubelรญk, Eugen Jochum, Sir Colin Davis, Mariss Jansons, Bruno Walter, Georg Solti, Zubin Mehta and Kent Nagano. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the Deutsche Theater. It is Germany's largest theatre for guest performances. Munich was the centre of Krautrock in southern Germany, with many important bands such as Amon Dรผรผl II, Embryo or Popol Vuh hailing from the city. In the 1970s, the Musicland Studios developed into one of the most prominent recording studios in the world, with bands such as the Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple and Queen recording albums there. Munich also played a significant role in the development of electronic music, with genre pioneer Giorgio Moroder, who invented synth disco and electronic dance music, and Donna Summer, one of disco music's most important performers, both living and working in the city. In the late 1990s, Electroclash was substantially co-invented if not even invented in Munich, when DJ Hell introduced and assembled international pioneers of this musical genre through his International DeeJay Gigolo Records label here. Other notable musicians and bands from Munich include Konstantin Wecker, Willy Astor, Spider Murphy Gang, Mรผnchener Freiheit, Lou Bega, Megaherz, FSK, Colour Haze and Sportfreunde Stiller.[citation needed] Munich hosted several Love Parades and Mayday Party rave events throughout the 1990s. Munich continues to rave, the local youth scenes are active. The Munich Kammerspiele is one of the most important German-language theaters. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich, they include Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Henrik Ibsen, and Hugo von Hofmannsthal.[citation needed] At the turn of the 20th century Schwabing was a preeminent cultural metropolis. Schwabing was an epicenter for both literature and the fine arts, with numerous German and non-German artists living there. Vladimir Lenin authored What Is to Be Done? while living in Schwabing. Central to Schwabing's bohemian scene were Kรผnstlerlokale (Artist's Cafรฉs) like Cafรฉ Stefanie or Kabarett Simpl, whose liberal ways differed fundamentally from Munich's more traditional localities. The Simpl, which survives to this day, was named after Munich's anti-authoritarian satirical magazine Simplicissimus, founded in 1896 by Albert Langen and Thomas Theodor Heine, which quickly became an important organ of the Schwabinger Bohรจme. Its caricatures and biting satirical attacks on Wilhelmine German society were the result of countless of collaborative efforts by many of the best visual artists and writers from Munich and elsewhere.[citation needed] In 1971 Eckart Witzigmann teamed up with a Munich building contractor to finance and open the Tantris restaurant in Schwabing. Witzigmann is credited for starting the German Kรผchenwunder (kitchen wonder). The Biedermeier era was named after a character that regularly appeared in the satire magazine Mรผnchner Fliegende Blรคtter (Loose Munich Pages), which was published by Adolf Kussmaul and Ludwig Eichrodt in Munich between 1855 and 1857. Biedermeier was a synonym for arts, furniture, and the lifestyle of the nonheroic middle class. The Biedermeier era painters Ferdinand Georg Waldmรผller, Moritz von Schwind, and Carl Spitzweg are shown in the Neue Pinakothek. Celebrity literary figures worked in Munich especially during the final decades of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the so-called Prinzregentenzeit (literally prince regent's time) under the reign of Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria. This includes Thomas Mann, Heinrich Mann, Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse, Rainer Maria Rilke, Ludwig Thoma, Fanny zu Reventlow, Oskar Panizza, Gustav Meyrink, Max Halbe, Erich Mรผhsam and Frank Wedekind. The period immediately before World War I saw continued economic and cultural prominence for the city. Thomas Mann wrote in his novella Gladius Dei about this period: "Mรผnchen leuchtete" (literally "Munich shone"). Munich remained a centre of cultural life during the Weimar Republic, with figures such as Lion Feuchtwanger, Bertolt Brecht, Peter Paul Althaus, Stefan George, Ricarda Huch, Joachim Ringelnatz, Oskar Maria Graf, Annette Kolb, Ernst Toller, Hugo Ball, and Klaus Mann adding to the already established big names. Karl Valentin, the cabaret performer and comedian, is to this day remembered and beloved as a cultural icon of his hometown. Between 1910 and 1940, he wrote and performed in many absurdist sketches and short films that were highly influential, earning him the nickname of "Charlie Chaplin of Germany". Liesl Karlstadt, before working together with Valentin, cross-dressed and performed cabaret with yodeling on stage and in Munich's Cafe-Theatres. The cabaret scene was crushed when the Nazis seized power in 1933 and Karlstadt was saved from Nazi sterilization by a doctor. Contemporary Munich cabaret still reverences 1920s cabaret, the Munich alternative rock band F.S.K. absorbs yodels. After World War II, Munich soon again became a focal point of the German literary scene and remains so to this day, with writers as diverse as Wolfgang Koeppen, Erich Kรคstner, Eugen Roth, Alfred Andersch, Elfriede Jelinek, Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Michael Ende, Franz Xaver Kroetz, Gerhard Polt and Patrick Sรผskind calling the city their home.[citation needed] From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like Erasmus Grasser, Jan Polack, Johann Baptist Straub, Ignaz Gรผnther, Hans Krumpper, Ludwig von Schwanthaler, Cosmas Damian Asam, Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Baptist Zimmermann, Johann Michael Fischer and Franรงois de Cuvilliรฉs. Munich had already become an important place for painters like Carl Rottmann, Lovis Corinth, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Carl Spitzweg, Franz von Lenbach, Franz Stuck, Karl Piloty and Wilhelm Leibl.[citation needed] Munich was (and in some cases, still is) home to many of the most important authors of the New German Cinema movement, including Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Werner Herzog, Edgar Reitz and Herbert Achternbusch. In 1971, the Filmverlag der Autoren was founded, cementing the city's role in the movement's history. Munich served as the location for many of Fassbinder's films, among them Ali: Fear Eats the Soul. The Hotel Deutsche Eiche near Gรคrtnerplatz was somewhat like a centre of operations for Fassbinder and his "clan" of actors. New German Cinema is considered by far the most important artistic movement in German cinema history since the era of German Expressionism in the 1920s. In 1919, the Bavaria Film Studios were founded, which developed into one of Europe's largest film studios. Directors like Alfred Hitchcock, Billy Wilder, Orson Welles, John Huston, Ingmar Bergman, Stanley Kubrick, Claude Chabrol, Fritz Umgelter, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Wolfgang Petersen and Wim Wenders made films there. Among the internationally well-known films produced at the studios are The Pleasure Garden (1925) by Alfred Hitchcock, The Great Escape (1963) by John Sturges, Paths of Glory (1957) by Stanley Kubrick, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) by Mel Stuart and both Das Boot (1981) and The Neverending Story (1984) by Wolfgang Petersen. Munich remains one of the centres of the German film and entertainment industry. The Coopers' Dance (German: Schรคfflertanz) is a guild dance of coopers originally started in Munich. Since early 1800s the custom spread via journeymen in it is now a common tradition over the Old Bavaria region. The dance was supposed to be held every seven years. March and April, for three weeks during Lent, celebrating Munich's "strong beer". Starkbier was created in 1651 by the local Paulinerkirche, Leipzig monks who drank this 'Flรผssiges Brot', or 'liquid bread'. It became a public festival in 1751 and is now the second largest beer festival in Munich. A Starkbierfest may be celebrated in beer halls and pubs.[citation needed] Held for two weeks at the Theresienwiese from the end of April to the beginning of May, the new local spring beers are served. A regular event combining a market and a German style folk festival on the Mariahilfplatz. The Auer Dult can be up to 300 stalls, selling handmade crafts, household goods, and local foods. Munich's Kocherlball (Cooks' Ball) is an annual event, to commemorate all servants, ranging from kitchenhands to cooks. The tradition started in the 19th century. Usually held annually in July and December, Olympia Park. The Tollwood Festival showcases fine and performing arts with live music, and several lanes of booths selling handmade crafts, as well as Organic food, mostly Fusion cuisine. At Theresienwiese, the largest beer festival in the world, Munich's Oktoberfest runs for 16โ€“18 days from the end of September through early October. In the last 200 years the festival has grown to span 85 acres and now welcomes over six million visitors every year. Beer is served from the six major Munich breweries. These are Augustiner-Brรคu, Hacker-Pschorr Brewery, Lรถwenbrรคu Brewery, Paulaner Brewery, Spaten-Franziskaner-Brรคu, and Staatliches Hofbrรคuhaus in Mรผnchen. Food must be bought in each tent. The Munich Christkindlmarkt started to evolve in the 14th century. The German Christkindlmarkt reached the desired accomplishment[clarification needed] in the 17th century in Nuremberg. The Munich cuisine contributes to the Bavarian cuisine. Munich WeiรŸwurst ("white sausage", German: Mรผnchner WeiรŸwurst) was invented here in 1857. It is a Munich speciality. Traditionally WeiรŸwurst is served in pubs before noon and is served with sweet mustard and freshly baked pretzels. Munich has 11 restaurants that have been awarded one or more Michelin Guide stars in 2021. Munich is known for its breweries and Weissbier (wheat beer). Helles, a pale lager with a translucent gold color, is the most popular contemporary Munich beer. Helles has largely replaced Munich's dark beer, known as Dunkel, which gets its color from roasted malt. It was the typical beer in Munich in the 19th century. Starkbier is the strongest Munich beer, with a high alcohol content of 6%โ€“9%. It is dark amber in color and has a heavy malty taste. The beer served at Oktoberfest is a special type of beer with a higher alcohol content. Wirtshรคuser are traditional Bavarian pubs, many of which also have small outside areas. Biergรคrten (beer gardens) are a popular fixture in Munich's gastronomic landscape. They are central to the city's culture, and are an overt melting pot for members of all walks of life, regardless of social class. There are many smaller beer gardens, but some beer gardens have thousands of seats. Large beer gardens can be found in the Englischer Garten, on the Nockherberg, and in the Hirschgarten. There are six main breweries in Munich are Augustiner-Brรคu, Hacker-Pschorr Brewery, Hofbrรคuhaus, Lรถwenbrรคu, Paulaner, and Spaten-Franziskaner-Brรคu. Smaller breweries are becoming more prevalent in Munich. The Circus Krone based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe. It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a building of its own. Nightlife in Munich is located mostly in the boroughs Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Maxvorstadt, Au-Haidhausen, Berg am Laim and Sendling. Between Sendlinger Tor and Maximiliansplatz, on the edge of the central Altstadt-Lehel district, there is also the so-called Feierbanane (party banana), a roughly banana-shaped unofficial party zone spanning 1.3 km (0.8 mi) along SonnenstraรŸe, characterized by a high concentration of clubs, bars and restaurants, which became the center of Munich's nightlife in the mid-2000s. In the 1960s and 1970s, Schwabing was considered a center of nightlife in Germany, with internationally known clubs such as Big Apple, PN hit-house, Domicile, Hot Club, Piper Club, Tiffany, Germany's first large-scale discotheque Blow Up and the underwater nightclub Yellow Submarine, and Munich has been called "New York's big disco sister" in this context. Bars in the Schwabing district of this era include, among many others, Schwabinger 7 and Schwabinger Podium. Since the 1980s, however, Schwabing has lost much of its nightlife activity due to gentrification and the resulting high rents, and the formerly wild artists' and students' quarter developed into one of the city's most coveted and expensive residential districts, attracting affluent citizens with little interest in partying. Since the 1960s, the Rosa Viertel (pink quarter) developed in the Glockenbachviertel and around Gรคrtnerplatz, which in the 1980s made Munich "one of the four gayest metropolises in the world" along with San Francisco, New York City and Amsterdam. In particular, the area around MรผllerstraรŸe and Hans-Sachs-StraรŸe was characterized by numerous gay bars and nightclubs. One of them was the travesty nightclub Old Mrs. Henderson, where Freddie Mercury, who lived in Munich from 1979 to 1985, filmed the music video for the song Living on My Own at his 39th birthday party. Since the mid-1990s, the Kunstpark Ost and its successor Kultfabrik, a former industrial complex that was converted to a large party area near Mรผnchen Ostbahnhof in Berg am Laim, hosted more than 30 clubs and was especially popular among younger people from the metropolitan area surrounding Munich and tourists. The Kultfabrik was closed at the end of the year 2015 to convert the area into a residential and office area. Apart from the Kultfarbik and the smaller Optimolwerke, there is a wide variety of establishments in the urban parts of nearby Haidhausen. Before the Kunstpark Ost, there had already been an accumulation of internationally known nightclubs in the remains of the abandoned former Munich-Riem Airport. Munich nightlife tends to change dramatically and quickly. Establishments open and close every year, and due to gentrification and the overheated housing market many survive only a few years, while others last longer. Beyond the already mentioned venues of the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs with international recognition in recent history included Tanzlokal GrรถรŸenwahn, The Atomic Cafรฉ and the techno clubs Babalu Club, Ultraschall, KW โ€“ Das Heizkraftwerk, Natraj Temple, MMA Club (Mixed Munich Arts), Die Registratur and Bob Beaman. From 1995 to 2001, Munich was also home to the Union Move, one of the largest technoparades in Germany. Munich has the highest density of music venues of any German city, followed by Hamburg, Cologne and Berlin. Within the city's limits are more than 100 nightclubs and thousands of bars and restaurants. Some notable nightclubs are: popular techno clubs are Blitz Club, Harry Klein, Rote Sonne, Bahnwรคrter Thiel, Pimpernel, Charlie, Palais and Pathos. Popular mixed music clubs are Call me Drella, Wannda Circus, Tonhalle, Backstage, Muffathalle, Ampere, Pacha, P1, Zenith, Minna Thiel and the party ship Alte Utting. Education Munich is a leading location for science and research with a long list of Nobel Prize laureates from Wilhelm Rรถntgen in 1901 to Theodor W. Hรคnsch in 2005. LMU Munich and the Technical University of Munich (TUM), were two of the first three German universities to be awarded the title elite university by a selection committee composed of academics and members of the Ministries of Education and Research of the Federation and the German states (Lรคnder). Notable Gymnasien in Munich include the Maria-Theresia-Gymnasium, the Luitpold Gymnasium, the Wilhelmsgymnasium, as well as the Wittelsbacher Gymnasium. Munich has several notable international schools, including Lycรฉe Jean Renoir, the Japanische Internationale Schule Mรผnchen, the Bavarian International School, the Munich International School, and the European School, Munich.[citation needed] The Max Planck Society, a government funded non-profit research organization, has its administrative headquarters in Munich. The Fraunhofer Society, the German government funded research organization for applied research, has its headquarters in Munich. International relations Munich is twinned with: Economy Munich has the strongest economy of any German city according to a study and the lowest unemployment rate (5.4% in July 2020) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne). Munich ranks third on the list of German cities by gross domestic product (GDP). In addition, it is one of the most attractive business locations in Germany. The city is also the economic centre of southern Germany. Munich topped the ranking of the magazine Capital in February 2005 for the economic prospects between 2002 and 2011 in 60 German cities. Munich is a financial, business and commercial center and global city that holds the headquarters of many companies. This includes more companies listed by the DAX than any other German city, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as McDonald's and Microsoft. One of the best-known newly established Munich companies is Flixbus. Munich holds the headquarters of Siemens AG (electronics), BMW (car), Traton (truck manufacturer, engineering), MTU Aero Engines (aircraft engine manufacturer), Linde (gases) and Rohde & Schwarz (electronics). Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, purchasing power is highest in Munich (โ‚ฌ26,648 per inhabitant) as of 2007[update]. In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of โ‚ฌ18.62 (ca. $20). The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009. Munich is also a centre for biotechnology, software and other service industries. Furthermore, Munich is the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the injection moulding machine manufacturer Krauss-Maffei, and its arms manufacturing branch Krauss-Maffei & Wegmann, the camera and lighting manufacturer Arri, the semiconductor firm Infineon Technologies (headquartered in the suburban town of Neubiberg), lighting giant Osram, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as Microsoft. Munich has significance as a financial centre (second only to Frankfurt), being home of HypoVereinsbank and the Bayerische Landesbank. It outranks Frankfurt though as home of insurance companies such as Allianz (insurance) and Munich Re (re-insurance). Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe and home to the Sรผddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, while the largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG, is headquartered in the suburb of Unterfรถhring. The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, and of Burda publishing group are also in Munich. The Bavaria Film Studios are located in the suburb of Grรผnwald. They are one of Europe's biggest film production studios. Quality of life Most Munich residents enjoy a high quality of life. Mercer HR Consulting consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide โ€“ a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th. In 2007 the same company also ranked Munich as the 39th most expensive in the world and most expensive major city in Germany. Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Environmental pollution is low, although as of 2006[update] the city council is concerned about levels of particulate matter (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. Since the enactment of EU legislation concerning the concentration of particulate in the air, environmental groups such as Greenpeace have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the state government to take a harder stance on pollution. Due to the high standard of living in and the thriving economy of the city and the region, there was an influx of people and Munich's population surpassed 1.5 million by June 2015, an increase of more than 20% in 10 years.[citation needed] Transport Munich has an extensive public transport system consisting of an underground metro, trams, buses and high-speed rail. In 2015, the transport modal share in Munich was 38 percent public transport, 25 percent car, 23 percent walking, and 15 percent bicycle. Its public transport system delivered 566 million passenger trips that year. Munich is the hub of a developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the Berlinโ€“Munich high-speed railway, which connects Munich to the German capital city with a journey time of about 4 hours. Flixmobility which offers intercity coach service is headquartered in Munich. The trade fair Transport Logistic is held every two years at the Neue Messe Mรผnchen (Messe Mรผnchen International). For its urban population of 2.6 million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have a comprehensive network of public transport incorporating the Munich U-Bahn, the Munich S-Bahn, trams and buses. The system is supervised by the Munich Transport and Tariff Association (Mรผnchner Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund). The Munich tramway is the oldest existing public transportation system in the city, which has been in operation since 1876. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines. The average amount of time people spend commuting to and from work with public transit in Munich on a weekday is 56 min.[citation needed] The extensive network of subway and tram lines assists and complement pedestrian movement in the city centre. The 700m-long Kaufinger StraรŸe, which starts near the Main train station, forms a pedestrian eastโ€“west spine that traverses almost the entire centre. Major spines and many smaller streets cover an extensive area of the centre that can be enjoyed on foot and bike. These attributes result from applying the principle of filtered permeability. Pedestrian and bike paths, which permeate the entire Munich city centre, go through public squares and open spaces for enjoyment. Munich city centre was subject to urban planning and has a comprehensive model for laying out neighborhoods and districts according to grid plan. Cycling has a strong presence in the city and is recognized as a good alternative. The growing number of bicycle lanes are widely used throughout the year. Cycle paths can be found alongside the majority of sidewalks and streets, although the newer or renovated ones are much easier to tell apart from pavements than older ones. A modern bike hire system is available within the area bounded by the Mittlerer Ring. Since 2001, historically interesting places in Munich can be explored via the List of cultural history trails in Munich (KulturGeschichtsPfade). Sign-posted cycle routes are the Outer ร„uรŸere Radlring (outer cycle route) and the RadlRing Mรผnchen. Munich Central Train Station (Mรผnchen Hauptbahnhof) is the central railway station located in the city centre and is the long-distance station in Munich.[citation needed] Munich Central Train Station serves about 450,000 passengers a day, which puts it on par with other large stations in Germany. Munich Central Train Station alongside Mรผnchen Ost railway station are two of the 21 stations in Germany classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 station. The central mainline station is a terminal station with 32 platforms. The subterranean S-Bahn with 2 platforms and U-Bahn stations with 6 platforms are through stations.[citation needed] Intercity-Express (ICE) and EuroCity-Express (ECE; Munichโ€“Bregenzโ€“Zurich) trains โ€“ and starting in 2026 also TGV trains (Munichโ€“Paris) โ€“ stop at Munich Central Train Station. InterCity (IC) and EuroCity (EC) trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at the Mรผnchen Ost railway station. Munich is connected to Nuremberg via Ingolstadt by the Nurembergโ€“Munich high-speed railway and Berlinโ€“Munich high-speed railway.[citation needed] The old air raid shelter next to platform 11 of Munich Central Train Station was an important distribution point for guest workers (Gastarbeiter) between 1960 and 1973. At peak more than 1,000 guest workers arrived per day, in total 1.8 million guest workers passed through Munich Central Train Station. Munich is an integral part of the Autobahn network of southern Germany. Motorways from Stuttgart (W), Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy. Traffic is often very heavy in and around Munich. Traffic congestion are commonplace at the beginning and end of major Bavarian holidays. There are few "green waves" or roundabouts, and an abundance of construction sites.[citation needed] Munich has introduced an environmental zone and was among the first German cities to require a green sticker for vehicles, these are a requirement when entering the city or driving in the wider surrounding area. Franz Josef Strauss International Airport (IATA: MUC, ICAO: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and seventh-largest in Europe after London Heathrow, Paris Charles de Gaulle, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Madrid and Istanbul Atatรผrk. It is used by about 46 million passengers a year, and lies some 30 km (19 mi) north east of the city centre. It replaced the smaller Munich-Riem Airport in 1992. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines from the city. From the main railway station the journey takes 40โ€“45 minutes. A magnetic levitation train (called Transrapid), which was to have run at speeds of up to 400 km/h (249 mph) from the central station to the airport in a travel time of 10 minutes, had been approved, but was cancelled in March 2008 because of cost escalation and after heavy protests. Lufthansa opened its second hub at the airport when Terminal 2 was opened in 2003. In 2008, the Bavarian state government granted a licence to expand Oberpfaffenhofen Air Station located west of Munich, for commercial use. These plans were opposed by many residents in the Oberpfaffenhofen area as well as other branches of local government, including the city of Munich, which took the case to court. However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge. Despite being 110 km (68 mi) from Munich, Memmingen Airport has been advertised as Airport Munich West. After 2005, passenger traffic of nearby Augsburg Airport was relocated to Munich Airport, leaving the Augsburg region of Bavaria without an air passenger airport within close reach. Around Munich The Munich agglomeration sprawls across the plain of the Alpine foothills comprising about 2.6 million inhabitants. Several smaller traditional Bavarian towns and cities like Dachau, Freising, Erding, Starnberg, Landshut and Moosburg are today part of the Greater Munich Region, formed by Munich and the surrounding districts, making up the Munich Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about 6 million people. South of Munich, there are numerous nearby freshwater lakes such as Lake Starnberg, Ammersee, Chiemsee, Walchensee, Kochelsee, Tegernsee, Schliersee, Simssee, Staffelsee, Wรถrthsee, Kirchsee and the Osterseen (Easter Lakes), which are popular among Munich residents for recreation, swimming and watersports and can be quickly reached by car and a few also by Munich's S-Bahn. Notable people Notes References External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_registration] | [TOKENS: 2831]
Contents Land registration Land registration is any of various systems by which matters concerning ownership, possession, or other rights in land are formally recorded (usually with a government agency or department) to provide evidence of title, facilitate transactions, and prevent unlawful disposal. The information recorded and the protection provided by land registration varies widely by jurisdiction. In common law countries, particularly in jurisdictions in the Commonwealth of Nations, when replacing the deeds registration system, title registrations are broadly classified into two basic types: the Torrens title system and the English system, a modified version of the Torrens system. Cadastral systems and land registration are both types of land recording and complement each other. Implementations The Falkland Islands registry holds copies of all Crown Grants from 1844. Land registration is a matter for individual states in the USA. Thus each state will define the officials, authorities, and their functions and duties with respect to the ownership of land within that state, as is more fully described in the specified main article. Finland operates a cadastral system operated by the National Land Survey of Finland (Finnish: Maanmittauslaitos, MML) The French system uses a cadastre, maintained by the French public land registry. The plans are boundaries of land parcels but do not provide details of the land owner or precise boundaries. ยง 873.1 of the German Civil Code stipulates that the transfer of ownership of a plot of land, the encumbrance of a plot of land with a right and the transfer or encumbrance of such a right requires registration in the Land Register (Grundbuch). Except for the cases explicitly provided for by law, the respective agreement becomes binding only upon its registration. Land used for purposes in the public interest is exempt from this requirement. Land registration is compulsory in the Republic of Ireland, and two parallel registries are maintained: the Land Registry (Clรกrlann na Talรบn in Irish) and the Registry of Deeds (Clรกrlann na nGnรญomhas). The system in Ireland follows the English system, but with features typical of the Torrens system (for example, anyone can inspect the register). Robert Torrens himself drafted the Record of Title (Ireland) Act, 1865 in order to record titles conveyed. The Landed Estates Court a register, the "Record of Title". While the record was not open to the public, the index could be inspected by anyone, today the index and folios can be viewed by anyone with an administration charge. Recording of title under the Act was voluntary and this was one of the reasons why the Act proved ineffective. The Land Registry has been dealing with the registration of all transactions (purchase, sale, mortgage, remortgage and other burdens) concerning registered land since 1892, and issued land certificates which are a state guarantee of the registered owner's good title up to 1 January 2007. Land Certificates have been abolished by virtue of Section 23 of the Registration of Deeds and Title Act, 2006. Every piece of land in the register โ€“ which is arranged by county โ€” is granted a folio number, under which all transactions pertaining to the land can be examined on request and after payment of a fee, currently โ‚ฌ5 (as of June 2020). Approximately 90% of land by area, and 85% of title, is registered. The Registry of Deeds has since 1708 dealt with the registration of wills, marriage settlements, title deeds, mortgage documents and other documentation concerning granting of title over land. It was originally set up to enforce the legislation regarding ownership of land by Catholics. A registered deed took precedence over an unregistered deed. Original deeds and their schedules were not retained by the registry, but rather detailed summaries (called "memorials") of conveyancing and mortgage documents are stamped and filed by the registrar. These documents are generally signed by at least one of the parties and one of the witnesses of the deeds. No certificates or guarantees of title are issued: the registry merely endeavours to provide information concerning the deeds lodged against a certain property โ€“ and, crucially, the order in which they were lodged โ€“ such as the last named owner or the latest mortgage to be lodged. Both registries are managed by the Property Registration Authority. The Registry of Deeds occupies one site, namely one half of the King's Inns building on Henrietta Street, Dublin and the Land Registry has offices in Dublin, Waterford and in Roscommon, with its head office situated in the Four Courts, Dublin. Prior to COVID-19, both were freely accessible to the public and did not require an appointment to visit, but now do. Since the Republic of Ireland gained independence in 1922, its registries have only dealt with the land comprised in its 26 counties (formerly the Irish Free State, 1922โ€“37). Since 1922, the remaining 6 counties of Northern Ireland have their own separate register of land now being administered by the Land and Property Services in the Northern Ireland Department of Finance and Personnel. However, the Registry of Deeds in Dublin still holds and provides memorials relating to the 6 Northern Irish counties for the time period 1708โ€“1922. Recording of title under recent legislative changes is now compulsory. Public access to the index and folios is limited to individuals who have an account with the Property Registration Authority. The Property Registration Authority in Ireland is connected to the European Land Information Service EULIS. The land register (nekilnojamojo turto registras) contains factual data (area, height, volume, year of construction and owner name) and legal data (agreements of joint ownership, court rulings, easement, mortgages) on immovable property such as land and buildings. A sale agreement on real estate is legally binding even without registration in the land register, the only requirement being certification of the agreement by a notary. Registration is required, however, in order for the new owner to sell or otherwise transfer the property, or enter a mortgage. Furthermore, only registration makes the transfer opposable to third parties. The land and mortgage register system in Poland is public and accessible online. According to art. 25 of Land and Mortgage Act it provides an official and structured register of rights to real estate, divided into four sections: designation of real estate and related rights (I), information on the owner or perpetual usufructuary (II), limited property rights and claims (III) and mortgages (IV). The principle rules of Polish real estate law is the presumption of conformity of land and mortgage entries with reality โ€“ rights disclosed are considered to exist, and those deleted are considered non-existent. Also a public credibility principle protects buyers acting in good faith on the basis of information entered in the land register, even if the register does not reflect the actual legal status. However, this protection does not apply to gratuitous transactions or purchasers acting in bad faith. In addition, certain rights, such as statutory encumbrances or easements established by law, are effective regardless of their entry in the register. Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru:ะขะธั‚ัƒะป ะขะพั€ั€ะตะฝัะฐ; see its history for attribution. Advantages of the Torrens system were seen in Russia almost immediately after its occurrence, but scrapped the Russian legal system for the overthrow of the Provisional Government and the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly did all ideas Russian imperial jurists consigned to history. Now operating the system of accounting and registration of rights to immovable property in Russia can not be called a complete system or Torrens cadastral system, although some of its elements and principles correspond to the Torrens title. Accounting for land, buildings and natural sites organized in Russia in the database of real estate cadastre of the State on the basis of a federal law in 2007 No. 221-FZ "On State Real Estate Cadastre". The account holder of these facilities is conducted in another database: the Unified State Register of rights to immovable property and transactions with them on the basis of a federal law in 1997 No. 122-FZ "On State Registration of Rights to Real Estate and Transactions Therewith". Both laws established openness cadastre and registry information, and assigned to a single organization responsible for their management โ€“ Rosreestr . Entry in the Unified State Register of real property rights is a necessary and sufficient condition for the emergence of property rights to real estate. For information about the property, contained in the cadastre and registry, sufficiently detailed and structured cover most essential information about an object runs open cadastral map. With a fairly simple web forms can be found and read a part of the information on any object property. These laws are not, however, establish an immediate full liability of the state for the correctness of the information contained in databases. In 2015, the State Duma has been registered a bill that covers public access to information about the owners of the property. The bill was supported by the Government. According to some experts, the restriction of information openness reduces the chances of identifying the public cases of illegal enrichment and increases business risks. In the United Kingdom there are several land registers, including HM Land Registry for England and Wales, Registers of Scotland, and Land and Property Services in Northern Ireland. A national system of land registration was first attempted in England and Wales under the Land Registration Act 1862, a register having operated for the county of Middlesex (excluding the City of London) since 1709. This voluntary national system proved ineffective and, following further attempts in 1875 and 1897, the present system was brought into force by the Land Registration Act 1925. It is operated by HM Land Registry. Over time various areas of the country were designated areas of compulsory registration by order so in different parts of the country compulsory registration has been around longer than in others. The last order was made in 1990, so now virtually all transactions in land result in compulsory registration. One difference is land changing ownership after death, where land is gifted rather than sold; these became compulsorily registrable only in April 1998. Similarly it became compulsory to register land when a mortgage is created on it in 1998. The Land Registration Act 2002 leaves the 1925 system substantially in place but enables the future compulsory introduction of electronic conveyancing using electronic signatures to transfer and register property. The Land Registry is connected to the European Land Information Service EULIS. Details of registrations are available to any person upon payment of the prescribed fees. Precautionary measures have been introduced in recent years to verify the identity of persons attempting to change records of title. No details will be on record for any land which has not had a relevant transaction recorded as will often occur if, for example, ownership was last transferred before the introduction of compulsory registration in a particular area. Public access to the title and filed plans in pdf format is available for a fee at Land Registry of England and Wales. Public access to a digital version of the boundaries on aerial photography is available at Land Registry UK - Map Search. A legal boundary deals with the precise separation of ownership of land. It is an invisible line dividing one person's land from another's. It does not have thickness or width and usually, but not always, falls somewhere in or along a physical boundary feature such as a wall, fence or hedge. The exact positions of the legal boundaries are almost never shown on registered title plans and are not shown on Ordnance Survey maps. In a joint statement between Land Registry (England and Wales) and Ordnance Survey they state that: This title plan shows the general position of the boundaries: it does not show the exact line of the boundaries. Measurements scaled from this plan may not match measurements between the same points on the ground. Scotland is one of the first countries in the world to have a system of land registration. Land registration commenced in Scotland with the creation of the "Register of Sasines" by the Registration Act 1617. For full discussion, see Land Registration (Scots law) Land registration in Northern Ireland is operated by Land and Property Services, an executive agency within the Department of Finance and Personnel for Northern Ireland. Prior to 1 April 2007 it was dealt with by the Land Registers Northern Ireland government agency. The Hong Kong Land Registry administers the Land Registration Ordinance and provides facilities for search of the Land Register and related records by the public and government departments. It has responsibility for the registration of owners corporations under the Building Management Ordinance. Land registration is a matter for individual states in India. Thus each state will define the officials, authorities, and their functions and duties with respect to the ownership of land within that state. Each and every state has different recording and management systems. In recent times, Union Government of India and many state governments have started different programs to modernise the state level land records. The Govt. of UP has eased the experience for their citizens to get the land records. UP Bhulekh is a digital service started by the Government of Uttar Pradesh, for its citizens to keep records of their lands or properties online. Other state also provided the digital service for Land record and land registration. Now any one of the state can easily check their land related information. New Zealand uses the Torrens title system, which it adopted in 1870, replacing the deeds registration system. Land registration is governed by the Land Transfer Act 1952. The Deeds system was introduced in 1841 and the Torrens system in 1870. Both methods ran in parallel until 1924 when registration under the Land Transfer Act (Torrens system) became compulsory and a project to issue titles for all property was instituted. A title could be issued Limited as to Title or Limited as to Parcel if there were doubts about the ownership or the survey. See also Notes References External links
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_European_storm_training] | [TOKENS: 1186]
Contents 2026 European storm training 2026 European storm training is an intense meteorological phenomenon, occurring since 22 January 2026, caused by consecutive severe meteorological depressions in Europe during the 2025โ€“26 European windstorm season, affecting several countries, mainly Portugal, but also Spain, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The bad weather from successive Atlantic storms results in a phenomenon known as a "training". The "train" Harry, Ingrid, Joseph, Kristin, Leonado, Marta hit Portugal and Spain within a few days, with Storm Kristin being the most violent to enter Portuguese territory, with the force of a bomb cyclone and a phenomenon called a "sting jet," so named because of the scorpion tail-shaped mark it leaves in satellite images, which explains the violence of the storm. Torrential rains and snowstorms resulted in a dramatic rise in river levels, causing flooding. Strong gusts of wind caused infrastructure and trees to fall, and on the west coast, there are reports of very rough seas and waves between 7 and 14 meters high. On January 30, after the passage of Storm Kristin and with the damage left by the explosive cocktail still to be tallied, the Portuguese national meteorological, seismic and oceanographic service, IPMA, says it may have been the strongest storm on record in Portugal. On February 7, during the "storm train", 16 deaths were recorded: one in Spain (in Storm Joseph) and 15 in Portugal (1 in Storm Ingrid, 11 in Storm Kristin, 2 in Storm Leonardo and 1 in Marta). Consequences At the end of January, Portugal was affected by storms "Ingrid" and "Joseph" followed by depression "Kristin". Ingrid caused one death. The passage of Storm Kristin on January 28 caused the death of at least 6 people in Portugal, with the regions of Coimbra, Leiria, Oeste, Mรฉdio Tejo, Lezรญria do Tejo and Beira Beixa suffering extensive devastation. Wind gusts from the storm reached 208.8 kilometers per hour in Soure, Coimbra district. In Leiria, the National Forest suffered extensive devastation and the Municipal Stadium, which hosted Euro 2004, was partially destroyed. In Figueira da Foz, the Ferris wheel was completely destroyed. The Sanctuary of Fรกtima also suffered significant damage. Ferreira do Zรชzere had 85% of its houses damaged. During January 28, 29 and 30, several areas in the regions of Coimbra, Leiria, Oeste and Mรฉdio Tejo were without access to electricity, water and telecommunications. On January 31, two more deaths were recorded in connection with the storm. Two men, one in Batalha and the other in Alcobaรงa, fell from roofs while attempting to repair the damage. More than 500 people were also reported injured with trauma, linked to repair work following the destruction caused by Storm Kristin. On February 1, another death was recorded, this one due to carbon monoxide inhalation from the generator powering his house. In Portugal, the national Civil Protection Service raised its preparedness to the highest level as its commander warned of a "very complex" meteorological situation ahead. The Portuguese armed forces deployed up to 3,000 personnel and 42 inflatable boats with marine teams along flood-prone sections of the country's major rivers as weather conditions were forecast to worsen throughout the week. On February 5th, the president of the Portuguese Environment Agency (APA) said he had received indications from the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere about the approach of a new Atlantic storm: the Marta depression, and stated that "Portugal is beginning to prepare to face a new worsening of weather conditions, just days after having gone through a 'train of storms' that left a trail of destruction across the country." Also on February 5th, and with the approach of the 2026 Portuguese presidential election, to be held on the 8th, and due to the state of emergency, some municipalities, such as Golegรฃ, Arruda dos Vinhos and Alcรกcer do Sal, requested the postponement of the electoral act in their municipalities to the following week. On January 27, a woman died in Torremolinos, Mรกlaga, Spain, due to strong gusts of wind that occurred on the Costa del Sol. The approach of Storm Joseph to Spain led, on January 27, to the closure of the Retiro Gardens in Madrid and eight other historic parks in the capital. The State Meteorological Agency (AEMET) warned of the arrival of a train of storms in Spain. The warning came after the passage of Storm Joseph, which hit the Iberian Peninsula on January 26. Storm Leonardo arrived in the Spanish region of Andalusia on February 3rd, bringing very heavy rain and a high risk of flooding because the rivers and soil were already saturated from previous storms. The storm severely battered the region, where at least 3,500 people were evacuated from their homes due to flooding. Authorities in Spain are concerned about the heightened risk of flooding as the ground remains saturated from the preceding storm and heavy rains last month. Spain recorded 119.3 mm of rainfall in January, 85% above the 1992-2020 average, making it the second-wettest January of the 21st century, the Environment Ministry said. On February 5th, Spain moved from red alert to orange alert. In Andalusia, a woman was reported missing after falling into the Turville River in the municipality of Sayalonga, Mรกlaga. Gallery References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ื–ื”ืจ_ืฉื™] | [TOKENS: 3552]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉื™ ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืฉื™ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-16 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1963, ื›"ื“ ื‘ืชืžื•ื– ื”'ืชืฉื›"ื’) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืฉื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืฉื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ" ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื“ืจื›ื ื•". ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช-ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช, ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ื–ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืคื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจ, ื›ืชื‘ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ืžืจืฆื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื•ืชืžืจ, ืฉืขืœื• ืžืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”. ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981 ื•ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื, ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ืœื’ื“ื•ื“ 890. ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืž"ืค ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืž"ื›ื™ื. ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืฉื™ ื›ืœืœื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช Business Layers, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื“ ืœืžื›ื™ืจืชื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืœื—ื‘ืจืช Netegrity ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2004โ€“2005 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืžื ื›"ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช V-Secure Technologies, ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืจื“ื•ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงืจืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช Canaan Partners ื›ืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2014. ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื• ืื”ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ ื”ืงื™ื ืืช Canaan Partners Israel ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014, ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืค ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”"ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื” "ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”-MBA ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™". ืฉื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ื™ืœ, ืžื“ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื”. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช Apertio, LiveU, Viewbix, Rollout.io, Drupe, Regulus, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช Prime Sense ื˜ืจื ืžื›ื™ืจืชื” ืœืืคืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช N-trig, ืฉื ืžื›ืจื” ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืชืจ ื’ื™ืงื˜ื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2019 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช "ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-21 ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-12. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช "ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ", "ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“", ื•ืชืœ"ื - ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ", ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-20 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ื›ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” 35 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020 ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2020 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื™ืขืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื“ืขื™ (GIF), ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืขื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืืงื•ื ื™ืก. ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™". ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื›ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™. ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืขืกืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉืจืช ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืขื“ื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื”ืฉืจ ืฉื™, ืžื ื›"ืœ ืขืžื•ืชืช SpaceIL, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื“, ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื•ืขื– ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื”ืฉืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืชืฉื•ื’ืจ ืœื—ืœืœ, "ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช 2".. ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื’ื ืฅ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™. ื‘-10 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2021 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืชืœ"ื โ€“ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื” ื™ืขืœื•ืŸ. ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ, ืขื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™, ืœืžืฉืš 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขื“ ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื ื“ื’ื•. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2021 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืขืฆืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ืง ืื™ื ื•ืงืืŸ ืคืืจืžื”. ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2022 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื“ืจื›ื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘-23 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2024. ืœืื—ืจ ื ืคื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืจื ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, ืคืขืœ ืฉื™ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื“ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™, ืื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ืคืฉืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื. ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ืœื”ื“ื—ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืžื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื•ืงืจื ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2025 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื’ืจื•ืค 107", ืฉืžื ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืกื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืกื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื™ ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืื‘ ืœืืจื‘ืขื”, ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื“ื™ืžื”-ืฆื•ืจืŸ. ื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืœื•ื—ื ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ, ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื›ืจื ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื‘ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ "ื‘ืขื™ื˜ืช ืงืจืŸ", ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื’ืœื•ื‘ืก", ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ืช 2008 ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2019. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื“ื ื™ืืœ_ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ] | [TOKENS: 10999]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-2 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1953, ื˜"ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ื”'ืชืฉื™"ื’) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ืจื‘ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— (ื”ืžื•ืœืžื•"ืค), ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขืžื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-18, ื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” (1953), ืœื“ื•ื“ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืฉืจื” ื ืขืžื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืžื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”. ื”ืื‘, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”. ื”ืื, ื ืฆืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืจื‘ื ื™ื (ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืืฆื ื“ื•ืจ 11 ืžืจื‘ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื™ืคื” "ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื"), ื ื™ืฆืœื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ืžื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืฉืื ืŸ. ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16.5 ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื "ื™ื‘ื ื”" ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• "ืœื ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืงื ื™ืง". ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืฉื™ืจืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ืช ืจื‘-ืกืจืŸ. ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืจื›ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื (ืื‘ื™) ื‘ืจืžืŸ. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื™ืกืงื•ื ืกื™ืŸโ€“ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1996 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ื˜ื•ืก). ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1996โ€“1999 ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2000โ€“2004 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2005โ€“2009 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืงืชื“ืจื” ืข"ืฉ ื™ื•ื’'ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจืœื™ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื•. ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื“ืฉ 2. ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืคืจืกื ื›-90 ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืืฃ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืืจื’ื ืช. ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ "The Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra" ื•ืขื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ "Linear Algebra and its Applications". ื‘ื™ืŸ 2002 ืœ-2008 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช. ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืžืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013 ืขื“ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2017. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžืจืฅ 2018 ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— (ื”ืžื•ืœืžื•"ืค). ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื•ืคื™ืจ ืืงื•ื ื™ืก, ืืžืจ ื›ื™ "ืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“." ืœืฆื“ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื, ืžื›ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื ื—ืžื™ื” ืจืื˜ื” (ืชืฉื "ื”), ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืชืฉืก"ื). ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื–ืื‘ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืžืœื ืžื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉื "ื– (1997) ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” (ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช, ืžื›ื™ืจืช ื—ืžืฅ, ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืคื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“). ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ืชืฉืก"ื’ (2003) ื”ื•ื›ืชืจ ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื›ืจื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”. ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”: ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•"ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ืœืœืช ืฉืื ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื - ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื—ื™ืคื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื”ืกืžื›ื” ืฉืœ ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” - ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื”" ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืข ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืจืžืœ, ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ" ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข"ื”. ืขืœ ืคื•ืขืœื•, ื–ื›ื” ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื”ื•ืงืจื” ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982 ืืช ืคืจืก ืœื ื“ืื• ืœืžื—ืงืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื’ืŸ ื ื’ื™ื“ ืจื•ื˜ืจื™ ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืขืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2013 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ "Marin Drinov "with ribbon ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืขืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืœืœืช ืฉืื ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ Order of Merit ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” (ืื '). ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืื•ืช ื™ืงื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ืคื” ืœืฉื ืช 2021. ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืžื ืกื—ื™ ืืžื ืช ื›ื ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื–ืจืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (ื™ืžื™ืŸ-ืฉืžืืœ, ื“ืชื™ื™ื-ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•') ื•ืืฃ ื—ืชื ืขืœื™ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ืฉืžืืœ. ื‘-8 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2008, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื•"ืจ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™", ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืคื“"ืœ, ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืชืงื•ืžื”. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช, ืคืจืฉื• ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืชืงื•ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉ"ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ื–ื›ื• ื‘-3 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-18. ืขื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”-32 ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜. ื‘-2009 ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ-ืฉืœื•ื ื’'ืจื‘ื™, ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ื™ ืžื–ื•ื–, ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื“ื™, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื• ืื™ื ื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกืฃ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืžืชื—ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” "ื ื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™" ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” "ืกื˜ืชื” ืžืชื ืื™ ื”ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืงื‘ืขื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“". ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ืคืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ืข, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืคื•ื ื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2012, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžื”ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื•ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ื—ื”"ื› ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืœื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ื›ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื˜, ืคืจืฉ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื•ื ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ื‘-1 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2017 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืค' ืืจื™ื” ืฆื‘ืŸ. ื‘-12 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2018 ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืœื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื—ื ืŸ ืืคืจืชื™ ืื™ืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืืš ื’ื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžื“ืข. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืื™ื ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืžืš. ืœื’ื™ืฉืชื•, ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืชืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืขืชื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื’ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืขื ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื“ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, "ืืš ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื”ืจื ื•ืช". ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืžืคื›"ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ, ื”ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ืœืœื™, ืžื ื”ืœ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช. ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ืžืฉื ืช 2017 (ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ), ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืชืงื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืžื ื” ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื: ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืžืš ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืžืฉืจื•ืช, ืชืงื ื™ื, ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ื. ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื• ืœ-3 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช: ืชืงื™ื ื” ืžืœืื” (ื›ืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช), ื—ืœืงื™ืช (ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช) ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืฆื™ืœืช ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžื›ืจื–, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืฉืžืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžื›ืจื–, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืจื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืžื›ืจื– ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืฉืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืื“ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื—ื•ืง ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื•, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช. ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืคืกืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžื›ืจื– ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืคื“ื•ืคื™ืœื™ื”. ืื•ืชื• ืจื•ืคื ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื”. ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื‘ืฉื ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืขืชืจ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ, ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืข ื”ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ. ื‘-2023 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืื’ืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื’ื™ื•ืก ื•ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ื˜ ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ืœืœื ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืจื–ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™, ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืื™ืฉืจ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ืก ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื• ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื“ืœืคืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืžื—ื ื” ืฉื“ื” ืชื™ืžืŸ, ื•ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื’"ืฅ - ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ". ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2025 ืคืกืœ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืคื” ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืขื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื• ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื ืงืœื˜ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื•ืื™ื ื• "ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ืžื›ื”ืŸ". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื ื™ืกื” ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื“ื—ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืžื ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืงื™ืจื”. ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2024 ื”ืืจื™ื›ื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ืœ-12 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ. ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืื•ื™ืฉื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืœืœื ืžืขื ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•. ืืœื” ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื—ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื•ืจืžืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™; ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื—ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืœื ื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื›ืจืื•ื™; ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฅ, ืžื ื”ืœืช ืชื—ื•ื ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ื•ื— ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช. ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื ื’ืœืžืŸ ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”, ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื” ื ื’ืจืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื; ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื–ืงืŸ, ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื™ ืจื’ื‘ ื•ืื™ืฉ ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื” ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืคืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื‘ ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ืฉืœื ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืกืฃ, ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื’ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ื›ื— ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืชื ื™ื”ื• ืื ื’ืœืžืŸ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2021 ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื-ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืคืจืกื ืžื›ืจื–ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื•ื›ืกืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืคืจืกืžื ืจืง ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืกืชืžื™ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืชืงืคื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืœืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2025 ืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ื ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืฆื™ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื•ืฅ 7 ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ืชื• ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ืœืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.[ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ] ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืืžืจ: "ื›ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื ื ื‘ืข ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจื›ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื•ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืงืœืคื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื—." ืขืจื‘ ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ 2009, ื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืฉืžืืœ ืžื—ื• ืขืœ ืคืจืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืงืขื”, ืืžืจ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ: "ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ืžื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืฉืžืืœ ืœื—ื ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืงืจื™ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืกื™ื•ืจ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืขืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ". ืืช ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื˜ืœ ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืงื‘ืข ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื›ื™ "ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืื™ื ื• 'ื ื˜ืœ' โ€“ ื–ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช". ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื• ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืœ"ืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ". ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืžืขื•ื ื”, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ" ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืœื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื“"ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื” ื ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืจื˜ - ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ืœืจื‘ ืจื•ื ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืจื˜, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœืœ". ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ ื“ืดืจ ืฆื—ื™ ื”ืจืฉืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ - ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืจื‘ ืงื”ื™ืœืช "ื ืฆื— ืฉืœืžื”" ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืจ"ืž ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœ. ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื• ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ_ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง] | [TOKENS: 2259]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง (16 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1911 โ€“ 20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2001) ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจ) ืžืžืงื™ืžื™ ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœืข"ื. ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื™ืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช (ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”). ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉืœ "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช" ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” - ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1930 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ืžื•ืžื ื˜" ื”ื•ื•ืืจืฉืื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื›ืฉืื•ืฉืจ ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘-1933 ื ืฉื ืœืืฉื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ื•ืจืงื•. ืขืงื‘ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืจืฆื— ืืจืœื•ื–ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืขื•ื›ื‘ ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ-ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืžื’ื•ื™ืก ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1935 ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืœื•ื’ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื (ื”ืฆื”"ืจ). ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ (ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช), ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืฃ ื•ื—ืจื•ืช (ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง ืœื›ื ืกืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื”"ืจ ืขื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืขื“ 1966, ืื– ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืจืฉ ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืžื™ืจ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื–ื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง ื•ืชืžื™ืจ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืกืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืคืจืกืžื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” "ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ", ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื” ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง. ืœื™ืžื™ื ืกื™ืคืจ: "ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื˜ืฉื™ืœื“, ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจ, ืžืžืฆื” ื•ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ ืงืฆืช. ื”ื ื” - ืฉื˜ื— ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ... ืœื ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ. ื—ืจื•ื–." ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื”ื•ื“ ืื•ืœืžืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืฆืžืื™, ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ืœืข"ื ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืœืฆื“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1977โ€“1984 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”-18 ื•ื”-19 ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘-20 ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-11 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืฉื•ืกื˜ืง ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื (ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ืชื•ืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘ื™). ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืชื•ืืจ ื™ืงื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ. ืœืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ื ื•ืช, 10 ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•24 ื ื™ื ื™ื. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001, ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืœืช ื™ืฆื—ืง. ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืžืจื•ื ื ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ืขื™ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžื•. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events#2026_February_17] | [TOKENS: 147]
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Reddick] | [TOKENS: 3397]
Contents Tyler Reddick Tyler George Reddick (born January 11, 1996) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 45 Toyota Camry XSE for 23XI Racing. He is a two-time champion in the NASCAR Xfinity Series, winning consecutive titles in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, Reddick set a NASCAR record at Daytona for the closest finish in NASCAR Xfinity Series history as well as the closest finish in any of NASCARโ€™s top three series by 0.0004 seconds. He won the 2026 Daytona 500. Racing career Reddick began his racing career at the age of four, competing in Outlaw Karts; soon after he was competing in mini sprints, midgets, dirt late models, and sprint cars. He was the youngest driver to qualify for the pole position at Eldora Speedway World 100, the youngest driver to win at the East Bay Winter Nationals, and the youngest winning driver in the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series. He is also the youngest driver ever to qualify for a feature race in World of Outlaws sprint car racing. Reddick made his debut in the ARCA Racing Series in 2012. That October, he won in his first career start in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East at Rockingham Speedway. Reddick made his debut in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in April 2013, driving for Ken Schrader Racing at Rockingham Speedway; he was involved in an accident during the race, and finished 30th. In November 2013, it was announced that Reddick had been signed by Brad Keselowski Racing to compete in the Camping World Truck Series; he was scheduled to drive the team's No. 19 Ford in 16 events in the series in 2014, before running the full series schedule for the team in 2015. On February 20, 2015, Reddick got his first career victory in the Camping World Truck Series at Daytona. On May 29, he got his second career victory in the Truck Series at Dover. He led the points during the later stages of the summer until wrecking at Mosport, at which point he surrendered the lead to eventual champion Erik Jones. He ultimately finished 2nd in his first full year of competition. In 2016, Reddick returned to BKR, switching the No. 19 to the No. 29, with his new BKR teammate Hemric using his previous No. 19. He started the season with a crash at Daytona, finishing 18th. He would have been in contention for the championship in 2016, but he failed to make it into the playoffs. He won at Las Vegas, for his first victory of the season. On November 10, 2016, it was announced that Reddick would not return to BKR next season. Eight days after the BKR announcement, Reddick joined Chip Ganassi Racing to drive the No. 42 Chevrolet Camaro in the Xfinity Series on a part-time basis starting in 2017. That September, he won his first Xfinity race at Kentucky Speedway after leading 66 laps and winning with a 14-second advantage over teammate Brennan Poole. A month later, Reddick won his first Xfinity pole at Kansas Speedway. On September 14, 2017, Reddick was signed by JR Motorsports to a full-time schedule for the 2018 Xfinity season, replacing William Byron, who was promoted to the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, in the No. 24 car. On February 17, 2018, Reddick beat teammate Elliott Sadler in a photo finish to win the season-opening race at Daytona. At a margin of .0004 seconds, it is the closest finish in NASCAR history. Although he did not win again for the remainder of the regular season, he qualified for the playoffs and reached the Championship Round. In the season finale at Homestead, Reddick won the race and his first Xfinity Series championship. On October 31, 2018, it was announced that Reddick would switch from JR Motorsports to Richard Childress Racing in 2019. He explained that his move to RCR was for a better chance to run in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series in the near future. In April 2019, Reddick won his first race with RCR in the MoneyLion 300 at Talladega. At the end of the Kansas race, he got into a fight with Cole Custer on pit road. At the 2019 O'Reilly Auto Parts 300 at Texas Motor Speedway, Reddick scored his fourth pole of the season and led 32 laps before crashing and finishing 29th in the final order. He won at Homestead to claim his second consecutive Xfinity Series championship. Reddick returned to the Xfinity Series for the 2021 season opener at Daytona, driving a newly opened No. 03 car for Our Motorsports. However, the car missed the race as qualifying was rained out. Two weeks later at Homestead, he moved to RSS Racing's No. 23 in a partnership with Our; he finished second behind RCR's Myatt Snider, but was disqualified when his car failed the rear height requirements during post-race inspection. In May, he signed with Jordan Anderson Racing to race at Circuit of the Americas. In 2022, Reddick drove the Big Machine Racing No. 48 to the team's first win at Texas. In 2023, he drove the No. 24 Toyota for Sam Hunt Racing for select races. In 2024, he returned to Sam Hunt Racing behind the wheel of the No. 26 Toyota at Nashville. On February 1, 2019, it was announced that Reddick would make his Cup Series debut at the 2019 Daytona 500, driving the No. 31 car for RCR. After qualifying for the race as an open (non-charter) car, he started 39th. He was involved in two incidents during the race: on lap 159, as he was about to pit, contact by Cody Ware sent him airborne before being hit by Jimmie Johnson, ripping Johnson's left side; on lap 191, he was involved in "The Big One" that collected 20 other drivers. In April, Reddick participated in qualifying at Talladega, driving the No. 62 Beard Motorsports car in place of Brendan Gaughan, who was attending his son's communion. Reddick was 29th fastest, but Gaughan started at the rear for the race under NASCAR's driver change rules. In only his second MENCS start at Kansas, Reddick finished ninth. On October 2, 2019, RCR officially announced Reddick as the driver of the No. 8 Chevrolet for the 2020 season. Reddick scored his first Top 10 of the 2020 season at the first Darlington spring race, finishing 7th. At Homestead, he ran in the Top 5 almost all day and finished 4th, his then-best career finish, despite almost losing the position on the last lap after thinking that the race ended a lap early. He nearly won the 2020 GEICO 500 at Talladega, controlling the lead in the late stages but ultimately losing it with four laps to go and finishing 20th. He also contended with RCR teammate Austin Dillon for the victory at Texas after opting not to pit during a caution caused by fellow rookie Quin Houff spinning out, which moved him to the lead with 23 laps to go as a result. Reddick finished a then career-best second-place to Dillon, marking an RCR 1โ€“2 finish for the first time since the 2011 Good Sam Club 500. Reddick posted three Top 5 finishes and nine Top 10 finishes. He was in playoff contention for most of the year, being 19th in points heading into the regular-season finale in the Coke Zero Sugar 400, the regular-season finale. He nearly won the race, but in the late stages, he attempted to clear the No. 18 of Kyle Busch, but had not fully passed him and instead collided with Busch. The contact lost Reddick the lead and he was caught up in another wreck, resulting in him missing the playoffs. He finished the season out 19th in points. In August 2020, Reddick announced that he would return to the No. 8 for RCR for a second year. He again was close to winning, this time at Homestead-Miami Speedway. He climbed up to 4th with roughly ten to go and battled with Martin Truex Jr. and Kyle Larson. However, when he finally got by both of them for good, he did not have enough time to catch the race winner William Byron, despite having the fastest car on the track. Reddick's consistency and a 5th-place finish at the 2021 Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Daytona enabled him to make the playoffs for the first time. He was eliminated from the playoffs following the conclusion of the Round of 16 at Bristol. He finished the season thirteenth in the points standings. Reddick began the 2022 season with a 35th-place finish at the 2022 Daytona 500. At the Bristol dirt race, he battled Chase Briscoe for the lead on the closing laps when Briscoe lost control and caused both cars to slide on the final turn, leading to Reddick finishing second to Kyle Busch. At Road America, Reddick held off Chase Elliott to score his first career Cup Series win. On July 12, 2022, it was announced that Reddick had signed with 23XI Racing for a full-time Cup ride in 2024. At the Indianapolis Road Course, he held off the field in overtime to win his second race of the season. Reddick was eliminated in the Round of 16 after being involved in a multi-car pileup at the Bristol night race. Despite his elimination, he scored his third career win at Texas a week later. He retired from the Martinsville playoff race early, as he was not feeling well. He finished the season 14th in the points standings. On October 15, 2022, 23XI Racing announced that it had bought out the remainder of Reddick's contract from RCR to replace Kurt Busch in the No. 45 for the 2023 season. He started the 2023 season with a 39th place DNF at the 2023 Daytona 500. A month later, he scored his first win of the season at COTA in triple overtime. On May 16, NASCAR docked the No. 45 team ten owner and driver points for unapproved ballasts during inspection prior to qualifying at Darlington. During the playoffs, Reddick won at Kansas to advance to the Round of 12. He was eliminated at the conclusion of the Round of 8. He finished 6th in the points standings. Reddick started the 2024 season with a 29th-place DNF at the 2024 Daytona 500. He scored his first win of the season at Talladega by overtaking Brad Keselowski on the final stretch after Keselowski spun Michael McDowell and triggered a multi-car crash. During the 2024 Goodyear 400 Reddick, walled by Chris Buescher in a fight for the win, dove to Buescherโ€™s left in Turn 3. Reddick drifted high and contacted Buescher, who had no choice but to bounce off the SAFER barrier to his right. Buescher unleashed his frustrations on Reddick with a shove and a stern discussion. Reddick did not offer a defense for the contact and was apologetic after climbing out of his damaged No. 45 Toyota. He scored his second win of the season at Michigan. Following the Southern 500, Reddick clinched the regular season championship, beating Kyle Larson by just one point. He advanced to the Round of 8 as the final driver at the Charlotte Roval by four points over Joey Logano. Hours after the Roval race, Alex Bowman received a post-race penalty from NASCAR for not meeting weight requirements, dropping him to 38th as a result of being disqualified and promoting Reddick as the seventh driver to enter the Round of 8. On lap 90 at Las Vegas, Reddick, as well as Chase Elliott and Martin Truex Jr., were three-wide coming off Turn 4. Elliott's No. 9 was shoved up high into Reddick's No. 45, which spun them both out, also collecting Brad Keselowski's No. 6. As Reddick's car was sliding through the grass, the car clipped the pavement of the Legends oval on the front stretch and rolled over one time before landing on all four tires. Reddick finished 36th due to the accident. At Homestead, Reddick passed Ryan Blaney while in turn 4 on the final lap, winning the race and securing him a spot in the Championship 4 at Phoenix. Reddick started the 2025 season with a runner-up finish at Daytona, as well as getting fives at Austin, Darlington, Atlanta, and Chicago. Reddick was consistent enough to make the playoffs, as well as being in contention to win the playoff-opening race at Darlington, but settled again for another runner-up finish. Reddick was unable to win a race in 2025. Reddick began the 2026 season by winning the 2026 Daytona 500. Personal life Reddick was born in Corning, California and grew up most of his life in DuQuoin, Illinois and Peoria, Illinois. He attended DuQuoin Christian Fellowship School before transferring to homeschooling for the last two years and graduating in 2014. He is the grandson of Benny Brown, founder of BBR Music Group. Reddick is married to Alexa DeLeon, and the couple has two sons. Motorsports career results โ€  As Reddick was a guest driver, he was ineligible for championship points. (key) (Bold โ€“ Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics โ€“ Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * โ€“ Most laps led.) * Season still in progress 1 Ineligible for series points (key) (Bold โ€“ Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics โ€“ Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * โ€“ Most laps led.) References External links 1982 J. Ingram 1983 S. Ard 1984 S. Ard 1985 J. Ingram 1986 L. Pearson 1987 L. Pearson 1988 T. Ellis 1989 R. Moroso 1990 C. Bown 1991 B. Labonte 1992 J. Nemechek 1993 S. Grissom 1994 D. Green 1995 J. Benson Jr. 1996 R. LaJoie 1997 R. LaJoie 1998 D. Earnhardt Jr. 1999 D. Earnhardt Jr. 2000 J. Green 2001 K. Harvick 2002 G. Biffle 2003 B. Vickers 2004 M. Truex Jr. 2005 M. Truex Jr. 2006 K. Harvick 2007 C. Edwards 2008 C. Bowyer 2009 Ky. Busch 2010 B. Keselowski 2011 R. Stenhouse Jr. 2012 R. Stenhouse Jr. 2013 A. Dillon 2014 C. Elliott 2015 C. Buescher 2016 D. Suรกrez 2017 W. Byron 2018 T. Reddick 2019 T. Reddick 2020 A. Cindric 2021 D. Hemric 2022 T. Gibbs 2023 C. Custer 2024 J. Allgaier 2025 J. Love
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ_ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘] | [TOKENS: 3399]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ (1 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1915 โ€“ 8 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2014) ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกืžื•ืงื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ืœืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื” ืงื•ื™ื•ืžื’'ื™ืกืงื™. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืชื—ื ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ "ืžื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ". ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื ื˜ืฉื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1939. ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืคื•. ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช, ืžื˜ืขื ืกื™ืขืช ืžืค"ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“"ืจ ืžืฉื” ืžื•ืกืง, ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื ื–ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืฉื ืช 1941 ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื›ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื—ืฉืื™ืช ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจื” ืœื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชืกื™ืกื” ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืคืฉื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืขื ืคื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื•ืœื™ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช "ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”" ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื”. ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืขืžื•ืชืช "ืกืœื‘ื“ื•ืจ" ืœืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื” ื•ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืข"ืฉ ืจื—ืœ "ืจืฉืงื”" ื“ื ื™ืืœื•ื‘ื”, ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืค"ื ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืžืค"ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1979โ€“1985 ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1961โ€“1969), ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981 ืฉื‘ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”-10 ื•ื”-11 (1981โ€“1988). ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ืžื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-11, ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1988. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1969โ€“1977 ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ, ืืš ืœื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืค"ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืง, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1970 ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืกืขื“, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ื•ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974 ืืช ื ื•ืกื—ืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ - ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื” ืงืจืื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืฉ"ืฃ ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983 ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉื“ืจืฉ ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื ื•ืชื ื™ ื”ื—ืกื•ืช" ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆ ืœืžืค"ื. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืฆ ืชืžืš ื‘ืจืŸ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืชื ืฉืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-15 ื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-119 ื”ืกืžืœื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืจืฆ ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17 ื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-118 ื”ืกืžืœื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-116 ื”ืกืžืœื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ื•ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-115 ื”ืกืžืœื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1998 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืช "ื™ืงื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื". ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื.ืž.ืช. ื ืชืžื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคืจืก ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื ื“ื‘ืŸ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื• ืžื•ืกืงื•ื ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื. ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืืช ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื‘"ื™ื“ ื™ืขืจื™". ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 99 ื•ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ืจื˜ื™, ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืค"ื (ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืง' 2020). ืื—ื™ื•, ืœืื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘ื™, ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืง"ื™, ืจืง"ื— ื•ื—ื“"ืฉ, ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” "ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื" ื•"ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš". ืื— ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื ืคืื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช ื•ืžืช ืฉื ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืก. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืจืฆื” ื’ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื• ื–ืœืžื”. ืื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืžืจื™ื, ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ืค' ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ืจื™ืก ืคืจื•ืฉ; ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืง ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ื›ื“ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื“ืจื ื™ืช ื’ื™ืœื™ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events#2026_February_21] | [TOKENS: 147]
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืืžื ื•ืŸ_ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ] | [TOKENS: 8454]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžึฐื ื•ึนืŸ ืจื•ึผื‘ึดึผื™ื ึฐืฉึฐืื˜ึตื™ื™ืŸ (5 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1931 โ€“ 18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2024) ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜, ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื• (2006) ื•ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืฉื ืช 2010. ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21 - ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืจื“ื–ื™ื ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื”ืจืŸ, ืงื‘ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ", ื•ืจื—ืœ, ืฉืขืœื• ืžืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืžืš ื”ืืฆ"ืœ. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืฉื ืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืกื—ืจ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื” ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž, ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืคื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆื“ื•ืง (ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื). ื”ื•ืกืžืš ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1961. ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (LSE) ื‘-1960. ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ื ื•ืฉื "Void and voidable actions in administrative law", ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื›ืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 25, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•, ื ื™ืฉื ืœืจื•ื ื™ (ื ื›ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืคืจืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘), ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื. ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืืคื™ืงื™ื, ืœืฉื ื ืฉืœื— ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ืฉ. ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ื’ื ืจืขื™ื™ืชื• ืœืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืช. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ืžืจืฅ 1974 ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืื” ืฉืงืžื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื™ื’ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ื“"ืฉ - ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ื˜ืœ, ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืžืคืœื’ืช ื“"ืฉ ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ึพ15 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช 1977, ืื•ืœื ืชืงื•ื•ืชื” ื›ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ื ื›ื–ื‘ื” ื•ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื“"ืฉ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื“"ืฉ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืืš ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืžืฉืœื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ื“"ืฉ ืœื ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘-14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1978 ื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ื“"ืฉ, ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื•ื–ืžื”" ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ โ€“ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืจื›ื–". ืกื™ืขืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ึพ10, ื”ึพ11 ื•ื”ึพ12. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ืื•ื—ื“ื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ืจืฆ ื•ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืค"ื ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืจืฆ ื›ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื•ืงื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ื™ื–ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืœื• ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง. ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš, ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื—ื•ืงื™ึพื™ืกื•ื“. ื‘-1977 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืขื“ 2002. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘-ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื”, ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ (ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-15), ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” (ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-14), ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” (ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-15) ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999, ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ื›ื–ื‘ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื•ืจื’, ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืžื–ืœืžืŸ ืฉื•ืฉื™, ืขืžื“ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™-ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื“ืงืช ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ื” ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื—ื™ ื•ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื ืฉื ื”ืกืคื“ ื•ืืฃ ื ืฉื ืืช ืชืคื™ืœืช ืืœ ืžืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื•. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2002 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื”ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืคื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืกื’ืŸ-ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ืžื•ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1987, ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”-21 ื•ื”-22. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืกืคืจ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืช "ื‘ื–ืง" ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 1992, ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืœืฉืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื™ื–ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ืชืฉื "ื• 1996 ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ืโ€“ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื•ืคืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ื“ืœืง. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1994, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ืช ืžืจืฆ, ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืขื™ืกื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืชืžื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1996. ื›ืฉืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื–ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจืชื• ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื›ืฉืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื™ื–ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืช ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉืขื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื”ื’ืจืœื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื’ืจืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื›ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืฉื "ื“ (1994) ืœืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืชืฉื "ื• (1996) ืขืœื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-5% ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›-45% ืžื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื™ื–ื ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ืœื ืžืชื•ืงืฆื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”. ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016, ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืœ 89,944 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช. ืžื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžืœ"ื’(ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”), 97,580 ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช - 66% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืคืš ืœืžื‘ืงืจ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื ื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกื›ื ื–'ื ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืจืฆ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉ ืžืžืจืฆ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืคืฉืจื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ื”ืกื›ื. ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ื•ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆื•ืžืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ืฆืขื“ื• ื–ื”: "ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœึฐื”ึธื–ึตื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื•, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963 ืžื•ื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1970. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ืฉืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜. ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื - ืื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืงื“ื ืขืจื›ื™ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื. ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืชื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืคืจื•ืค' ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช, ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืจื“ื–ื™ื ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” (2002โ€“2004) ื•ืืฃ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฆืจื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืคืจื•ืค' ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”. ืœืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ื›ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืœื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ื•ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1969 ืœ-1972 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ื•ืžืจื ื’". ืžืฉื ืช 1964 ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2004 ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืขืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืžืืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”-New York Times. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2005 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, "ื”ืฉืžื™ื›ื”", ื”ืžืชืืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื•. ื“ืจืš ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2006 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืจื•ืžืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื•, "ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืžืฉ". ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, "ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ื•", ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื - "ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื ืคืจื“ืช" (2009), "ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช" (2010) ื•"ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”" (2013). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” โ€“ "ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื" (2014-2015). ื‘-2022 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืชื•ืฉืœื—. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื— ืจื‘ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ื— ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืจื•ืกืŸ, ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020 ื”ืชืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœ"ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“", ืžื™ื–ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื• ื—ื•ืชื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-18 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2024. ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืช. ื”ื•ืงืจื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ (2006). ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชื•ืืจ ืื‘ื™ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ (ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื) ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ืคืจืก ื—ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ (2010) ื•ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื’ื•ืจื ื™ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœืฉื ืช 2016, ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™; ืื•ืช ืื™ื™ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข"ื’, ืคืจืก ื”ืจืฆื•ื’ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ (2018) ื•ืคืจืก ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช (2015). ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022 ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื• ืคืจืก ื.ืž.ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022 ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ "ืžืจื›ื– ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื™ื". ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ: ืจื•ืžื ื™ื: ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื•: ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื•: ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš: ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ืขืงื‘_ืฆื•ืจ_(ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’)] | [TOKENS: 2902]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ (ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’) ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ึผืจ (ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’; ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-4 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1937) ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืฉืจ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื ื•ื•ื” ืฉืื ืŸ ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™. ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื™ืš ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœื ื—"ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื—"ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื‘ืชื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื—"ืœ, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืœ"ื”. ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžืงืจื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืจื ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืžื ื—ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1976โ€“1981 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืคืขืœ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืชืง"ื, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืœ"ื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 1997. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1981 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ (ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”) ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžืš ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืื‘ืงื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืชื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื™ ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืื‘ืง ืžืžื•ืฉืš ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื“ืจืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื‘ืข ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืกืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื”. ื“ืจืš ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืฉื—ืจืจื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืขื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขื“ 1990 ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ืคืจืฉื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ืœืฉืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ืœืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1996 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื’ืจืงืกืงื• ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2010. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2005โ€“2007 ืœืžื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2007โ€“2011 ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืœื ื™. ื‘ืžืื™ 2012 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืืจ ื“"ืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื–ื•. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2007โ€“2011 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื˜ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ - ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ - ื˜ื‘ื ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื ืงื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืชืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื˜ื‘ื ืงื™ืŸ ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืขื–ื” ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช. ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืชืฉ"ื— ื“ื’ืœ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”. ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื™ื“ ื˜ื‘ื ืงื™ืŸ. ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืจ ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื“ืกื” ื•ืื‘ ืœืืจื‘ืขื”. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืฉื•ืฉื ื”_ืืจื‘ืœื™-ืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•] | [TOKENS: 6618]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืืจื‘ืœื™-ืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืืจื‘ืœื™ึพืึทืœืžื•ึผื–ืœื™ื ื• (26 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1926 โ€“ 12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืฉืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจืš. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืกื’ื ื™ืช ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ึพ21 ื•ืฉืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ึพ22. ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืขืžืช. ืœืคื ื™ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืืจืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ึพ1926 ื‘ืžื•ืกื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืœืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” (ืฉื“ื™ืจื”) ืืจื‘ื™ืœื™, ืฉืžื•ืฆืื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืืจื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืœืœื ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช. ืœืžื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื. ืขื ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ื“ืื“, ืฉื ืกื‘ืœื” ืžืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช ื•ืžื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช. ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ืืš ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื•ืจืขื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1941 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืจื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื”ื•ื“. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1946 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืชืจืชื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘', ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง. ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืจื›ื–ืช, ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื ืขืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืงื‘ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื–ืจื– ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ื™ืงืœื‘ืจื’, ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ึพ20 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1947, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ึพ1951, ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืขื–ืจื ื•ื ื—ืžื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืคื” ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืืœ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื” ื ื—ื•ื, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ื™ืฆืื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื“, ื•ืฉื ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืœืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืกืœืื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื ื™ืฃ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ. ื”ืชืœื•ื•ืชื” ืœืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืจืš ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื‘ืืก, ืื– ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืžืค"ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956 ื”ืชืžื ืชื” ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ื ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื ื™ืง. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1959 ืงื•ื“ืžื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื”, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœืื” ืขื“ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” - ืคื•ืขืœื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื•ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืืœื” ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ึพ46 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช. ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1966 ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ืชื™, ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืœืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืืจื‘ืœื™-ืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื”, ื•ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืืจื‘ืœื™ึพืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ 32 ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื. ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ืžื ื ืžื ื™ื ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื• ื‘ื” ืฉืชื™ ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื–ื›ืชื” ืืจื‘ืœื™ึพืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื—ืฉืื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– "ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”" ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืกื“ืจืช ื•ืืจื‘ืœื™ึพืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ืžืค"ื. ื”ื™ื• ืฉื’ืจืกื• ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื”ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื•ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” (ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช) ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื‘ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—, ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืื™ึพืžื—ืืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืื•ื ื”ืฆ'ื—ืฆ'ื—ื™ื. ืืจื‘ืœื™ึพืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ืคืขืœื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืœื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืงืžืช ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ืืžื”ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืงื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื ื›ื•ืช ื’ื ืœืขืงืจืช ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ึพ24 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1984 ืžื•ื ืชื” ืœืกื’ื ื™ืช ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื”ื’ืจื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื” ื”ื•ืงื ื”ืžื˜ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื•ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ. ืขื ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืกื›ื ื”ืจื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื•, ืžื•ื ืชื” ื‘ึพ17 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1986 ืœืฉืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจืช ืฉืจ ืฉืื™ื ื” ืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืง ืžืื– ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื™ืจ (ืœืคื ื™ื” ื›ื™ื”ื ื• ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชื™ืง ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™ ื•ืฉืจื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ). ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืฉืจื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉืชืœืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืฉืขื“ ืื– ื ืืกืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืฉืชืžื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืœื”ืชืจืช ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ืจื™ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘-1987 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื™ื. ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1988, ืขืจื‘ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืขืจืš ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื” ืคืจืก ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื ืœืฆืจืคื” ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื•, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืคืจืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื• ืฆืขืงื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื”". ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ึพื‘ื“ื•ืื™.[ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื”ืจื”] ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987 ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ืคื ืฉื‘ืขื–ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคื•ืขืœื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ื ืฉืื” ื ืื•ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื‘ื“ ืืœึพื•ื”ืื‘ ื“ืจืื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืจืก ืœืžื ื•ืชื” ืœืฉืจื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืง ืฉื—ืจืฃ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืชื” ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช. ืืจื‘ืœื™ึพืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ื ืžื ืชื” ืขื ื ืฆื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืงืžืค ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื ืขื“ืจื” ืžื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ื•. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืก ืจื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืง ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœื”. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœึพ27 ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉื•ื‘ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืจื™ืืœื™. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ึพ13 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1992, ืขื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืฉื•ื‘ืฆื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื 105 ื”ืกืžืœื™. ืื—ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื” ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื•ืœ, ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœ ืข"ืฉ ืขื–ืจื ืœื ื™ืื“ื•, ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ืขืžื•ืชืช ืขื ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ืขืžื•ืชืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืืจื‘ืœื™ึพืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ึพ12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015, ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืžื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955, ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืžื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืค"ื ื‘ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื ืชืŸ ืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•, ื•ื‘ึพ1965 ื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื– ืืœืžืŸ ื•ืื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื, ืœื™ืžื™ื ื’ื–ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•"ืจ ืจืฉืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ "ืขืžืœ". ื‘ืขืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ึพ2007 ื ืคื˜ืจ. ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ืืจื‘ืœื™ึพืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฆื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸึพืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ืฉืื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 1962, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฆืคื ื• ืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003 ืชืจืžื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืฉื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืœืžื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•. ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื•ืœื ืžื•ืฆื’ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื” ืชื•ืืจ ื™ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื. ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_economic_crisis] | [TOKENS: 2160]
Contents Iranian economic crisis As of January 2026, Iran is experiencing its deepest and longest economic crisis in modern history. With international sanctions, particularly those reimposed under current United States president Donald Trump, Iran's oil exports and access to the global market have been severely limited. Domestic mismanagement, rampant corruption, geopolitical instability, and structural inefficiencies have all led to acute social discontent. Due to the crisis, inflation skyrocketed to over 48.6% in October 2025 and 42.2% in December 2025, severely impacting household budgets. As of March 2025, estimates ranged from 22% to 50% of Iranians living under the poverty line โ€” a stark increase from 2022. A systemic energy crisis has consistently plagued the country for years, with the issue reaching a climax alongside the rapid economic decline. The ministry of social welfare announced in 2024 that 57% of Iranians are having some level of malnourishment. Majlis reported that 50% of males 25โ€“40 are unemployed and not looking for employment. The dual crises have resulted in severe food shortages and triggered nationwide protests in Iran in May 2025, along with labour strikes in the mass transportation sector. Later in 2025, even greater protests erupted over the dire economic situation, and also included many anti-regime sentiments and chants. As of 10 December 2025, Time magazine, Euronews, and Al-Monitor reported that Iran was nearing economic collapse. The rial has dropped to its lowest value ever, trading at 1,750,000 rials to one US dollar, with the Minister of Finance blaming the impact of its recent war with Israel. Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei ordered people to reduce consumption of food, water, energy and fuel. The budgetary commission has reported that the government's budget deficit was estimated to be around 1,800 trillion tomans. Meat has reportedly become a luxury food item, whereas 7 million Iranians have gone hungry. Background Since the Iranian Revolution, Iran has been heavily dependent on oil revenues to supply the government's annual budget, making it very vulnerable to market prices and particularly international pressure. In the fiscal year of 2009, 60% of the government's budget came from its large oil and gas sector. For decades, Iran has been subject to criticism based on its nuclear programme, sponsorship of terrorism, and human rights record, resulting in strict sanctions which restricted Iran's access to finance and technology and negatively affected its economy. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action nuclear deal marked a significant turning point in international relations and led to the lifting of many nuclear-related sanctions, which led to a rebound in the economy of Iran and renewed its access to global markets. When the United States unilaterally withdrew from the deal, the economy of Iran was once again in jeopardy. The move crippled Iran's oil exports and once again isolated it from the global financial system and is arguably the main cause of the country's current crisis. To solve this crisis, the government stop using SWIFT system and preferred alternative financial platform and barter agreement with allies (especially China & Russia). Iran is a mixed and centrally planned economy. Due to persistent corruption, the role of the government in the economy acts as more of a limiting factor to development, imposing burdensome regulations against public companies. Additionally, government-controlled corporations may easily crowd out the weak public sector and benefit from preferential access to resources and contracts, but often operate less efficiently compared to their public counterparts. This economic corruption hinders public trust and investor confidence alike, despite government attempts to downplay the issue. For instance, Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei has stated that although there "are cases of corruption; it is not systematic" in Iran. In 2013, a Reuters special investigation found that Khamenei himself controls a massive financial empire built on property seizures worth $95 billion. One of the foremost symptoms of mismanagement in Iran manifests through its power grid. Many of Iran's power plants, refineries, and energy distribution networks were built decades ago and have not received necessary investment or modernisation. Poor maintenance and ageing equipment lead to frequent breakdowns and inefficiencies. Subsidies on energy prices have historically appeased the public, but have resulted in increased waste and made policymakers reluctant to increase prices to stabilise the sector. Corruption is also a factor in the crisis; the Islamic Revolutionary Guard controls the energy sector, and a significant proportion of the oil is smuggled abroad and funds intended for the sector are siphoned by the guard. Despite the ongoing power shortages, Iran continues to export an increasing amount of gas and especially electricity, with a surge of nearly 92% in the first four months of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The hostile nature of the energy sector has led to an environment in which half of Iran's industry has halted due to rolling blackouts. This has resulted in an exodus of international corporations and investment, and implemented a harsh bottleneck on the production capability of the companies that have managed to remain. Since February 2025, power goes out nationwide for 3 to 4 hours every day due to the crisis, and anti-government protests have erupted across the country. Foreign military spending by Iran has been a source of domestic contention, as resources allocated to regional interventions compete with social welfare, infrastructure development, and economic stabilisation at home. Periods of economic hardship, marked by inflation, currency depreciation, and unemployment, have intensified public criticism of expenditures perceived as benefiting foreign allies rather than the domestic population. For instance, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) has transferred more than $1 billion to Hezbollah in Lebanon during the first 10 months of 2025, according to recent U.S. Treasury Department disclosures. Hezbollah employs approximately 40,000 full-time personnel, according to Tom Barrack, the U.S. Special Envoy in Turkey. Each receives up to $2,200 monthly in salary. By comparison, Lebanon's official army has 60,000 soldiers who earn approximately $275 per month โ€” just 12% of Hezbollah salaries, Barrack said. Amidst the broader Middle Eastern crisis, historical tensions with Israel erupted into open warfare after Israel struck Iranian civilians, military and nuclear sites before a declaration of war was made. This jump-started a series of back and forth strikes between Israel and Iran and its allied forces in the region. Timeline On 27 December 2024, the central bank blocked bank accounts and payment terminals of all internet cryptocurrency to money exchange platforms. In January 2025 several corporations pulled out of Iran, for example Iran Hyper Star. The Majlis launched a failed vote of impeachment against the minister of oil and the minister of economy. The Iranian president reported 175,000 billion toman in losses within 9 months in the private sector due to poor economic conditions. Authorities have warned of famines which could soon affect the country. Retirees, merchants and workers protested starting in 2016 in 20 out of 30 cities including Ardebil, Yazd, Hamedan, Kermanshah, Isfahan, Tehran, Ahvaz, and Shush, as well as in Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan, displaying banners with slogans such as "Healthcare and livelihood are our absolute rights" and "Our income is in rials; expenses are in dollars." They also criticised the government's priorities, chanting, "Warmongering is enough; our tables are empty" and "Our enemy is right here; they lie and say it's the U.S." Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi blamed government incompetence for prices rising. According to government data more than 50,000 students migrated out of the country per year. There were 950,000 school dropouts in 2024. Around 3,000 female nurses were moving out of the country per year. Around January 2025, meat and seed cooking oil became largely unaffordable by most Iranians as the Iranian Rial was rocked by significant inflation. On 11 February 2025, a massive blackout affected Tehran as well as several major cities. The Social Security Organisation in Iran raised medicine prices of 400 drugs by more than two times. The Iranian Minister of economy and finances was impeached on 1 March 2025, just a few days after the Vice President of Iran, Mohammad Javad Zarif stepped down after pressure from the public. The President of Iran has similarly been pressured to step down. On 19 March 2025, the exchange rate passed US$1 to 1,000,000 rial, making it the least valuable currency in the world. On 14 January 2026, The Iranian rial's value has plummeted dramatically, falling from approximately 42,000 to over 1.1 million against the US dollar, rendering purchasing power almost non-existent when buying goods from outside the country. Impact The sanctions have led to a significant decline in foreign investment, exacerbating the economic crisis. This was worsened further by increased American pressure against Iran. Since the beginning of the crisis, there have been significant worries by the leadership of Iran that the people may revolt. In November 2024, The Islamic Republic newspaper warned the Iranian regime of impending revolution by poor people. On 6 April 2025, Masoud Nili, a senior economist and advisor to former president Hassan Rouhani, described the Iranian economy as fundamentally broken from decades of corruption, lack of productivity, and over-reliance on oil exports. In late 2025, mass protests erupted across Iran, driven by public anger over the deepening economic crisis. Initially led by bazaar merchants and shopkeepers in Tehran, the demonstrations quickly spread to universities and major cities such as Isfahan, Shiraz, and Mashhad, becoming the largest unrest since the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests. Security forces responded with measures such as tear gas. Over time, the movement expanded beyond economic demands to include calls for freedom and, in some cases, the overthrow of the regime. Protesters chanted anti-government slogans such as "Death to the Dictator". The regime subsequently violently repressed the protests, leading to a death toll estimated at between 3,117 (per Iranian government) to upwards of 36,500 making them some of the largest massacres in modern Iranian history. Following the protests, the massacres, and the 2026 Internet blackout in Iran, the uncertain situation has strained the economy further, with reports emerging that of mass closure of coffee shops within Iran and further deterioration of the economy. See also References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข_ืžืฆื] | [TOKENS: 2145]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžืฆื ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืžืฆื (8 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1931 โ€“ 30 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020) ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื“ืก ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืงืจืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžื ื—ื ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืฆื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืขืœืชื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื•ืื ื™ื ื”, ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื—ืชืจืช ืœื—"ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืœืง ืขืœื•ื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื—ื‘ืืช ื ืฉืง. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืงื“ื, ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ืœื—"ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืช ืคืฆืฆื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื›ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืคืฆืฆื”. ืžืฆื ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืกืจืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื‘ืงืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืฆื ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืžื˜ืขื ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1971 ืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ืžืฆื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื”ืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืข ืžื”ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969, ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื ืกื ื™ืคื™ืช ืขืœ ื™. ืœ. ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืžื•ื ื” ืœืกื’ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชื—ืช ื˜ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืง ืžื˜ืขื ื’ื—"ืœ. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1979 ื•ืคืขืœ ืœื”ืงืžืช ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืคืืจืงื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ื˜ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืง (ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช). ืžืฆื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” "ืžืฆื ืžื•ืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™". ืžืฆื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-11 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984 ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”-12 ื•ื”-13 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ 1996 ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฆื—ื™ ื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื“ ืœืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘-1999. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-15 ื™ื–ื ืžืฆื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืœืคื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื— ืชื—ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื”ื ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืฆื ืœืฉืจ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉืข, ืขื ื”ืงืžืชื” ื‘-2001. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2002 ืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื“ืก, ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืื™ื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช. ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” (ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉื ืชืคืก ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ). ื‘ืฉื ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืก ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื, ืžืขืœ 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชืคื•ื—ื™. ืžืฆื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘-30 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2020 ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 89. ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%E2%80%932026_United_States_trade_war_with_Canada_and_Mexico] | [TOKENS: 12479]
Contents 2025โ€“2026 United States trade war with Canada and Mexico On February 1, 2025, a trade war started by the United States, against Canada and Mexico began when the U.S. president Donald Trump signed orders imposing near-universal tariffs on goods from the two countries entering the United States. The order called for 25 percent tariffs on all imports from Mexico and all imports from Canada except for oil and energy, which would be taxed at 10 percent. In response, then Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau said Canada would retaliate with 25 percent tariffs on CA$30 billion (US$20.6 billion) of American goods, which would expand to CA$155 billion (US$106 billion) after three weeks. Mexican president Claudia Sheinbaum said Mexico would enact tariffs and non-tariff retaliation against the United States. On February 3, one day before they were set to take effect, both leaders negotiated a one-month delay for the tariffs. The U.S. tariffs took effect on March 4; Canada's retaliatory tariffs began simultaneously, while Mexico stated it would wait to retaliate. On March 6, Trump exempted goods compliant with the United Statesโ€“Mexicoโ€“Canada Agreement (USMCA) from tariffs. Later, the U.S. imposed universal tariffs on steel, aluminum, and automotive imports, including those from Mexico and Canada. Due to the USMCA exemption, as of August 2025, over 85% of Canada-U.S. trade and 84% of Mexico-U.S. trade remains tariff-free. Trump has said the tariffs are intended to reduce the U.S.'s trade deficit with Canada and Mexico, force both countries to secure their borders with the U.S. against illegal immigration and fentanyl smuggling, and promote domestic manufacturing in the United States. Sheinbaum, Trudeau, and Trudeau's successor, Mark Carney, have called the U.S. tariffs unjustified and stated that they violate the USMCA. Trudeau said that Trump intends to use tariffs to force Canadian annexation into the United States, which Trump has suggested. Economists have said tariffs would likely disrupt trade between the three countries, upending supply chains and increasing consumer prices. In February 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the tariffs the Trump administration implemented on imports from Canada and Mexico under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act in Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump. Economic background The bilateral trade relationship between the United States and Canada is one of the world's largest. Canadaโ€“U.S. trade comprises about one third of Canada's economy, and about 3 percent of the United States's economy. In the first nine months of 2024, Canadian government data estimated that CA$800 billion (US$550 billion) of goods crossed the Canadaโ€“U.S. border. More than 70 percent of Canadian exports go to the United States. The countries' energy and automotive markets are both highly integrated, and Canada is the U.S.'s largest supplier of both steel and aluminum. As of November 2024, the U.S. government estimated the United States's trade deficit with Canada to be US$55 billion. This deficit is primarily driven by American demand for Canadian oil; when oil exports are excluded, the U.S. has a trade surplus with Canada. Roughly 60 percent of oil imported by the U.S. is sourced from Canada, and Canada is the largest supplier of U.S. energy imports and second-largest recipient of U.S. energy exports. The increased value of U.S. imports from Canada is partially a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which created global market instability and raised energy prices. Cars, trucks, other vehicles, and auto parts constitute 27 percent of Canadian exports to the United States. Canada is the second-largest source of automobile parts imported to the United States. The economies of the United States and Mexico are highly intertwined. In 2024, roughly US$800 billion of goods were transported across the Mexicoโ€“U.S. border, and over US$1 billion in commerce between the two countries occurs daily. In 2023, U.S. exports to Mexico totaled US$322 billion, while the U.S. imported over US$475 billion of Mexican products, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau. More than 75 percent of Mexico's exports go to the United States, and the U.S. is Mexico's primary trading partner. Roughly 70 percent of Mexico's natural gas consumption comes from the U.S., and the U.S. imports about 700,000 barrels of crude oil from Mexico each day. Food production between the two countries is also closely integrated: the U.S. sources roughly half of its fresh fruits and vegetables from Mexico, and Mexico is the top market for U.S. agricultural exports. Mexico is the third-largest exporter of steel to the U.S., behind only Canada and Brazil; both Mexico and the U.S. have been accused of violating an agreement signed alongside the USMCA to limit steel exports between each other. Some Americans, including Trump, have said that Mexico has exceeded the level of exports allowed under the agreement. At the same time, the Mexican steel organization Canacero reported that the level of U.S. steel exports also breached the deal. Mexico is the top source of both automobiles and automobile parts imported to the United States. In 1994, the United States, Canada, and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a free trade agreement that eliminated almost all tariffs on trade between the three countries.[a] NAFTA has been described as a source of political division. In the U.S., it caused offshoring as U.S. companies relocated their businesses to Mexico for cheaper labor, harming American factory towns and workers. The backlash against free trade allowed candidates like Donald Trump, who supported protectionist policies, to rise to prominence in U.S. politics. However, many parts of the U.S. benefited from NAFTA's increased trade and economic activity. In 2020, during Trump's first term as U.S. president, NAFTA was replaced by the United Statesโ€“Mexicoโ€“Canada Agreement (USMCA), primarily because Trump disagreed with NAFTA. Changes between NAFTA and the USMCA were largely cosmetic; the new agreement maintained zero tariffs on most products traded across the three countries, but allowed some tariffs to be imposed for national security matters. The region covered by USMCA is one of the world's largest free trade zones. Political background During his first term, Trump threatened tariffs on Mexico if it did not end illegal immigration to the United States across the U.S.โ€“Mexico border and repeatedly threatened to withdraw from NAFTA. However, he ultimately did not impose tariffs on Mexico after it agreed to create the Mexican National Guard, send 6,000 troops to fight illegal immigration, and allowed the U.S. to expand its "remain in Mexico" policy, which forced certain asylum seekers to stay in Mexico until the U.S. processed their asylum claim. Trump pressured Canada and Mexico to renegotiate NAFTA by threatening aggressive import tariffs, and in May 2018, he extended the U.S.'s global tariffs on steel and aluminum to the two countries, inviting them both to retaliate. The three countries agreed to lift the steel and aluminum tariffs in May 2019, one year after they had begun, prior to the USMCA taking effect on July 1, 2020. One month after the USMCA entered force, Trump said that aluminum imports constituted a national security threat that endangered U.S. producers and imposed 10 percent tariffs on Canadian aluminum. Trump ended the tariffs the next month ahead of Canada's planned retaliation. In 2018 and 2019, Trump also placed major tariffs on China, totaling about US$80 billion of tariffs on about US$380 billion of products, which were largely kept in place by the subsequent administration of Joe Biden. The U.S. government has been concerned over Chinaโ€“Mexico trade, particularly in the automotive sector, because it fears that Chinese companies can use Mexico to export to the United States, circumventing tariffs on China and taking advantage of the USMCA. From October 2023 to October 2024, U.S. authorities apprehended 23,000 people illegally crossing across its northern border from Canada and 1.5 million people illegally crossing its southern border from Mexico. Trump's 2024 presidential campaign outlined an economic strategy that emphasized the use of tariffs to fund proposed tax cuts and encourage domestic manufacturing in the United States. In November 2024, after winning the U.S. presidential election, Trump threatened 25 percent tariffs on all products from Canada and Mexico, which he said would "remain in effect until such time as drugs, in particular fentanyl, and all illegal aliens stop this invasion of our country." Shortly after, Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeauโ€”who has a contentious relationship with Trumpโ€”traveled to Trump's estate in Florida to speak with him and discuss the tariffs, as well as illegal immigration and drug smuggling across the Canadaโ€“U.S. border. On December 16, Canada announced a plan to spend CA$1.3 billion (US$913 million) on border security to allay Trump's concerns. The plan included the creation of a joint U.S.โ€“Canada "strike force" intended to combat transnational crime. On January 6, 2025, Trudeau declared his intention to resign as Liberal Party leader and prime minister after the election of a new leader on March 9. Doug Ford, the premier of Ontario and head of the Council of the Federation, called a snap provincial election to be held on February 27, saying that he wanted his Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario to have a stronger mandate to oppose Trump's impending tariffs on Canada. On January 31, Trudeau stated on social media that Canada was "ready with a forceful and immediate response" if the U.S. proceeded with its decision to impose tariffs on Canadian exports. Since Felipe Calderรณn's tenure as president of Mexico in 2012, U.S. law enforcement agents based in Mexico were able to collaborate with their Mexican counterparts to gather intelligence, design operations, conduct anti-corruption investigations, and carry out institutional reforms. However, in 2019, Andrรฉs Manuel Lรณpez Obrador began to scale back international cooperation in the Mexican drug war as part of his "Hugs, not bullets" plan. Opioids, predominantly fentanyl, have killed over 500,000 Americans since 2012. The opioid epidemic in the United States is largely fueled by drugs smuggled from Mexico; approximately 98 percent of fentanyl entering the U.S. comes from Mexico, while less than 1 percent comes from Canada. In 2021 and 2022, during the worst years of the opioid epidemic, over 100,000 people in the U.S. died annually from drug overdoses. In October 2024, Claudia Sheinbaum was inaugurated as president of Mexico. She was described as taking "bold moves" against Mexican drug cartels. Trump's presidential campaign also pledged the mass deportation of illegal immigrants in the United Statesโ€”the majority of which are from Mexico. In response, Mexican officials created an initiative called "Mexico Embraces You" to welcome deported migrants. During his inaugural address on January 20, 2025, at the beginning of his second term, Trump said he would enact steep tariffs on other countries. He said that "Instead of taxing our citizens to enrich other countries", the U.S. would "tariff and tax foreign countries to enrich our citizens". Trump said that both Canada and Mexico are allowing "mass numbers of people to come in and fentanyl to come in" to the U.S. across their borders. Approximately 0.2 percent of fentanyl entering the U.S. comes from Canada, while 98 percent comes from Mexico. Trump launched a process to designate Mexican drug cartels and other criminal organizations as foreign terrorist organizations. He also threatened U.S. military intervention against cartels in Mexico. Trump also said both countries were unfairly profiting from the United States's trade deficits. He has criticized the United States's trade deficit with Canada while citing inaccurate figures that claim it to be as much as US$200 billion. Even after Trump declared his intention to impose imminent tariffs on Canada and Mexico, U.S. companies did not make a concerted effort to import large quantities of goods to the United States before their enactment. On January 29, Sheinbaum said of Trump's threatened tariffs that "We don't think its going to happen really", and that "if it happens, we also have our [retaliation] plan", which she declined to detail. The Mexican foreign ministry said Mexican officials were in talks with the Trump administration. Trump also made repeated calls for Canada to be annexed by the United States as its "51st state", and said that while he would not use military coercion, he could use "economic force" to bring about Canadian annexation. Since the trade war began, Trudeau has said that Trump's comments should be taken as a serious threat against Canadian sovereignty and that Trump seeks to control Canada to access its mineral resources. In an interview, Trump said that his suggestions to annex Canada were serious, and argued that the U.S. trade deficit with Canada was "essentially a subsidy" and that Canada would be "much better off" in the United States. Trump has argued that Canadian statehood would make tariffs "totally disappear", lower Canadian taxes, and make the country more secure militarily, and called the Canadaโ€“U.S. border an "artificial line that looks like it was done with a ruler". Trudeau has said that Canadian annexation is "never going to happen". Initial tariff threats On February 1, 2025, Trump signed three executive orders imposing 25 percent tariffs on all goods from Mexico and Canada except for Canadian oil and energy exports, which received a 10 percent tariff. Mexican energy exports will be subject to the full 25 percent tariff. The orders were issued under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) and were set to take effect at 12:01 a.m. Eastern Standard Time on February 4. Trump also ordered 10 percent tariffs on China, which would be imposed in addition to the existing tariffs of up to 25 percent on many Chinese goods. The orders included a clause allowing the U.S. to increase its tariffs if the countries respond with their own tariffs or other retaliatory measures. Trump used the IEEPAโ€”a 1977 U.S. law giving the president broad financial power during declared national emergenciesโ€”to circumvent the USMCA's tariff restriction for reasons other than national security, marking the first time the law was used to impose tariffs. Trump cited both the influx of illegal immigrants crossing the United States's borders with both Mexico and Canada, as well as the opioid epidemic in the United States fueled by fentanyl originating in China reaching the U.S. through Mexico and Canada. In the executive order, he said that Canada has played a "central role" in allowing fentanyl to enter the U.S. and that it has failed to "devote sufficient attention and resources or meaningfully coordinate" with the U.S. to "stem the tide of illicit drugs," despite the vast majority of fentanyl in the U.S. coming from the southern border with Mexico. The tariffs are also aimed at forcing manufacturers to hire Americans to make their products in the U.S. instead of importing them from other countries. In later remarks, Trump repeated his hope for Canada to be annexed by the United States, and said that it could do so to avoid tariffs. According to Bloomberg News, Trump advisors Peter Navarro and Stephen Miller were the leading officials in the economic discussions regarding the imposition of tariffs. At the same time, China was included at the urging of the National Security Council. In a post on Truth Social, Trump said: "We need to protect Americans, and it is my duty as president to ensure the safety of all. I made a promise on my campaign to stop the flood of illegal aliens and drugs from pouring across our borders, and Americans overwhelmingly voted in favor of it." While he acknowledged that the tariffs could cause "temporary short-term disruption," he said that they needed to be imposed. Trump also claimed that "Tariffs don't cause inflation" but rather that "They cause success." Hours after Trump imposed the tariffs on February 1, Trudeau said that Canada would retaliate against the United States with tariffs. He said that Canada would impose 25 percent tariffs on CA$30 billion (US$20.6 billion) of American exports immediately after the U.S. tariffs take effect and impose 25 percent tariffs on a further CA$125 billion (US$86 billion) worth of goods in the next three weeks. Trudeau said that the delay would allow Canadian businesses to prepare. He added that Canada was considering more retaliatory trade actions in addition to tariffs to force Trump to end the trade war, including export restrictions on critical minerals and energy products, or a ban on American companies bidding on government contracts. Trudeau stated that American liquor, vegetables, clothing, shoes, and perfume would be among the first products to face retaliatory tariffs, and that tariffs would also be imposed on consumer goods such as household appliances, furniture, and sports equipment. Canada's retaliation is aimed mainly at "red states" of the U.S., led by Trump's Republican Party. In his speech, Trudeau presented data showing that only about 1 percent of fentanyl imports and illegal border crossings to the United States come from its border with Canada. He called the U.S.โ€“Canada relationship "the most successful partnership the world has ever seen" across all domains and accused Trump's tariffs of violating the USMCA. He also stated that the tariffs pose a threat to American consumers and industries, urging Canadians to "choose Canadian products and services rather than American ones" whenever possible. Trudeau stated: "This is a choice that, yes, will harm Canadians, but beyond that, it will have real consequences for you, the American people. As I have consistently said, tariffs against Canada will put your jobs at risk, potentially shutting down American auto assembly plants and other manufacturing facilities." Canada's premiers also responded. Ontario premier Ford said that Canada has "no choice but to hit back and hit back hard" and ordered the Liquor Control Board of Ontario to end sales of American alcohol. The Premier of Alberta Danielle Smith, who had until then been opposed to aggressive trade action against the United States, said Canada needed to respond to Trump's "mutually destructive policy" and that she supported "the strategic use" of tariffs on U.S. goods "that are more easily purchased from Canada and non-U.S. suppliers". Premier Franรงois Legault of Quebec said he ordered Treasury Board president Sonia LeBel to "review all procurement contracts involving American suppliers" and penalize any that do business with Quebec's government. He also directed the Sociรฉtรฉ des alcools du Quรฉbec to remove all American products from its shelves. Around Christmas time in 2025, multiple Canadian provinces including Nova Scotia and Manitoba announced they would sell shelved American liquor products being kept in storage with profits going to charitable organizations. No new liquor was purchased for these fundraisers. In Nova Scotia, Premier Tim Houston said the province will double highway tolls for U.S. vehicles and direct the Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation to stop selling all U.S. liquor by February 4. Northwest Territories premier R.J. Simpson also announced that his government would review its procurement policies to eliminate purchases from U.S. companies where possible. Premier Wab Kinew of Manitoba and Premier Dennis King of Prince Edward Island both said that their provinces would stop importing American liquor, while British Columbia premier David Eby said the BC Liquor Distribution Branch would halt liquor purchases from Republican-led states. On March 10, this was then expanded to ban all U.S. alcohol. Legislation is also planned on being introduced that would tariff U.S. vehicles driving to Alaska through the province. Yukon premier Ranj Pillai said his territory's government would halt orders of U.S. alcohol, review its contracts with U.S. companies, and consider tolls on U.S. vehicles, but later said the measures would be put on hold until tariffs came into effect. Pierre Poilievre, the leader of the opposition Conservative Party, condemned what he called "massive, unjust and unjustified tariffs". He urged that the government end the current prorogation of parliament to retaliate with measures including dollar-for-dollar tariffs on U.S. goods that he said would raise money to help "affected workers and businesses". He also repeated his demand for a "massive" tax cut and other efforts to bolster the economy. Sheinbaum had spoken to Trump before his inauguration to de-escalate his tariff threats. Trump said that Sheinbaum had agreed to "effectively closing" the Mexicoโ€“U.S. border to avoid tariffs; Sheinbaum denied this, but said that "there will not be a potential tariff war". After Trump signed executive orders imposing 25 percent tariffs, Sheinbaum said Mexico would implement tariff and non-tariff retaliatory measures against the United States. She said the retaliation was "in defense of Mexico's interests". Sheinbaum did not specify which U.S. goods Mexico's retaliation would target, though media reports claimed Mexico had been preparing possible retaliatory tariffs ranging from 5 percent to 20 percent on pork, cheese, produce, steel, and aluminum; reports also claimed that Mexico intended to exempt the automotive industry from tariffs. Marcelo Ebrard, Mexico's secretary of economy, called Trump's tariffs a "flagrant violation" of the USMCA. Sheinbaum also responded to Trump's claim that she has an alliance with the Mexican drug cartels, calling it "slander". At an event on February 1, she said Mexico would keep a "cool head" in proceeding with its retaliations, and she proposed establishing a task force with the U.S. to address Trump's issues with Mexico and said that "problems are not resolved by imposing tariffs". One-month delay On February 3, 2025, Sheinbaum and Trump mutually agreed to delay the tariffs on Mexico by one month, until March 4. Sheinbaum accepted sending 10,000 troops from the Mexican National Guard to their border to prevent drug trafficking. Trump said the U.S. had pledged to take measures to curb weapons trafficking to Mexico. During their call, Trump complemented Sheinbaum, telling her "You're tough". After their call, Sheinbaum directed Mexican law enforcement agencies to target fentanyl gangs, and Mexican police raided opioid labs and arrested cartel members. On February 27, Mexico transferred 29 cartel operatives, Sinaloa Cartel founding member Rafael Caro Quintero, to the United States to face criminal charges there. Sheinbaum's calm demeanor during calls with Trump and success in mitigating illegal immigration and fentanyl appeared to earn the respect of Trump and impressed members of his administration, including Stephen Miller, who is Trump's deputy chief of staff for policy and the U.S. homeland security advisor. Trump later described Sheinbaum as "a wonderful woman" with whom he has a "very good" relationship. Trump also spoke to Trudeau on February 3. During their call, he introduced concerns that Canada was not allowing U.S. banks to "open or do business there"; Canada allows American banks to operate commercially in the country but had restricted personal banking to protect its citizens from bank failure. The Canadian Bankers Association said that 16 U.S.-based bank subsidiaries and branches with around CA$113 billion (US$78.6 billion) in assets are currently operating in Canada. After a second call that afternoon, Trump and Trudeau successfully negotiated a one-month delay on the tariffs. Officials present for the call told The New York Times and the Toronto Star that in addition to concerns over banking, Trump also relayed grievances over Canada's protection of its dairy sector and Canadian consumption taxes that Trump said make American goods more expensive. Trump also said that the 1908 treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom that established the 49th parallel as the border between the U.S. and the dominion of Canada was invalid and that he wanted to revise it. Trudeau and his aides then scrambled to "google" the treaty, after which Trudeau told Trump that it had been superseded by the Canadian Constitution of 1982 and that the patriation of Canada from Britain under the premiership of Trudeau's father Pierre Elliott Trudeau had established Canada's full sovereignty over its territory. Trump also mentioned during the call that he wanted to revisit the numerous treaties regulating the sharing of lakes and rivers between the U.S. and Canada. In addition, he raised Canada's level of defense spending, and questioned whether Canada does "anything" to contribute to the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the joint U.S.โ€“Canada air defense command that operates across North America. Trudeau told Trump that Canada would appoint a "fentanyl czar", list Mexican drug cartels as terrorists, create an intelligence directive targeting fentanyl and organized crime supported by CA$200 million (US$140 million) in funding, and implement its CA$1.3 billion (US$913 million) border program and establish a Canadaโ€“U.S. joint strike force to combat organized crime, fentanyl, and money laundering. Trudeau also assured Trump that 10,000 personnel "are and will be" working on border security in Canada. In response, Trump issued an updated executive order changing the start date of the tariffs to March 4 at 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time. Trump wrote on social media after the call that he was "very pleased with this initial outcome" and the tariffs had been delayed "to see whether or not a final economic deal with Canada can be structured". On February 11, Canada appointed Kevin Brosseau, a former deputy national security advisor to Trudeau and former Royal Canadian Mounted Police senior, as the fentanyl czar. After the call between Trump and Trudeau on February 3, Howard Lutnick, the incoming U.S. secretary of commerce called Dominic LeBlanc, the Canadian finance minister, who he had been communicating regularly since December 2024. Lutnick said that Trump had realized the U.S.โ€“Canada relationship was governed by a series of agreements that could be quickly abandoned. He said Trump was interested in dissolving arrangements related to sharing and managing the Great Lakes, and reviewing military cooperation between the two countries, including NORAD. Lutnick also said Trump wanted to remove Canada from the Five Eyes, an intelligence-sharing alliance between the U.S., Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand; the Financial Times reported that some officials in Trump's administration have sought to remove Canada from the alliance. Marco Rubio, the U.S. secretary of state, dismissed that the U.S. was reconsidering military cooperation with Canada. However, Canadian officials, despite initially believing Trump's suggestion of annexing Canada into the United States to be a joke, began to interpret it as a serious threat. On February 10, 2025, Trump imposed 25 percent tariffs on steel and aluminum entering the United States from all countries, including Canada and Mexico, which provide most of the U.S.'s metal imports. The steel and aluminum tariffs are set to enter force on March 12. Trump said those tariffs were "the first of many", and that over the next four weeks, he would discuss tariffs on cars, pharmaceuticals, chips, and other goods with his team. In response, Trudeau called the tariffs "unacceptable" and said he hoped talks with the Trump administration would resolve the issue, but that Canada will have a "firm and clear" response if needed. Shares of U.S. steelmakers rose in response to Trump's order, while prices for steel and aluminum rose. Imposition of tariffs On March 3, Trump said that the tariffs that were delayed from February would take effect as planned on March 4, and that there was "no room left" for Canada or Mexico to negotiate a last-minute deal with the United States to delay them further. Lutnick said that both Canada and Mexico had made progress on improving border security, but that neither had satisfied the U.S.'s demands to halt the flow of fentanyl into the United States. Canadian foreign minister Mรฉlanie Joly said that Canada was prepared to respond, while Sheinbaum reaffirmed that Mexico's prior response plans would take effect when Trump's tariffs were imposed. U.S. tariffs on Canada and Mexico began as scheduled, at 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time on March 4. Canada's retaliation began simultaneously: 25 percent tariffs on CA$30 billion (US$20.6 billion) of U.S. goods took effect on March 4, and Trudeau affirmed that 25 percent tariffs on an additional CA$125 billion (US$86 billion) of U.S. goods would take effect 21 days later, on March 25. After the tariffs were imposed on March 4, Trudeau said in a news conference that Trump's "excuse" for the tariffs of fentanyl was "completely bogus" and "completely false", and that Trump was imposing tariffs because he wished for "a total collapse of the Canadian economy" to "make it easier" for the U.S. to annex Canada. Trudeau called Trump's decision to impose tariffs "very dumb", and said Canada would "not back down from a fight". The onset of the tariffs led to stock market declines in the U.S., especially for retailers and car manufacturers. On March 5, Lutnick said Trump was "listening to the offers from Mexico and Canada" and "thinking about trying to do something in the middle", suggesting that tariffs could take effect at a less significant scale. Later that day, Trump granted a one-month exception from the tariffs for automakers compliant with USMCA regulations, which represent about 85 percent of passenger vehicles imported to the U.S. from Mexico in 2024. Trump decided after meeting with executives from the three largest U.S. automakersโ€”Ford, General Motors, and Stellantisโ€”who said that the tariffs would harm U.S. companies more than their foreign rivals. After the U.S. tariffs took effect on March 4, Sheinbaum said she would announce Mexico's countermeasures, including retaliatory tariffs, on March 9. She cited plans to speak with Trump in the intervening days as the reason for her delayed response. Sheinbaum said that if the tariffs persisted, Mexico would "reach out to Canada and other nations" and could look for trading partners other than the U.S. or shift trade alliances "if necessary". Trump and Sheinbaum spoke by phone on March 6. Sheinbaum began the call by listing to Trump her efforts to secure the Mexicoโ€“U.S. border and fight fentanyl trafficking, suggesting to him that the tariffs would make it more difficult for her to justify cooperation with the U.S. to a domestic audience. She sent Trump a chart showing how fentanyl seizures at the border had dropped dramatically since the 10,000 National Guard troops had arrived. During the call, Trump complimented Sheinbaum and asked her opinion of Trudeau, calling her "lucky" after she responded that they rarely talked. While Sheinbaum recounted that Trump initially refused to lift tariffs, by the end of their call Trump offered exclusions for many Mexican goods. After speaking to Sheinbaum, Trump posted on social media that he would delay tariffs on all USMCA-compliant goods until April 2 "out of respect" for Sheinbaum, and thanked her for her "hard work and cooperation". Immediately afterward, Sheinbaum wrote on Twitter that she and Trump had an "excellent and respectful" call and thanked Trump, saying the two had "agreed that our work and collaboration have yielded unprecedented results". Trudeau and Trump had spoken by phone on March 5, and Trump said their conversation ended on a "somewhat 'friendly'" note. After Sheinbaum's call, Trump extended the delay of tariffs on USMCA-compliant products to Canada on March 6. After Trump's announcement, Canadian officials said that the planned increases in their retaliatory tariffs would be suspended, though the initial tariffs on the U.S. would remain in place. Although only about 50 percent of U.S. imports from Mexico and 38 percent of U.S. imports from Canada were USMCA-compliant in 2024, many companies had not filed the requisite paperwork because previous tariff levels were so low. Both Canada and Mexico believed that nearly all of their exports would be quickly made compliant. The Royal Bank of Canada estimated that almost 90% of Canadian exports entered the U.S. duty free in April 2025, and by August said 100% of Canadian energy exports and 95% of other exports were compliant with the trade pact. There are several laws potentially allowing the US administration to impose tariffs on foreign goods: Course of the trade war On March 7, Trump threatened reciprocal tariffs on Canadian lumber and dairy products. He said the tariffs would be as high as about 250 percent and take effect the following week. Later, Trump said that Canada "must immediately drop their Anti-American Farmer Tariff of 250 percent to 390 percent on various U.S. dairy products, which has long been considered outrageous." Canada's tariff-rate quota on U.S. dairy products allows a certain amount of U.S. dairy products to enter the country without facing tariffs, with high tariffs only imposed if the imports surpass a certain amount. Since U.S. dairy exports to Canada have never exceeded the quota, the Canadian tariffs have never been activated. On March 9, the day Sheinbaum had planned to announce Mexico's retaliation, she held an event in Mexico City's central plaza to celebrate the delay on the U.S. tariffs, which tens of thousands of Mexicans attended. Sheinbaum said during the event that "Fortunately, dialogue and respect have prevailed" and they she was optimistic that Mexico would not be given further tariffs and that she would negotiate with Trump with a "cool head". Beginning on March 10, Ontario imposed a 25 percent surcharge on electricity exports to the U.S. states of Michigan, Minnesota, and New York. The next day, Trump said that Canada would face 50 percent tariffs on steel and aluminum on March 12, rather than the 25 percent tariffs imposed on every other country. Ford said that afternoon that he would suspend the surcharge on electricity exports, saying "The temperature needs to come down." In response, Trump said that the U.S. would only impose 25 percent tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum. On March 13, the day after those tariffs entered force, Canada imposed 25 percent tariffs on an additional CA$29 billion (US$20 billion) of U.S. goods. In a joint statement, Ford and Lutnick said that U.S. and Canadian officials would meet in Washington, D.C., on March 13 to discuss a "renewed USMCA". On March 9, Mark Carney won the Liberal Party leadership election to succeed Trudeau as Canadian prime minister. In his acceptance speech, he said that he supported the Trudeau government's retaliatory tariffs and that his government would keep them in place "until the Americans show us respect." As prime ministerโ€“designate, he called Trump's threats to impose tariffs on dairy and metals "an attack on Canadian workers, families, and businesses", and that his government would ensure that its response had a "maximum impact in the U.S. and minimal impact here in Canada." He added that tariffs would remain until the U.S. made "credible, reliable commitments to free and fair trade." Carney was sworn in on March 14, beginning his premiership. Trump pledged to impose "reciprocal" tariffs on all countries beginning in April 2. Regarding Canada, he said that if it did not drop "egregious, long time Tariffs" by April 2, he would "substantially increase" tariffs on Canadian cars entering the U.S. to "essentially, permanently shut down the automobile manufacturing business in Canada." Trump later announced that 25 percent tariffs on all imported cars and car parts would enter force on April 2. In response, Carney said that "it clear that the United States is no longer a reliable partner", and that while "it is possible that, with comprehensive negotiations, we will be able to restore some trust", "there will be no turning back" in the Canadaโ€“U.S. relationship. Carney and Trump spoke directly for the first time in a phone call on March 28. Carney called the call "very cordial" and "substantial", and said that Trump "respected Canada's sovereignty". Trump described his call as "extremely productive" and said that he and Carney "agree on many things". Trump referred to Carney as the "prime minister of Canada", whereas he had addressed Trudeau as the "governor" of Canada as a U.S. state. In addition, Trump said that he believes "things will work out very well between Canada and the United States". Carney told Trump that Canada would respond with retaliatory tariffs if the U.S. tariffs planned for April 2 came into effect. Both leaders agreed to start "comprehensive negotiations about a new economic and security relationship" between Canada and the U.S. after the Canadian federal election on April 28. On April 2, when Trump imposed universal 10 percent tariffs on imports from all countries, Canada and Mexico were exempted; the countries faced no new tariffs from the U.S. and the exemption given to most USMCA-compliant goods was extended indefinitely. The same day, the U.S. Senate narrowly approved a measure that would revoke some of Trump's tariffs on Canada. Four senators from the Republican Party (Susan Collins, Lisa Murkowski, Rand Paul and Mitch McConnell) joined all senators of the opposition Democratic Party in passing the resolution. However, the measure also needs to pass the Republican-controlled House of Representatives to take effect, in which Republican leaders have much more power to block it. Sheinbaum said that Mexico had been given "preferential treatment" by the U.S. and that Canada and Mexico had avoided additional tariffs because of the USMCA. She added that U.S. and Mexican officials had a "mutual respect" relationship. Mexican economy secretary Ebrard said that the worldwide U.S. tariffs could help Mexico by making it cheaper to do business there relative to other countries. Despite Canada's exclusion, Carney denounced the tariffs and said they would "rupture the global economy" and harm economic growth. He also said he would seek to assemble a "coalition of like-minded countries" to create an alternative to the U.S., and that "if the United States no longer wants to lead, Canada will". He declared: "The 80-year period when the United States embraced the mantle of global economic leadership, when it forged alliances rooted in trust and mutual respect and championed the free and open exchange of goods and services, is over. While this is a tragedy, it is also the new reality." Trump announced universal 25 percent tariffs on automobiles and automobile parts on March 27, which came into effect on April 3. When the U.S. tariffs began, Carney announced that Canada would retaliate with a 25 percent tariff on U.S. cars and trucks imported into Canada and that Canada would use the money generated from the tariffs to support people and businesses negatively impacted by U.S. tariffs. Sheinbaum said that the U.S. auto export tariffs were a concern for Mexico and that she hoped to continue speaking to U.S. officials to lower tariffs on auto exports, steel, and aluminum. Rather than retaliating with tariffs, however, Sheinbaum announced that Mexico would try to mitigate the impact of the tariffs by increasing domestic production of corn, beans, and rice, in addition to fuel and refined oil products to reduce its dependence on U.S. natural gas. On April 11, Trump threatened Mexico with further tariffs and sanctions, saying that it was violating its obligation under the 1944 treaty between the two countries relating to water resources in the Tijuana, Colorado, and Rio Grande rivers. Despite the treaty requiring that Mexico deliver to the United States 1.75 million acre-feet of water every five years, it had offered less than 500,000 from October 2020 to December 2024. Trump accused Mexico of "stealing the water from Texas farmers". Sheinbaum acknowledged that Mexico had failed to fulfill its commitments under the treaty: She said that the 2020โ€“2023 North American drought had prevented Mexico from providing the full amount of water, but that "to the extent of water availability, Mexico has been complying". Sheinbaum said that Mexico had sent "a comprehensive proposal" to the U.S. to resolve the issue, and said that "I am sure that, as in other matters, an agreement will be reached". On April 28, Mexico and the U.S. jointly announced an agreement in which Mexico would immediately transfer some of its water reserves to the United States and give the country a larger share of the water from the Rio Grande through October 2025, and Mexico said the U.S. had agreed not to seek renegotiation of the 1944 water treaty. On April 15, Canada announced several measures to provide relief from tariffs, including a 6-month pause on tariffs for goods imported from the U.S. to be used in "Canadian manufacturing, processing and food and beverage packaging, and for those used to support public health, health care, public safety, and national security objectives." The country also exempted automakers that continue manufacturing in Canada from retaliatory tariffs against the U.S. and began accepting applicants to the "Large Enterprise Tariff Loan Facility" (LETL) program, which supports large Canadian businesses struggling to obtain access to liquidity. Carney led the Liberal Party to victory in the April 28 Canadian federal election, with the party winning enough seats to form a minority government. Carney had campaigned on a promise to stand up to Trump's threats and protect Canada's economy; after winning, he declared: "Trump is trying to break us so he can own us. That will never happen." The day after the election, Trump called Carney to congratulate him on his victory; in a news conference on May 2, Carney said he and Trump had agreed to travel and meet in Washington, D.C., on May 6. Carney met Trump at the White House on May 6.[b] Carney characterized the meeting, which was two hours long and included a 75-minute one-on-one meeting between the two leaders, as "very positive", and Trump said it went "very well" with "no tension". Trump largely refrained from criticizing Carney or Canada, calling Canada "a very special place" to him and responded to a reporter's question about what "concession" he wanted from Canada by saying he only sought "friendship". When Trump claimed that Canada would be better off as a part of the U.S., Carney told Trump: "As you know from real estate, there are some places that are not for sale," and that "Having met with the owners of Canada over the course of the campaign the last several months, it's not for sale, it won't be for sale ever." In response, Trump said "never say never" but did not press the matter further. Speaking to reporters at the Canadian Embassy in Washington after the meeting, Carney said that during the meeting Canada "began the renegotiation of our trading relationship" with the U.S. and that Trump had committed to negotiate a new Canadaโ€“U.S. trade agreement. During their meeting, Trump and Carney also discussed foreign policy issues such as the Russiaโ€“Ukraine war, the Middle Eastern crisis, and China. Carney said he told Trump that it was not "useful" for him to continue referring to Canada as the "51st state" and threatening annexation. After the meeting, Trump echoed Carney's statement that the meeting set Canadaโ€“U.S. relations on a better trajectory and called Carney "a big step up" as a leader, criticizing Trudeau and former deputy prime minister Chrystia Freeland. Carney said he and Trump would meet next at the 51st G7 summit in June, which Canada hosted in Kananaskis, Alberta. By May 14, 2025, consulting group Oxford Economics estimated that Canada had "effectively suspended almost all of its retaliatory tariffs on U.S. products" following the exemptions implemented a month prior. Minister of Finance Franรงois-Philippe Champagne called this a "falsehood", and stated that 70 percent of the tariffs were still in place. On June 4, U.S. steel and aluminum tariffs doubled to 50 percent. Carney said Canada was in intense negotiations with the U.S. but preparing reprisals if they failed. Bea Bruske, president of the Canadian Labour Congress, stated 23,000 steel jobs and another 9,500 aluminum jobs would be impacted within days. At the G7 summit on June 16, the two countries pledged to work on a deal with the next 30 days. In a June 20 press conference, Carney said Canada would increase its counter-tariffs on steel and aluminium products, at the time 25%, on July 21 if talks with the United States stalled. Carney invited Sheinbaum to the G7 summit, though Trump departed the summit early on June 15 to deal with the Israelโ€“Iran war, missing a scheduled meeting between him and Sheinbaum. On June 27 U.S. president Donald Trump announced the suspension of the trade talks with Canada, also announcing new tariffs on goods crossing the Canadaโ€“United States border. That was reverted on June 30, when White House economic advisor Kevin Hassett announced the restart of the trade talks with Canada after the country scrapped its digital services tax on Canadian-source revenue received by large technology firms (which mainly affected American companies including Amazon, Meta, and Google). On July 11, Trump announced in a letter sent to Carney that the US would raise the tariffs to 35%, starting August 1. He cited the retaliatory tariffs imposed by Canada against the US as the main reason, as well as the continued flow of fentanyl into the US from Canada and the trade deficit with Canada. The letter also stated that if Canada raised its tariffs against the US, the US would raise its tariffs by that percentage on top of the existing 35%, as well as saying if Canada works with the US to stop the flow of fentanyl, the US may adjust the tariffs upwards or downwards, based on the relationships with Canada. On August 5, the Associated Press reported that due to the USMCA exemption, as of August 2025, over 85% of Canada-U.S. trade and 84% of Mexico-U.S. trade remains tariff-free. On August 22, Carney announced Canada would drop many of their retaliatory tariffs by matching the USMCA exemption in order to jump start trade talks. "Canada currently has the best trade deal with the United States. And while itโ€™s different from what we had before, itโ€™s still better than that of any other country," said Carney. On October 23, Trump announced that all trade negotiations with Canada were canceled after the Ontario government published a public service announcement with audio clips of former US president Ronald Reagan stating that tariffs on foreign goods are poor policy in the long term. Trump later said he would raise tariffs on Canada by "more than 10%" in response to the advertisement. On February 8, 2026, Trump threatened to block the opening of the Gordie Howe International Bridge, citing Canadaโ€™s recent trade developments with China and the alleged one-sided nature of the contract (wherein Canada gains all revenue from bridge tolls to pay back construction costs). Trump said the bridgeโ€™s opening will be delayed until multiple trade and bridge related grievances were resolved. Trump's announcement was criticised by politicians, business leaders and industry groups. Reactions and responses The United States tariffs and threats against Canada have harmed historically strong Canadaโ€“U.S. relations, caused increases in Canadian nationalism and patriotism, and led to an uptick in anti-Americanism. In February 2025, a poll by the Angus Reid Institute found that 91 percent of Canadians expressed a desire to decrease Canada's reliance on the U.S. as a trade partner; it also showed a 10 percentage-point increase in Canadians saying they are "very proud" of and "have a deep emotional attachment" to Canada compared to December 2024. An Ipsos poll in February 2025 found that, after Trump's threats, 68 percent of Canadians thought less of the United States, while 65 percent said they would avoid traveling to the U.S. and 67 percent said they would avoid buying U.S.-made products. The same month, a Lรฉger poll found that 27 percent of Canadians considered the U.S. an "enemy", while only 1 percent of Americans thought the same of Canada. In the days after the initial tariff announcements, Canadian crowds booed the U.S. national anthem at sporting events featuring American teams. Many Canadians began a boycott of American goods and travel to the United States and a "Buy Canadian" movement gained traction across the country. As prime minister, Trudeau supported the Canadian boycott. Many Canadian politicians, including Trudeau and Poilievre, spoke of national unity, and the trade war and conflict with the U.S. created a rally 'round the flag effect in the lead-up to the 2025 Canadian federal election. Both Canadians across the political spectrum and Canadian society at large have grown concerned over threats from the United States; Canadian politicians have a motive to "push back immediately and forcefully" against Trump and the U.S. because of the threats to Canadian sovereignty. The trade war also increased support for the removal of trade barriers between Canada's provinces, which Trudeau said that all premiers support but that "challenges within bureaucracies" persist. Simultaneously, Alberta premier Danielle Smith pledged to hold a referendum on Albertan separatism in 2026 if enough voters sign a petition in favor of doing so. Whereas in early January 2025 the Liberals had trailed the Conservatives in federal election opinion polls by over 20 points for months, the party began to close the gap in polls after the trade war began and Trudeau announced his resignation. Support for the New Democratic Party and Bloc Quรฉbรฉcois also fell dramatically, and polling suggested a close race between the Carney-led Liberals and the Poilievre-led Conservatives. In February 2025, following Trump's initial announcement, Canadian travel to the United States dropped by 40 percent compared to February 2024. A March 2025 Abacus Data poll found that 62 percent of Canadians planned to avoid traveling to the U.S. for the next year, and American tourism groups are worried they will lose Canadian tourist traffic. The mayor of Haines, Alaska, a town connected to the outside world only through Yukon, has expressed concern that the tariffs will affect the normally friendly relations between Americans and Canadians. The shift in Canadian travel away from the U.S. could amount to an annual loss of US$4 billion for the U.S. economy. In March 2025, the Trump administration said that beginning on April 11, 2025, Canadians entering the U.S. for more than 30 days are required to register with authorities and be fingerprinted. The tariffs could affect negotiations on renewing the USMCA, for which a review is due in 2026. Trump has ordered U.S. officials to review and report how to correct "unfair" trade practices by April 1, 2025. Canadian officials have grown concerned that Trump may threaten tariffs to force changes to the agreement. In the United States, a February 2025 survey by The Harris Poll for Bloomberg News found that around 60 percent of Americans believe that high tariffs could cause consumer prices to rise. The following month, a poll by the University of Michigan found that the number of Americans expressing confidence in the economy fell by 11 percent in March 2025, and that the number expecting inflation rose. In the United States, Trump's initial decision to impose tariffs on Canada and Mexico was criticized by the editorial board of The Wall Street Journal, which said that his "justification for this economic assault on the neighbors makes no sense" and that Trump had begun "the dumbest trade war in history". Many Americans believe Trump's threats to annex Canada are a joke or a negotiation strategy, and Trump's tariff policy in general raised questions about whether he has a serious intent to impose tariffs or whether his orders to impose them are threats intended only to serve as a negotiation tactic. The imposition and rollback of tariffs created uncertainty for many businesses, and has led to an erosion of international confidence in the U.S. as a reliable trade partner. According to Deutsche Welle, Trump's imposition of tariffs on Canada and Mexico violated both the USMCA and the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), of which all three countries are members. On March 13, 2025, the WTO said that Canada had formally requested to begin dispute resolution proceedings with the United States, saying that the tariffs violated the U.S.'s commitments under the 1994 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. On April 7, Canada also initiated WTO dispute resolution proceedings regarding the U.S. tariffs on cars and car parts. In Mexico, the government and local businesses aimed to bolster a "Made in Mexico" campaign to promote domestic products. Some Mexicans called for boycotts of U.S. products after Trump's initial threat of tariffs, and a poll by the Mexican firm Buendรญa & Mรกrquez found that 80 percent of Mexicans held a negative opinion of Trump in mid-February 2025, an increase from 66 percent in early January. Sheinbaum's approval rating also rose, with some polls in February 2025 suggesting that it exceeds 80 percent. The European Commissionโ€”the executive branch of the European Unionโ€”condemned U.S. tariffs on Canada and Mexico, and called for the U.S. to "reconsider its approach". In February 2026, the United States House of Representatives voted to repeal the tariffs that had been imposed on Canadian goods during Donald Trumpโ€™s administration. The resolution passed by a 219โ€“211 vote, with a small number of Republican lawmakers joining nearly all Democrats in support. The tariffs had originally been enacted under a national emergency declaration in February 2025, and their repeal represented a rare bipartisan rebuke of Trumpโ€™s trade policy. Following the vote, President Trump reportedly threatened political consequences for Republicans who voted against the measure. While passage in the House reflects congressional concern over the tariffs, actual repeal would still require Senate approval and presidential assent, and was expected to face a potential veto. Economic impact The trade war led investors to fear that tariffs could create inflation by causing rises in both manufacturing costs and consumer prices, leading to volatility in the U.S. stock market. Trump has characterized the economy as being in "period of transition" for the start of his presidency. On March 3, after Trump confirmed the imposition of tariffs on Canada and Mexico, as well as the increase of tariffs on China from 10 percent to 20 percent set to take place the same day, the U.S. stock markets dropped considerably: the S&P 500 index fell by 1.8 percent, while the Nasdaq-100 index fell by 2.6 percent. By March 6, the S&P 500 had lost almost all of its gains since November 2024. On March 9, Trump declined to say whether his policies could lead to a recession in the United States. He said in an interview with Fox News that it would take time to see the payoff from his policies, but that they would ultimately be worthwhile, saying "If you look at China, they have a 100-year perspective. We have a quarter. We go by quarters, and you can't go by that. You have to do what's right." The next day, the S&P 500 dropped an additional 2.7 percentโ€”its largest single-day drop of 2025โ€”and the Nasdaq by 4 percent. On March 10, the S&P 500 fell by 1.4 percent, pushing it into a correction, which is defined as a fall in a stock market index of over 10 percent from its peak; the S&P 500 was 10.1 percent lower than its record high, which was on February 19. The market's losses were equivalent to over US$4 trillion in value; the Nasdaq-100 and Russell 2000 indices had already entered corrections. On March 11, the S&P 500 rose by 2.1 percent, exiting a correction, though ending the week down 2.3 percent. After Trump's April 2 tariffs, the S&P 500 fell over 10 percent in two days, in its worst week since the COVID-19 recession of 2020. In Canada and Mexico, stock markets were more stable. By March 6, Mexico's most prominent stock market index, the รndice de Precios y Cotizaciones, had risen 6 percent since the beginning of 2025. Canada's benchmark index, the S&P/TSX, was almost the same level it began the year. The trade war is expected to significantly disrupt trade between the United States, Mexico, and Canada and upend supply chains across North America. Many economists have expressed skepticism over the effectiveness of Trump's strategy in imposing tariffs, and many have said that increased tariffs would raise the prices of consumer goods in the U.S. and worsen the country's cost-of-living crisis. The Budget Lab at Yale University estimated that the tariffs would lead to a loss of about US$1,200 in purchasing power for the typical American household. While some companies will opt to bear the cost of the tariff, others are likely to raise prices on consumer products to offset lost revenue or attempt to negotiate lower prices for their products. Because the United States does not produce enough oil to satisfy its demand, 10 percent tariffs on Canadian oil and energy will likely lead to an increased oil price across the United States. This is especially true in the Midwest, a region heavily reliant on oil imported from Alberta. The Canadian government had previously said that U.S. gas prices could increase by US$0.75 per gallon overnight if tariffs were imposed. Tariffs could also increase the cost of electricity in some U.S. states, especially those that rely on Canadian provinces like Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia for energy. Outside North America, tariffs on energy imports would give European and Asian oil refineries a competitive advantage against their rivals. The tariffs could also lead to price increases in various U.S. imports from Mexico and Canada, including fruits, vegetables, beer, liquor, and electronics from Mexico and potatoes, grains, lumber, and steel from Canada. Price increases would compound with high inflation in the U.S., especially in grocery prices. The cost of Canadian lumber, used by many homebuilders in the U.S., would also likely increase. The tariffs would also cause risk to the U.S. farming and fishing industries. The tariffs pose a risk of "severe recession" in Mexico if maintained. A year-long 25 percent tariff could cause Mexican exports to fall by around 12 percent, ultimately leading to a 4 percent decline in the country's gross domestic product in 2025. The American Chamber of Commerce in Mexico, the group representing U.S. companies in the country, said tariffs would harm both economies and "fail to address the real challenges of security, migration and drug trafficking". The Mexican automobile industry is likely to be most susceptible to upheaval from the tariffs, alongside the electric equipment sector, making it the largest beneficiary of the reprieve given to USMCA-compliant car imports. Canada, a highly trade-dependent economy, will also likely suffer, experiencing harmed economic growth and increased prices for businesses and consumers. The Canadian economy could enter a recession within six months if the tariffs are maintained. Quebec premier Legault said that the U.S. tariffs could cause the loss of as many as 100,000 Canadian jobs within the province. Prices could also increase in Canada for even domestically produced products, mainly if the tariffs cause economic difficulties for smaller businesses. Canadian companies being unable to sell their products to Americans at the same volume would also cause some of them to cut workers, scale back, or even shut down entirely. Canada's mineral processing industry will likely be significantly harmed by the tariffs. See also Notes References
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื ื™ืฆืŸ_ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ] | [TOKENS: 16850]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-24 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1965) ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคืจ, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื•ืคืจืฉืŸ. ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืจืฆ, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขืžื” ื•ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืฉื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขื ืคื” ื›ืกื•ืคืจ, ืคืจืฉืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื“ืงืืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืจืฆ ื—ืžืฉ ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื•ืช (2009โ€“2015, 2019โ€“2021). ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื. ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื, ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ืื” ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘-2013 ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœ-40% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจืฆ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘-6 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืกื™ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืขื“ ืœื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ืชื‘ ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื•ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช" ื•"ื”ืืจืฅ", ืฉืœื™ื— "ื”ืืจืฅ" ืœืคืจื™ื– ื•ืœื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ืจืืฉ ื“ืกืง ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 10. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื‘-2015 ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืฉื™ื“ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•, ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืคืจืฉืŸ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื“ืขื”. ื‘-2024 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช "ืคื•ื“ืงืกื˜ ืœืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™" - ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืคื•ืจืกื ืกืคืจื• "ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื", ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื", ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืจืขื™ื ื‘ืžืชืงืคืช ื”-7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ. ื”ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืจืกื ื’ื ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื "Les Assiรฉgรฉs", ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืคืจืก Galatรฉe. ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2025, ืคืจืกื ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืกืคืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”: "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”", ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“", ืขืœ ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื ื™ืชื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื•. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ื“ืœื™ื”, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื•ืœื‘ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื™ืš ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื”ืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื– ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื•ืคื™ืจ-ืชื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992 ื”ื•ืกืžืš ืœืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983 ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื›ื›ืชื‘ ืฆื‘ืื™. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื” ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืกื™ืงืจ ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืขื•ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื•ืœืžื™" (ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ), ื•ืขืจืš ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ("ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ") ื•ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืฉื™ื“ืจ ื’ื ืคื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื ื”. ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœืกืงืจ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ืžืฉื ืช 2003 ืขื“ 2007 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘", ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ื–ื›ืชื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก ืžืคืงื“ ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987 ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช" ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื—ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”"ื’ืœืืกื ื•ืกื˜" ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1989 ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ", ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”: ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื ืคื™ืœืช ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ", ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžืคืจืฅ (1991) ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ("ืขืจื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ", "ื”ืขืจื‘ ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ" ื•ืขื•ื“), ื•ื‘-1992 ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช "8 ื‘ืขืจื‘", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ 2. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ื‘-1993 ื™ืฆื ืœืคืจื™ื– ื›ืฉืœื™ื— "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืงื“ ื’ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™. ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžื™ืœื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ: ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ืžืกืข ืœืกืจื™ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื”, ื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžืฉื’ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื "ืืจื™ืืŸ 5" ื‘ื’ื™ืื ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื•ืคืจืกื ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื ืœ ื–'ืืŸ-ืžืืจื™ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ื–'ื”, ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื–'ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืื ืจื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืœ-"ื”ืืจืฅ", ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื™ื™ืกื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ "ืื™ื ื˜ืจืžื“ื™ื”", ืœืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืจื•ืื ื“ื” (ICTR). ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื‘-1998 ื”ืชืžื ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื— "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ืื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ืฉืคืจื“ืกื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืงืžืค-ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“. ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "News Hour" ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช PBS, ื•ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช NPR. ื‘-2001 ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืจืฉืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื ื•ืกืข. ื‘-2002, ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 10, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื›ืคืจืฉืŸ, ื›ืชื‘, ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืจืืฉ ื“ืกืง ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ, "ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช 10". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืื•ื", ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจื•ืฅ 10 ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ื™ื ืœืงื— ื”ื›ืœ" ืขืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2004 ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ โ€“ ืžืกืข ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืขืคื™ืคื•ื ื™ื" ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืกืืžื” ื‘ืŸ ืœืื“ืŸ ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 2008 ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 10 ืกื“ืจื” ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ื•ื”ื’ืฉืชื• "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื โ€“ ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืจ", ืื•ืชื” ืฆื™ืœื ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื, ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21: ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื”, ืชื ื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ื™ ื˜ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื, ื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘-2015, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขื ืคื” โ€“ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื•ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ืœื™ื‘ืจืœ". ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™" ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 10, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืžื•ื˜ื™ ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืื•ื, ื‘-25 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2015, ื”ื ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืื•ื" ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืจืฉื ื‘ืื•ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื ื“ื‘ ืื™ืœ. ื‘-2016 ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ "ืจื•ื— ืขื–" ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื— ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืขืจื•ืฅ 2 ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช 2016. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืคืจืฉืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช 13. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2017 ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื" ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช "ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื•ืฅ" ื•"ื˜ื—ื ืช ืจื•ื—" ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ึพ2018 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”?" ื‘ื›ืืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื›ืืŸ โ€“ ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ืž-2017 ื•ืขื“ 2019 ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™" ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืœืฆื“ ื™ื•ืขื– ื”ื ื“ืœ. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืœื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืกืงืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืชื•ืš ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘"ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืจื•ื“", ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื”ื˜"ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2007 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืคืจืื˜ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ืืžืจ: ื‘ืฉื ืช 2024 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช "ืคื•ื“ืงืกื˜ ืœืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™" - ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœ "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉืœ" ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ, ืขื“ ืœื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช "ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืžื—ืจ", ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื™ื™ื“ืก. ื‘-2009 ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช", ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015, ื‘ืžืœืืช 40 ืฉื ื” ืœืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ืœื”ื˜"ื‘, ื ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ 40 ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื”ื˜"ื‘. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืขืžื™ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ "ืžื™ืชื•ื•ื™ื" ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ืž-2023 ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืกื™ื’ื ืœ" ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืกื™ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื”ื ื”ืœืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ืขื™ืงืจ" (ICAR), ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืŸ-ื–ื•ื’ื•, ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ืขื™ื“ื• ืจื™ืงืœื™ืŸ. ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช, ืขืœื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืœื›ื ืกืช. ืœืคื™ ืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 14 ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009, ื›ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ืกืขื™ืฃ 16ื). ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ืื–ืจื—ื•ืชื• ื‘-2020. ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื“ ืœืฉื ืช 2008 ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื• ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืืš ื ื”ื’ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœ, ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื•ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืื–ืจื—. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื‘-2009 ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขื” ืžืžืจืฆ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ืžืจืฆ ื•ื ืขื ื” ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฉ ืžืขืจื•ืฅ 10 ื•ืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”. ื‘-24 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2009 ื”ื—ืœ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืกื™ืขื”. ื—ืœืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืชื‘ืฆืขื” ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื”ืงื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื, ื”ืžืื’ื“ืช 14 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื“ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื“ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื”. ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉื“ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—, ื•ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ืขืžื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘-ืจืืฉ ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื™ื–ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื•: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืืคืœื™ื™ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ื‘ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืžื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืœื”ื˜"ื‘, ื•ืืจื’ืŸ ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื™ื ื• ืื‘ืกื“ื–ื” ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื•ืžื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื™ 2011 ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื”ื•ืžื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ืืช ื™ื•ื–ืžืช "ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆ", ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืงื™ื•ื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื–ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆืขื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืชืžืจ ื–ื ื“ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืืš ื ื“ื—ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืขืชืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืœื’ืชื•. ื‘ืžืื™ 2013 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืžื˜ืขื ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจืฆ. ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืชืœื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื”ืŸ, ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื“ืื™, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื•-15 ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื”ื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื•ืคืจืกื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืจื•ื— ื–ื•, ืื—ืช ืžืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื". ืกื™ืกืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” "ืขื™ืจ ืฆื•ื“ืงืช". ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2013 ื–ื›ื” ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 40% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ (ื›-51,000 ืงื•ืœื•ืช), ืืš ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืœื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืœื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื“ื•ืืœ, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื›-8% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ืกื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœ-6 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื - ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ืืœื”, ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื—"ื›. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื“ืจื›ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-19 ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™, ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืฉืœื•ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช: ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2013 ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”. ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืจืฆ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ืขื ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-21, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘-10 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019 ื›ื™ ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืจืฆ ืžื•ืœ ืชืžืจ ื–ื ื“ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื‘-27 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื™ืฆื— ืืช ื–ื ื“ื‘ืจื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘-54% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ืžืจืฆ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœ-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆ, ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื“ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆ ื›ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช-ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืชืจืช ืœืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-22 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, ืขืœ ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื”ื•ื“ ื‘ืจืง ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืืœื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื—"ื› ืกืชื™ื• ืฉืคื™ืจ. ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื ืงืจืื” "ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™". ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“, ืฉืคื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืจืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™. ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-22 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืขื“ ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช "ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ" ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-23 ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืขืžื™ืจ ืคืจืฅ, ืœืžืคืœื’ืช ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืื•ืจืœื™ ืœื•ื™ ืื‘ืงืกื™ืก ื•ืจืฅ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื™ืžื ืœื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ืฉืจ ืžืจืฆ. ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœ-ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ื•ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื’ืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืคื•ืฆืœื” ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ื•ืžืจืฆ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืขื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-23 ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ื•ืขื“ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš), ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืฆืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ืœื”ื˜ืžืขืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ-ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-23, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื—ื•ืงื”, ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืจืฆ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›-6 ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื™ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ ื ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”-31 ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021. ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืคืจื•ืค' ื ื—ืžืŸ ืืฉ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื™ ื™ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืœื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ื ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืื–ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื™ื–ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืจ. ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ืœื”ืงืžืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื•, ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืžืงื™ืคื”, ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื, ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 80 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื–ื ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื• ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืกืœืžืืŸ ื–ืจืงื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” - ื”ื“ืœืชื ื•ื”ืื•ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ - ืœืœื ืกื’ืจื™ื, ืœืœื ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื ืชื‘"ื’ ื•ืขื ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง, ื•ืœืœื ื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื: ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื—ืชืจ ืœื”ืกืจื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืœื ืกื’ืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ 2021โ€“2022 ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉืงืœ ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืข ืืœืคื™ ืชืงื ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืชืงื ื™ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืื‘ืง ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื, ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืงื“ื ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืœืกืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื™ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืชื”. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื“ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืžืขื’ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืžืขื ื™ืง ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ืื›ื™ืคื” ืžื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2021 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื™ ื™ืกื™ืจ ืžืฉืืœื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ืžื“"ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืชื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ื“ื โ€“ ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ; ืขื“ ืื– ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ื“ื ืจืง ืื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘-12 ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืื ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“"ื. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2021 ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืฉืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ ืืœ-ืงืื™ืœื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘-3 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021 ื”ื ื—ื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืื‘ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื ืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœืชืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื•ืœืคืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืืช ื™ืงื™ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ืœื“ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ืกืื•ื•ื™ ืคืจื™ื’' ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ืกื™ืขืช ืžืจืฆ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืจื•ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืงื˜ืขื” ืขื ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืžื—ืžื•ื“ ืขื‘ืืก. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™-ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021 ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืจืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืœืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”. ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ืฉื“ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืฉื™ืฆื™ื’ื• ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ. ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืžืขืชื” ื’ื ืœื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืœื™ืš ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื. ื‘ื›ืš, ื™ื™ืฉื ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืืช ืคืกื™ืงืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2022 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื•ืืฉ ื›ื™ ื—ืœ ืžืขืชื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืื™ืฉืจ ืชืงืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืงืžืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘-28 ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืงื™ื“ื ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื ื”ืœื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืคืœื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ื ื”ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ืคืก ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืœืœื• ื‘ื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืขื•"ืก ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื•ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื•ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืœื’ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื ืื‘ื™ืก, ืชื•ืš ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืจื™ืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืจืฉืžื™ื. ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžืก ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžืžื•ืชืงื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ืจืช. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื ืกืงื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”โ€“ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืคืฆื•ืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ืžืื– ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื, ื•ื’ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื ืก ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื ืก. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื—ืชื ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืขื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื—ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ, ืงืจื•ืื˜ื™ื” ื•ืงื–ื—ืกื˜ืŸ. ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2022 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ืžืคืœื’ืช ืžืจืฆ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจืฆ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-7 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืจืฆ. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘-29 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2022 ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื ื—ืงืงื• ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ: ืกืคืจื™ื• ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Israeli_Ministry_of_Health_logo.png] | [TOKENS: 758]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ:Israeli Ministry of Health logo.png ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ื–ื”ื• ืกืžืœื™ืœ (ืœื•ื’ื•) ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื’ืŸ. ืื™ ืœื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื: ื ื ืœื ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืœืœื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ OTRS ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืกืฃ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืจืื• ื’ื ื›ืืŸ. ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืชืืจื™ืš/ืฉืขื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชืš ืœื“ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื–ื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื‘ื ื–ื”ื” ืœืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” (ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื): ื”ื“ืคื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื”: ืžื˜ืึพื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืื• ืžืกื•ืจืง ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”. ืื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Current_events/Sidebar&action=edit] | [TOKENS: 1461]
Editing Portal:Current events/Sidebar Copy and paste: โ€“ โ€” ยฐ โ€ฒ โ€ณ โ‰ˆ โ‰  โ‰ค โ‰ฅ ยฑ โˆ’ ร— รท โ† โ†’ ยท ยง Sign your posts on talk pages: ~~~~ Cite your sources: <ref></ref> {{}} {{{}}} | [] [[]] [[Category:]] #REDIRECT [[]] &nbsp; <s></s> <sup></sup> <sub></sub> <code></code> <pre></pre> <blockquote></blockquote> <ref></ref> <ref name="" /> {{Reflist}} <references /> <includeonly></includeonly> <noinclude></noinclude> {{DEFAULTSORT:}} <nowiki></nowiki> <!-- --> <span class="plainlinks"></span> Symbols: ~ | ยก ยฟ โ€  โ€ก โ†” โ†‘ โ†“ โ€ข ยถ # โˆž โ€นโ€บ ยซยป ยค โ‚ณ เธฟ โ‚ต ยข โ‚ก โ‚ข $ โ‚ซ โ‚ฏ โ‚ฌ โ‚  โ‚ฃ ฦ’ โ‚ด โ‚ญ โ‚ค โ„ณ โ‚ฅ โ‚ฆ โ‚ง โ‚ฐ ยฃ แŸ› โ‚จ โ‚ช เงณ โ‚ฎ โ‚ฉ ยฅ โ™  โ™ฃ โ™ฅ โ™ฆ ๐„ซ โ™ญ โ™ฎ โ™ฏ ๐„ช ยฉ ยผ ยฝ ยพ Latin: A a ร รก ร€ ร  ร‚ รข ร„ รค ว วŽ ฤ‚ ฤƒ ฤ€ ฤ รƒ รฃ ร… รฅ ฤ„ ฤ… ร† รฆ วข วฃ B b C c ฤ† ฤ‡ ฤŠ ฤ‹ ฤˆ ฤ‰ ฤŒ ฤ ร‡ รง D d ฤŽ ฤ ฤ ฤ‘ แธŒ แธ ร รฐ E e ร‰ รฉ รˆ รจ ฤ– ฤ— รŠ รช ร‹ รซ ฤš ฤ› ฤ” ฤ• ฤ’ ฤ“ แบผ แบฝ ฤ˜ ฤ™ แบธ แบน ฦ ษ› ฦŽ ว ฦ ษ™ F f G g ฤ  ฤก ฤœ ฤ ฤž ฤŸ ฤข ฤฃ H h ฤค ฤฅ ฤฆ ฤง แธค แธฅ I i ฤฐ ฤฑ ร รญ รŒ รฌ รŽ รฎ ร รฏ ว ว ฤฌ ฤญ ฤช ฤซ ฤจ ฤฉ ฤฎ ฤฏ แปŠ แป‹ J j ฤด ฤต K k ฤถ ฤท L l ฤน ฤบ ฤฟ ล€ ฤฝ ฤพ ฤป ฤผ ล ล‚ แธถ แธท แธธ แธน M m แน‚ แนƒ N n ลƒ ล„ ล‡ ลˆ ร‘ รฑ ล… ล† แน† แน‡ ลŠ ล‹ O o ร“ รณ ร’ รฒ ร” รด ร– รถ ว‘ ว’ ลŽ ล ลŒ ล ร• รต วช วซ แปŒ แป ล ล‘ ร˜ รธ ล’ ล“ ฦ† ษ” P p Q q R r ล” ล• ล˜ ล™ ล– ล— แนš แน› แนœ แน S s ลš ล› ลœ ล ล  ลก ลž ลŸ ศ˜ ศ™ แนข แนฃ รŸ T t ลค ลฅ ลข ลฃ ศš ศ› แนฌ แนญ รž รพ U u รš รบ ร™ รน ร› รป รœ รผ ว“ ว” ลฌ ลญ ลช ลซ ลจ ลฉ ลฎ ลฏ ลฒ ลณ แปค แปฅ ลฐ ลฑ ว— ว˜ ว› วœ ว™ วš ว• ว– V v W w ลด ลต X x Y y ร รฝ ลถ ลท ลธ รฟ แปธ แปน ศฒ ศณ Z z ลน ลบ ลป ลผ ลฝ ลพ รŸ ร รฐ รž รพ ลŠ ล‹ ฦ ษ™ Greek: ฮ† ฮฌ ฮˆ ฮญ ฮ‰ ฮฎ ฮŠ ฮฏ ฮŒ ฯŒ ฮŽ ฯ ฮ ฯŽ ฮ‘ ฮฑ ฮ’ ฮฒ ฮ“ ฮณ ฮ” ฮด ฮ• ฮต ฮ– ฮถ ฮ— ฮท ฮ˜ ฮธ ฮ™ ฮน ฮš ฮบ ฮ› ฮป ฮœ ฮผ ฮ ฮฝ ฮž ฮพ ฮŸ ฮฟ ฮ  ฯ€ ฮก ฯ ฮฃ ฯƒ ฯ‚ ฮค ฯ„ ฮฅ ฯ… ฮฆ ฯ† ฮง ฯ‡ ฮจ ฯˆ ฮฉ ฯ‰ {{Polytonic|}} Cyrillic: ะ ะฐ ะ‘ ะฑ ะ’ ะฒ ะ“ ะณ า า‘ ะƒ ั“ ะ” ะด ะ‚ ั’ ะ• ะต ะ ั‘ ะ„ ั” ะ– ะถ ะ— ะท ะ… ั• ะ˜ ะธ ะ† ั– ะ‡ ั— ะ™ ะน ะˆ ั˜ ะš ะบ ะŒ ัœ ะ› ะป ะ‰ ั™ ะœ ะผ ะ ะฝ ะŠ ัš ะž ะพ ะŸ ะฟ ะ  ั€ ะก ั ะข ั‚ ะ‹ ั› ะฃ ัƒ ะŽ ัž ะค ั„ ะฅ ั… ะฆ ั† ะง ั‡ ะ ัŸ ะจ ัˆ ะฉ ั‰ ะช ัŠ ะซ ั‹ ะฌ ัŒ ะญ ั ะฎ ัŽ ะฏ ั ฬ IPA: tฬช dฬช สˆ ษ– ษŸ ษก ษข สก ส” ษธ ฮฒ ฮธ รฐ สƒ ส’ ษ• ส‘ ส‚ ส รง ส ษฃ ฯ‡ ส ฤง ส• สœ สข ษฆ ษฑ ษณ ษฒ ล‹ ษด ส‹ ษน ษป ษฐ ส™ โฑฑ ส€ ษพ ษฝ ษซ ษฌ ษฎ ษบ ษญ สŽ สŸ ษฅ ส ษง สผ ษ“ ษ— ส„ ษ  ส› ส˜ ว€ วƒ ว‚ ว ษจ ส‰ ษฏ ษช ส สŠ รธ ษ˜ ษต ษค ษ™ ษš ษ› ล“ ษœ ษ ษž สŒ ษ” รฆ ษ ษถ ษ‘ ษ’ สฐ สฑ สท สฒ ห  หค โฟ หก หˆ หŒ ห ห‘ ฬช {{IPA|}} Wikidata entities used in this page Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help): This page is a member of 1 hidden category (help):
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[SOURCE: https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ื™ื•ืœื™_ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ] | [TOKENS: 13160]
ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืืœ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘-5 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1958; ื™"ื˜ ื‘ืื‘ ืชืฉื™"ื—) ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืฉืจ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2013โ€“2020 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”-16 ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื˜ืจื ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ืจื‘ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ืืกื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฉืคื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื™ื•ืจื™ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ืช: ะฎะปะธะฐะฝ ะฎั€ัŒะตะฒะธั‡ ะญะดะตะปัŒัˆั‚ะตะนะฝ) ื‘ืฆ'ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ืื ื™ื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ื–ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืฉืฉืจื“ื” ืืช ื’ื˜ื• ืฉืจื’ื•ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกื ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืืช ืฉื•ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื•ืงืจื™ืื ื”, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ื‘ืื‘ื™ ื™ืืจ ืฉื‘ืงื™ื™ื‘. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืงื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื“ื™ืกื™ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืชื ืฆืจ ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื‘ ื’ื™ืื•ืจื’ื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื›ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืงืจื‘ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื”, ื•ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2022. ืขื ืชื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื” ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืฉืคื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื ื“ื—ื” ืขืงื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืœืง ืžื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกื˜ืœื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1979 ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืš ืกื•ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ืฉื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœื™ืžื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ื•ื”-80 ื•ืืฃ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืขืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ืขืงื‘ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื•, ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขื™ืจื•ื (ืคืœื’ ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ) ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืืžื ื•ืช. ื’ื ืฉื ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืคื˜ืจื•, ืืš ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘-4 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1984 ื ืขืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืง.ื’.ื‘. ื‘ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืืฉืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืกืžื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื•. ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฆืจ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืจืงื” ืฉื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืช ืจืขื‘ ืœืžืฉืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื”-ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžื—ืื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืžืช ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื ืฉื ืขืžื• ื‘ืกืชืจ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข (ื‘-19 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1984) ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื•ืช ืžืืกืจ ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืจืš ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืจื™ืฆื” ืืช ืขื•ื ืฉื• ื‘ื’ื•ืœืื’ ืœื™ื“ ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื™ืงืœ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืืกืจื• ื ืคืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงืฉื” ื•ื ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืืกืจ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื•, ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื• ื’ื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื (ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืกื’ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ), ื•ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื• ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ืžืื™ 1987 ื•ืขืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2017 ืขืจืš ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื‘ื• ื—ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ืืœ ืชื ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ื• ื ื›ืœื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื ืื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ื•ืคืชื— ืืช ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ืœืคื ื™ 33 ืฉื ื™ื ื ืืกืจืชื™, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชึพื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื ืืกืจืชื™, ื›ื™ ืœื™ืžื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฉืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ืืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืง, ืืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืืช ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ึพืจืืฉ ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืืชื” ื ืืกืจืชื™, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืจืš ืืชื›ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” โ€“ ืฉืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื›ื. ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืฉืื’ื™ืข ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœื”: ืฉืœื™, ื™ื•ืœื™ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœื•, ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ื•" ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1988โ€“1996 ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื’ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื "ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™", ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžืกื•ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืขืœื• ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1990โ€“1995 ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื™"ืฅ. ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืžืคืœื’ืช "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”" ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžื˜ืขืžื” ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-14 ื‘ืฉื ืช 1996. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1996โ€“1999. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-15 ื™ื–ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื (ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื), ื”ืื•ืกืจ ืขืœ ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ืจ ืœืขืžื•ืชื•ืช, ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืชื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข, ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœืœื ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืกื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืจ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2001โ€“2003. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-16 ื–ื›ืชื” "ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื”" ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืขื ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ืžื•ื ื” ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืกื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”-16. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื–ื• ื™ื–ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื—ื ื” "ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื›ื•ื“" ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืืฃ ื—ืจื’ ืžื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื‘ืฉืื˜ ื ืคืฉ". ืžืื– ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืงืจื ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื•ื ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-17. ื›ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘-27 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2007, ืขื ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ ื ื•ื” ืžื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ื™ ืœื ื“ืื• ืฉืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื–ื• ืืžืจ: ื’ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช-ืจืืฉ, ืœืžื” ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”? ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืช ื”ืจื’ืข, ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื“ืฉ-ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืฆื”ื™ืจ ืืžื•ื ื™ื. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ื–ืืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืขื”, ืฉืื ืžื—ืจ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”-61 ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืœื”ืคืœืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืื ื™ ื•ื“ืื™ ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืก ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืฉื™ืžืชื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-18 ื–ื›ื” ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-18,502 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื›-38.2% ืžื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”-12 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขื•ื“ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”-32 ืžื•ื ื” ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืจ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืœืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘-18 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2010 ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื ืก ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘-2011 ืืžืจ: "ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžื” ื ืคืกื“ืช ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืฉื ืื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืื”ื™ื“ื™ื, ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื!" ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘-14 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2013 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ืขืžื“ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืขื”, ืœืžืขื˜ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžื ืข ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘-18 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 96 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ืžื ืขื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-31 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2014, ื–ื›ื” ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช, ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื›ื ืกืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืงืจื‘ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืขื ื’ืœืขื“ ืืจื“ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘-31 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2015, ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืคื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 104 ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ืขื ื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื’ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื–ืจื™ื• ืื™ืชืจ ืืช ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื”, ื›ืื•ืจื— ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ืคื ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช: ืื ื, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืจืื• ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื˜". ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœืžืœืขื™ื–ื™ื, ืœืœื•ืขื’ื™ื ื•ืœืฆื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ื— ืืช ื“ืขืชื›ื ื•ืœืจืคื•ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื. ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœึฐืชืคืงื™ื“, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ืฉืื• ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื›ื ืืช ืžืฉื ื”ืขื; ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ...ื›ื”ื•ื ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืื• ื”ืžืขืžื“; ืœื ืฉืจืจื” ื”ื™ื ืืœื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ โ€“ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื›ื ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ืฉืœื. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2016 ืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืงื•ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ืื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืจืขื•ืžืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืืžืจ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: "ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืื™ืจืืŸ ื•ืกืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉื™ื, ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืœื“ืชื™ ืื• ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืงืก ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉื ืช ื”-70 ืœืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื’ืœืขื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžื™ืจื™ ืจื’ื‘, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื’ื‘ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื ืื•ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ื•ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืก, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื˜ืงืก, ืืฃ ืœื ื‘ืงื”ืœ. ืœืงืจืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืกืชืžื ื” ืคืฉืจื” ืœืคื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ื™ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืงืฆืจื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”-70, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืชื›ื•ื ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื“ืœื™ืง ืžืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ืื ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ืฉืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2017 ื™ื–ื ืืช ื”ืงืžืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชื™ืื•ื ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ (ื›ืช"ืฃ), ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘-ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืชืžืš ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืœืื•ื, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›"ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืžืขื•ืœื". ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-5 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2019, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ื•ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืœื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2019, ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 101 ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืช, ืฉื’ื ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืขื“ื•, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-25 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2019 ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขื“ ืคื™ื–ื•ืจื”, ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฆืขื“ ื–ื”. ื‘-3 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืชื•. ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ ืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืื ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื™ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื ืคื’ืฉ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืฉืœ ื•ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืคื•ื–ืจื” ื‘-12 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019. ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• 61 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžืกื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”-ื’ืฉืจ-ืžืจืฆ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื“ืฉ. ื™ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื•"ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉ"ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ืคื•ื–ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ืขื ืจื•ืฆื”". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš, ืขืชืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืชื•ืช ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ "ืžืกื›ืœ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€. ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื• ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื˜ืขืŸ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื™ืขืช ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืคืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื•, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ื”ื’ ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™". ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื• ื•ืคืกืง ืคื” ืื—ื“ ืฉืขืœ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืก ืืช ื”ืžืœื™ืื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ โ€“ ื•ืœื ื™ืื•ื—ืจ ืž-25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2020. ื‘ืคืกืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ: "ื”ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืžืฉืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืžืœื™ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•"ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื—ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื›ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™... ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•". ื‘-25 ื‘ืžืจืฅ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข. ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื™ืื”, ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื’"ืฅ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื•ื—ื•ืชืจืช ืชื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ื•ื ืขืœ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืœื™ืื” ืœืœื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื“ื—ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ืงื•ื“ืžื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืžื ืขื• ืžื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื—ืช ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื. ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืคืกืง ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ืชื™ืง ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขืžื™ืจ ืคืจืฅ ื™ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื–ืžื ื™. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื ืฅ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืื™ 2020, ืžื•ื ื” ืœืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”-35 ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™. ื‘-27 ื‘ืžืื™, ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ืคืจื•ืค' ื—ื–ื™ ืœื•ื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื›"ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื•ื ื” ืคืจื•ืค' ืจื•ื ื™ ื’ืžื–ื• ืœืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืชื—ืœื•ืื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2020 ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืกื’ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื’ื™ ืชืฉืจื™, ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”. ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2020 ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจืงืข ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืื•ื ืก ื‘ืื™ืœืช, ื™ืคืชื— ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืืงื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืกืคื˜ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2020 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ืจืคื•ืื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืืจื™ืืœ. ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืชื• ื™ืจื•ืง", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื”ื•ื ืคืง ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืชื—ืกื ื• ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืื• ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื• ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคื•ืจื˜. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 2020, ืกื™ื›ื ืขื ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›"ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืกืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื‘-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-24, ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื ืกืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ื ื˜, ืžืคืœื’ืชื• ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2022 ื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืคึทึผืจืœืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ "ืฉืงื•ืฃ" ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฆืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘-11 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2021 ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืขืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉืชื• ืœื”ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืคืจื™ื™ืžืจื™ื– ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-25 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”-25 ื”ื’ื™ืข ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”-18 ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืกืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข, ืžื•ื ื” ืœื™ื•"ืจ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ื”ื•ื ืชื• ื™ื–ื, ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžืก' 7 ืœื—ื•ืง ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืคื•ื ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืกื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฆื”"ืœ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2023 ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื. ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืจืขืช ืžื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื‘"ื› ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืœืคื™ ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื’ื‘, ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืื‘ ื’ืœื ื˜ ื•ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืกืžื•ื˜ืจื™ืฅ'; ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืจืžื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ; ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ืœื ื˜; ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื; ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™. ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืืš ืžืฉื’ื‘ ืœื ืžืฆื ืืฃ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขืกืงื” ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ื”, ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”, ื—ืžืืก, ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื”, ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืชืฉืข ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืœื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื—ืœืง ืžื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื“ื ื™ื ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกืœื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื“ื ื™ ื“ื ื•ืŸ, ืœื ืคืจืกืžื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืขื“ 7 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2023 ื•ืœื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื’ื‘ ืืฃ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื”. ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2025 ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ื“ื—ืชื• ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“, ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื’ื™ื•ืก ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ื‘-4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2025 ืื•ืฉืจื” ื”ื“ื—ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฆื“ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช. ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืื“ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื ืืช ื˜ื˜ื™ืื ื” (ื˜ื ื™ื”), ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืจื˜, ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘-1981. ืœืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืชื ืืจืฆื”, ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื”ื ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1987โ€“2008 ื”ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืืœื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008 ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื ื•ื•ื” ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘-24 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014 ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืืฉืชื• ื˜ื˜ื™ืื ื” ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื” ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•, ืื™ืจื™ื ื” ื ื‘ื–ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ืจ ืœืื•ื ื™ื“ ื ื‘ื–ืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื“ืœื ื•ืช "ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ื•ื˜", ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืจืืฉ ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช", ื ืฉื™ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื ื“ื‘. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2016 ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื•. ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื
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[SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_Z_protests] | [TOKENS: 2015]
Contents Gen Z protests The Gen Z protests are a series of student and youth-led protests that have occurred in several countries during the 2020s. The protests in Bangladesh in 2024 are widely cited as the first successful Gen Z revolution, inspiring other Gen Z-led protests, including Nepal, Indonesia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, and the Maldives, as well as in other parts of the world. The protests began in Asia, in what has been described as the Asian Spring, but in 2025, the protests spread to Africa and other places. To date, the earliest known use of the term was in an opinion piece by French market research company Ipsos published on 8 December 2019, referring to the Fridays for Future 2019 protests. Although the causes of the protests are different in each country, they have generally been in response to inequality, declining standards of living, corruption, democratic backsliding and authoritarianism. Social media has been a common tool for activism and coordination. Some protests, like in July uprising and Nepal, have resulted in the overthrow of national governments. In Bangladesh in particular, it saw the emergence of the world's first Gen Z political party, National Citizen Party, whose candidates became the world's first Gen Z leaders elected as Members of Parliament of a government. Background Some of the first political unrest Generation Z experienced was related to the Great Recession and later into adulthood of some, issues surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. The demonstrations have had a myriad of causes, varying from country to country. However, they generally relate to dissatisfaction with ruling governments, economic turmoil, and a large, disaffected, often unemployed youth population that experienced declining standards of living due to difficulty accessing basic utilities and resources. Rising social inequality has also been described as forming the common thread of the protests around the world, ultimately feeling unrepresented by the political establishment while still respecting democratic values. History Gen Z political mobilization started to be recorded as early as in 2010. The earliest known example is during the 2010 United Kingdom student protests when the police reportedly stopped and searched two protesters who were 11 year old twins in an unlawful manner, and it was reported that a significant percentage of other people at the protests were also part of Gen Z. The British police also confessed detaining numerous children who were part of the protests for up to 6 hours, some, once again as young as 11 years old. One year later, during the 2011 UK riots, a 11-year-old boy was arrested over the riots, and a 11-year-old girl was also arrested for her own involvement in the riots. In 2011 during the Arab Spring in Syria a 13 year old boy named Hamza al-Khatib was killed by security forces. In 2013, during the Gezi Park protests, Berkin Elvan, a 15 year old, was struck in the head by a tear-gas canister fired by a police officer in Istanbul leading to his death. Following his death, various protests by children were observed; for example, During National Sovereignty and Children's Day, four kids who held a banner and chanted slogans were taken into custody by police officers. It is worth noting however, that the average age during the Gezi Park protests was 28. In October 2015, reports by the U.S Embassy in Lima reported a Gen Z group planned, organized and pursued a minor protest, culminating in a March to Congress. The action was a part of the 2015 Peruvian protests against Las Bambas mining project. In December 2017, in an article by Americas Quarterly, it was noted that, whilst the main drives of political change within Paraguayan politics at the time were from Generation X, a presence of younger activists was noted. During the 2017โ€“2018 Russian protests, Gen Z became more politically active and actively participated to the protests, despite not leading it. Since the late 2010s, members of Generation Z have led protests around the world in what some called the "Gen Z Movement". The very first recorded Gen-Z led movement was March for Our Lives, a Gen-Z, student led movement and organization which saw its formation in March 2018. Other Gen Z Movements around this time include #NoBoundaries5, a sexual movement which begun in 2019. Fridays for Future, which started on 20 August 2018, was the first instance in which a series of protests was ever defined as "Gen Z protests", specifically by an article, published on 8 December 2019 called "Ok Boomer!" and published by Ipsos, coining the term. Nationwide Gen Z protests are recorded as early as in 2020, with the term being used to describe the 2020โ€“2021 Thai protests. In 2022, the Aragalaya protest occurred, leading to the overthrowal of the Sri Lankan government. While the term was not used to describe the Black Lives Matter protests beginning in 2020, 41% of protesters were between the ages of 18-29. Although not considered part of the Gen Z protests the 2025 Turkish protests, some of the Southeast Europe protests (2024โ€“present), the Protests against the 2024 South Korean martial law declaration and the 2021-present Myanmar protests saw large participations of Gen Zers. The protests in Bangladesh in 2024 are widely cited as the first successful Gen Z revolution in the world, inspiring similar Gen Z-led protests in other Asian countries including Nepal, Indonesia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, and the Maldives. The term was later used to describe the 2024 Kenya Finance Bill protests, a largely youth-led mass protest movement against a controversial tax hike. The term garnered wider global popularity following the ousting of the Nepali government in 2025 and a string of concurrent protests that occurred around and after it.[failed verification] The global wave of demonstrations then reached further with similar youth-led protests springing up in Madagascar and Morocco. In September, an unpopular pension reform and corruption scandals further sparked a self-styled "Gen Z march" in Lima, Peru. The Gen Z protests had thus by that month reached the continents of Asia, Africa, and South America. At the end of September, Italian media noted the large involvement of Gen Z protesters in the country's general strikes and protests for Gaza. By the beginning of October, the year 2025 was even described as a potential "year of the protest", a title that was previously applied to the year 2019. Methods Members of Generation Z, who grew up in the age of the Internet, have commonly used social media as a platform to organize and coordinate protests. Protestors in Morocco and Nepal frequently communicated via the messaging platform Discord, and other apps like Instagram, TikTok and Telegram have also been noted as platforms for communication and spreading awareness. While previous protests in Nepal were initially peaceful or online, a government ban on social media in September 2025 spurred direct action as Gen Z protestors claimed the ban as censorship. The protestors spread short videos on Facebook and TikTok alleging corruption and nepotism. In Morocco, the "GenZ 212" Discord server surged from 3,000 members to over 150,000 by 2 October, showing the rapid spread of the movement among youth. Online coordination, in particular using Discord, was also used for a follow-up political process in the Nepalese case: the online election of a temporary prime minister for a transitionary period. In various Gen Z protests, the Straw Hat Pirates' Jolly Roger from the manga series One Piece has been used as an international symbol of solidarity. This flag was first used in the protests in Indonesia. The first and the earliest use of the Straw Hat Pirate flag in protest activity in real-life world, was in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, in October 2023 when thousands of Indonesians protested the Gaza war and Gaza crisis. Almost two years later, student protesters in Indonesia had begun flying the flag again in February 2025. The flag came into prominence during the 2025 Indonesian anti-government protests which started in the weeks leading up to Indonesia Independence Day on 17 August. In Nepal, when the government of K. P. Sharma Oli was toppled in Nepal, protesters hung the flag at the gates of the Singha Durbar palace as it burned. It has also been used in the Philippines, Peru, and Madagascar. The response to the use of the Straw Hat flag has been harsh, with an Indonesian lawmaker saying it was an attempt to divide national unity and another suggesting it could amount to treason, drawing criticism from Amnesty International. The flag has also been seen at various Anti-ICE protests in the United States of America. In the United States, protesters utilized the design of Manny Heffley from the Diary of a Wimpy Kid book series during the George Floyd protests to oppose police brutality and support the Black Lives Matter movement. On June 8, 2020, a TikTok post of someone drawing the symbol during a protest went viral. It then began to trend alongside the phrase "the Manny will not be televised." Users created a flag parodying that of the US, featuring black and yellow stripes and the drawing of Manny in the canton. Grafffiti featuring manny alongside anti-police slogans including All cops are bastards and Fuck 12. In Southeast Asian countries, other pop culture symbols have been used to signal defiance as well, among them references to Harry Potter and the three-finger salute from The Hunger Games. Raqib Naik, director of the Center for the Study of Organized Hate, said "I think we are entering a new era of organizing that draws heavily from digital, pop and gaming culture, creating a common vocabulary". Demonstrations described as Gen Z protests See also Notes References
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