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Ilham Mahdi al Assi was a 13-year-old Yemeni girl who died as a result of bleeding following her first sexual intercourse with her husband, 23-year-old Abed al-Hikmi, who was later detained by police. The practice of marrying young girls was condemned by an NGO as "child rape condoned under the guise of marriage."
Yemen has a tribal culture, and the marriage of young girls is common; most Yemeni girls are married before they reach puberty. A proposed law setting a minimum age of 17 for women and 18 for men to marry was opposed by conservative Yemenis, including women.
References
Child marriage in Yemen
Deaths in Yemen
Marital rape
Violence against women in Yemen |
The Rokstarr Collection is the first compilation album by English R&B recording artist Taio Cruz. It was released on 20 September 2010. According to Cruz's website, the album combines "the biggest hits of Taio’s debut album 'Departure' and recent album 'Rokstarr'". The album includes all of Cruz's singles from his first two studio albums, excluding "No Other One". The album also includes album tracks and the American version of "Break Your Heart", featuring Ludacris. Island Records added the video advertisement for the collection to their YouTube account on 18 August 2010.
The album was also a success on the charts of the Billboard Hot 100, Canadian Hot 100 and also reached the number-one spot on the Australian charts. On 26 September 2010, The Rokstarr Collection debuted at number 16 on the official UK Albums Chart, becoming Cruz's third consecutive top 20 album.
Background
Speaking to Nesta McGregor of the BBC Newsbeat, Cruz admitted that releasing a greatest hits collection was "insane" after only having released two albums: I've been so fortunate to release so many singles. I've got six singles off the first album and another five singles off this new album, so there's definitely a lot of records that people will have heard before but not necessarily known that it was me. But they liked the song."
Critical reception
The Rokstarr Collection received a mixed reception from critics. Pip from 'Entertainment Focus' gave the compilation a positive reception. Pip said "[the compilation] brings together the biggest smashes of Taio's career in one hit-packed album. The sheer weight of hits offers further proof that pound for pound, Taio Cruz is right up there as one of the handful of guaranteed hit maker/writer/artist/producers currently working in pop music." However, Ruth of 'Female First' was less impressed, the review, she called the release "ambitious". She said that "although 'Dynamite' has shifted 1.5 million unites across the pond AND his debut US single 'Break Your Heart' has gone on to sell over 5 million worldwide, can anyone name five Taio Cruz tracks? Not only that, but the CD only has 15 songs on there, one which is on TWICE… come on Taio, who are you trying to kid?"
Track listing
^ Version D features a rap by Stryder at the start, and the remainder of the song performed by Cruz. This version is exclusive to this release. It is one of five different versions of the song.
Charts
Certifications
Release history
References
2010 compilation albums
Island Records albums
Taio Cruz albums
fr:Rokstarr
it:Rokstarr
nl:Dynamite (Taio Cruz)
pl:Rokstarr
pt:Rokstarr |
Strachosław is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamień, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Kamień, south-east of Chełm, and east of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Villages in Chełm County |
Eprius is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae.
Species
Eprius repens Evans, 1955
Eprius repta Evans, 1955
Eprius veleda Godman, 1901
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Hesperiidae
Monotypic butterfly genera
Hesperiidae genera |
Tekipirkent (; ) is a rural locality (a selo) in Mikrakhsky Selsoviet, Dokuzparinsky District, Republic of Dagestan, Russia. The population was 282 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.
Geography
Tekipirkent is located 13 km southwest of Usukhchay (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kaladzhukh and Mikrakh are the nearest rural localities.
Nationalities
Lezgins live there.
References
Rural localities in Dokuzparinsky District |
Hotel Colonial is a 1987 American adventure film directed by Cinzia Th. Torrini, and written by Enzo Monteleone, Cinzia Th. Torrini, Robert Katz and Ira Barmak. The film stars John Savage, Rachel Ward, Massimo Troisi, Robert Duvall and Anna Galiena. The film was released on September 18, 1987, by Orion Pictures.
Plot
Cast
John Savage as Marco Venieri
Rachel Ward as Irene Costa
Massimo Troisi as Werner
Robert Duvall as Roberto Carrasco
Anna Galiena as Francesca Venieri
Claudio Báez as Anderson
Zaide Silvia Gutiérrez as Linda
Tariq Hager as Luca at 17
Daniel Sommer as Marco at 13
Isela Díaz as Indian Child
Demián Bichir as Young Hotel Clerk
Jorge Abraham as Man in Jail 1
René Pereyra as Man in Jail 2
Carlos De Leon as Old Man in Jail
René Barrera as Bookmaker at Cock Fight
Carlos Romano as Bartender in Nuevo Venicio
Roberto Sosa as Street Kid
Honorato Magaloni as Bookmaker with Soccer Team
Roger Bronte as Television Newscaster
Federico Gonzáles as Captain Santillana
Loló Navarro as Woman on Bus
Cesar Sanvicente as Taxi Driver
Edmundo Barahona as Embassy Receptionist
Milbugo Trevino as Clerk at Hotel Estacion
Manuel Fierro as Man at Pier
Teresa Mendoza as Prostitute
Araceli Jurado as Girl at Bed
Juan Hernández as Clerk at Hotel Pacifico
Pedro Pucheta as Bus Driver
Daniel Santa Lucía as Mendoza
Josh Lukins as Film Narrator
References
External links
1987 films
1980s adventure films
Orion Pictures films
Films scored by Pino Donaggio
American adventure films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films |
The Camelot River is a river of Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. It is formed from the confluence of the Elaine Stream and Cozette Burn and flows west into the Gaer Arm of Kaikiekie / Bradshaw Sound. The estuary is protected by the Kutu Parera (Gaer Arm) Marine Reserve.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Land Information New Zealand - Search for Place Names
Rivers of Fiordland |
Eleanor Rose Ty, FRSC, is a Professor in the Department of English and Film Studies at Wilfrid Laurier University. She holds a PhD and MA in English from McMaster University, and a BA Hons from the University of Toronto.
Career
Eleanor Ty works on Asian American and Asian Canadian literature and film, life writing, graphic novel, Canadian literature and Eighteenth Century British novels. She is the recipient of a Fulbright Canada Research Chair, 2018–2019, at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She was awarded University Research Professor at Wilfrid Laurier University in 2015.
She has published eleven books: two edited collections on memory studies, five books on Asian American and Asian Canadian Studies, and four on Eighteenth-Century British literature. Asianfail: Narratives of Disenchantment and the Model Minority won the APALA: Asian/Pacific American Librarians Association award for Adult Non-Fiction book in Literature for 2017. Her co-edited book, Asian Canadian Writing Beyond Autoethnography, received an honorable mention in the literature category in 2008 from The Association for Asian American Studies. Her research on 18th Century revolutionary novelists, on Filipino American literature, and on women writers has often been cited by other scholars and resources.
In 2017, Eleanor Ty served as the program co-chair with Angie Chung for the annual conference of the Association for Asian American Studies held in Portland, Oregon. With James Skidmore, Eleanor Ty served as Academic Co-Convenor of Congress for the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences in 2012 held in Waterloo.
Awards
2019 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
2018-2019 Fulbright Canada Visiting Research Chair, University of California Santa Barbara
2017-2018 Asianfail was the Winner of the 2017/18 Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature in Adult Non-Fiction Category. Awarded by the Asian/Pacific American Librarians Association
2015-2016 University Research Professor, Wilfrid Laurier University
2010 Honorable Mention: The Association for Asian American Studies Literature Book Award for 2008
2008 Aid to Scholarly Publications Grant
1994 Unsex’d Revolutionaries Short-listed for the 1994 Raymond Klibansky Book Prize in English
1993 Aid to Scholarly Publications Grant
Selected publications
Books authored :
Asianfail: Narratives of Disenchantment and the Model Minority. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2017
Unfastened: Globality and Asian North American Narratives. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010
The Politics of the Visible in Asian North American Narratives.Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004
Empowering the Feminine: The Narratives of Mary Robinson, Jane West, and Amelia Opie, 1796-1812. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998
Unsex’d Revolutionaries: Five Women Novelists of the 1790s. Theory and Culture Series. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993
Books/Journals edited:
Beyond the Icon: Asian American Graphic Narratives. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2022.
Migration, Exile and Diaspora in Graphic Life Narratives. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies (Co-edited with Candida Rifkind and Nima Naghibi). Spring 2020.
Canadian Literature and Cultural Memory (Co-edited with Cynthia Sugars.) Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2014
The Memory Effect: The Remediation of Memory in Literature and Film (Co-edited with Russell J.A. Kilbourn). Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2013
Asian Canadian Writing Beyond Autoethnography (Co-edited with Christl Verduyn). Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2008
Asian North American Identities Beyond the Hyphen (Co-edited with Donald Goellnicht). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004
Memoirs of Emma Courtney by Mary Hays (1796)(Ed.). Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, 1996. xlv + 220 pp. 2nd ed., 2000
The Victim of Prejudice by Mary Hays (1799)(Ed.). Peterborough and Lewiston, N.Y.: Broadview Press, 1994. xxxviii + 198pp. 2nd ed., 1998
Chapters in books : (Selected)
Social Issues in Three 21st Century Texts About Growing up Canadian, in "Zeitschrift für Kanada-Studien" ZKS, 68, Wißner, Augsburg 2018 pp 103 – 113
"(East and Southeast) Asian Canadian Literature: The Strange and the Familiar." The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Literature. Ed. Cynthia Sugars. 564–582. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016
"Contemporary Filipino American Writers and the Legacy of Imperialism." Chapter 21 of Cambridge History of Asian American Literature. Eds. Rajini Srikanth and Min Song. 371–386. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015
"Revising the Romance of the Land: Place in Settler Narratives by Contemporary Asian Canadian Writers." The Canadian Mosaic in the Age of Transnationalism. Ed. Brigitte Glaser and Jutta Ernst. Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag Winter Heidelberg, 2010. 163-178
"A Filipino Prufrock in an Alien Land: Bienvenido Santos’ The Man Who (Thought He) Looked Like Robert Taylor." Lit: Literature, Interpretation, Theory. Special Issue on Asian American Literature and Culture. Ed. Karen Chow. 12.3 (Summer 2001): 267-283
References
1958 births
Living people
Canadian educators
Canadian film educators
Canadian women educators
Canadian women academics
Academics in Ontario
Academic staff of Wilfrid Laurier University |
Bacteriophage T12 is a bacteriophage that infects Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. It is a proposed species of the family Siphoviridae in the order Caudovirales also known as tailed viruses.
It converts a harmless strain of bacteria into a virulent strain. It carries the speA gene which codes for erythrogenic toxin A. speA is also known as streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin A, scarlet fever toxin A, or even scarlatinal toxin. Note that the name of the gene "speA" is italicized; the name of the toxin "speA" is not italicized. Erythrogenic toxin A converts a harmless, non-virulent strain of Streptococcus pyogenes to a virulent strain through lysogeny, a life cycle which is characterized by the ability of the genome to become a part of the host cell and be stably maintained there for generations. Phages with a lysogenic life cycle are also called temperate phages. Bacteriophage T12, proposed member of family Siphoviridae including related speA-carrying bacteriophages, is also a prototypic phage for all the speA-carrying phages of Streptococcus pyogenes, meaning that its genome is the prototype for the genomes of all such phages of S. pyogenes. It is the main suspect as the cause of scarlet fever, an infectious disease that affects small children.
Discovery and further research
The possibility of bacteriophage involvement in speA production was first introduced in 1926 when Cantacuzene and Boncieu reported that nonvirulent strains of S. pyogenes were transformed to virulent strains through some transferable element. Frobisher and Brown reported similar results in 1927, and in 1949, the reports were confirmed by Bingel Later, in 1964, Zabriskie reported that phage T12 could cause speA production by lysogeny in strains that it became a part of. In 1980, Johnson, Schlievert and Watson were able to confirm this and show that the gene for speA production was transferred from toxigenic strains of bacteria to non-toxigenic strains through lysogeny. In their experiment, every transformed, toxin-producing bacterial colony was lysogenic, i.e. contained the T12 gene. In addition, none of the colonies containing the T12 genome was negative for speA, and therefore, the conclusion was drawn that all lysogens produced the toxin.
However, McKane and Ferretti reported in 1981 that a spontaneous mutant of phage T12 induced speA production virulently. This mutant, the bacteriophage T12cp1, entered the lytic cycle, a life cycle in which the host cell is destroyed. In 1983, Johnson and Schlievert published a map of the T12 genome, revealing also that three rounds of packaging occur in the genome. The very next year, Johnson and Schlievert and Weeks and Ferreti also found, independently, that the bacteriophage T12 carries the structural gene for speA. In 1986, Johnson, Tomai and Schlievert mapped the attachment site (attP) for T12 adjacent to the speA gene, and established that all bacterial strains producing the toxin carry either phage T12 itself, or a closely related bacteriophage. And finally, in 1997, McShan and Ferretti published that they had found the second attachment site (attR) for T12, while also revealing in another publication, which was also credited to Tang, that bacteriophage T12 inserts into a gene that encodes a serine tRNA in the host.
Genome
The physical map of the T12 genome was found to be circular with a total length of 36.0kb. The phage genome is reported to carry the speA gene, which is a 1.7kb segment of the phage T12 genome flanked by SalI and HindIII sites.
The phage integrase gene (int) and the phage attachment site (attp) are located just upstream of the speA gene in the phage genome. The bacteriophage T12 integrates into S. pyogenes chromosome by site-specific recombination into the anticodon loop of a gene that codes for serine tRNA. The bacterial attachment site (attB) has a 96 base pair sequence homologous to the phage attachment site and is located at the 3’ end of the tRNA gene such that the coding sequence of the tRNA gene remains intact after integration of the prophage. Phage T12 is the first example of a phage from a gram-positive, low G-C content host that uses this kind of integration site.
Role in pathogenesis
Diseases like scarlet fever and Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome are caused by lysogenized streptococcal strains that produce speA. The diseases are systemic responses to the speA circulating within the body.
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever, also known as scarletina, is so called because of the characteristic bright red rash it causes. It is most common in children between four and eight years of age.
Signs and symptoms
The first stage of scarlet fever is typically strep throat (streptococcal pharyngitis) characterized by sore throat, fever, headache and sometimes nausea and vomiting. In two to three days, this is followed by the appearance of a diffuse erythematous rash that has a sandpaper texture. The rash first appears on the neck, then spreads to the chest, back and body extremities. A yellowish white coating covers the tongue, and is later shed, leaving the tongue with a strawberry appearance and swollen papillae. The rash fades away after five to six days of the onset of the disease, and is followed by peeling of skin, particularly over the hands and feet.
Treatment
Penicillin, an antibiotic, is the drug of choice for the treatment of scarlet fever as for any other S. pyogenes infection. For those who are allergic to penicillin, the antibiotics erythromycin or clindamycin can be used. However, occasional resistance to these drugs has been reported.
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
In streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (StrepTSS), speA produced by infected streptococcal strains acts as a superantigen and interacts with human monocytes and T lymphocytes, inducing T-cell proliferation and production of monokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1, interleukin 6), and lymphokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor β, interleukin 2, and gamma-interferon). These cytokines(TNFα, TNFβ) seem to mediate the fever, shock and organ failure characteristic of the disease.
Signs and symptoms
Strep TSS is an acute, febrile illness that begins with a mild viral-like syndrome characterized by fever, chills, myalgia, diarrhea, vomiting and nausea and involves minor soft-tissue infection that may progress to shock, multi-organ failure, and death.
Treatment
While penicillin is an effective treatment of mild infection, it is less effective in a severe case. Emerging treatments for strep TSS include clindamycin and intravenous gamma-globulin.
Detection and elimination
The presence of lysogenic bacteriophage T12 can be tested through plaque assays if the indicator strain utilized is susceptible to the phage being tested. Plaque assays consist of pouring a soft agar solution with an indicator strain onto an agar plate. The indicator strain should be a strain of bacteria that can be infected by the phage that needs to be detected. After the soft agar is set the samples that are being tested for phage presence are then spread-plated onto the soft agar plates. The plates are then incubated overnight and checked for clearings (plaques) the next day. If the phage is present, indicator strains will become infected and go through the normal lysogenic cycle while the plates incubate, and then undergo lysis. The plaque that determines whether the phage is present or not is caused by the lysis of the indicator strains. Titers of plaques can be found by diluting the samples and counting plaque-forming units (PFUs).
Biochemical tests such as Southern blots can also be used to detect the speA that the phage produces from the speA gene. This was done in research by Johnson, Tomai and Schlievert in 1985 by isolating the DNA of Streptococcal strains and running a restriction digest using BglII. After the digest was complete, the DNA samples were run on gel to separate the DNA. The DNA from this gel was then transferred to nitrocellulose paper and incubated with probes specific for speA. An image of this Southern blot can be seen in this article.
Bacteriophages are very easily spread. At lower exposures, Ultraviolet light can enhance the production of both phage T12 and speA. Longer UV exposure times can kill the phage. UV light stresses lysogenic bacteria, leading the phages to propagate and burst the host bacterial cells. In the case of T12, exposure to UV light increases the propagation of bacteriophage T12 at 20 seconds of exposure. After 20 seconds of exposure the UV light starts to kill the bacteriophage by damaging its genome.
References
External links
UniProt taxonomy
Bacteriophages
Unaccepted virus taxa |
Parc Hospital () was a mental health facility at Bridgend in Wales.
History
Parc Gwyllt Farm and Gelliau Farm were identified in 1880 as forming a site suitable for the purposes of building an asylum. The hospital, which was designed by Giles, Gough and Trollope using a compact arrow layout, opened as the Second Glamorgan County Lunatic Asylum in 1886. It became Parc Gwyllt County Mental Hospital in the 1920s and joined the National Health Service as Parc Hospital in 1948.
After the introduction of Care in the Community in the early 1980s, the hospital went into a period of decline and closed in 1996. The hospital was subsequently demolished and the site redeveloped as Parc Prison in 1997. The old clocktower from Park Hospital has been restored and remains visible to the public on the Parc Prison site.
References
Further reading
Hospitals in Bridgend County Borough
Defunct hospitals in Wales
Hospital buildings completed in 1886
Hospitals established in 1886
1886 establishments in Wales
1996 disestablishments in Wales
Hospitals disestablished in 1996
Former psychiatric hospitals in Wales
Demolished buildings and structures in Wales
Buildings and structures demolished in 1997 |
Dębina is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Osjaków, within Wieluń County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Osjaków, north-east of Wieluń, and south-west of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Villages in Wieluń County |
Mehele is a village development committee in the Himalayas of Taplejung District in the Mechi Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 2,357 people living in 463 individual households. There were 1,148 males and 1,209 females at the time of census.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Taplejung District
Populated places in Taplejung District |
Richard Eugene Mandella (born November 5, 1950 in Altadena, California), is a Thoroughbred horse trainer and a member of the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame.
Mandella's father, a blacksmith, introduced him to horses at an early age and while still in high school he began starting and training horses at a nearby ranch. He spent a year in New York as assistant to Lefty Nickerson and then took a job with Texas horseman Roger Braugh in 1974.
Two years later, Mandella returned to California and opened his own stable. His wins began almost immediately with Bad 'n Big and continued with Phone Trick, Dare and Go, and Pleasantly Perfect. Between 1996 and 1998, Mandella won six straight million dollar races in Southern California with Dare and Go, Siphon, Gentlemen, and Malek. He has started six horses in the Kentucky Derby.
Mandella was inducted into the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame in 2001, and in 2003 he had four winners in the Breeders' Cup: Pleasantly Perfect, Johar, Halfbridled, and Action This Day.
In 2006, Mandella wrote the introduction to Santa Anita Morning Rhapsody, by photographer-author Karen S. Davis, a book documenting morning thoroughbred racetrack training. "Most people who enjoy racing don't realize how special these early hours are, watching ... the relationship between horse and man," he wrote.
In 2019, he ended his 13-year drought for stakes races outside of California. After remaining winless outside of his home state since winning the Arlington Million in 2006, Mandella captured the Rebel Stakes and Arkansas Derby with Omaha Beach.
Mandella lives in Bradbury, California, with his wife Randi, son Gary (also a trainer), and daughter Andrea.
References
Thoroughbred Times
"On the Muscle" documentary about Richard Mandella's racing stable
Mandella's Perfect Day (2003 Breeder's Cup)
National Racing Hall of Fame - Richard Mandella
Richard Mandella at the NTRA
American horse trainers
United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees
1950 births
Living people
People from Altadena, California
People from Bradbury, California |
"Sopa de Caracol" ("Snail Soup") is a song performed by the Honduran punta rock band Banda Blanca. It was originally written by Belizean singer Hernan "Chico" Ramos and translated to Spanish by Banda Blanca. The song was released by Sonotone Music in 1991 and achieved international success, peaking at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Songs in the United States. The track included elements of Garifuna music and punta, and has been used as a promotion for the Ladino region of Honduras.
The song debuted on the Billboard Top Latin Songs chart (formerly Hot Latin Tracks) chart at number fifteen in the week of 19 January 1991, climbing to the top ten the following week. "Sopa de Caracol" peaked at number one on 16 March 1991, replacing "Te Pareces Tanto a Él" by Chilean singer Myriam Hernández and being succeeded by "No Basta" by Venezuelan singer-songwriter Franco De Vita two weeks later. The song ended 1991 as the fifth best-performing Latin single of the year in the United States, was awarded the Silver Seagull at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival, and received a Lo Nuestro Award nomination for Tropical/Salsa Song of the Year, which it lost to Juan Luis Guerra's "Burbujas de Amor". Its music video was directed by Chad Domenencis and received a nomination in the Latin field for Best Duo or Group and Best Director at the 1991 Billboard Music Video Awards. Los Fabulosos Cadillacs, Banda Maguey, Los Flamers, Wilkins, and Tony Camargo have all recorded cover versions of the track.
Elvis Crespo version
In 2013, Puerto Rican-American singer Elvis Crespo and Cuban-American rapper Pitbull covered "Sopa de Caracol" and released it as a single on 30 July 2013 on Crespo's studio album One Flag. Their version peaked at #41 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and #1 on the Tropical Songs charts.
Chart performance
See also
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1991
Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart
References
1990 songs
1991 singles
2013 singles
Banda Blanca songs
Elvis Crespo songs
Pitbull (rapper) songs
Spanish-language songs
Garifuna music
Rodven Records singles |
Mario Seidl (born 8 December 1992) is an Austrian nordic combined skier. He debuted in the World Cup in the 2011–12 season in Val di Fiemme, Italy on 3 February 2012, finishing 36th in the Large Hill. His first podium in the World Cup was in the 2016–17 World Cup which was held at PyeongChang, South Korea in February 2017, where he finished second. His first win came in Ruka, Finland, in November 2018.
In January 2019, he won the trophy in the Nordic Combined Triple.
World Cup wins
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
Austrian male Nordic combined skiers
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in Nordic combined
Nordic combined skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Nordic combined skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Olympic Nordic combined skiers for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
Olympic medalists in Nordic combined
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics |
Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele is a French stylist, art director and photographer.
Life and work
de Dudzeele grew up in Saint-Tropez, in the south of France, as well as in Paris, where she received a strict education and observed the mix of haute couture with everyday items that was typical of that area. She says that her childhood came from her mother, who was "the most unimaginable woman" she ever knew. She received "a basic and strict education [...] but intuition [was] the biggest factor". She also says that in Saint-Tropez "fashion was not a question of clothes. It was more about attitude, intelligence, the way to be, the simplicity of it. [...] [I]t was about having fun."
She moved to Paris in the 1960s and began her career interning at Depeche Mode and Marie Claire. Later, starting in 1977, she worked at French Elle for 10 years before moving to New York in 1985 and becoming the fashion director of Vogue US, where she styled Anna Wintour's first cover in 1988, in which Israeli model Michaela Bercu was dressed in a Christian LaCroix couture top with a jeweled cross and Guess jeans. She worked closely with prominent fashion photographers of the era: Irving Penn, Richard Avedon, Helmut Newton, Paolo Roversi, Patrick Demarchelier, and her longtime collaborator, Steven Meisel.
Aside from the press industry, the stylist largely defined the Versace look in the 1990s, closely working with Gianni Versace, Azzedine Alaïa, and Karl Lagerfeld upon his arrival at Chanel.
De Dudzeele has stated she does not follow trends and says that she always creates her own fashion. To her, simplicity is what defines chic.
In October 2013, de Dudzeele was named editor at large of Lucky Magazine.
In her video series J'Adore, she says that she has loved leopard all her life and that she also loves fake fur because she prefers animals to humans. The last episode of the series was uploaded on 4 June 2014; it was cancelled because she was too busy to continue shooting videos.
References
Dudzeele
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
The 1968 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 81st All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1968 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at Croke Park, Dublin, on 1 September 1968, between Wexford and Tipperary. The Munster champions lost to their Leinster opponents on a score line of 5-8 to 3-12.
Match details
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final, 1968
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship finals
Tipperary GAA matches
Wexford GAA matches |
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<a name="boost_asio.reference.basic_socket.basic_socket.overload2"></a><a class="link" href="overload2.html" title="basic_socket::basic_socket (2 of 6 overloads)">basic_socket::basic_socket
(2 of 6 overloads)</a>
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<p>
Construct and open a <a class="link" href="../../basic_socket.html" title="basic_socket"><code class="computeroutput">basic_socket</code></a>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">basic_socket(
boost::asio::io_context & io_context,
const protocol_type & protocol);
</pre>
<p>
This constructor creates and opens a socket.
</p>
<h6>
<a name="boost_asio.reference.basic_socket.basic_socket.overload2.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_asio.reference.basic_socket.basic_socket.overload2.parameters"></a></span><a class="link" href="overload2.html#boost_asio.reference.basic_socket.basic_socket.overload2.parameters">Parameters</a>
</h6>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">io_context</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The <a class="link" href="../../io_context.html" title="io_context"><code class="computeroutput">io_context</code></a>
object that the socket will use to dispatch handlers for any asynchronous
operations performed on the socket.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">protocol</span></dt>
<dd><p>
An object specifying protocol parameters to be used.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h6>
<a name="boost_asio.reference.basic_socket.basic_socket.overload2.h1"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="boost_asio.reference.basic_socket.basic_socket.overload2.exceptions"></a></span><a class="link" href="overload2.html#boost_asio.reference.basic_socket.basic_socket.overload2.exceptions">Exceptions</a>
</h6>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">boost::system::system_error</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Thrown on failure.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="path_to_url~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="path_to_url" target="_top">path_to_url
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="overload1.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../basic_socket.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../../../../boost_asio.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="overload3.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>
``` |
Meticci (Io mi fermo qui) is a studio album by Italian singer Ornella Vanoni, released on 10 September 2013 by Sony Music.
The album, like the previous ones, was produced by Mario Lavezzi. The illustrations for the album were made by Giuseppe Maldini.
Vanoni stated that this would be her last studio album, but in 2021 the album Unica was released, containing new material.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
2013 albums
Ornella Vanoni albums
Sony Music albums |
This is a list of WBC Muaythai European champions, showing every European champion certificated by the World Boxing Council Muaythai (WBC Muaythai). The WBC, which is one of the four major governing bodies in professional boxing, started certifying their own Muay Thai world champions in 19 different weight classes in 2005.
Heavyweight
Cruiserweight
Light Heavyweight
Super middleweight
Middleweight
Super welterweight
Welterweight
Super lightweight
Lightweight
Featherweight
Bantamweight
See also
List of WBC Muaythai world champions
List of WBC Muaythai female world champions
List of WBC Muaythai international champions
List of WBC Muaythai female international champions
List of WBC Muaythai international challenge winners
List of WBC Muaythai female international challenge winners
References
Lists of Muay Thai champions
WBC |
The Harry David Art Collection is a private collection of contemporary art, focusing on the art of Africa and its diaspora.
The Collection
The Harry David Art Collection focuses on artists engaging with cultural, political and historical voices that reflect the continent of Africa, exploring themes including immigration and economics. The collection includes works by Beninese artist Meschac Gaba, Kenya-born artist Wangechi Mutu, South African/Malawian artist Billie Zangewa, the Nigerian Taiye Idahor, the African-Americans Hank Willis Thomas, Mickalene Thomas and Rashid Johnson, as well as the British artists Chris Ofili and Lynette Yiadom-Boakye.
Taking the form of both short and long-term loans the Harry David Art Collection is dedicated to making the collection openly accessible to a global audience through museums and public institutions.
Exhibitions
The inaugural exhibition for The Harry David Collection, entitled ‘Ubuntu’, opened in September 2020, having been rescheduled due to coronavirus. The South African term ubuntu can be translated as “humanness” or “a sense of common humanity”. The exhibition includes 66 works by 34 artists from the Harry David Art Collection, presented in five rooms within the National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens. The rooms were designed by RIBA award-winning Kallos Turin architects (London and San Francisco).
The works on display were chosen by five different artists and curators including: Rashid Johnson, a visual artist; Osei Bonsu, curator of international art at Tate Modern; Elvira Dyangani Ose, art writer and gallerist; Burkard Vannholt, collector; and Emily Tsingou, art advisor.
Personal
Harry David spent his early years growing up in Nigeria, and is now based between Nicosia (Cyprus), Athens (Greece) and Lagos (Nigeria) with his wife Lana de Beer, who was born and raised in South Africa. De Beer and David are active patrons of Tate, through its African Acquisitions Committee.
References
Art collections
Greek art collectors
21st-century art collectors |
The Blumenthal family is a Lutheran and Roman Catholic German noble family, originally from Brandenburg-Prussia. Other (unrelated) families of this name exist in Switzerland and formerly in Russia, and many unrelated families (quite a few of them Jewish) called Blumenthal, without "von", are to be found worldwide.
The family was already noble from earliest times (Uradel), dating from the days of the Holy Roman Empire in the Middle Ages, long before the creation of the Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire, and different branches acquired different titles over time. All living members of the noble family are descended from Heinrich (V) von Blumenthal (1654–93), whose baronial status was limited to the borders of Brandenburg. Other members of the family were raised to allodial baronies (Freiherren), all of which are now extinct, or to countships, of which only one line survives. One member of the family, Georg (I) was a Prince-Bishop (i.e. a head of state). In the case of another, Leonhard (I) the Kaiser announced in the Court Circular his intention to raise him to Prince, but he died months later before this could be enacted.
Origin
Like the von Grabow family, whose descendants have included Pushkin, the Blumenthals were originally a branch of the Ammendorf (or Amendorf ) family, who inherited the estates of Blumenthal and Grabow from the only daughter and heiress of Nikolaus von Blumenthal, first referred to in a document of 1240. His family probably originally came from Bloemendaal ("Flower Valley" or "Valley of Flowers") in Holland and re-located first to Blumenthal near Verden in the diocese of Bremen and thence to Blumenthal in the Archdiocese of Magdeburg, where they were vassals of the Wendish Counts of Plotho, naming each settlement after the previous one.
The Plotho family expanded its estates in the Prignitz in the 13th century, bringing Nikolaus von Blumenthal with them. There he named the villages of Blumenthal and Grabow after his properties in the Archdiocese of Magdeburg. The family of his son-in-law, Ruthger von Amendorf, had also come from the country around Bremen. They inherited Nikolaus von Blumenthal's estates and took his name. The castle of Horst, near Blumenthal in the Prignitz, was the family seat for over 600 years, until 1810. The family also claimed a legendary descent from the Roman Emperor Florianus, as well as from the Arthurian knights Garel and Daniel von Blumenthal, whose stories are told in 13th-century poems by Der Pleier and Der Stricker, respectively.
Martial and political history
The family had a strong military tradition. Twenty of its members died in battle, including one leading a cavalry charge at Blenheim; eleven fought at the Battle of Königgrätz alone, and of eighteen who served in the Franco-Prussian War eleven fought at the Battle of Gravelotte. Nineteen served in the First World War. Three of its members won the Pour le Mérite (Blue Max), two received the Order of the Black Eagle, one became a field-marshal and six became generals, besides numerous family members who were regimental colonels. The family also produced three Prussian ministers of war, one leading statesman under King Jérome of Westphalia (a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur), Danzig's longest-serving governor and a prominent 19th-century Bavarian politician opposed to rising antisemitism. One member of the family became a head of state (Georg, Prince-Bishop of Ratzeburg, see below).
Prominent members
Ruthger von Ammendorf (whose nephew became Ruthger von Blumenthal-Amendorf and later Ruthger von Blumenthal), Bishop of Brandenburg 1241–51
Otto (II) Magistrate in 1420, a bulwark of Frederick Count of Zollern against the Wendish nobility of the Brandenburg Mark.
Otto (III) son of the above, Captain of the Prignitz 1415–22; Castellan of Lenzen 1420–22
Hans (II), son of Otto (III), Vogt of Arneburg 1440–50
Georg (I) (1490–1550), the last Catholic sovereign ruler in northern Germany, and the only Bishop in Brandenburg during the Protestant Reformation to die a Catholic.
Joachim Friedrich (I) (1609–1657), diplomat and politician of Brandenburg-Prussia
Heinrich (V) (died 1693), the most recent common ancestor of all living members of the family, fought at the Battle of Fleurus in Derfflinger's Foot (Stayn's Brigade) and was addressed by the Elector Frederick III (the future King in Prussia) as "Obristwachtmeister usw. Baron von Blumenthal" (roughly, "Major, etc., Baron von Blumenthal)
Christoph Caspar, Brandenburg's Ambassador to France, was the son of Joachim Friedrich. He negotiated the Peace of Oliva. He narrowly lost to Count Schwarzenberg the election to the Grand Mastership of the Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg). His son
Ludwig (I) (1666–1704) became a Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1701, was a chamberlain to Frederick I King of Prussia and was Colonel of the Prussian Life Dragoons, at whose head he was killed in a charge up the slope to Oberglau at the Battle of Blenheim; the regiment lost 300 men. He married Sophie Wilhelmina von Schöning, daughter of the Field Marshal and War Minister Hans Adam von Schöning.
Ludwig (II) (died 1760) was President of Frederick the Great's principal ministry, the War and Domains Directory. He was succeeded by his nephew.
Ludwig (II)'s sons Friedrich (died 1745) and Hans (1722–1788) both commanded Frederick the Great's famous Gardes du Corps, which Friedrich had founded. Hans won the Pour le Mérite at Hohenfriedberg. He had to leave the army after being wounded leading his regiment in a successful cavalry charge at the Battle of Lobositz. In 1786 he was made a Count, together with his cousin Joachim (VIII) and supervised the education of Frederick William III's brother, Prince Henry.
Their brother Henrich (VII), a major in Prinz Heinrich's Regiment, was killed in action at Ostritz in 1756. His gallant defence was reported in the local press and his friend the poet von Kleist wrote his epitaph.
Georg (IV) (born at Quackenburg, Pomerania, in 1722, died 1784) won the Pour le Mérite at the Battle of Prague. In March 1760 his defensive action against a surprise attack at Neustadt caught the attention of the British press. He was charged with raising forces to oppose the invasion of Pomerania in the 1760s by the Russians, who put a price on his head. He became a major general. His nephew
Werner (I) (1725–1824) and his son Werner (III) (1766–1832) both commanded the dragoon regiment known as the Porzellaner
Ludwig (V) (1774-1813), brother of Werner (III), fought at Jena and Eylau and was mortally wounded leading the 2nd Squadron of the Brandenburg Dragoons in Thümen's Brigade at Dennewitz.
Joachim (VIII) Christian (1720–1800) Prussian Minister of War and Finance, was made a count together with his cousin Hans, by an unusual double-patent.
Ludwig (I)'s daughter Countess Charlotte (1701–1761 (married to General Alexander von Dönhoff), Count Heinrich (VII)'s widow Marie Thérèse, née d'Harscamp(1712–82) and Friedrich (V)'s widow Leopoldine, the biographer of Zieten, were all chief ladies-in-waiting to Princess Henry, sister-in-law of Frederick the Great. A sculpture of Marie Thérèse by Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert was destroyed by allied bombing.
Count Heinrich (VIII) (1765–1830), the last Blumenthal to occupy the family seat at Horst bei Blumenthal, was Mayor of Magdeburg (where his statue is to be seen) and Head Chamberlain to Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, as well as governor of Jerôme's palace at Wilhelmshöhe.
Count Albert (1797–1860) commanded the Prussian First Foot Guards from 1851 to 1856 and retired as a lieutenant-general
Robert was Regierungspresident (Governor) of Danzig from 1841 to 1863 and of Sigmaringen from 1864 to 1873. He was a leading opponent of Roman Catholicism in Prussia.
Leonhard (I) (1810–1900), field marshal and leading general of the German wars of unification
Albrecht (IV) (1842–1918), son of Leonhard, who published his father's memoirs, became a lieutenant general.
Louis (Ludwig (VII)) (1811–1903), brother of Leonhard, led the Prussian 52nd Infantry as Colonel into its decisive charge on the Austrian Hoch- und Deutschmeister Regiment at the Battle of Nachod in 1866. He became a major-general.
Werner (1870–1946), Lt-Colonel, son of Louis
Maximilian (I) (1823–1914), was a major in the 1st East Prussian Grenadiers No. 1 during the Austro-Prussian War, in which he won the Order of the Red Eagle (Fourth Class). In 1870 he commanded a battalion of the 73rd Fusiliers and won the Iron Cross (Second Class) at Gravelotte, having led his battalion through the murderous crossfire of the Mance Ravine and stood firm while being bombarded by the artillery of both sides. After the war he commanded the 1st Silesian Grenadier Regiment No. 10. He retired as a major general.
Count Werner von Blumenthal-Suckow (1815–1883), was a Member of Parliament of the North German Confederation and also of the Prussian Abgeordnetenhaus
Count Werner (V) von Blumenthal-Suckow (1848–1928), a veteran of the Austro- and Franco-Prussian wars, and a friend of Prince Frederick von Hohenzollern of Prussia, became Chamberlain to the King of Saxony. He was a leading moderate in the Conservative Party, and at the Tivoli Congress of 1892, at which Klasing persuaded the party to adopt antisemitism as part of its programme, he spoke out courageously. He was shouted down, and those who supported him did not dare do so publicly. His daughter Maria, a nun, was murdered in her 70s by the SS.
Gustav (died 1913, buried at Lindi, Tanzania) commanded one of three columns in the campaign which ended the Maji-Maji wars in German East Africa.
Hans (XI) (1855–1945), youngest son of Ludwig (VII), lost his two elder brothers in the Franco-Prussian War. Most of his adult life was uneventful. He was colonel of the 13th Hussars in 1900; Commander of the 24th cavalry Brigade (13th Hussars and 9th Dragoons) stationed in Metz in 1906, and promoted to major general, but after quarrelling with his commanding officer, General Maximilian von Prittwitz, he left the army in 1910 as a lieutenant general. However, on the outbreak of the First World War he rejoined the army and first commanded the 60th Landwehr Brigade, then the 49th in Bois de Lord, south of the Champagne, until 1917, when health forced him to retire again. He was made a Count of the Grand Duchy of Baden, and married Lillian Steinway-Oakes (1860–1904), daughter of the celebrated co-founder of Steinway & Sons, Henry Steinway, and sister-in-law of Baden's minister of the interior, Baron Heinrich von Bodman. His end was tragic. His son Curt joined the SA and rose to be Reiterstandartenführer (equivalent to a major general) in command of the 27th SA Reiterstandarte at Kyritz. On the night of May 1, 1945, Curt shot his wife, children and himself in front of his father and sister Clarissa. Shortly after that, the Russians arrived and attempted to rape the 65-year-old Clarissa. Hans, himself over ninety, drove (or shamed) them off. But the experience was a shock and he died of a heart attack a few days later on 7 May.
Clarissa (1881–1971) mentioned above, made a career for herself during the 1930s as an impressionist painter in Florence and Rome. She was a Roman Catholic convert. A portion of those years are mentioned in the Memoir, "Artemis Smith's ODD GIRL Revisited" by Annselm Artemis Smith Morpurgo, daughter of Scandinavian Expressionist Painter and Sculptor Vilna Jorgen Morpurgo. Vilna resided and studied with Clarissa in Rome at Clarissa's studio on via Marghutta. As late as 1962, a gallery on via Marghutta is known to have still exhibited Clarissa's work. Both Clarissa and Vilna participated in a noted 1938 Group Show of Foreign Women Artists, which also included Elaine De Kooning, at another neighboring gallery on via Flamminia. Clarissa notably also painted a portrait of Vilna in 1933, taken to the US in 1940 by a branch of the Italian-Jewish Morpurgo Baronial Family and only recently (since 2009) placed on charity auction by The Savant Garde Institute. Additional history related to that obscure impressionist masterpiece may be found at the Vilna Jorgen Morpurgo webpage. Clarissa's technique is unmistakable although she may often have left her work unsigned. There are probably many other of her paintings that will eventually surface. She was also an accomplished Vatican restorer and probably, according to colleague Vilna Jorgen Morpurgo, also secretly a fine arts forger for the Vatican. Both Vilna and Clarissa were included in the elite artistic social circle surrounding Mussolini and Hitler in the 1930s, but it is also very likely, from Vilna's account, that Clarissa is one of the unsung heroines of the German aristocracy who secretly opposed and worked against Mussolini's alliance with Hitler and helped Vilna and her Italian-Jewish Family escape to the US in 1940.
Albrecht (1889–1945) was a respected philologist, a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, and as a poet was a leading member of the circle of Stefan George, to whom he introduced the Stauffenberg brothers. The dissident Lutheran pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer conducted an illegal seminary in 1938 from Albrecht's estate at Groß Schlönwitz. In 1940, he joined the NSDAP. In 1945, faced with the advancing American troops and the defeat of Nazi Germany, he and his wife committed suicide in Marburg.
Wolf-Werner von Blumenthal (1902-68), son of Lt. Col. Werner, was chairman of the family firm of Bachmann-von Blumenthal, which manufactured fighter aircraft during the Second World War. His diary of the last days of the war survives.
Count Hans-Jürgen (1907–1944), officer who took part in Oster's 1938 conspiracy and was executed after the July 20 Plot against Adolf Hitler in 1944.
Wulf von Blumenthal (1905-1979) served on the Eastern Front in 1943 and pursued a military career in the post-war Bundeswehr, rising to the rank of Colonel commanding the 32nd Panzer Grenadier Battalion.
Werner Richard (1914-2003) and Wolfgang Charles, Albrecht's sons, were both educated at Oxford. They ceased using their first Christian name and adopted their stepfather's surname, becoming, respectively, Richard and Charles Arnold-Baker, joined the British army and both served as officers in MI6. Richard (called Captain Barnes in the transcripts) was in the team of officers who interrogated Rudolf Hess, and Charles commanded Winston Churchill's bodyguard for part of the war, and in Norway arrested the Deputy Commandant of Auschwitz, Karl Fritzsch. Charles was one of the earliest officers of MI6 to voice suspicions about the traitor Kim Philby. He was the Senior Barrister of the Inner Temple (his ashes are interred in the triforium of the Temple Church) and author of The Companion to British History.
James Arnold-Baker (1944-2018), son of Werner Richard, read Geology at Oxford. He was CEO of BBC Enterprises from 1986 to 1994 and then became Secretary to the Delegates (Chief Executive) of Oxford University Press.
Henry only son of Wolfgang Charles, read Theology at Oxford and was Deputy Dean of the EIB Institute from 2016-2023. He is the editor and publisher of his father's magnum opus, The Companion to British History, and himself the author of a history of this family, a life of Saint Hubert, and a book of short stories.
Ulrich formerly head of the United Nations Legal Department
Julia (born 1970), Professor of Political Science at the Humboldt University, Berlin; from 2022, President of the Humboldt University.
All living members of the family are descended from Eustachius von Blumenthal and Margarethe Gans zu Puttlitz (married circa 1575). She was a descendant, via the families of Gleichen zu Tonna and Querfurt from Henry I the Child, Landgrave of Hesse, and thus also of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, St Ludwig of Thuringia ("Ludwig the Holy"), St. Hedwig of Silesia and Charlemagne, besides St. Olga of Pleskau, St. Vladimir of Kiev, St. Ludmilla of Bohemia, St. Olaf of Norway and St. Matilda von Ringelsheim.
Further reading
Journals of Field Marshal Count von Blumenthal for 1866 and 1870–71, edited by his son, Count Albrecht von Blumenthal, translated by Major Gillespie-Addison, published by Edward Arnold, 1903.
Prussia: the Junker Point of View, by Henry von Blumenthal, published by Longcross Press, 2022.
https://www.amazon.com/Prussia-History-Brandenburg-Prussia-through-1871-1945/dp/9995954257/ref=mp_s_a_1_2?crid=LMK0EKA40F6K&keywords=prussia+the+junker&qid=1651604856&sprefix=prussia+the+junker+%2Caps%2C473&sr=8-2
Principal historical estates
In the East Prignitz: Horst (1241–1810); Blumenthal (1263–1810); Hennekendorf (until 1318); Grabow (1274–1312); Dahlhausen (1487–1810); Brüsenhagen (mentioned in 1424); Vehlow (1486–1838; repurchased in 1930s); Krampfer (17th-18th century); Wüsten-Boddin (1458–95); Garz (1438–1541); Kyritz (Townhouse, 1315–1585)
In the West Prignitz: Pröttlin (1540–1756); Burg Stavenow (1647–1717); Rauschendorf & Schönermark (1798–1810); Abbendorf (1715-?); Krampffer
In the Old Brandenburg Mark: Schloss Arneburg (1441–1463)
In the rest of the Brandenburg Mark: Bukow (1546–1556); Haselberg & Harnekop (1617–1662); Paretz (1677–1795); Flatow (1797–1810); Steinhöfel (1774–1800 - descended to Charlotte von Blumenthal and thence to her son Valentin von Massow) ); Trechwitz (1644–1650); Falkenberg
In the Lower Lausitz: Pretschen and Wittmannsdorf (1649 - mid-18th century); Guhrow (briefly in the 17th century)
In Mecklenburg: Adamsdorf (formerly Kuhschwanz; 1800–1835) and Liepen (1800–1810)
In Halberstadt: the former properties of the von Warberg family (1653–1732)
In Anhalt: Quellendorf (1871-late 19th century) bought by Field Marshal Count Leonhardt von Blumenthal from General Count Henckel von Donnersmarck and later transferred to his son-in-law Rudolf von Oettinger.
In Silesia: Hundsfeld in Oels (late 19th century)
In Pomerania: Quackenburg (1717–1905); Egsow & Cummerzin (1734–1833); Suckow (19th century to 1874); Varzin (1874; sold to Bismarck); Jannewitz & Wendisch-Puddiger, with Chorow, Wussow, Gross Onessow, Klein Onessow, Groß Schlönwitz (1734–1773 and 1843–1945); Gross Möllen and Loiste (18th century); Staffelde (1883–1945; recovered and resold in 1990s); Segenthin (1834–1945); Deutsch-Puddiger (1839–1945); Grünwalde in Rummelsburg (briefly, 19th century); Natzlaff (19th Century).
In West Prussia: Gottschalk & Dohnastedt (1841 – after 1904)
In German New Guinea: Kurakagaul & Natava (1904–1920)
Heraldry
Arms : Or (or depending on the branch of the family, party per pale, sable and or); in bend sinister, a vinestock couped (or planted, again depending upon the branch of the family), with three clusters and three leaves proper, all counterchanged.
Crest: A virgin, dressed per pale or and sable (or in some cases undressed), between two eagles' wings, holding a wreath in her dexter hand.
References
Geschichte des Geschlechts der Grafen und Herren von Blumenthal, Berlin 1904;
Genealogisches Handbuch der Adeligen Häuser A Band XVIII - C.A. Starke Verlag, 1985
For He is an Englishman - Memoirs of a Prussian Nobleman by Charles Arnold-Baker or Wolfgang von Blumenthal - Jeremy Mills Publishing Ltd, 2007 -
Companion to British History by Charles Arnold-Baker, Loncross Denholm Press, 2008 -
For a German account of the estate of Quackenburg see http://www.stolp.de/quackenburg_ortsgeschichte/articles/quackenburg_leben.html
Prussian nobility
German noble families
Barons of the Holy Roman Empire
Counts of the Holy Roman Empire |
Vilar de Santos is a small municipality in Ourense (province) in the Galicia region of north-west Spain.
References
Municipalities in the Province of Ourense |
```yaml
{{- /*
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{{- if and .Values.hubble.relay.enabled .Values.hubble.relay.networkPolicy.enabled }}
kind: NetworkPolicy
apiVersion: {{ include "common.capabilities.networkPolicy.apiVersion" . }}
metadata:
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namespace: {{ include "common.names.namespace" . | quote }}
labels: {{- include "common.labels.standard" ( dict "customLabels" .Values.commonLabels "context" $ ) | nindent 4 }}
app.kubernetes.io/part-of: cilium
app.kubernetes.io/component: hubble-relay
{{- if .Values.commonAnnotations }}
annotations: {{- include "common.tplvalues.render" ( dict "value" .Values.commonAnnotations "context" $ ) | nindent 4 }}
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podSelector:
matchLabels: {{- include "common.labels.matchLabels" ( dict "customLabels" $podLabels "context" $ ) | nindent 6 }}
app.kubernetes.io/part-of: cilium
app.kubernetes.io/component: hubble-relay
policyTypes:
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{{- if .Values.hubble.relay.networkPolicy.allowExternalEgress }}
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- ports:
# Allow dns resolution
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protocol: UDP
- port: 53
protocol: TCP
{{- if .Values.hubble.relay.networkPolicy.extraEgress }}
{{- include "common.tplvalues.render" ( dict "value" .Values.hubble.relay.networkPolicy.extraEgress "context" $ ) | nindent 4 }}
{{- end }}
{{- end }}
ingress:
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{{- end }}
{{- end }}
``` |
Sanjeli, (Hindi: संजेली)cotila or sometimes known as Sanjeda Mehvassi, is a Hindu former petty princely state, located in the present Gujarat state in western India.
It is now also one of the tehsils of Dahod district.
History
It became a British protectorate in 1820. During the period 1820 to 1937, the territory of the state remained stable at 88 square kilometers of beautiful undulating land inhabited mainly by simple, good tribal people. In 1892, the state had a population of 3,751.
It became a third class state in Rewa Kantha Agency's Rewa Kantha division (until its 1937 merger with Baroda State into Baroda and Gujarat States Agency). The Maharaja enjoyed a privy purse of 40,000 rupees.
In 1901 - 1914 it was under direct British India administration due to minority rule.
On 10 June 1948, it ceased to exist by accession to the Bombay State at India's independence.
Ruling chiefs
Rulers held the title of Thakur.
1750 - 1789 (No. 38) Sardarsinhji
1789 - 1814 (No. 39) Bahadursinhji
1814 - 1857 (No. 40) Jagatsinhji
1858 - 1901 (No. 41) Pratapsinhji
1902 - 1941 (No. 42) Pushpsinhji
1941 - 1948 (No. 43) Narendrasinhji
References
Princely states of Gujarat |
```objective-c
/*
*
* in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at
* path_to_url
*
* Originally written by Mike Hamburg
*/
#ifndef OSSL_CRYPTO_EC_CURVE448_ARCH_32_F_IMPL_H
# define OSSL_CRYPTO_EC_CURVE448_ARCH_32_F_IMPL_H
# define GF_HEADROOM 2
# define LIMB(x) ((x) & ((1 << 28) - 1)), ((x) >> 28)
# define FIELD_LITERAL(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h) \
{{LIMB(a), LIMB(b), LIMB(c), LIMB(d), LIMB(e), LIMB(f), LIMB(g), LIMB(h)}}
# define LIMB_PLACE_VALUE(i) 28
void gf_add_RAW(gf out, const gf a, const gf b)
{
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; i < NLIMBS; i++)
out->limb[i] = a->limb[i] + b->limb[i];
}
void gf_sub_RAW(gf out, const gf a, const gf b)
{
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0; i < NLIMBS; i++)
out->limb[i] = a->limb[i] - b->limb[i];
}
void gf_bias(gf a, int amt)
{
unsigned int i;
uint32_t co1 = ((1 << 28) - 1) * amt, co2 = co1 - amt;
for (i = 0; i < NLIMBS; i++)
a->limb[i] += (i == NLIMBS / 2) ? co2 : co1;
}
void gf_weak_reduce(gf a)
{
uint32_t mask = (1 << 28) - 1;
uint32_t tmp = a->limb[NLIMBS - 1] >> 28;
unsigned int i;
a->limb[NLIMBS / 2] += tmp;
for (i = NLIMBS - 1; i > 0; i--)
a->limb[i] = (a->limb[i] & mask) + (a->limb[i - 1] >> 28);
a->limb[0] = (a->limb[0] & mask) + tmp;
}
#endif /* OSSL_CRYPTO_EC_CURVE448_ARCH_32_F_IMPL_H */
``` |
The Australian National Railways Commission was an agency of the Government of Australia that was a railway operator between 1975 and 1998. It traded as Australian National Railways (ANR) in its early years, before being rebranded as Australian National. AN was widely used from 1980, the logotype being registered as a trade mark.
History
The Australian National Railways Commission was established by the Whitlam federal government following a commitment made in the 1972 federal election to invite the states to hand over their railway systems to the federal government. On 1 July 1975, the Australian National Railways Commission took over responsibility for the operations of the federal government owned Commonwealth Railways and branded itself Australian National Railways.
The state governments of South Australia and Tasmania, whose railway systems were deeply in debt, accepted. During the next two years, following discussions between the two states and the federal government new staffing and operating agreements enabled the transfer in March 1978 of all South Australian Railways services (except the Adelaide metropolitan passenger network) and all Tasmanian Government Railways services to Australian National Railways, the latter being branded AN Tasrail.
Overnight, Australian National Railways went from an organisation with 4000 employees operating routes of just over – 20 per cent of Australia's rail network – to just over 12,000 to employees operating . Reflecting the persistence of three mainline gauges that had afflicted Australia since 1865, the total comprised of broad gauge, of standard gauge and of narrow gauge track.
Australian National Railways was a federal government owned corporation and in 1978, the Fraser government made it clear it was expected to achieve a financial break-even point during the next 10 years. This decision was unique in Australia's railway history because with the exception of Commonwealth Railways, all the state systems were running at a loss, being financially supported by their respective governments. The commission appointed a professional engineer with overseas experience as General Manager in a break from the traditional railway practice of making such appointments from within the organisations.
The commission's first corporate plan in 1979 set out six ways that the commission was to pursue if it was to survive. These were:
concentrating its marketing drive on bulk traffic, inter-capital freight and major city freight
seeking agreement to cease services where there is little or no demand for the services
rationalisation of services and withdrawal of services not effectively demanded
implement technological changes in all areas of railway operation particularly track maintenance
acquire larger and more efficient locomotives and rolling stock to operate trains at maximum capacity
pursue a vigorous policy directed towards staff reductions and more efficient use of manpower
In 1980, a delegation of senior staff and led by the General Manager visited North America to examine current railway practices. In Canada, the delegation had talks with Canadian National Railway (which like Australian National was government-owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway. In the United States, contact was made with Chessie System and Southern Pacific Railroad. The areas looked at included marketing and pricing, finance and planning, engineering and staff training.
On 12 March 1980, a new green and yellow corporate identity was launched with GM1 the first locomotive painted.
In October 1980, a new standard gauge line from Tarcoola to Alice Springs opened replacing the narrow gauge Central Australian Railway which closed in December 1980. In December 1982, the Adelaide to Crystal Brook line was converted to standard gauge.
Ownership of the Queanbeyan to Canberra railway line was transferred to the State Rail Authority in May 1985.
Locomotives
Australian National Railways inherited the following diesel locomotive classes:
Commonwealth Railways standard gauge: DE, GM, CL
Commonwealth Railways narrow gauge: NC, NSU, NT, NJ
South Australian Railways: 350, 500, 600, 700, 800, 830, 900, 930
Tasmanian Government Railways: X, Y, Z, Za
Built new for Australian National were the AL, BL, DL, EL and AN classes all for standard gauge use.
Also purchased were five T class locomotives from V/Line in 1993 that were reclassed as CKs.
In 1986, a new computer system required the class leaders of the former South Australian Railways to be renumbered as the last member of the class, e.g. 600 became 607.
Passenger services
Australian National operated passenger services within South Australia, mainly using Bluebird railcars. In December 1986, Australian National reintroduced services to Whyalla and Broken Hill using CB railcars. The remaining services were withdrawn in 1990. It also operated The Ghan. It also operated the Indian Pacific in partnership with the Public Transport Commission and Westrail and The Overland in partnership with the Victorian Railways. It took over the running of these services in full in February 1993 and 1994 respectively.
Australian National also operated the Trans Australian until June 1991 and The Alice between November 1983 and mid-1988.
Trailerail
Australian National entered a joint venture with National Rail to operate Roadrailers under the Trailerail brand. In November 1994, the first service commenced operating between Adelaide and Perth followed in November 1995 by a service from Adelaide to Melbourne. In 1996, Australian National withdrew from the joint venture with National Rail taking over its share.
Demise
Following the formation of National Rail, Australian National's interstate freight operations and rolling stock were transferred in 1994.
In November 1996, the Federal Government announced a major rail reform package that included the sale of Australian National.
On 1 November 1997, The Ghan, Indian Pacific and Overland passenger services were sold to Great Southern Rail, the South Australian intrastate services to Genesee & Wyoming Australia and AN Tasrail to the Australian Transport Network.
In July 1998, the railway infrastructure operated by Australian National's Track Access division, was transferred to the federal government owned Australian Rail Track Corporation.
In October 2000, following the resolution of outstanding issues relating to property and employee compensation, Australian National was wound up.
Notes
References
Further reading
Former government railways of Australia
Interstate rail in Australia
Trans-Australian Railway
1975 establishments in Australia
1998 disestablishments in Australia
Railway companies established in 1975
Railway companies disestablished in 1998
Defunct Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia |
Forbach Granite (), also called Raumünzach Granite (Raumünzach-Granit), is a type of granite rock that occurs in the Northern Black Forest. It is part of the Northern Black Forest's granitic massif, to which Bühlertal granite and Wildbad granite also belong. Forbach granite predominantly outcrops in the counties of Calw and Rastatt. The most important quarrying area for Forbach granite used to be the middle Murg valley near Forbach. Today it is only quarried near Raumünzach.
Forbach Granite is about 305 million years old. The stone is coarse-grained - this points to a slowly cooling of the lava / magma (at the time the formation of the stone).
Forbach Granite is a bright mica, coloured from gray to pink. Forbach Granite includes the following minerals.
Alkali feldspars (up to 44 percent) have a size of up to 5 centimetre and leads to a red colour.
Quartz (26 percent).
Plagioclase (20 percent)
Muscovite (5 percent)
Biotite (5 percent) and leads to the distinct structured texture.
Apatite (below 1 percent)
Monazite(rare)
Xenotime (rare)
Literature
W. Dienemann und O. Burre: Die nutzbaren Gesteine Deutschlands und ihre Lagerstätten mit Ausnahme der Kohlen, Erze und Salze, Enke-Verlag, Stuttgart, 1929, p. 2
Otto Franz Geyer, Manfred P. Gwinner: Geologie von Baden-Württemberg. 3rd fully revised edition, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 1986, .
Wolf-Dieter Grimm: Bildatlas wichtiger Denkmalgesteine der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Published by the Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Lipp-Verlag, Munich, 1990, , Rock no. 011.
External links
Geological Natural Monuments in the Province of Karlsruhe (Geologische Naturdenkmale im Regierungsbezirk Karlsruhe) (pdf, 5.6 MB)
Quarry in Raumünzach
South German Scarplands
Granite
Rastatt (district)
Calw (district)
Geology of Germany |
Montsec d'Ares is the central part of the Montsec mountain range, stretching between the cliffs of Montrebei in the West and Terradets in the East.
Location
La Serra del Montsec is located in the Catalan province of Lleida and in the Aragonese province of Huesca in Spain. The mountain "Montsec d'Ares" is perfectly oriented West – East. The highest point is "Santalis." Several villages are located in Montsec d'Ares, including as L'Ametlla del Montsec and Ager in the South side and Sant Esteve de la Sarga in the North.
Mountain ranges of Aragon
Mountain ranges of Catalonia |
```python
"""
Discrete Fourier Transforms - basic.py
"""
# Created by Pearu Peterson, August,September 2002
__all__ = ['fft','ifft','fftn','ifftn','rfft','irfft',
'fft2','ifft2']
from scipy.fft import _pocketfft
from .helper import _good_shape
def fft(x, n=None, axis=-1, overwrite_x=False):
"""
Return discrete Fourier transform of real or complex sequence.
The returned complex array contains ``y(0), y(1),..., y(n-1)``, where
``y(j) = (x * exp(-2*pi*sqrt(-1)*j*np.arange(n)/n)).sum()``.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
Array to Fourier transform.
n : int, optional
Length of the Fourier transform. If ``n < x.shape[axis]``, `x` is
truncated. If ``n > x.shape[axis]``, `x` is zero-padded. The
default results in ``n = x.shape[axis]``.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the fft's are computed; the default is over the
last axis (i.e., ``axis=-1``).
overwrite_x : bool, optional
If True, the contents of `x` can be destroyed; the default is False.
Returns
-------
z : complex ndarray
with the elements::
[y(0),y(1),..,y(n/2),y(1-n/2),...,y(-1)] if n is even
[y(0),y(1),..,y((n-1)/2),y(-(n-1)/2),...,y(-1)] if n is odd
where::
y(j) = sum[k=0..n-1] x[k] * exp(-sqrt(-1)*j*k* 2*pi/n), j = 0..n-1
See Also
--------
ifft : Inverse FFT
rfft : FFT of a real sequence
Notes
-----
The packing of the result is "standard": If ``A = fft(a, n)``, then
``A[0]`` contains the zero-frequency term, ``A[1:n/2]`` contains the
positive-frequency terms, and ``A[n/2:]`` contains the negative-frequency
terms, in order of decreasingly negative frequency. So ,for an 8-point
transform, the frequencies of the result are [0, 1, 2, 3, -4, -3, -2, -1].
To rearrange the fft output so that the zero-frequency component is
centered, like [-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], use `fftshift`.
Both single and double precision routines are implemented. Half precision
inputs will be converted to single precision. Non-floating-point inputs
will be converted to double precision. Long-double precision inputs are
not supported.
This function is most efficient when `n` is a power of two, and least
efficient when `n` is prime.
Note that if ``x`` is real-valued, then ``A[j] == A[n-j].conjugate()``.
If ``x`` is real-valued and ``n`` is even, then ``A[n/2]`` is real.
If the data type of `x` is real, a "real FFT" algorithm is automatically
used, which roughly halves the computation time. To increase efficiency
a little further, use `rfft`, which does the same calculation, but only
outputs half of the symmetrical spectrum. If the data is both real and
symmetrical, the `dct` can again double the efficiency by generating
half of the spectrum from half of the signal.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.fftpack import fft, ifft
>>> x = np.arange(5)
>>> np.allclose(fft(ifft(x)), x, atol=1e-15) # within numerical accuracy.
True
"""
return _pocketfft.fft(x, n, axis, None, overwrite_x)
def ifft(x, n=None, axis=-1, overwrite_x=False):
"""
Return discrete inverse Fourier transform of real or complex sequence.
The returned complex array contains ``y(0), y(1),..., y(n-1)``, where
``y(j) = (x * exp(2*pi*sqrt(-1)*j*np.arange(n)/n)).mean()``.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
Transformed data to invert.
n : int, optional
Length of the inverse Fourier transform. If ``n < x.shape[axis]``,
`x` is truncated. If ``n > x.shape[axis]``, `x` is zero-padded.
The default results in ``n = x.shape[axis]``.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the ifft's are computed; the default is over the
last axis (i.e., ``axis=-1``).
overwrite_x : bool, optional
If True, the contents of `x` can be destroyed; the default is False.
Returns
-------
ifft : ndarray of floats
The inverse discrete Fourier transform.
See Also
--------
fft : Forward FFT
Notes
-----
Both single and double precision routines are implemented. Half precision
inputs will be converted to single precision. Non-floating-point inputs
will be converted to double precision. Long-double precision inputs are
not supported.
This function is most efficient when `n` is a power of two, and least
efficient when `n` is prime.
If the data type of `x` is real, a "real IFFT" algorithm is automatically
used, which roughly halves the computation time.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.fftpack import fft, ifft
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.arange(5)
>>> np.allclose(ifft(fft(x)), x, atol=1e-15) # within numerical accuracy.
True
"""
return _pocketfft.ifft(x, n, axis, None, overwrite_x)
def rfft(x, n=None, axis=-1, overwrite_x=False):
"""
Discrete Fourier transform of a real sequence.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like, real-valued
The data to transform.
n : int, optional
Defines the length of the Fourier transform. If `n` is not specified
(the default) then ``n = x.shape[axis]``. If ``n < x.shape[axis]``,
`x` is truncated, if ``n > x.shape[axis]``, `x` is zero-padded.
axis : int, optional
The axis along which the transform is applied. The default is the
last axis.
overwrite_x : bool, optional
If set to true, the contents of `x` can be overwritten. Default is
False.
Returns
-------
z : real ndarray
The returned real array contains::
[y(0),Re(y(1)),Im(y(1)),...,Re(y(n/2))] if n is even
[y(0),Re(y(1)),Im(y(1)),...,Re(y(n/2)),Im(y(n/2))] if n is odd
where::
y(j) = sum[k=0..n-1] x[k] * exp(-sqrt(-1)*j*k*2*pi/n)
j = 0..n-1
See Also
--------
fft, irfft, scipy.fft.rfft
Notes
-----
Within numerical accuracy, ``y == rfft(irfft(y))``.
Both single and double precision routines are implemented. Half precision
inputs will be converted to single precision. Non-floating-point inputs
will be converted to double precision. Long-double precision inputs are
not supported.
To get an output with a complex datatype, consider using the newer
function `scipy.fft.rfft`.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.fftpack import fft, rfft
>>> a = [9, -9, 1, 3]
>>> fft(a)
array([ 4. +0.j, 8.+12.j, 16. +0.j, 8.-12.j])
>>> rfft(a)
array([ 4., 8., 12., 16.])
"""
return _pocketfft.rfft_fftpack(x, n, axis, None, overwrite_x)
def irfft(x, n=None, axis=-1, overwrite_x=False):
"""
Return inverse discrete Fourier transform of real sequence x.
The contents of `x` are interpreted as the output of the `rfft`
function.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
Transformed data to invert.
n : int, optional
Length of the inverse Fourier transform.
If n < x.shape[axis], x is truncated.
If n > x.shape[axis], x is zero-padded.
The default results in n = x.shape[axis].
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the ifft's are computed; the default is over
the last axis (i.e., axis=-1).
overwrite_x : bool, optional
If True, the contents of `x` can be destroyed; the default is False.
Returns
-------
irfft : ndarray of floats
The inverse discrete Fourier transform.
See Also
--------
rfft, ifft, scipy.fft.irfft
Notes
-----
The returned real array contains::
[y(0),y(1),...,y(n-1)]
where for n is even::
y(j) = 1/n (sum[k=1..n/2-1] (x[2*k-1]+sqrt(-1)*x[2*k])
* exp(sqrt(-1)*j*k* 2*pi/n)
+ c.c. + x[0] + (-1)**(j) x[n-1])
and for n is odd::
y(j) = 1/n (sum[k=1..(n-1)/2] (x[2*k-1]+sqrt(-1)*x[2*k])
* exp(sqrt(-1)*j*k* 2*pi/n)
+ c.c. + x[0])
c.c. denotes complex conjugate of preceding expression.
For details on input parameters, see `rfft`.
To process (conjugate-symmetric) frequency-domain data with a complex
datatype, consider using the newer function `scipy.fft.irfft`.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.fftpack import rfft, irfft
>>> a = [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]
>>> irfft(a)
array([ 2.6 , -3.16405192, 1.24398433, -1.14955713, 1.46962473])
>>> irfft(rfft(a))
array([1., 2., 3., 4., 5.])
"""
return _pocketfft.irfft_fftpack(x, n, axis, None, overwrite_x)
def fftn(x, shape=None, axes=None, overwrite_x=False):
"""
Return multidimensional discrete Fourier transform.
The returned array contains::
y[j_1,..,j_d] = sum[k_1=0..n_1-1, ..., k_d=0..n_d-1]
x[k_1,..,k_d] * prod[i=1..d] exp(-sqrt(-1)*2*pi/n_i * j_i * k_i)
where d = len(x.shape) and n = x.shape.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
The (N-D) array to transform.
shape : int or array_like of ints or None, optional
The shape of the result. If both `shape` and `axes` (see below) are
None, `shape` is ``x.shape``; if `shape` is None but `axes` is
not None, then `shape` is ``numpy.take(x.shape, axes, axis=0)``.
If ``shape[i] > x.shape[i]``, the ith dimension is padded with zeros.
If ``shape[i] < x.shape[i]``, the ith dimension is truncated to
length ``shape[i]``.
If any element of `shape` is -1, the size of the corresponding
dimension of `x` is used.
axes : int or array_like of ints or None, optional
The axes of `x` (`y` if `shape` is not None) along which the
transform is applied.
The default is over all axes.
overwrite_x : bool, optional
If True, the contents of `x` can be destroyed. Default is False.
Returns
-------
y : complex-valued N-D NumPy array
The (N-D) DFT of the input array.
See Also
--------
ifftn
Notes
-----
If ``x`` is real-valued, then
``y[..., j_i, ...] == y[..., n_i-j_i, ...].conjugate()``.
Both single and double precision routines are implemented. Half precision
inputs will be converted to single precision. Non-floating-point inputs
will be converted to double precision. Long-double precision inputs are
not supported.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.fftpack import fftn, ifftn
>>> y = (-np.arange(16), 8 - np.arange(16), np.arange(16))
>>> np.allclose(y, fftn(ifftn(y)))
True
"""
shape = _good_shape(x, shape, axes)
return _pocketfft.fftn(x, shape, axes, None, overwrite_x)
def ifftn(x, shape=None, axes=None, overwrite_x=False):
"""
Return inverse multidimensional discrete Fourier transform.
The sequence can be of an arbitrary type.
The returned array contains::
y[j_1,..,j_d] = 1/p * sum[k_1=0..n_1-1, ..., k_d=0..n_d-1]
x[k_1,..,k_d] * prod[i=1..d] exp(sqrt(-1)*2*pi/n_i * j_i * k_i)
where ``d = len(x.shape)``, ``n = x.shape``, and ``p = prod[i=1..d] n_i``.
For description of parameters see `fftn`.
See Also
--------
fftn : for detailed information.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.fftpack import fftn, ifftn
>>> import numpy as np
>>> y = (-np.arange(16), 8 - np.arange(16), np.arange(16))
>>> np.allclose(y, ifftn(fftn(y)))
True
"""
shape = _good_shape(x, shape, axes)
return _pocketfft.ifftn(x, shape, axes, None, overwrite_x)
def fft2(x, shape=None, axes=(-2,-1), overwrite_x=False):
"""
2-D discrete Fourier transform.
Return the 2-D discrete Fourier transform of the 2-D argument
`x`.
See Also
--------
fftn : for detailed information.
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.fftpack import fft2, ifft2
>>> y = np.mgrid[:5, :5][0]
>>> y
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
[3, 3, 3, 3, 3],
[4, 4, 4, 4, 4]])
>>> np.allclose(y, ifft2(fft2(y)))
True
"""
return fftn(x,shape,axes,overwrite_x)
def ifft2(x, shape=None, axes=(-2,-1), overwrite_x=False):
"""
2-D discrete inverse Fourier transform of real or complex sequence.
Return inverse 2-D discrete Fourier transform of
arbitrary type sequence x.
See `ifft` for more information.
See also
--------
fft2, ifft
Examples
--------
>>> from scipy.fftpack import fft2, ifft2
>>> y = np.mgrid[:5, :5][0]
>>> y
array([[0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[2, 2, 2, 2, 2],
[3, 3, 3, 3, 3],
[4, 4, 4, 4, 4]])
>>> np.allclose(y, fft2(ifft2(y)))
True
"""
return ifftn(x,shape,axes,overwrite_x)
``` |
AudioFile was a software company that was founded in Massachusetts in 1990. It was founded under Venture Capital Investment by the Massachusetts Technology Development Corporation.
Their early product was AudioFile Business Audio, a suite of applications that included AudioRecorder, a program to embed audio into email and documents, and AudioEditor, a program to edit audio and apply various effects to the audio. The software included Audio timescale-pitch modification, the ability to change the speed of audio without changing the pitch, and a codec to compress audio to approximately 36 times smaller than uncompressed audio to save disk space and reduce bandwidth when sending via email. AudioFile Business Audio evolved into TalkWorks, a program designed to allow computers equipped with an appropriate fax-modem to act as a software-based telephone answering machine, for receiving voice mail as well as faxes, and a virtual telephone/speaker phone with speed dial and other buttons.
AudioFile was bought by Delrina in October 1994, and its technology was bundled into WinFax as part of CommSuite 95. Delrina was subsequently bought out in 1995 by Symantec, and continued its development. Its voice mail capabilities were options available to WinFax PRO 7.0, 7.5 and 8.0. Symantec later sold TalkWorks as separate products named TalkWorks PRO 2.0 (August 1998) and TalkWorks PRO 3.0 (August 1999). The last version of WinFax, version 10, did not include any TalkWorks functionality.
References
Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
Software companies established in 1990
1990 establishments in Massachusetts
Software companies disestablished in 1994
1994 disestablishments in Massachusetts
1994 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct software companies of the United States |
The Arsenal Firearms "Strike One" is a polymer or Ergal-framed, short recoil operated, striker-fired semi-automatic pistol introduced by the company Arsenal Firearms in 2012. The Strike One is known in Russia as the «Стриж» ("Strizh", Swift bird).
Development
The AF-1 Strike One uses a Bergmann System introduced in the Bergmann–Bayard pistol. Unlike the Browning system, the barrel does not tilt. It is locked with a Y shaped part that during the recoil locks the barrel and bolt and halfway through it drops, releasing the barrel. The barrel stops its motion, the bolt continues back, ejecting the spent cartridge case and loading fresh cartridge and on its way back the Y shaped locking fork reengages and the barrel and bolt move together forward. Instead of tilting the barrel only moves in a straight line, thus increasing the accuracy.
The Strike one is rated for +P+ ammunition and specifically set up to fire Russian 9×19mm ammunition 7N21 and 7N31 which are close to .357 SIG in their performance. The pistol will be available in: 9×19mm Parabellum, 9×21mm IMI, .357 SIG, and .40 S&W. There is no discussion for 10mm Auto or .45 ACP versions, although a .38 Super version is being considered due to this cartridge's popularity in Italy in particular (Italian laws forbid civilians to have weapons in the same caliber as military and police). A fully automatic version of the Strike One has been offered for the Russian Armed Forces. Longer barreled version (300mm) is also available.
The Strike One pistol features a low bore axis as the distance from the barrel central axis to the top of the grip is . Other 9×19mm Parabellum chambered service pistol designs have higher bore axes like the short recoil, locked breech, tilting barrel Caracal F , Glock 17 , Tanfoglio Force and Heckler & Koch USP Compact The short recoil, locked-breech Beretta 92 and short recoil and locked-breech, rotating barrel lock Beretta Px4 Compact designs both have a bore axis height.
Stryk and Archon variants
At SHOT Show in 2016, Arsenal Firearms announced that they would be partnering with Salient Arms International (SAI) and PRIME Ammunition in the newly formed Prime Manufacturing Group (PMG) to produce in the United States a redesigned version of the pistol known as the Stryk. This newer generation was initially announced to be manufactured and sold by SAI in the US as the Stryk-A full size (same dimensions as the former Strike One) and Stryk-B compact variants, at a lower cost and maintenance and an even greater profit margin.
In 2018, due to a potential trademark dispute, Arsenal Firearms rebrands its US subsidiary Arsenal Firearms USA as Archon Firearms. On the American market, the STRYK-B is named the Archon Type B. Concurrently, SAI still sells the remaining production of the original "Tier One" Strike One on the US market.
Arsenal Firearms originally produced the AF1 Strike One in Italy. Newer STRYK-A of similar dimensions and the more compact STRYK-B (as well as the American variant, Archon Type B), are now manufactured by Swiss company RUAG in Germany and Hungary.
STRYK-A/B and Archon Type B pistols feature Glock-compatible sights with a fiber optic on the front, upgraded gripping surfaces and ergonomics, a redesigned flat-faced and short reset trigger, a different slide profile and other modifications. The compact (B model) has a 15-round magazine.
Gallery
Users
: The Strike One (or Strizh in Russian) was not adopted as the service pistol in the Russian Federation, even though Spetsnaz troops have been seen wielding them.
References
External links
Official US Distributor AMERICAN PRECISION FIREARMS : https://WWW.americanprecisionfirearms.com/
Arsenal Firearms International website
Arsenal Firearms European website (featuring STRYK-B)
Arsenal Firearms Italian website (featuring many variants of the Strike One)
Archon Firearms website (US subsidiary of Arsenal Firearms, featuring the Archon Type B)
9mm Parabellum semi-automatic pistols
.40 S&W semi-automatic pistols
9×21mm IMI semi-automatic pistols
.357 SIG semi-automatic pistols
Semi-automatic pistols of Italy
Semi-automatic pistols of Russia |
The 2017–2018 Toyota Finance 86 Championship is the fifth running of the Toyota Finance 86 Championship. The championship began on 4 November 2017 at Pukekohe Park Raceway and will conclude on 12 March 2018 at Hampton Downs Motorsport Park.
Teams and drivers
All teams were New-Zealand registered.
Race calendar and results
All rounds are to be held in New Zealand. The first round in Pukekohe Park Raceway will be held in support of the Supercars Championship. Rounds 3, 4 and 5 are to be held with the Toyota Racing Series.
Championship standings
In order for a driver to score championship points, they had to complete at least 75% of the race winner's distance, and be running at the finish. All races counted towards the final championship standings.
The 2017–2018 New Zealand Toyota 86 Championship was won by Jack Milligan.
The 2017–2018 New Zealand Toyota 86 Rookie Championship was won by Jordan Baldwin
Scoring system
References
External links
Toyota Finance 86 Championship
Toyota Finance 86 Championship
Toyota Finance 86 Championship |
Zemlyansky Uyezd (Землянский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Voronezh Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northwestern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Zemlyansk.
Demographics
At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Zemlyansky Uyezd had a population of 200,736. Of these, 96.2% spoke Russian and 3.7% Ukrainian as their native language.
References
Uezds of Voronezh Governorate
Voronezh Governorate |
Ropica didyma is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1865.
References
didyma
Beetles described in 1865 |
"Balikoowa" is an ethno folk song by Ugandan music duo Undercover Brothers Ug. It was released on 20 February 2017 as the Original Sound Track and Theme Song for the Ugandan Situation Comedy Balikoowa in the City.
Background
Balikoowa was written by Jay K Mulungi and Timothy Kirya as the title theme song for Balikoowa in the City, a Ugandan drama series in which Jay K Mulungi makes a cameo appearance. The song tells a story of a man named Balikoowa. The lyrics of the song portray Balikoowa's first time in the city, how he could not fit in. He sees many vehicles and he was almost knocked by a speeding motor bike. Balikoowa is so primitive and he has to face the city.
Reception
Balikoowa received favourable reception mostly around the Buganda area because of its traditional kiganda sound. It has been played at parties and clubs with audiences getting to their feet to dance the traditional kiganda dance. This song has always closed the duos repertoires since its release. The fans even created their own videos of the song while The Undercover Brothers haven't release a video for it.
Track listing and formats
Digital download
"Balikoowa" – 3:24
References
Ugandan songs
World music songs
2017 singles
Television soundtracks
2017 songs |
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Michael Ritchie (born October 17, 1957) is formerly an American artistic director of Center Theatre Group, overseeing the Mark Taper Forum, the Ahmanson Theatre and the Kirk Douglas Theatre.
Career
Early career
Ritchie began his professional career in the theatre in 1980 as a production stage manager in New York City. Over the next 15 years, he stage-managed more than 50 shows on and off-Broadway including productions at Lincoln Center Theater, Circle in the Square, Circle Rep, the New York Shakespeare Festival, Playwrights Horizons, New York City Center and the National Actors Theatre.
Among the notable productions he stage managed were Our Town with Spalding Gray and Eric Stoltz, Timon of Athens with Brian Bedford, Heartbreak House with Rosemary Harris and Rex Harrison, Candida with Joanne Woodward, You Never Can Tell with Uta Hagen and Philip Bosco, Arms and the Man with Kevin Kline and Raul Julia, A Streetcar Named Desire (two productions: one with Blythe Danner, Aidan Quinn and Frances McDormand, and the other with Jessica Lange, Alec Baldwin and James Gandolfini) and Present Laughter with George C. Scott, Nathan Lane, Christine Lahti, Jim Piddock, and Kate Burton.
Williamstown Theatre Festival
In 1996, Ritchie was appointed producer of the Williamstown Theatre Festival. New plays that began their lives in Williamstown and moved on to off-Broadway runs under his direction include Corners by David Rabe, Far East by A.R. Gurney, The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told by Paul Rudnick, Chaucer in Rome by John Guare, The Glimmer Brothers (Glimmer, Glimmer and Shine) by Warren Leight and The Waverly Gallery by Kenneth Lonergan.
American premieres during this time include The Late Middle Classes by Simon Gray, Misha's Party by Richard Nelson, Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme by Frank McGuinness, Under the Blue Sky by David Eldridge and The Ride Down Mt. Morgan by Arthur Miller.
Rediscovered American classics include Dead End, Johnny on the Spot, Street Scene and, 50 years after it was first presented on Broadway -- The Man Who Had All the Luck by Arthur Miller, a production that moved to Broadway and was chosen by Time magazine as one of the year's 10 Best Productions in 2002.
Ritchie and the Festival also sent several other productions to Broadway, including Hedda Gabler, One Mo' Time, The Price and The Rainmaker.
Other major revivals during Ritchie's direction include The Royal Family with Blythe Danner, Victor Garber and Andrea Martin, The Film Society with Cherry Jones and Carole Shelley, Camino Real with Ethan Hawke, A Raisin in the Sun with Ruben Santiago-Hudson and Viola Davis, Hot L Baltimore with Sam Rockwell and As You Like It with Gwyneth Paltrow.
In 2002, the Williamstown Theatre Festival was the recipient of the Regional Theatre Tony Award.
Center Theatre Group
On January 1, 2005, Ritchie joined Center Theatre Group as artistic director. In his first four seasons at CTG, he premiered the musicals The Drowsy Chaperone, Curtains, 13 and 9 to 5: The Musical (all of which moved to Broadway and received a combined 25 Tony Award nominations). He has produced 40 world premieres including the musicals Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson and Sleeping Beauty Wakes, and the plays Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo, Water & Power and Yellow Face; and he presented a broad range of plays and musicals ranging from Dead End to Romance to The Black Rider to blockbusters such as Jersey Boys, Edward Scissorhands, God of Carnage, August: Osage County, Matilda, The Trip to Bountiful and Mary Poppins.
In addition, Ritchie inaugurated CTG’s New Play Production Program, designed to foster the development and production of new work.
Personal life
Ritchie was born in Worcester, Massachusetts.
In 1982, while stage managing a revival of Noël Coward's Present Laughter, Ritchie met actress Kate Burton, the daughter of actor Richard Burton. They married in 1985 and have two children, a son, actor Morgan Ivor, and a daughter, Charlotte Frances.
References
External links
Center Theatre Group
Interview at CurtainUp.com
1957 births
Living people
Artists from Worcester, Massachusetts
Assumption University (Worcester) alumni
American theatre managers and producers
Artistic directors |
The first Grammarians of Baṣra lived during the seventh century in Al-Baṣrah. The town, which developed out of a military encampment, with buildings being constructed circa 638 AD, became the intellectual hub for grammarians, linguists, poets, philologists, genealogists, traditionists, zoologists, meteorologists, and above all exegetes of Qur’ānic tafsir and Ḥadīth, from across the Islamic world. These scholars of the Islamic Golden Age were pioneers of literary style and the sciences of Arabic grammar in the broadest sense. Their teachings and writings became the canon of the Arabic language. Shortly after the Basran school's foundation, a rival school was established at al-Kūfah circa 670, by philologists known as the Grammarians of Kūfah. Intense competition arose between the two schools, and public disputations and adjudications between scholars were often held at the behest of the caliphal courts. Later many scholars moved to the court at Baghdad, where a third school developed which blended many ideological and theological characteristics of the two. Many language scholars carried great influence and political power as court companions, tutors, etc., to the caliphs, and many were retained on substantial pensions.
Ishāq al-Nadīm—the 10th century author of Kitab al-Fihrist—provides a trove of biographical accounts of the leading figures of the two schools and would seem to be the earliest source. However greatly augmented biographical detail can be found in a number of later encyclopedic dictionaries, by authors such as Ibn Khallikan, Suyuti, and others. Basra, Kufa, and subsequently Baghdad, represent the main schools of innovation and development of Arabic grammar and punctuation, linguistics, philology, Quranic exegesis and recital, Hadith, poetry and literature.
Major Philologists
'Amr (Abū) ibn al-'Alā (ca. 689–770), or Zabbān, born at Mecca and died at Kūfah; an eminent scholar and one of the seven readers of the Qur’ān. He burned his collections of old poetry, &c., to devote himself to religion.
Aṣma’ī (al-) ‘Abd al-Mālik ibn Qurayb (c. 739-833) great humanist who flourished under Hārūn al-Rashid
Du’alī (al-), Abū al-Aswad Ẓālim ibn Amr ibn Sufyān (ca. 605-688) originator of Arabic grammar and founder of Baṣrah school.
Durayd (Ibn), Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (837-934), a distinguished philologist, genealogist, and poet, awarded a pension by caliph Al-Muqtadir for his contribution to science; principal works, his famous ode “The Maqṣūra,” a voluminous lexicon (al-'Jamhara fi ‘l-Lugha) and a treatise on the genealogies of the Arab tribes (Kitābu ‘l-Ishtiqāq).
Fārisī (al-), Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Ghaffār (901-987) He went to Baghdād and served at the Hamdanid court of Sayf al-Dawla and Buyid court of 'Adud al-Dawla.
Jarmī (al-), Abū ‘Umar Ṣāliḥ ibn Isḥāq (d. 840) grammarian, student of al-Akhfash al-Awsat, Abū Zayd, Al-Aṣma’ī and others, who taught Al-Kitāb to al-Tawwazi and debated in Baghdād.
Khalīl (al-) ibn Aḥmad, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān (ca. 718-786) inventor of the Arabic prosody who wrote the first Arabic dictionary Kitab al-Ayn; (uncompleted)
Mubarrad (al-), Abū al-‘Abbās Muḥammad ibn Yazīd (d. 899 CE), philologist author of the book Al-Kāmil
Quṭrub the Grammarian (d. 821), a Baṣrah native, leading philologist of his age, muhaddith and natural scientist.
Sībawayh Abū Bishr ‘Amr ibn ‘Uthman (d. 793/796 CE), the Persian whose voluminous and seminal book of grammar, ‘‘Al-Kitab'’, is universally celebrated.
Sukkarī (al-), Abū Sa’īd al-Ḥasan ibn al-Husayn (d. 889), a collector and critic of old Arabian poetry and ancient tradition.
Thaqafī (al-), 'Īsā ibn 'Umar (d. 766/67) a noted early grammarian who taught Sībawayh and Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad. He was a Qur’ān reciter and was blind. His two known books The Compilation and The Perfected (Completed) were lost at an early period.
'Ubayda (Abū) Ma’mar ibn al-Muthannā (ca. 728–824)
Yūnus ibn Ḥabīb, Abū ‘Abd al-Raḥmān (d. 798) Persian, expert on grammar inflection, lived to be 88 years old; - Meaning of the Quran; Languages (Vernaculars); The Large Book of Rare Forms [in the Qur'an]; Similes (Proverbs); The Small Book of Rare Forms
Zajjāj (al-), Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Sarī (or Surrī) (d. 922) a philologist, theologian and a court favourite to the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tadid.
Minor scholars
Affar ibn Laqit
Abu al-Bayda' al-Rabahi, tribesman, poet and language scholar
Abu Malik 'Amr ibn Kirkirah, Arabian, 'warraq' and noted expert in vernacular, memorised corpus: - The Disposition of Man; Horses.
Abu 'Irar, Arab of Banu 'Ijl, poet, literary stylist and linguist
Abu Ziyad al-Sumuwi al-Kilabi, Arabian nomad, of Banu 'Amir ibn Kilab: - Rare Forms [in the Quran]; Differentiation; Camels; The Disposition of Man
Abu Sawwar al-Ghanawi, (fl. C9th) authority for Arabic words
Notes
References
Sources
Four volumes vol I & II 1843, vol III 1868, vol IV 1873
Scholars from the Abbasid Caliphate
Arabic language
Basra
Grammarians of Arabic
Islamic Golden Age
Lexicographers of Arabic
Linguists
Philologists of Arabic |
The Hourglass Sanatorium () is a 1973 Polish surrealist film directed by Wojciech Jerzy Has, starring Jan Nowicki, Tadeusz Kondrat, Mieczysław Voit, Halina Kowalska and Gustaw Holoubek. It is also known as The Sandglass in English-speaking countries. The story follows a young Jewish man who visits his father in a mystical sanatorium where time does not behave normally. The film is an adaptation of Bruno Schulz's story collection Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass. It won the Jury Prize at the 1973 Cannes Film Festival.
Plot
Joseph (Jan Nowicki) travels through a dream-like world, taking a dilapidated train to visit his dying father, Jacob, in a sanatorium. When he arrives at the hospital, he finds the entire facility is going to ruin and no one seems to be in charge or even caring for the patients. Time appears to behave in unpredictable ways, reanimating the past in an elaborate artificial caprice.
Though Joseph is always shown as an adult, his behavior and the people around often depict him as a child. He befriends Rudolf, a young boy who owns a postage stamp album. The names of the stamps trigger a wealth of association and adventure in Joseph. Among the many occurrences in this visually potent phantasmagoria include Joseph re-entering childhood episodes with his wildly eccentric father (who lives with birds in an attic), being arrested by a mysterious unit of soldiers for having a dream that was severely criticized in high places, reflecting on a girl he fantasized about in his boyhood and commandeering a group of historic wax mannequins. Throughout his strange journey, an ominous blind train conductor reappears like a death figure.
Has also adds a series of reflections on the Holocaust that were not present in the original texts, reading Schulz's prose through the prism of the author's death during World War II and the demise of the world he described.
Cast
Production
The Hourglass Sanatorium is not solely an adaptation of Sanatorium Under the Sign of the Hourglass, but also includes sequences from other works by Bruno Schulz. Regarding the possibility of a film adaptation of a book written by Schulz, director Wojciech Jerzy Has said: "Schulz's poetic prose was the reading of my early youth. It influenced my films. That is why the realization of The Hourglass Sanatorium was a must for me. My aim was not to make a literal adaption of the work, but rather to do justice to what we call the work's poetics: its unique, isolated world, its atmospherics, colours and shapes." The time period of the film is a mixture of elements from the turn-of-the-century Galicia where Schulz grew up, and Has' own pre-World War II memories of the same region. The film was produced by Zespół Filmowy Silesia. Principal photography took place at the Wytwórnia Filmów Fabularnych studios in Łódź.
Release
Despite being a major production, the finished film was met by reluctance from the Polish authorities. Not only was the crumbled sanatorium interpreted as a parallel to the poor condition of many institutions and manor houses in contemporary Poland; Has had also chosen to emphasize the Jewish aspects of the source material, and this soon after an antisemitic campaign the government had launched in 1968, which had prompted around 30,000 Polish Jews to leave the country. The authorities forbid Has to submit The Hourglass Sanatorium for the 1973 Cannes Film Festival, but the director managed to smuggle a print abroad so the film could be screened at the festival. The Cannes jury, led by actress Ingrid Bergman, honoured the film with the Jury Prize. The Polish premiere took place on December 11, 1973. The film is among 21 digitally restored classic Polish films chosen for Martin Scorsese Presents: Masterpieces of Polish Cinema. and has been released on blu-ray in a related box set by Milestone Cinema.
Reception
When The Hourglass Sanatorium was released in Poland it met with mixed reviews from the critics and it was mostly criticized by literary scholars. Artur Sandauer noted that the book was a great material for a film, however, he strongly rejected Has's adaptation since in his opinion it changed Schulz's story "of cosmic dimensions" into "grotesque folklore". Jerzy Jastrzębski opined that Has's film evokes "a feeling of clear insufficiency". The film was positively reviewed by Konrad Eberhard and Adam Garbicz who claimed that it wasn't the film director's intention to adapt Schulz's prose in a literal manner but rather to capture its eschatological climate.
In France, the film was very positively received with film critics such as François Mourin, writing for L'Humanité, praising it for the costumes, set design and decorations, cinematography as well as the actors' performance. Jacques Siclier writing for Le Monde stated that the viewer watching the film experiences "an emotional and breathtaking shock". Richard Bégin described the film's "permeable atmosphere of transcience and deadness" generated by the dominant shots of ruins.
The film also received recognition in Britain and the United States. Phelim O’Neill of The Guardian considered Has's film as "another psychedelic classic" while Michael Wilmington of Chicago Tribune gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 commenting on the splendid and surreal adaptation of Schulz's literary work.
In the 2015 poll conducted by Polish Museum of Cinematography in Łódź, The Hourglass Sanatorium was ranked as the fifth greatest Polish film of all time.
Awards and honours
Jury Prize at the 1973 Cannes Festival
Nomination for the Palme d'Or at the 1973 Cannes Festival
Award for the Best Scenography at the 1974 Gdansk Film Festival: Andrzej Płocki and Jerzy Skarżyński
Themes
An article by Witold Kiedacz explored the sophisticated structure of the film: "(The film) is built on the principle of tripartite composition. The compositional clasp, binding the material of the middle sequences on both sides into one cohesive whole, is the motif of the conductor-guide that appears at the beginning and at the end of the film. The middle part, on the other hand, is filled with Józef's dream, which is nothing more than a re-experience of childhood, and the reality of the town where the sanatorium is located." Elements from all stories from Schulz's collection were intertwined in Has's film, in whose finale the characters of the conductor and Józef symbolically blend together; Joseph goes blind while gaining wisdom and learning to see "things and things unseen by the ordinary, average person."
Konrad Eberhardt noted that Has's film gives a more tragic tone to Schulz's stories, as it weaves into them the theme of the Holocaust. This motif is recognizable only in one scene, when Józef watches through the basement window a crowd of people fleeing in panic with all their belongings. However, the very first scene of the film, in which a prisoner on a camp bunk appears among the train passengers, communicates to the viewer the experience of the Holocaust.
In her monographic analysis of the film, Małgorzata Jakubowska emphasized the role played by the labyrinth structure in Has's film. Interpreting The Hourglass Sanatorium through the prism of Gilles Deleuze's and Feliks Guattari's theory of rhizomes, Jakubowska noticed that not only the film's non-linear narrative, but also the presence in the film world of shoots, ivy and ferns growing luxuriantly in various directions proves the artistic implementation of the idea of rhizome avant la lettre.
See also
Cinema of Poland
List of Polish language films
References
Further Reading
Essay on the film: A Journey into the Underworld
External links
The Hourglass Sanatorium at Culture.pl
1973 films
1970s Polish-language films
Films directed by Wojciech Has
Films based on works by Bruno Schulz
Films based on Polish novels
Films based on short fiction
Films shot in Poland
Mannequins in films
Surrealist films
1970s science fiction drama films
Polish science fiction drama films
1973 drama films |
HTC One is a series of Android and Windows Phone smartphones designed and manufactured by HTC. All products in the One series were designed to be touchscreen-based and slate-sized, and to initially run the Android mobile operating system (Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich or subsequent Android releases) with the HTC Sense graphical user interface. The one exception to this is the HTC One (M8), which also had a Windows Phone variant. From 2010 to 2013, all HTC products starting from the HTC Sensation XE to the HTC One Mini were equipped with a Beats Audio equalizer. Later HTC devices beginning with the HTC One Max no longer ship with Beats Audio following the buyback of HTC's stake in Beats Electronics.
Phones
2012 lineup
While critically acclaimed, the 2012 One series had not received much consumer attention and sales were disappointing. For one, HTC has been outspent on marketing by Samsung and Apple, as HTC instead had relied heavily on carriers to promote its products. Also, while HTC made many carrier-specific devices, Samsung and Apple were able to concentrate their resources on single flagship handsets such as the Samsung Galaxy S III and iPhone 4S to attract the attention of the consumers. Lastly, while HTC handsets were seen as better quality than Samsung's plastic devices, Samsung was able to successfully distinguish itself from other Android manufacturers with manufacturer-specific software tweaks (as well as marketing to promote its brand) while HTC could not.
The "One" devices released in 2012 consist of the following, with devices in similar price segments usually sold by different carriers:
HTC One V, a low-end smartphone
HTC One S, a mid-range smartphone
The Japanese variant, HTC J, many of the same specifications as the One S, but has a larger battery and runs on WiMAX
HTC One X, a high-end smartphone
An LTE variant of the HTC One X with the same name is sold in North America, with a 1.5 GHz dual-core Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 MSM8960 processor instead of the quad core Nvidia Tegra
HTC One X+ a refresh of the One X which has a faster clocked Tegra 3 processor, larger battery and more memory than the HTC One X
HTC Evo 4G LTE, a North American variant similar to the LTE One X, but with added features including a MicroSD slot and kickstand, exclusive to Sprint Nextel
2013 lineup
The 2013 One series was reduced to focus on only three versions of one main design. Three devices had been announced as of October 2013: the HTC One (M7) in February 2013, the One Mini in July 2013, and the One Max in October 2013. Following the previous year's setbacks, the HTC One was critically acclaimed for its design, and was commercially successful.
HTC One (M7), the HTC One X'''s successor. It won the "Best New Mobile Handset, Device or Tablet" at Mobile World Congress 2013
HTC One Mini, the smaller variant of the HTC One with a 4.3" screen
HTC One Max, the larger variant of the HTC One with a 5.9" screen and a fingerprint scanner
HTC Butterfly S, successor to the original Butterfly with a 3200 mAh battery
2014 lineup
HTC One (M8), the successor to the 2013 HTC One (M7). There are two versions of this device: one running Android 4.4.2 KitKat and another running Windows Phone 8.1.
HTC One Mini 2, the HTC One Mini's successor
HTC One (E8), a lower-cost variant of the One (M8) with similar specs but a polycarbonate body and a single 13-megapixel camera
HTC Butterfly 2, is a variant of the One (M8) with similar specs encased in a polycarbonate body. It is water resistant, and has a dual rear camera (13-megapixel main camera and 2-megapixel secondary camera)
2015 lineup
HTC One M9, the 2014 HTC One (M8)'s successor.
HTC One M9+, an upscaled version of the HTC One M9
HTC One M9+ Supreme Camera Edition, a phone similar to the HTC One M9+ but with a better camera
HTC One ME
HTC One E9
HTC One E9+
HTC One M8s, a mid-range smartphone that is similar to the HTC One M8
HTC One M9s, a variant of the HTC One M9 with a weaker processor, less internal storage, less RAM, and a weaker rear camera.
HTC One A9, launched on October 20. The One A9 is the first non-Nexus device launched with Android 6.0 Marshmallow.
2016 lineup
HTC One A9s, the successor to the One A9 from 2015, was unveiled on 1 September 2016.
HTC 10
Succession
The last flagship phone in the HTC One series was the HTC One M9, which was announced and released in 2015. Its successor, the HTC 10, is HTC's 2016 flagship phone; however, it did not use the "One" branding in the name. Its successor, the 2017 HTC U11, did not use the "One" branding either.
Comparison
This table is primarily intended to show the differences'' between the models of the One series:
See also
HTC U series
References
HTC ONE SERIES ROMS
One
Android (operating system) devices
Windows Phone devices
Mobile phones introduced in 2012 |
Gimme an 'F' is a 1984 comedy film written by Jim Hart and directed by Paul Justman. The film stars John Karlen, Stephen Shellen, Mark Keyloun, Jennifer Cooke and Lisa Wilcox in a short role. It was also released under the titles T & A Academy 2 and Cheerballs (West Germany).
Plot
The plot centers on competition between high-school cheerleading squads - and one squad, in particular, the Moline Ducks, is poor. The competition takes place at a camp run by middle-aged Bucky Berkshire aka Dr. Spirit (John Karlen), who this year decides to place a bet with his best instructor Tom Hamilton (Stephen Shellen) that he cannot make the woeful Ducks into a team that can beat the top-rated Falcons. If Berkshire loses, he pays up $10,000, and if Hamilton loses, he has to work another five years at the camp. Bucky Berkshire actually cannot stand Hamilton's antics, or his sexual but successful way of motivating the cheerleaders. However, a visiting group of wealthy Japanese businessmen will not finance Bucky's latest business plan without Hamilton on board to teach the cheerleaders. Thus, there is an ulterior motive behind Bucky's wager. As the teams get ready for their rounds of competition, several dance sequences, various teen pranks, and the usual sexual situations common in teen comedies weave their way through the storyline.
References
External links
1984 films
1980s sex comedy films
20th Century Fox films
Cheerleading films
Films shot in Los Angeles
American teen comedy films
1980s English-language films
Teen sex comedy films
1984 comedy films
1980s American films |
Postal orders were issued in Ireland from 1881 until they were discontinued in late 2001 just before the change over to the Euro. The current alternative is the An Post Postal Money Order which serves an equivalent purpose.
Layout
The denomination is stated in numerals at the right-hand side and also written across the centre panel. The issuing post office postmark is added in the bottom right while the cashing post office cancel is applied at the bottom left. The poundage is printed in the '' panel, at the left side. When the poundage has been increased the current fee is stated in writing.
Irish issues of British postal orders
The first postal orders to be issued in Ireland were British postal orders issued on 1 January 1881. At this time, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This lasted until 1922.
The first Irish postal orders
The first Irish postal orders was a transitional series overprinted on British postal orders. The Irish inscription '' ('Irish postal order') was overprinted on the inscription ''. This series caused a bit of a stir, as the portrait of King George V was not overprinted. These were issued from 4 April 1922.
The second series of Irish postal orders
These were also overprinted British postal orders, but the King's portrait was overprinted with this inscription '' ('Provisional Government of Ireland') in four lines. The issue of these began in May 1922.
The third series of Irish postal orders
Like the first two series, this series was also a series of overprinted British postal orders. The overprinted inscription on the King's portrait was changed to '' ('Irish Free State 1922'). The issue of this series began in January 1924 and ended in January 1928.
The first native Irish Free State postal orders
The issue of the first native Irish Free State postal orders began in September 1927. The design of these included a harp surrounded by the inscription '' inside a box giving the poundage in both Irish and English. The field of the postal orders was bilingually inscribed in Irish and English. The words 'not negotiable' were rendered in Irish as ' (the dialect that this comes from is not known). The back of the postal orders contained the regulations in both Irish and English. 'Irish postal order' was expressed as Órdú Puist Éireannach.
Postal orders of the Irish Free State
These were of the same design, but the '' inscription was replaced by '' below the harp in the poundage box.
Early pre-decimal postal orders of the Republic of Ireland
These were of the same design as the Irish Free State ones, but the Irish for 'not negotiable' was changed to ''. From this issue, the Irish for 'Irish postal order' was changed to Ordú Poist Éireannach.
Later pre-decimal postal orders of the Republic of Ireland
These were of the same design as the early pre-decimal republican ones, but the Irish for 'not negotiable' was changed again to read as ''.
Pre-decimal postal orders issued just prior to the decimal change over
A batch of 2/6 postal orders was printed in 1965–69 with the old Órdú Puist Éireannach and '' inscriptions, which had ceased to be issued in the early 1950s. These are very sought after by postal order collectors in both Ireland and overseas. These were issued in several post offices in different parts of Ireland.
1st issue of decimal postal orders
Because Ireland decimalised the currency from the old currency of £.s.d. to the new currency of £.p. on the same day as in Great Britain (15 February 1971), a new issue of postal orders was necessary. The harp design of the pre-decimal issue was retained, but the values were expressed in £.p.
However, when Ireland joined the European Monetary System from 13 March 1979 it was no longer possible to cash Irish postal orders in the United Kingdom and visa-versa as had been the case, because the currencies were no longer at parity and the British post office did not do currency work.
2nd issue of decimal postal orders
In 1986–87, an entirely new series of postal orders was issued. These bear Celtic designs, which are derived from designs in the Book of Kells. There was a noticeable white margin adjacent to the counterfoil. The denominations were expressed in IR£. There was a total of eighteen denominations issued in this series, which ranged from 20p up to £50. The poundage started at 30p on the 20p postal order, which resulted in the 20p. postal order being withdrawn from issue within six months of the series being issued. The 20p postal order in this series is also a scarce one. The designs include a building at the bottom. The names of post offices and county names in English printed on the postal orders appeared for the first time.
The controversial postal orders of 1992–93
These were the same design as the previous series, but the white margin disappeared, and the denominations were expressed as £ instead of IR£, which led to a storm of protest from the Royal Mail, because it imitated the British Pound sign.
The introduction of high-value postal orders
In 1993–94, £70 and £100 postal orders were introduced. These have been seldom seen.
The final issue
The final series of postal orders began on 27 and 28 August 1997 with the same Celtic design format with a building at the bottom. The denominations are expressed with the value in bold black numerals and words on both the building and at left adjacent to the counterfoil below the post office and county names.
The official last day of issue
In April and May 2001, it was reported that the issue of Irish postal orders was to end just before the change over to the Euro. A date in July 2001 was planned for their withdrawal, then 1 October 2001 and 18 October 2001, but nothing happened. On 31 October 2001, An Post began to withdraw postal orders from all the sub-post offices.
Unofficial last days of issue
The large post offices and head post offices continued to issue postal orders for around two or three weeks after 31 October 2001. This was due to a dispute between An Post and the Post & Telegraph Union of Ireland. So the unofficial last days of issue are between 1 and 22 November 2001. Postal orders issued in this period are sought after by collectors.
References
External links
Irish overprints on UK postal orders
Currencies of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Republic of Ireland postal system |
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this.setZoom(this._limitZoom(this._zoom)),this.options.zoomSnap||this.fire("viewreset"),this._stop()},locate:function(t){if(t=this._locateOptions=i({timeout:1e4,watch:!1},t),!("geolocation"in navigator))return this._handleGeolocationError({code:0,message:"Geolocation not supported."}),this;var e=o(this._handleGeolocationResponse,this),n=o(this._handleGeolocationError,this);return t.watch?this._locationWatchId=navigator.geolocation.watchPosition(e,n,t):navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(e,n,t),this},stopLocate:function(){return navigator.geolocation&&navigator.geolocation.clearWatch&&navigator.geolocation.clearWatch(this._locationWatchId),this._locateOptions&&(this._locateOptions.setView=!1),this},_handleGeolocationError:function(t){var i;this._container._leaflet_id&&(i=t.code,t=t.message||(1===i?"permission denied":2===i?"position unavailable":"timeout"),this._locateOptions.setView&&!this._loaded&&this.fitWorld(),this.fire("locationerror",{code:i,message:"Geolocation error: "+t+"."}))},_handleGeolocationResponse:function(t){if(this._container._leaflet_id){var i,e,n=new D(t.coords.latitude,t.coords.longitude),o=n.toBounds(2*t.coords.accuracy),s=this._locateOptions,r=(s.setView&&(i=this.getBoundsZoom(o),this.setView(n,s.maxZoom?Math.min(i,s.maxZoom):i)),{latlng:n,bounds:o,timestamp:t.timestamp});for(e in t.coords)"number"==typeof t.coords[e]&&(r[e]=t.coords[e]);this.fire("locationfound",r)}},addHandler:function(t,i){return i?(i=this[t]=new i(this),this._handlers.push(i),this.options[t]&&i.enable(),this):this},remove:function(){if(this._initEvents(!0),this.options.maxBounds&&this.off("moveend",this._panInsideMaxBounds),this._containerId!==this._container._leaflet_id)throw new Error("Map container is being reused by another instance");try{delete this._container._leaflet_id,delete this._containerId}catch(t){this._container._leaflet_id=void 0,this._containerId=void 0}for(var t in void 0!==this._locationWatchId&&this.stopLocate(),this._stop(),Qt(this._mapPane),this._clearControlPos&&this._clearControlPos(),this._resizeRequest&&(M(this._resizeRequest),this._resizeRequest=null),this._clearHandlers(),this._loaded&&this.fire("unload"),this._layers)this._layers[t].remove();for(t in this._panes)Qt(this._panes[t]);return this._layers=[],this._panes=[],delete this._mapPane,delete this._renderer,this},createPane:function(t,i){return i=$t("div","leaflet-pane"+(t?" leaflet-"+t.replace("Pane","")+"-pane":""),i||this._mapPane),t&&(this._panes[t]=i),i},getCenter:function(){return this._checkIfLoaded(),this._lastCenter&&!this._moved()?this._lastCenter:this.layerPointToLatLng(this._getCenterLayerPoint())},getZoom:function(){return this._zoom},getBounds:function(){var t=this.getPixelBounds();return new R(this.unproject(t.getBottomLeft()),this.unproject(t.getTopRight()))},getMinZoom:function(){return void 0===this.options.minZoom?this._layersMinZoom||0:this.options.minZoom},getMaxZoom:function(){return void 0===this.options.maxZoom?void 0===this._layersMaxZoom?1/0:this._layersMaxZoom:this.options.maxZoom},getBoundsZoom:function(t,i,e){t=N(t),e=A(e||[0,0]);var n=this.getZoom()||0,o=this.getMinZoom(),s=this.getMaxZoom(),r=t.getNorthWest(),a=(t=t.getSouthEast(),e=this.getSize().subtract(e),t=O(this.project(t,n),this.project(r,n)).getSize(),r=Ct.any3d?this.options.zoomSnap:1,e.x/t.x);e=e.y/t.y,t=i?Math.max(a,e):Math.min(a,e),n=this.getScaleZoom(t,n);return r&&(n=Math.round(n/(r/100))*(r/100),n=i?Math.ceil(n/r)*r:Math.floor(n/r)*r),Math.max(o,Math.min(s,n))},getSize:function(){return this._size&&!this._sizeChanged||(this._size=new E(this._container.clientWidth||0,this._container.clientHeight||0),this._sizeChanged=!1),this._size.clone()},getPixelBounds:function(t,i){return new I(t=this._getTopLeftPoint(t,i),t.add(this.getSize()))},getPixelOrigin:function(){return this._checkIfLoaded(),this._pixelOrigin},getPixelWorldBounds:function(t){return this.options.crs.getProjectedBounds(void 0===t?this.getZoom():t)},getPane:function(t){return"string"==typeof t?this._panes[t]:t},getPanes:function(){return this._panes},getContainer:function(){return this._container},getZoomScale:function(t,i){var e=this.options.crs;return i=void 0===i?this._zoom:i,e.scale(t)/e.scale(i)},getScaleZoom:function(t,i){var e=this.options.crs;i=void 0===i?this._zoom:i,t=e.zoom(t*e.scale(i));return isNaN(t)?1/0:t},project:function(t,i){return i=void 0===i?this._zoom:i,this.options.crs.latLngToPoint(j(t),i)},unproject:function(t,i){return i=void 0===i?this._zoom:i,this.options.crs.pointToLatLng(A(t),i)},layerPointToLatLng:function(t){return t=A(t).add(this.getPixelOrigin()),this.unproject(t)},latLngToLayerPoint:function(t){return this.project(j(t))._round()._subtract(this.getPixelOrigin())},wrapLatLng:function(t){return this.options.crs.wrapLatLng(j(t))},wrapLatLngBounds:function(t){return this.options.crs.wrapLatLngBounds(N(t))},distance:function(t,i){return this.options.crs.distance(j(t),j(i))},containerPointToLayerPoint:function(t){return A(t).subtract(this._getMapPanePos())},layerPointToContainerPoint:function(t){return A(t).add(this._getMapPanePos())},containerPointToLatLng:function(t){return t=this.containerPointToLayerPoint(A(t)),this.layerPointToLatLng(t)},latLngToContainerPoint:function(t){return this.layerPointToContainerPoint(this.latLngToLayerPoint(j(t)))},mouseEventToContainerPoint:function(t){return ki(t,this._container)},mouseEventToLayerPoint:function(t){return this.containerPointToLayerPoint(this.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t))},mouseEventToLatLng:function(t){return this.layerPointToLatLng(this.mouseEventToLayerPoint(t))},_initContainer:function(t){if(!(t=this._container=Xt(t)))throw new Error("Map container not found.");if(t._leaflet_id)throw new Error("Map container is already initialized.");yi(t,"scroll",this._onScroll,this),this._containerId=r(t)},_initLayout:function(){var t=this._container,i=(this._fadeAnimated=this.options.fadeAnimation&&Ct.any3d,oi(t,"leaflet-container"+(Ct.touch?" leaflet-touch":"")+(Ct.retina?" leaflet-retina":"")+(Ct.ielt9?" leaflet-oldie":"")+(Ct.safari?" leaflet-safari":"")+(this._fadeAnimated?" leaflet-fade-anim":"")),Jt(t,"position"));"absolute"!==i&&"relative"!==i&&"fixed"!==i&&(t.style.position="relative"),this._initPanes(),this._initControlPos&&this._initControlPos()},_initPanes:function(){var t=this._panes={};this._paneRenderers={},this._mapPane=this.createPane("mapPane",this._container),ci(this._mapPane,new E(0,0)),this.createPane("tilePane"),this.createPane("overlayPane"),this.createPane("shadowPane"),this.createPane("markerPane"),this.createPane("tooltipPane"),this.createPane("popupPane"),this.options.markerZoomAnimation||(oi(t.markerPane,"leaflet-zoom-hide"),oi(t.shadowPane,"leaflet-zoom-hide"))},_resetView:function(t,i){ci(this._mapPane,new E(0,0));var e=!this._loaded,n=(this._loaded=!0,i=this._limitZoom(i),this.fire("viewprereset"),this._zoom!==i);this._moveStart(n,!1)._move(t,i)._moveEnd(n),this.fire("viewreset"),e&&this.fire("load")},_moveStart:function(t,i){return t&&this.fire("zoomstart"),i||this.fire("movestart"),this},_move:function(t,i,e,n){void 0===i&&(i=this._zoom);var o=this._zoom!==i;return this._zoom=i,this._lastCenter=t,this._pixelOrigin=this._getNewPixelOrigin(t),n?e&&e.pinch&&this.fire("zoom",e):((o||e&&e.pinch)&&this.fire("zoom",e),this.fire("move",e)),this},_moveEnd:function(t){return t&&this.fire("zoomend"),this.fire("moveend")},_stop:function(){return M(this._flyToFrame),this._panAnim&&this._panAnim.stop(),this},_rawPanBy:function(t){ci(this._mapPane,this._getMapPanePos().subtract(t))},_getZoomSpan:function(){return this.getMaxZoom()-this.getMinZoom()},_panInsideMaxBounds:function(){this._enforcingBounds||this.panInsideBounds(this.options.maxBounds)},_checkIfLoaded:function(){if(!this._loaded)throw new Error("Set map center and zoom first.")},_initEvents:function(t){this._targets={};var i=t?wi:yi;i((this._targets[r(this._container)]=this)._container,"click dblclick mousedown mouseup mouseover mouseout mousemove contextmenu keypress keydown keyup",this._handleDOMEvent,this),this.options.trackResize&&i(window,"resize",this._onResize,this),Ct.any3d&&this.options.transform3DLimit&&(t?this.off:this.on).call(this,"moveend",this._onMoveEnd)},_onResize:function(){M(this._resizeRequest),this._resizeRequest=z((function(){this.invalidateSize({debounceMoveend:!0})}),this)},_onScroll:function(){this._container.scrollTop=0,this._container.scrollLeft=0},_onMoveEnd:function(){var t=this._getMapPanePos();Math.max(Math.abs(t.x),Math.abs(t.y))>=this.options.transform3DLimit&&this._resetView(this.getCenter(),this.getZoom())},_findEventTargets:function(t,i){for(var e,n=[],o="mouseout"===i||"mouseover"===i,s=t.target||t.srcElement,a=!1;s;){if((e=this._targets[r(s)])&&("click"===i||"preclick"===i)&&this._draggableMoved(e)){a=!0;break}if(e&&e.listens(i,!0)){if(o&&!Ai(s,t))break;if(n.push(e),o)break}if(s===this._container)break;s=s.parentNode}return n.length||a||o||!this.listens(i,!0)?n:[this]},_isClickDisabled:function(t){for(;t!==this._container;){if(t._leaflet_disable_click)return!0;t=t.parentNode}},_handleDOMEvent:function(t){var i,e=t.target||t.srcElement;!this._loaded||e._leaflet_disable_events||"click"===t.type&&this._isClickDisabled(e)||("mousedown"===(i=t.type)&&mi(e),this._fireDOMEvent(t,i))},_mouseEvents:["click","dblclick","mouseover","mouseout","contextmenu"],_fireDOMEvent:function(t,e,n){"click"===t.type&&((h=i({},t)).type="preclick",this._fireDOMEvent(h,h.type,n));var o=this._findEventTargets(t,e);if(n){for(var s=[],r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r].listens(e,!0)&&s.push(n[r]);o=s.concat(o)}if(o.length){"contextmenu"===e&&Zi(t);var a,h=o[0],l={originalEvent:t};for("keypress"!==t.type&&"keydown"!==t.type&&"keyup"!==t.type&&(a=h.getLatLng&&(!h._radius||h._radius<=10),l.containerPoint=a?this.latLngToContainerPoint(h.getLatLng()):this.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t),l.layerPoint=this.containerPointToLayerPoint(l.containerPoint),l.latlng=a?h.getLatLng():this.layerPointToLatLng(l.layerPoint)),r=0;r<o.length;r++)if(o[r].fire(e,l,!0),l.originalEvent._stopped||!1===o[r].options.bubblingMouseEvents&&-1!==v(this._mouseEvents,e))return}},_draggableMoved:function(t){return(t=t.dragging&&t.dragging.enabled()?t:this).dragging&&t.dragging.moved()||this.boxZoom&&this.boxZoom.moved()},_clearHandlers:function(){for(var t=0,i=this._handlers.length;t<i;t++)this._handlers[t].disable()},whenReady:function(t,i){return this._loaded?t.call(i||this,{target:this}):this.on("load",t,i),this},_getMapPanePos:function(){return di(this._mapPane)||new E(0,0)},_moved:function(){var t=this._getMapPanePos();return t&&!t.equals([0,0])},_getTopLeftPoint:function(t,i){return(t&&void 0!==i?this._getNewPixelOrigin(t,i):this.getPixelOrigin()).subtract(this._getMapPanePos())},_getNewPixelOrigin:function(t,i){var e=this.getSize()._divideBy(2);return this.project(t,i)._subtract(e)._add(this._getMapPanePos())._round()},_latLngToNewLayerPoint:function(t,i,e){return e=this._getNewPixelOrigin(e,i),this.project(t,i)._subtract(e)},_latLngBoundsToNewLayerBounds:function(t,i,e){return e=this._getNewPixelOrigin(e,i),O([this.project(t.getSouthWest(),i)._subtract(e),this.project(t.getNorthWest(),i)._subtract(e),this.project(t.getSouthEast(),i)._subtract(e),this.project(t.getNorthEast(),i)._subtract(e)])},_getCenterLayerPoint:function(){return this.containerPointToLayerPoint(this.getSize()._divideBy(2))},_getCenterOffset:function(t){return this.latLngToLayerPoint(t).subtract(this._getCenterLayerPoint())},_limitCenter:function(t,i,e){if(!e)return t;var n=this.project(t,i),o=this.getSize().divideBy(2);o=new I(n.subtract(o),n.add(o));return(o=this._getBoundsOffset(o,e,i)).round().equals([0,0])?t:this.unproject(n.add(o),i)},_limitOffset:function(t,i){if(!i)return t;var e=new I((e=this.getPixelBounds()).min.add(t),e.max.add(t));return t.add(this._getBoundsOffset(e,i))},_getBoundsOffset:function(t,i,e){return e=(i=O(this.project(i.getNorthEast(),e),this.project(i.getSouthWest(),e))).min.subtract(t.min),i=i.max.subtract(t.max),new E(this._rebound(e.x,-i.x),this._rebound(e.y,-i.y))},_rebound:function(t,i){return 0<t+i?Math.round(t-i)/2:Math.max(0,Math.ceil(t))-Math.max(0,Math.floor(i))},_limitZoom:function(t){var i=this.getMinZoom(),e=this.getMaxZoom(),n=Ct.any3d?this.options.zoomSnap:1;return n&&(t=Math.round(t/n)*n),Math.max(i,Math.min(e,t))},_onPanTransitionStep:function(){this.fire("move")},_onPanTransitionEnd:function(){si(this._mapPane,"leaflet-pan-anim"),this.fire("moveend")},_tryAnimatedPan:function(t,i){return t=this._getCenterOffset(t)._trunc(),!(!0!==(i&&i.animate)&&!this.getSize().contains(t)||(this.panBy(t,i),0))},_createAnimProxy:function(){var t=this._proxy=$t("div","leaflet-proxy leaflet-zoom-animated");this._panes.mapPane.appendChild(t),this.on("zoomanim",(function(t){var i=Gt,e=this._proxy.style[i];ui(this._proxy,this.project(t.center,t.zoom),this.getZoomScale(t.zoom,1)),e===this._proxy.style[i]&&this._animatingZoom&&this._onZoomTransitionEnd()}),this),this.on("load moveend",this._animMoveEnd,this),this._on("unload",this._destroyAnimProxy,this)},_destroyAnimProxy:function(){Qt(this._proxy),this.off("load moveend",this._animMoveEnd,this),delete this._proxy},_animMoveEnd:function(){var t=this.getCenter(),i=this.getZoom();ui(this._proxy,this.project(t,i),this.getZoomScale(i,1))},_catchTransitionEnd:function(t){this._animatingZoom&&0<=t.propertyName.indexOf("transform")&&this._onZoomTransitionEnd()},_nothingToAnimate:function(){return!this._container.getElementsByClassName("leaflet-zoom-animated").length},_tryAnimatedZoom:function(t,i,e){if(this._animatingZoom)return!0;if(e=e||{},!this._zoomAnimated||!1===e.animate||this._nothingToAnimate()||Math.abs(i-this._zoom)>this.options.zoomAnimationThreshold)return!1;var n=this.getZoomScale(i);n=this._getCenterOffset(t)._divideBy(1-1/n);return!(!0!==e.animate&&!this.getSize().contains(n)||(z((function(){this._moveStart(!0,!1)._animateZoom(t,i,!0)}),this),0))},_animateZoom:function(t,i,e,n){this._mapPane&&(e&&(this._animatingZoom=!0,this._animateToCenter=t,this._animateToZoom=i,oi(this._mapPane,"leaflet-zoom-anim")),this.fire("zoomanim",{center:t,zoom:i,noUpdate:n}),this._tempFireZoomEvent||(this._tempFireZoomEvent=this._zoom!==this._animateToZoom),this._move(this._animateToCenter,this._animateToZoom,void 0,!0),setTimeout(o(this._onZoomTransitionEnd,this),250))},_onZoomTransitionEnd:function(){this._animatingZoom&&(this._mapPane&&si(this._mapPane,"leaflet-zoom-anim"),this._animatingZoom=!1,this._move(this._animateToCenter,this._animateToZoom,void 0,!0),this._tempFireZoomEvent&&this.fire("zoom"),delete this._tempFireZoomEvent,this.fire("move"),this._moveEnd(!0))}});function Ri(t){return new Di(t)}var Ni,Di=Z.extend({options:{position:"topright"},initialize:function(t){_(this,t)},getPosition:function(){return this.options.position},setPosition:function(t){var i=this._map;return i&&i.removeControl(this),this.options.position=t,i&&i.addControl(this),this},getContainer:function(){return this._container},addTo:function(t){this.remove(),this._map=t;var i=this._container=this.onAdd(t),e=this.getPosition();t=t._controlCorners[e];return oi(i,"leaflet-control"),-1!==e.indexOf("bottom")?t.insertBefore(i,t.firstChild):t.appendChild(i),this._map.on("unload",this.remove,this),this},remove:function(){return this._map&&(Qt(this._container),this.onRemove&&this.onRemove(this._map),this._map.off("unload",this.remove,this),this._map=null),this},_refocusOnMap:function(t){this._map&&t&&0<t.screenX&&0<t.screenY&&this._map.getContainer().focus()}}),ji=(Oi.include({addControl:function(t){return t.addTo(this),this},removeControl:function(t){return t.remove(),this},_initControlPos:function(){var t=this._controlCorners={},i="leaflet-",e=this._controlContainer=$t("div",i+"control-container",this._container);function n(n,o){t[n+o]=$t("div",i+n+" "+i+o,e)}n("top","left"),n("top","right"),n("bottom","left"),n("bottom","right")},_clearControlPos:function(){for(var t in this._controlCorners)Qt(this._controlCorners[t]);Qt(this._controlContainer),delete this._controlCorners,delete this._controlContainer}}),Di.extend({options:{collapsed:!0,position:"topright",autoZIndex:!0,hideSingleBase:!1,sortLayers:!1,sortFunction:function(t,i,e,n){return e<n?-1:n<e?1:0}},initialize:function(t,i,e){for(var n in _(this,e),this._layerControlInputs=[],this._layers=[],this._lastZIndex=0,this._handlingClick=!1,t)this._addLayer(t[n],n);for(n in i)this._addLayer(i[n],n,!0)},onAdd:function(t){this._initLayout(),this._update(),(this._map=t).on("zoomend",this._checkDisabledLayers,this);for(var i=0;i<this._layers.length;i++)this._layers[i].layer.on("add remove",this._onLayerChange,this);return this._container},addTo:function(t){return Di.prototype.addTo.call(this,t),this._expandIfNotCollapsed()},onRemove:function(){this._map.off("zoomend",this._checkDisabledLayers,this);for(var t=0;t<this._layers.length;t++)this._layers[t].layer.off("add remove",this._onLayerChange,this)},addBaseLayer:function(t,i){return this._addLayer(t,i),this._map?this._update():this},addOverlay:function(t,i){return this._addLayer(t,i,!0),this._map?this._update():this},removeLayer:function(t){return t.off("add remove",this._onLayerChange,this),(t=this._getLayer(r(t)))&&this._layers.splice(this._layers.indexOf(t),1),this._map?this._update():this},expand:function(){oi(this._container,"leaflet-control-layers-expanded"),this._section.style.height=null;var t=this._map.getSize().y-(this._container.offsetTop+50);return t<this._section.clientHeight?(oi(this._section,"leaflet-control-layers-scrollbar"),this._section.style.height=t+"px"):si(this._section,"leaflet-control-layers-scrollbar"),this._checkDisabledLayers(),this},collapse:function(){return si(this._container,"leaflet-control-layers-expanded"),this},_initLayout:function(){var t="leaflet-control-layers",i=this._container=$t("div",t),e=this.options.collapsed,n=(i.setAttribute("aria-haspopup",!0),Ci(i),Mi(i),this._section=$t("section",t+"-list")),o=(e&&(this._map.on("click",this.collapse,this),yi(i,{mouseenter:function(){yi(n,"click",Zi),this.expand(),setTimeout((function(){wi(n,"click",Zi)}))},mouseleave:this.collapse},this)),this._layersLink=$t("a",t+"-toggle",i));o.href="#",o.title="Layers",o.setAttribute("role","button"),yi(o,"click",Zi),yi(o,"focus",this.expand,this),e||this.expand(),this._baseLayersList=$t("div",t+"-base",n),this._separator=$t("div",t+"-separator",n),this._overlaysList=$t("div",t+"-overlays",n),i.appendChild(n)},_getLayer:function(t){for(var i=0;i<this._layers.length;i++)if(this._layers[i]&&r(this._layers[i].layer)===t)return this._layers[i]},_addLayer:function(t,i,e){this._map&&t.on("add remove",this._onLayerChange,this),this._layers.push({layer:t,name:i,overlay:e}),this.options.sortLayers&&this._layers.sort(o((function(t,i){return this.options.sortFunction(t.layer,i.layer,t.name,i.name)}),this)),this.options.autoZIndex&&t.setZIndex&&(this._lastZIndex++,t.setZIndex(this._lastZIndex)),this._expandIfNotCollapsed()},_update:function(){if(!this._container)return this;ti(this._baseLayersList),ti(this._overlaysList),this._layerControlInputs=[];for(var t,i,e,n=0,o=0;o<this._layers.length;o++)e=this._layers[o],this._addItem(e),i=i||e.overlay,t=t||!e.overlay,n+=e.overlay?0:1;return this.options.hideSingleBase&&(this._baseLayersList.style.display=(t=t&&1<n)?"":"none"),this._separator.style.display=i&&t?"":"none",this},_onLayerChange:function(t){this._handlingClick||this._update();var i=this._getLayer(r(t.target));(t=i.overlay?"add"===t.type?"overlayadd":"overlayremove":"add"===t.type?"baselayerchange":null)&&this._map.fire(t,i)},_createRadioElement:function(t,i){return t='<input type="radio" class="leaflet-control-layers-selector" name="'+t+'"'+(i?' checked="checked"':"")+"/>",(i=document.createElement("div")).innerHTML=t,i.firstChild},_addItem:function(t){var i,e=document.createElement("label"),n=this._map.hasLayer(t.layer),o=((n=(t.overlay?((i=document.createElement("input")).type="checkbox",i.className="leaflet-control-layers-selector",i.defaultChecked=n):i=this._createRadioElement("leaflet-base-layers_"+r(this),n),this._layerControlInputs.push(i),i.layerId=r(t.layer),yi(i,"click",this._onInputClick,this),document.createElement("span"))).innerHTML=" "+t.name,document.createElement("span"));return e.appendChild(o),o.appendChild(i),o.appendChild(n),(t.overlay?this._overlaysList:this._baseLayersList).appendChild(e),this._checkDisabledLayers(),e},_onInputClick:function(){var t,i,e=this._layerControlInputs,n=[],o=[];this._handlingClick=!0;for(var s=e.length-1;0<=s;s--)t=e[s],i=this._getLayer(t.layerId).layer,t.checked?n.push(i):t.checked||o.push(i);for(s=0;s<o.length;s++)this._map.hasLayer(o[s])&&this._map.removeLayer(o[s]);for(s=0;s<n.length;s++)this._map.hasLayer(n[s])||this._map.addLayer(n[s]);this._handlingClick=!1,this._refocusOnMap()},_checkDisabledLayers:function(){for(var t,i,e=this._layerControlInputs,n=this._map.getZoom(),o=e.length-1;0<=o;o--)t=e[o],i=this._getLayer(t.layerId).layer,t.disabled=void 0!==i.options.minZoom&&n<i.options.minZoom||void 0!==i.options.maxZoom&&n>i.options.maxZoom},_expandIfNotCollapsed:function(){return this._map&&!this.options.collapsed&&this.expand(),this}})),Hi=Di.extend({options:{position:"topleft",zoomInText:'<span aria-hidden="true">+</span>',zoomInTitle:"Zoom in",zoomOutText:'<span aria-hidden="true">−</span>',zoomOutTitle:"Zoom out"},onAdd:function(t){var i="leaflet-control-zoom",e=$t("div",i+" leaflet-bar"),n=this.options;return this._zoomInButton=this._createButton(n.zoomInText,n.zoomInTitle,i+"-in",e,this._zoomIn),this._zoomOutButton=this._createButton(n.zoomOutText,n.zoomOutTitle,i+"-out",e,this._zoomOut),this._updateDisabled(),t.on("zoomend zoomlevelschange",this._updateDisabled,this),e},onRemove:function(t){t.off("zoomend zoomlevelschange",this._updateDisabled,this)},disable:function(){return this._disabled=!0,this._updateDisabled(),this},enable:function(){return this._disabled=!1,this._updateDisabled(),this},_zoomIn:function(t){!this._disabled&&this._map._zoom<this._map.getMaxZoom()&&this._map.zoomIn(this._map.options.zoomDelta*(t.shiftKey?3:1))},_zoomOut:function(t){!this._disabled&&this._map._zoom>this._map.getMinZoom()&&this._map.zoomOut(this._map.options.zoomDelta*(t.shiftKey?3:1))},_createButton:function(t,i,e,n,o){return(e=$t("a",e,n)).innerHTML=t,e.href="#",e.title=i,e.setAttribute("role","button"),e.setAttribute("aria-label",i),Ci(e),yi(e,"click",Si),yi(e,"click",o,this),yi(e,"click",this._refocusOnMap,this),e},_updateDisabled:function(){var t=this._map,i="leaflet-disabled";si(this._zoomInButton,i),si(this._zoomOutButton,i),this._zoomInButton.setAttribute("aria-disabled","false"),this._zoomOutButton.setAttribute("aria-disabled","false"),!this._disabled&&t._zoom!==t.getMinZoom()||(oi(this._zoomOutButton,i),this._zoomOutButton.setAttribute("aria-disabled","true")),!this._disabled&&t._zoom!==t.getMaxZoom()||(oi(this._zoomInButton,i),this._zoomInButton.setAttribute("aria-disabled","true"))}}),Wi=(Oi.mergeOptions({zoomControl:!0}),Oi.addInitHook((function(){this.options.zoomControl&&(this.zoomControl=new Hi,this.addControl(this.zoomControl))})),Di.extend({options:{position:"bottomleft",maxWidth:100,metric:!0,imperial:!0},onAdd:function(t){var i="leaflet-control-scale",e=$t("div",i),n=this.options;return this._addScales(n,i+"-line",e),t.on(n.updateWhenIdle?"moveend":"move",this._update,this),t.whenReady(this._update,this),e},onRemove:function(t){t.off(this.options.updateWhenIdle?"moveend":"move",this._update,this)},_addScales:function(t,i,e){t.metric&&(this._mScale=$t("div",i,e)),t.imperial&&(this._iScale=$t("div",i,e))},_update:function(){var t=(i=this._map).getSize().y/2,i=i.distance(i.containerPointToLatLng([0,t]),i.containerPointToLatLng([this.options.maxWidth,t]));this._updateScales(i)},_updateScales:function(t){this.options.metric&&t&&this._updateMetric(t),this.options.imperial&&t&&this._updateImperial(t)},_updateMetric:function(t){var i=this._getRoundNum(t);this._updateScale(this._mScale,i<1e3?i+" m":i/1e3+" km",i/t)},_updateImperial:function(t){var i,e;5280<(t=3.2808399*t)?(e=this._getRoundNum(i=t/5280),this._updateScale(this._iScale,e+" mi",e/i)):(e=this._getRoundNum(t),this._updateScale(this._iScale,e+" ft",e/t))},_updateScale:function(t,i,e){t.style.width=Math.round(this.options.maxWidth*e)+"px",t.innerHTML=i},_getRoundNum:function(t){var i=Math.pow(10,(Math.floor(t)+"").length-1);return i*(10<=(t=t/i)?10:5<=t?5:3<=t?3:2<=t?2:1)}})),Fi=Di.extend({options:{position:"bottomright",prefix:'<a href="path_to_url" title="A JavaScript library for interactive maps">'+(Ct.inlineSvg?'<svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="path_to_url" width="12" height="8"><path fill="#4C7BE1" d="M0 0h12v4H0z"/><path fill="#FFD500" d="M0 4h12v3H0z"/><path fill="#E0BC00" d="M0 7h12v1H0z"/></svg> ':"")+"Leaflet</a>"},initialize:function(t){_(this,t),this._attributions={}},onAdd:function(t){for(var i in(t.attributionControl=this)._container=$t("div","leaflet-control-attribution"),Ci(this._container),t._layers)t._layers[i].getAttribution&&this.addAttribution(t._layers[i].getAttribution());return this._update(),t.on("layeradd",this._addAttribution,this),this._container},onRemove:function(t){t.off("layeradd",this._addAttribution,this)},_addAttribution:function(t){t.layer.getAttribution&&(this.addAttribution(t.layer.getAttribution()),t.layer.once("remove",(function(){this.removeAttribution(t.layer.getAttribution())}),this))},setPrefix:function(t){return this.options.prefix=t,this._update(),this},addAttribution:function(t){return t&&(this._attributions[t]||(this._attributions[t]=0),this._attributions[t]++,this._update()),this},removeAttribution:function(t){return t&&this._attributions[t]&&(this._attributions[t]--,this._update()),this},_update:function(){if(this._map){var t,i=[];for(t in this._attributions)this._attributions[t]&&i.push(t);var e=[];this.options.prefix&&e.push(this.options.prefix),i.length&&e.push(i.join(", ")),this._container.innerHTML=e.join(' <span aria-hidden="true">|</span> ')}}}),Ui=(Q=(Oi.mergeOptions({attributionControl:!0}),Oi.addInitHook((function(){this.options.attributionControl&&(new Fi).addTo(this)})),Di.Layers=ji,Di.Zoom=Hi,Di.Scale=Wi,Di.Attribution=Fi,Ri.layers=function(t,i,e){return new ji(t,i,e)},Ri.zoom=function(t){return new Hi(t)},Ri.scale=function(t){return new Wi(t)},Ri.attribution=function(t){return new Fi(t)},Z.extend({initialize:function(t){this._map=t},enable:function(){return this._enabled||(this._enabled=!0,this.addHooks()),this},disable:function(){return this._enabled&&(this._enabled=!1,this.removeHooks()),this},enabled:function(){return!!this._enabled}})),tt=(Q.addTo=function(t,i){return t.addHandler(i,this),this},{Events:S}),Ct.touch?"touchstart mousedown":"mousedown"),Vi=k.extend({options:{clickTolerance:3},initialize:function(t,i,e,n){_(this,n),this._element=t,this._dragStartTarget=i||t,this._preventOutline=e},enable:function(){this._enabled||(yi(this._dragStartTarget,Ui,this._onDown,this),this._enabled=!0)},disable:function(){this._enabled&&(Vi._dragging===this&&this.finishDrag(!0),wi(this._dragStartTarget,Ui,this._onDown,this),this._enabled=!1,this._moved=!1)},_onDown:function(t){var i,e;this._enabled&&(this._moved=!1,ni(this._element,"leaflet-zoom-anim")||(t.touches&&1!==t.touches.length?Vi._dragging===this&&this.finishDrag():Vi._dragging||t.shiftKey||1!==t.which&&1!==t.button&&!t.touches||((Vi._dragging=this)._preventOutline&&mi(this._element),_i(),Ft(),this._moving||(this.fire("down"),e=t.touches?t.touches[0]:t,i=gi(this._element),this._startPoint=new E(e.clientX,e.clientY),this._startPos=di(this._element),this._parentScale=vi(i),e="mousedown"===t.type,yi(document,e?"mousemove":"touchmove",this._onMove,this),yi(document,e?"mouseup":"touchend touchcancel",this._onUp,this)))))},_onMove:function(t){var i;this._enabled&&(t.touches&&1<t.touches.length?this._moved=!0:!(i=new E((i=t.touches&&1===t.touches.length?t.touches[0]:t).clientX,i.clientY)._subtract(this._startPoint)).x&&!i.y||Math.abs(i.x)+Math.abs(i.y)<this.options.clickTolerance||(i.x/=this._parentScale.x,i.y/=this._parentScale.y,Zi(t),this._moved||(this.fire("dragstart"),this._moved=!0,oi(document.body,"leaflet-dragging"),this._lastTarget=t.target||t.srcElement,window.SVGElementInstance&&this._lastTarget instanceof window.SVGElementInstance&&(this._lastTarget=this._lastTarget.correspondingUseElement),oi(this._lastTarget,"leaflet-drag-target")),this._newPos=this._startPos.add(i),this._moving=!0,this._lastEvent=t,this._updatePosition()))},_updatePosition:function(){var t={originalEvent:this._lastEvent};this.fire("predrag",t),ci(this._element,this._newPos),this.fire("drag",t)},_onUp:function(){this._enabled&&this.finishDrag()},finishDrag:function(t){si(document.body,"leaflet-dragging"),this._lastTarget&&(si(this._lastTarget,"leaflet-drag-target"),this._lastTarget=null),wi(document,"mousemove touchmove",this._onMove,this),wi(document,"mouseup touchend touchcancel",this._onUp,this),pi(),Ut(),this._moved&&this._moving&&this.fire("dragend",{noInertia:t,distance:this._newPos.distanceTo(this._startPos)}),this._moving=!1,Vi._dragging=!1}});function qi(t,i){return i&&t.length?function(t,i){var e=t.length,n=new(typeof Uint8Array!=void 0+""?Uint8Array:Array)(e);n[0]=n[e-1]=1,function t(i,e,n,o,s){var r,a,h,l=0;for(a=o+1;a<=s-1;a++)l<(h=Ji(i[a],i[o],i[s],!0))&&(r=a,l=h);n<l&&(e[r]=1,t(i,e,n,o,r),t(i,e,n,r,s))}(t,n,i,0,e-1);var o,s=[];for(o=0;o<e;o++)n[o]&&s.push(t[o]);return s}(t=function(t,i){for(var e=[t[0]],n=1,o=0,s=t.length;n<s;n++)(function(t,i){var e=i.x-t.x;return e*e+(i=i.y-t.y)*i})(t[n],t[o])>i&&(e.push(t[n]),o=n);return o<s-1&&e.push(t[s-1]),e}(t,i*=i),i):t.slice()}function Gi(t,i,e){return Math.sqrt(Ji(t,i,e,!0))}function Ki(t,i,e,n,o){var s,r,a,h=n?Ni:Xi(t,e),l=Xi(i,e);for(Ni=l;;){if(!(h|l))return[t,i];if(h&l)return!1;a=Xi(r=Yi(t,i,s=h||l,e,o),e),s===h?(t=r,h=a):(i=r,l=a)}}function Yi(t,i,e,n,o){var s,r,a=i.x-t.x,h=(i=i.y-t.y,n.min);n=n.max;return 8&e?(s=t.x+a*(n.y-t.y)/i,r=n.y):4&e?(s=t.x+a*(h.y-t.y)/i,r=h.y):2&e?(s=n.x,r=t.y+i*(n.x-t.x)/a):1&e&&(s=h.x,r=t.y+i*(h.x-t.x)/a),new E(s,r,o)}function Xi(t,i){var e=0;return t.x<i.min.x?e|=1:t.x>i.max.x&&(e|=2),t.y<i.min.y?e|=4:t.y>i.max.y&&(e|=8),e}function Ji(t,i,e,n){var o=i.x,s=(i=i.y,e.x-o),r=e.y-i,a=s*s+r*r;return 0<a&&(1<(a=((t.x-o)*s+(t.y-i)*r)/a)?(o=e.x,i=e.y):0<a&&(o+=s*a,i+=r*a)),s=t.x-o,r=t.y-i,n?s*s+r*r:new E(o,i)}function $i(t){return!g(t[0])||"object"!=typeof t[0][0]&&void 0!==t[0][0]}function Qi(t){return console.warn("Deprecated use of _flat, please use L.LineUtil.isFlat instead."),$i(t)}function te(t,i,e){for(var n,o,s,r,a,h,l,u=[1,4,2,8],c=0,d=t.length;c<d;c++)t[c]._code=Xi(t[c],i);for(s=0;s<4;s++){for(h=u[s],n=[],c=0,o=(d=t.length)-1;c<d;o=c++)r=t[c],a=t[o],r._code&h?a._code&h||((l=Yi(a,r,h,i,e))._code=Xi(l,i),n.push(l)):(a._code&h&&((l=Yi(a,r,h,i,e))._code=Xi(l,i),n.push(l)),n.push(r));t=n}return t}it={__proto__:null,simplify:qi,pointToSegmentDistance:Gi,closestPointOnSegment:function(t,i,e){return Ji(t,i,e)},clipSegment:Ki,_getEdgeIntersection:Yi,_getBitCode:Xi,_sqClosestPointOnSegment:Ji,isFlat:$i,_flat:Qi};et={__proto__:null,clipPolygon:te},nt={project:function(t){return new E(t.lng,t.lat)},unproject:function(t){return new D(t.y,t.x)},bounds:new I([-180,-90],[180,90])},ot={R:6378137,R_MINOR:6356752.314245179,bounds:new I([-20037508.34279,-15496570.73972],[20037508.34279,18764656.23138]),project:function(t){var i=Math.PI/180,e=this.R,n=t.lat*i,o=this.R_MINOR/e,s=(o=Math.sqrt(1-o*o))*Math.sin(n);s=Math.tan(Math.PI/4-n/2)/Math.pow((1-s)/(1+s),o/2),n=-e*Math.log(Math.max(s,1e-10));return new E(t.lng*i*e,n)},unproject:function(t){for(var i,e=180/Math.PI,n=this.R,o=this.R_MINOR/n,s=Math.sqrt(1-o*o),r=Math.exp(-t.y/n),a=Math.PI/2-2*Math.atan(r),h=0,l=.1;h<15&&1e-7<Math.abs(l);h++)i=s*Math.sin(a),i=Math.pow((1-i)/(1+i),s/2),a+=l=Math.PI/2-2*Math.atan(r*i)-a;return new D(a*e,t.x*e/n)}},st={__proto__:null,LonLat:nt,Mercator:ot,SphericalMercator:F},at=i({},W,{code:"EPSG:3395",projection:ot,transformation:V(rt=.5/(Math.PI*ot.R),.5,-rt,.5)});var ie=i({},W,{code:"EPSG:4326",projection:nt,transformation:V(1/180,1,-1/180,.5)}),ee=(ht=i({},H,{projection:nt,transformation:V(1,0,-1,0),scale:function(t){return Math.pow(2,t)},zoom:function(t){return Math.log(t)/Math.LN2},distance:function(t,i){var e=i.lng-t.lng;i=i.lat-t.lat;return Math.sqrt(e*e+i*i)},infinite:!0}),lt=(H.Earth=W,H.EPSG3395=at,H.EPSG3857=q,H.EPSG900913=G,H.EPSG4326=ie,H.Simple=ht,k.extend({options:{pane:"overlayPane",attribution:null,bubblingMouseEvents:!0},addTo:function(t){return t.addLayer(this),this},remove:function(){return this.removeFrom(this._map||this._mapToAdd)},removeFrom:function(t){return t&&t.removeLayer(this),this},getPane:function(t){return this._map.getPane(t?this.options[t]||t:this.options.pane)},addInteractiveTarget:function(t){return this._map._targets[r(t)]=this},removeInteractiveTarget:function(t){return delete this._map._targets[r(t)],this},getAttribution:function(){return this.options.attribution},_layerAdd:function(t){var i,e=t.target;e.hasLayer(this)&&(this._map=e,this._zoomAnimated=e._zoomAnimated,this.getEvents&&(i=this.getEvents(),e.on(i,this),this.once("remove",(function(){e.off(i,this)}),this)),this.onAdd(e),this.fire("add"),e.fire("layeradd",{layer:this}))}})),Oi.include({addLayer:function(t){if(!t._layerAdd)throw new Error("The provided object is not a Layer.");var i=r(t);return this._layers[i]||((this._layers[i]=t)._mapToAdd=this,t.beforeAdd&&t.beforeAdd(this),this.whenReady(t._layerAdd,t)),this},removeLayer:function(t){var i=r(t);return this._layers[i]&&(this._loaded&&t.onRemove(this),delete this._layers[i],this._loaded&&(this.fire("layerremove",{layer:t}),t.fire("remove")),t._map=t._mapToAdd=null),this},hasLayer:function(t){return r(t)in this._layers},eachLayer:function(t,i){for(var e in this._layers)t.call(i,this._layers[e]);return this},_addLayers:function(t){for(var i=0,e=(t=t?g(t)?t:[t]:[]).length;i<e;i++)this.addLayer(t[i])},_addZoomLimit:function(t){isNaN(t.options.maxZoom)&&isNaN(t.options.minZoom)||(this._zoomBoundLayers[r(t)]=t,this._updateZoomLevels())},_removeZoomLimit:function(t){t=r(t),this._zoomBoundLayers[t]&&(delete this._zoomBoundLayers[t],this._updateZoomLevels())},_updateZoomLevels:function(){var t,i=1/0,e=-1/0,n=this._getZoomSpan();for(t in this._zoomBoundLayers){var o=this._zoomBoundLayers[t].options;i=void 0===o.minZoom?i:Math.min(i,o.minZoom),e=void 0===o.maxZoom?e:Math.max(e,o.maxZoom)}this._layersMaxZoom=e===-1/0?void 0:e,this._layersMinZoom=i===1/0?void 0:i,n!==this._getZoomSpan()&&this.fire("zoomlevelschange"),void 0===this.options.maxZoom&&this._layersMaxZoom&&this.getZoom()>this._layersMaxZoom&&this.setZoom(this._layersMaxZoom),void 0===this.options.minZoom&&this._layersMinZoom&&this.getZoom()<this._layersMinZoom&&this.setZoom(this._layersMinZoom)}}),lt.extend({initialize:function(t,i){var e,n;if(_(this,i),this._layers={},t)for(e=0,n=t.length;e<n;e++)this.addLayer(t[e])},addLayer:function(t){var i=this.getLayerId(t);return this._layers[i]=t,this._map&&this._map.addLayer(t),this},removeLayer:function(t){return t=t in this._layers?t:this.getLayerId(t),this._map&&this._layers[t]&&this._map.removeLayer(this._layers[t]),delete this._layers[t],this},hasLayer:function(t){return("number"==typeof t?t:this.getLayerId(t))in this._layers},clearLayers:function(){return this.eachLayer(this.removeLayer,this)},invoke:function(t){var i,e,n=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);for(i in this._layers)(e=this._layers[i])[t]&&e[t].apply(e,n);return this},onAdd:function(t){this.eachLayer(t.addLayer,t)},onRemove:function(t){this.eachLayer(t.removeLayer,t)},eachLayer:function(t,i){for(var e in this._layers)t.call(i,this._layers[e]);return this},getLayer:function(t){return this._layers[t]},getLayers:function(){var t=[];return this.eachLayer(t.push,t),t},setZIndex:function(t){return this.invoke("setZIndex",t)},getLayerId:r})),ne=ee.extend({addLayer:function(t){return this.hasLayer(t)?this:(t.addEventParent(this),ee.prototype.addLayer.call(this,t),this.fire("layeradd",{layer:t}))},removeLayer:function(t){return this.hasLayer(t)?((t=t in this._layers?this._layers[t]:t).removeEventParent(this),ee.prototype.removeLayer.call(this,t),this.fire("layerremove",{layer:t})):this},setStyle:function(t){return this.invoke("setStyle",t)},bringToFront:function(){return this.invoke("bringToFront")},bringToBack:function(){return this.invoke("bringToBack")},getBounds:function(){var t,i=new R;for(t in this._layers){var e=this._layers[t];i.extend(e.getBounds?e.getBounds():e.getLatLng())}return i}}),oe=Z.extend({options:{popupAnchor:[0,0],tooltipAnchor:[0,0],crossOrigin:!1},initialize:function(t){_(this,t)},createIcon:function(t){return this._createIcon("icon",t)},createShadow:function(t){return this._createIcon("shadow",t)},_createIcon:function(t,i){var e=this._getIconUrl(t);if(!e){if("icon"===t)throw new Error("iconUrl not set in Icon options (see the docs).");return null}return e=this._createImg(e,i&&"IMG"===i.tagName?i:null),this._setIconStyles(e,t),!this.options.crossOrigin&&""!==this.options.crossOrigin||(e.crossOrigin=!0===this.options.crossOrigin?"":this.options.crossOrigin),e},_setIconStyles:function(t,i){var e=this.options,n=A(n="number"==typeof(n=e[i+"Size"])?[n,n]:n),o=A("shadow"===i&&e.shadowAnchor||e.iconAnchor||n&&n.divideBy(2,!0));t.className="leaflet-marker-"+i+" "+(e.className||""),o&&(t.style.marginLeft=-o.x+"px",t.style.marginTop=-o.y+"px"),n&&(t.style.width=n.x+"px",t.style.height=n.y+"px")},_createImg:function(t,i){return(i=i||document.createElement("img")).src=t,i},_getIconUrl:function(t){return Ct.retina&&this.options[t+"RetinaUrl"]||this.options[t+"Url"]}}),se=oe.extend({options:{iconUrl:"marker-icon.png",iconRetinaUrl:"marker-icon-2x.png",shadowUrl:"marker-shadow.png",iconSize:[25,41],iconAnchor:[12,41],popupAnchor:[1,-34],tooltipAnchor:[16,-28],shadowSize:[41,41]},_getIconUrl:function(t){return"string"!=typeof se.imagePath&&(se.imagePath=this._detectIconPath()),(this.options.imagePath||se.imagePath)+oe.prototype._getIconUrl.call(this,t)},_stripUrl:function(t){function i(t,i,e){return(i=i.exec(t))&&i[e]}return(t=i(t,/^url\((['"])?(.+)\1\)$/,2))&&i(t,/^(.*)marker-icon\.png$/,1)},_detectIconPath:function(){var t=$t("div","leaflet-default-icon-path",document.body),i=Jt(t,"background-image")||Jt(t,"backgroundImage");return document.body.removeChild(t),(i=this._stripUrl(i))?i:(t=document.querySelector('link[href$="leaflet.css"]'))?t.href.substring(0,t.href.length-"leaflet.css".length-1):""}}),re=Q.extend({initialize:function(t){this._marker=t},addHooks:function(){var t=this._marker._icon;this._draggable||(this._draggable=new Vi(t,t,!0)),this._draggable.on({dragstart:this._onDragStart,predrag:this._onPreDrag,drag:this._onDrag,dragend:this._onDragEnd},this).enable(),oi(t,"leaflet-marker-draggable")},removeHooks:function(){this._draggable.off({dragstart:this._onDragStart,predrag:this._onPreDrag,drag:this._onDrag,dragend:this._onDragEnd},this).disable(),this._marker._icon&&si(this._marker._icon,"leaflet-marker-draggable")},moved:function(){return this._draggable&&this._draggable._moved},_adjustPan:function(t){var i=this._marker,e=i._map,n=this._marker.options.autoPanSpeed,o=this._marker.options.autoPanPadding,s=di(i._icon),r=e.getPixelBounds(),a=e.getPixelOrigin();(a=O(r.min._subtract(a).add(o),r.max._subtract(a).subtract(o))).contains(s)||(o=A((Math.max(a.max.x,s.x)-a.max.x)/(r.max.x-a.max.x)-(Math.min(a.min.x,s.x)-a.min.x)/(r.min.x-a.min.x),(Math.max(a.max.y,s.y)-a.max.y)/(r.max.y-a.max.y)-(Math.min(a.min.y,s.y)-a.min.y)/(r.min.y-a.min.y)).multiplyBy(n),e.panBy(o,{animate:!1}),this._draggable._newPos._add(o),this._draggable._startPos._add(o),ci(i._icon,this._draggable._newPos),this._onDrag(t),this._panRequest=z(this._adjustPan.bind(this,t)))},_onDragStart:function(){this._oldLatLng=this._marker.getLatLng(),this._marker.closePopup&&this._marker.closePopup(),this._marker.fire("movestart").fire("dragstart")},_onPreDrag:function(t){this._marker.options.autoPan&&(M(this._panRequest),this._panRequest=z(this._adjustPan.bind(this,t)))},_onDrag:function(t){var i=this._marker,e=i._shadow,n=di(i._icon),o=i._map.layerPointToLatLng(n);e&&ci(e,n),i._latlng=o,t.latlng=o,t.oldLatLng=this._oldLatLng,i.fire("move",t).fire("drag",t)},_onDragEnd:function(t){M(this._panRequest),delete this._oldLatLng,this._marker.fire("moveend").fire("dragend",t)}}),ae=lt.extend({options:{icon:new se,interactive:!0,keyboard:!0,title:"",alt:"Marker",zIndexOffset:0,opacity:1,riseOnHover:!1,riseOffset:250,pane:"markerPane",shadowPane:"shadowPane",bubblingMouseEvents:!1,autoPanOnFocus:!0,draggable:!1,autoPan:!1,autoPanPadding:[50,50],autoPanSpeed:10},initialize:function(t,i){_(this,i),this._latlng=j(t)},onAdd:function(t){this._zoomAnimated=this._zoomAnimated&&t.options.markerZoomAnimation,this._zoomAnimated&&t.on("zoomanim",this._animateZoom,this),this._initIcon(),this.update()},onRemove:function(t){this.dragging&&this.dragging.enabled()&&(this.options.draggable=!0,this.dragging.removeHooks()),delete this.dragging,this._zoomAnimated&&t.off("zoomanim",this._animateZoom,this),this._removeIcon(),this._removeShadow()},getEvents:function(){return{zoom:this.update,viewreset:this.update}},getLatLng:function(){return this._latlng},setLatLng:function(t){var i=this._latlng;return this._latlng=j(t),this.update(),this.fire("move",{oldLatLng:i,latlng:this._latlng})},setZIndexOffset:function(t){return this.options.zIndexOffset=t,this.update()},getIcon:function(){return this.options.icon},setIcon:function(t){return this.options.icon=t,this._map&&(this._initIcon(),this.update()),this._popup&&this.bindPopup(this._popup,this._popup.options),this},getElement:function(){return this._icon},update:function(){var t;return this._icon&&this._map&&(t=this._map.latLngToLayerPoint(this._latlng).round(),this._setPos(t)),this},_initIcon:function(){var t,i=this.options,e="leaflet-zoom-"+(this._zoomAnimated?"animated":"hide"),n=!1,o=!1;(t=((t=i.icon.createIcon(this._icon))!==this._icon&&(this._icon&&this._removeIcon(),n=!0,i.title&&(t.title=i.title),"IMG"===t.tagName&&(t.alt=i.alt||"")),oi(t,e),i.keyboard&&(t.tabIndex="0",t.setAttribute("role","button")),this._icon=t,i.riseOnHover&&this.on({mouseover:this._bringToFront,mouseout:this._resetZIndex}),this.options.autoPanOnFocus&&yi(t,"focus",this._panOnFocus,this),i.icon.createShadow(this._shadow)))!==this._shadow&&(this._removeShadow(),o=!0),t&&(oi(t,e),t.alt=""),this._shadow=t,i.opacity<1&&this._updateOpacity(),n&&this.getPane().appendChild(this._icon),this._initInteraction(),t&&o&&this.getPane(i.shadowPane).appendChild(this._shadow)},_removeIcon:function(){this.options.riseOnHover&&this.off({mouseover:this._bringToFront,mouseout:this._resetZIndex}),this.options.autoPanOnFocus&&wi(this._icon,"focus",this._panOnFocus,this),Qt(this._icon),this.removeInteractiveTarget(this._icon),this._icon=null},_removeShadow:function(){this._shadow&&Qt(this._shadow),this._shadow=null},_setPos:function(t){this._icon&&ci(this._icon,t),this._shadow&&ci(this._shadow,t),this._zIndex=t.y+this.options.zIndexOffset,this._resetZIndex()},_updateZIndex:function(t){this._icon&&(this._icon.style.zIndex=this._zIndex+t)},_animateZoom:function(t){t=this._map._latLngToNewLayerPoint(this._latlng,t.zoom,t.center).round(),this._setPos(t)},_initInteraction:function(){var t;this.options.interactive&&(oi(this._icon,"leaflet-interactive"),this.addInteractiveTarget(this._icon),re&&(t=this.options.draggable,this.dragging&&(t=this.dragging.enabled(),this.dragging.disable()),this.dragging=new re(this),t&&this.dragging.enable()))},setOpacity:function(t){return this.options.opacity=t,this._map&&this._updateOpacity(),this},_updateOpacity:function(){var t=this.options.opacity;this._icon&&hi(this._icon,t),this._shadow&&hi(this._shadow,t)},_bringToFront:function(){this._updateZIndex(this.options.riseOffset)},_resetZIndex:function(){this._updateZIndex(0)},_panOnFocus:function(){var t,i,e=this._map;e&&(t=(i=this.options.icon.options).iconSize?A(i.iconSize):A(0,0),i=i.iconAnchor?A(i.iconAnchor):A(0,0),e.panInside(this._latlng,{paddingTopLeft:i,paddingBottomRight:t.subtract(i)}))},_getPopupAnchor:function(){return this.options.icon.options.popupAnchor},_getTooltipAnchor:function(){return this.options.icon.options.tooltipAnchor}}),he=lt.extend({options:{stroke:!0,color:"#3388ff",weight:3,opacity:1,lineCap:"round",lineJoin:"round",dashArray:null,dashOffset:null,fill:!1,fillColor:null,fillOpacity:.2,fillRule:"evenodd",interactive:!0,bubblingMouseEvents:!0},beforeAdd:function(t){this._renderer=t.getRenderer(this)},onAdd:function(){this._renderer._initPath(this),this._reset(),this._renderer._addPath(this)},onRemove:function(){this._renderer._removePath(this)},redraw:function(){return this._map&&this._renderer._updatePath(this),this},setStyle:function(t){return _(this,t),this._renderer&&(this._renderer._updateStyle(this),this.options.stroke&&t&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,"weight")&&this._updateBounds()),this},bringToFront:function(){return this._renderer&&this._renderer._bringToFront(this),this},bringToBack:function(){return this._renderer&&this._renderer._bringToBack(this),this},getElement:function(){return this._path},_reset:function(){this._project(),this._update()},_clickTolerance:function(){return(this.options.stroke?this.options.weight/2:0)+(this._renderer.options.tolerance||0)}}),le=he.extend({options:{fill:!0,radius:10},initialize:function(t,i){_(this,i),this._latlng=j(t),this._radius=this.options.radius},setLatLng:function(t){var i=this._latlng;return this._latlng=j(t),this.redraw(),this.fire("move",{oldLatLng:i,latlng:this._latlng})},getLatLng:function(){return this._latlng},setRadius:function(t){return this.options.radius=this._radius=t,this.redraw()},getRadius:function(){return this._radius},setStyle:function(t){var i=t&&t.radius||this._radius;return he.prototype.setStyle.call(this,t),this.setRadius(i),this},_project:function(){this._point=this._map.latLngToLayerPoint(this._latlng),this._updateBounds()},_updateBounds:function(){var t=this._radius,i=this._radiusY||t,e=this._clickTolerance();t=[t+e,i+e];this._pxBounds=new I(this._point.subtract(t),this._point.add(t))},_update:function(){this._map&&this._updatePath()},_updatePath:function(){this._renderer._updateCircle(this)},_empty:function(){return this._radius&&!this._renderer._bounds.intersects(this._pxBounds)},_containsPoint:function(t){return t.distanceTo(this._point)<=this._radius+this._clickTolerance()}}),ue=le.extend({initialize:function(t,e,n){if(_(this,e="number"==typeof e?i({},n,{radius:e}):e),this._latlng=j(t),isNaN(this.options.radius))throw new Error("Circle radius cannot be NaN");this._mRadius=this.options.radius},setRadius:function(t){return this._mRadius=t,this.redraw()},getRadius:function(){return this._mRadius},getBounds:function(){var t=[this._radius,this._radiusY||this._radius];return new R(this._map.layerPointToLatLng(this._point.subtract(t)),this._map.layerPointToLatLng(this._point.add(t)))},setStyle:he.prototype.setStyle,_project:function(){var t,i,e,n,o,s=this._latlng.lng,r=this._latlng.lat,a=this._map,h=a.options.crs;h.distance===W.distance?(n=Math.PI/180,o=this._mRadius/W.R/n,t=a.project([r+o,s]),i=a.project([r-o,s]),i=t.add(i).divideBy(2),e=a.unproject(i).lat,n=Math.acos((Math.cos(o*n)-Math.sin(r*n)*Math.sin(e*n))/(Math.cos(r*n)*Math.cos(e*n)))/n,!isNaN(n)&&0!==n||(n=o/Math.cos(Math.PI/180*r)),this._point=i.subtract(a.getPixelOrigin()),this._radius=isNaN(n)?0:i.x-a.project([e,s-n]).x,this._radiusY=i.y-t.y):(o=h.unproject(h.project(this._latlng).subtract([this._mRadius,0])),this._point=a.latLngToLayerPoint(this._latlng),this._radius=this._point.x-a.latLngToLayerPoint(o).x),this._updateBounds()}}),ce=he.extend({options:{smoothFactor:1,noClip:!1},initialize:function(t,i){_(this,i),this._setLatLngs(t)},getLatLngs:function(){return this._latlngs},setLatLngs:function(t){return this._setLatLngs(t),this.redraw()},isEmpty:function(){return!this._latlngs.length},closestLayerPoint:function(t){for(var i=1/0,e=null,n=Ji,o=0,s=this._parts.length;o<s;o++)for(var r=this._parts[o],a=1,h=r.length;a<h;a++){var l,u,c=n(t,l=r[a-1],u=r[a],!0);c<i&&(i=c,e=n(t,l,u))}return e&&(e.distance=Math.sqrt(i)),e},getCenter:function(){if(!this._map)throw new Error("Must add layer to map before using getCenter()");var t,i,e,n,o,s,r=this._rings[0],a=r.length;if(!a)return null;for(i=t=0;t<a-1;t++)i+=r[t].distanceTo(r[t+1])/2;if(0===i)return this._map.layerPointToLatLng(r[0]);for(e=t=0;t<a-1;t++)if(n=r[t],o=r[t+1],i<(e+=s=n.distanceTo(o)))return this._map.layerPointToLatLng([o.x-(s=(e-i)/s)*(o.x-n.x),o.y-s*(o.y-n.y)])},getBounds:function(){return this._bounds},addLatLng:function(t,i){return i=i||this._defaultShape(),t=j(t),i.push(t),this._bounds.extend(t),this.redraw()},_setLatLngs:function(t){this._bounds=new R,this._latlngs=this._convertLatLngs(t)},_defaultShape:function(){return $i(this._latlngs)?this._latlngs:this._latlngs[0]},_convertLatLngs:function(t){for(var i=[],e=$i(t),n=0,o=t.length;n<o;n++)e?(i[n]=j(t[n]),this._bounds.extend(i[n])):i[n]=this._convertLatLngs(t[n]);return i},_project:function(){var t=new I;this._rings=[],this._projectLatlngs(this._latlngs,this._rings,t),this._bounds.isValid()&&t.isValid()&&(this._rawPxBounds=t,this._updateBounds())},_updateBounds:function(){var t=new E(t=this._clickTolerance(),t);this._rawPxBounds&&(this._pxBounds=new I([this._rawPxBounds.min.subtract(t),this._rawPxBounds.max.add(t)]))},_projectLatlngs:function(t,i,e){var n,o,s=t[0]instanceof D,r=t.length;if(s){for(o=[],n=0;n<r;n++)o[n]=this._map.latLngToLayerPoint(t[n]),e.extend(o[n]);i.push(o)}else for(n=0;n<r;n++)this._projectLatlngs(t[n],i,e)},_clipPoints:function(){var t=this._renderer._bounds;if(this._parts=[],this._pxBounds&&this._pxBounds.intersects(t))if(this.options.noClip)this._parts=this._rings;else for(var i,e,n,o,s=this._parts,r=0,a=0,h=this._rings.length;r<h;r++)for(i=0,e=(o=this._rings[r]).length;i<e-1;i++)(n=Ki(o[i],o[i+1],t,i,!0))&&(s[a]=s[a]||[],s[a].push(n[0]),n[1]===o[i+1]&&i!==e-2||(s[a].push(n[1]),a++))},_simplifyPoints:function(){for(var t=this._parts,i=this.options.smoothFactor,e=0,n=t.length;e<n;e++)t[e]=qi(t[e],i)},_update:function(){this._map&&(this._clipPoints(),this._simplifyPoints(),this._updatePath())},_updatePath:function(){this._renderer._updatePoly(this)},_containsPoint:function(t,i){var e,n,o,s,r,a,h=this._clickTolerance();if(!this._pxBounds||!this._pxBounds.contains(t))return!1;for(e=0,s=this._parts.length;e<s;e++)for(n=0,o=(r=(a=this._parts[e]).length)-1;n<r;o=n++)if((i||0!==n)&&Gi(t,a[o],a[n])<=h)return!0;return!1}});ce._flat=Qi;var de=ce.extend({options:{fill:!0},isEmpty:function(){return!this._latlngs.length||!this._latlngs[0].length},getCenter:function(){if(!this._map)throw new Error("Must add layer to map before using getCenter()");var t,i,e,n,o,s,r,a,h,l=this._rings[0],u=l.length;if(!u)return null;for(t=s=r=a=0,i=u-1;t<u;i=t++)e=l[t],n=l[i],o=e.y*n.x-n.y*e.x,r+=(e.x+n.x)*o,a+=(e.y+n.y)*o,s+=3*o;return h=0===s?l[0]:[r/s,a/s],this._map.layerPointToLatLng(h)},_convertLatLngs:function(t){var i=(t=ce.prototype._convertLatLngs.call(this,t)).length;return 2<=i&&t[0]instanceof D&&t[0].equals(t[i-1])&&t.pop(),t},_setLatLngs:function(t){ce.prototype._setLatLngs.call(this,t),$i(this._latlngs)&&(this._latlngs=[this._latlngs])},_defaultShape:function(){return($i(this._latlngs[0])?this._latlngs:this._latlngs[0])[0]},_clipPoints:function(){var t=this._renderer._bounds,i=new E(i=this.options.weight,i);t=new I(t.min.subtract(i),t.max.add(i));if(this._parts=[],this._pxBounds&&this._pxBounds.intersects(t))if(this.options.noClip)this._parts=this._rings;else for(var e,n=0,o=this._rings.length;n<o;n++)(e=te(this._rings[n],t,!0)).length&&this._parts.push(e)},_updatePath:function(){this._renderer._updatePoly(this,!0)},_containsPoint:function(t){var i,e,n,o,s,r,a,h,l=!1;if(!this._pxBounds||!this._pxBounds.contains(t))return!1;for(o=0,a=this._parts.length;o<a;o++)for(s=0,r=(h=(i=this._parts[o]).length)-1;s<h;r=s++)e=i[s],n=i[r],e.y>t.y!=n.y>t.y&&t.x<(n.x-e.x)*(t.y-e.y)/(n.y-e.y)+e.x&&(l=!l);return l||ce.prototype._containsPoint.call(this,t,!0)}}),_e=ne.extend({initialize:function(t,i){_(this,i),this._layers={},t&&this.addData(t)},addData:function(t){var i,e,n,o=g(t)?t:t.features;if(o){for(i=0,e=o.length;i<e;i++)((n=o[i]).geometries||n.geometry||n.features||n.coordinates)&&this.addData(n);return this}var s=this.options;if(s.filter&&!s.filter(t))return this;var r=pe(t,s);return r?(r.feature=we(t),r.defaultOptions=r.options,this.resetStyle(r),s.onEachFeature&&s.onEachFeature(t,r),this.addLayer(r)):this},resetStyle:function(t){return void 0===t?this.eachLayer(this.resetStyle,this):(t.options=i({},t.defaultOptions),this._setLayerStyle(t,this.options.style),this)},setStyle:function(t){return this.eachLayer((function(i){this._setLayerStyle(i,t)}),this)},_setLayerStyle:function(t,i){t.setStyle&&("function"==typeof i&&(i=i(t.feature)),t.setStyle(i))}});function pe(t,i){var e,n,o,s,r="Feature"===t.type?t.geometry:t,a=r?r.coordinates:null,h=[],l=i&&i.pointToLayer,u=i&&i.coordsToLatLng||fe;if(!a&&!r)return null;switch(r.type){case"Point":return me(l,t,e=u(a),i);case"MultiPoint":for(o=0,s=a.length;o<s;o++)e=u(a[o]),h.push(me(l,t,e,i));return new ne(h);case"LineString":case"MultiLineString":return n=ge(a,"LineString"===r.type?0:1,u),new ce(n,i);case"Polygon":case"MultiPolygon":return n=ge(a,"Polygon"===r.type?1:2,u),new de(n,i);case"GeometryCollection":for(o=0,s=r.geometries.length;o<s;o++){var c=pe({geometry:r.geometries[o],type:"Feature",properties:t.properties},i);c&&h.push(c)}return new ne(h);default:throw new Error("Invalid GeoJSON object.")}}function me(t,i,e,n){return t?t(i,e):new ae(e,n&&n.markersInheritOptions&&n)}function fe(t){return new D(t[1],t[0],t[2])}function ge(t,i,e){for(var n,o=[],s=0,r=t.length;s<r;s++)n=i?ge(t[s],i-1,e):(e||fe)(t[s]),o.push(n);return o}function ve(t,i){return void 0!==(t=j(t)).alt?[u(t.lng,i),u(t.lat,i),u(t.alt,i)]:[u(t.lng,i),u(t.lat,i)]}function ye(t,i,e,n){for(var o=[],s=0,r=t.length;s<r;s++)o.push(i?ye(t[s],i-1,e,n):ve(t[s],n));return!i&&e&&o.push(o[0]),o}function xe(t,e){return t.feature?i({},t.feature,{geometry:e}):we(e)}function we(t){return"Feature"===t.type||"FeatureCollection"===t.type?t:{type:"Feature",properties:{},geometry:t}}function Pe(t,i){return new _e(t,i)}ut={toGeoJSON:function(t){return xe(this,{type:"Point",coordinates:ve(this.getLatLng(),t)})}},ae.include(ut),ue.include(ut),le.include(ut),ce.include({toGeoJSON:function(t){var i=!$i(this._latlngs);return xe(this,{type:(i?"Multi":"")+"LineString",coordinates:ye(this._latlngs,i?1:0,!1,t)})}}),de.include({toGeoJSON:function(t){var i=!$i(this._latlngs),e=i&&!$i(this._latlngs[0]);t=ye(this._latlngs,e?2:i?1:0,!0,t);return xe(this,{type:(e?"Multi":"")+"Polygon",coordinates:t=i?t:[t]})}}),ee.include({toMultiPoint:function(t){var i=[];return this.eachLayer((function(e){i.push(e.toGeoJSON(t).geometry.coordinates)})),xe(this,{type:"MultiPoint",coordinates:i})},toGeoJSON:function(t){var i=this.feature&&this.feature.geometry&&this.feature.geometry.type;if("MultiPoint"===i)return this.toMultiPoint(t);var e="GeometryCollection"===i,n=[];return this.eachLayer((function(i){i.toGeoJSON&&(i=i.toGeoJSON(t),e?n.push(i.geometry):"FeatureCollection"===(i=we(i)).type?n.push.apply(n,i.features):n.push(i))})),e?xe(this,{geometries:n,type:"GeometryCollection"}):{type:"FeatureCollection",features:n}}});ct=Pe;var be=lt.extend({options:{opacity:1,alt:"",interactive:!1,crossOrigin:!1,errorOverlayUrl:"",zIndex:1,className:""},initialize:function(t,i,e){this._url=t,this._bounds=N(i),_(this,e)},onAdd:function(){this._image||(this._initImage(),this.options.opacity<1&&this._updateOpacity()),this.options.interactive&&(oi(this._image,"leaflet-interactive"),this.addInteractiveTarget(this._image)),this.getPane().appendChild(this._image),this._reset()},onRemove:function(){Qt(this._image),this.options.interactive&&this.removeInteractiveTarget(this._image)},setOpacity:function(t){return this.options.opacity=t,this._image&&this._updateOpacity(),this},setStyle:function(t){return t.opacity&&this.setOpacity(t.opacity),this},bringToFront:function(){return this._map&&ii(this._image),this},bringToBack:function(){return this._map&&ei(this._image),this},setUrl:function(t){return this._url=t,this._image&&(this._image.src=t),this},setBounds:function(t){return this._bounds=N(t),this._map&&this._reset(),this},getEvents:function(){var t={zoom:this._reset,viewreset:this._reset};return this._zoomAnimated&&(t.zoomanim=this._animateZoom),t},setZIndex:function(t){return this.options.zIndex=t,this._updateZIndex(),this},getBounds:function(){return this._bounds},getElement:function(){return this._image},_initImage:function(){var t="IMG"===this._url.tagName,i=this._image=t?this._url:$t("img");oi(i,"leaflet-image-layer"),this._zoomAnimated&&oi(i,"leaflet-zoom-animated"),this.options.className&&oi(i,this.options.className),i.onselectstart=l,i.onmousemove=l,i.onload=o(this.fire,this,"load"),i.onerror=o(this._overlayOnError,this,"error"),!this.options.crossOrigin&&""!==this.options.crossOrigin||(i.crossOrigin=!0===this.options.crossOrigin?"":this.options.crossOrigin),this.options.zIndex&&this._updateZIndex(),t?this._url=i.src:(i.src=this._url,i.alt=this.options.alt)},_animateZoom:function(t){var i=this._map.getZoomScale(t.zoom);t=this._map._latLngBoundsToNewLayerBounds(this._bounds,t.zoom,t.center).min;ui(this._image,t,i)},_reset:function(){var t=this._image,i=new I(this._map.latLngToLayerPoint(this._bounds.getNorthWest()),this._map.latLngToLayerPoint(this._bounds.getSouthEast())),e=i.getSize();ci(t,i.min),t.style.width=e.x+"px",t.style.height=e.y+"px"},_updateOpacity:function(){hi(this._image,this.options.opacity)},_updateZIndex:function(){this._image&&void 0!==this.options.zIndex&&null!==this.options.zIndex&&(this._image.style.zIndex=this.options.zIndex)},_overlayOnError:function(){this.fire("error");var t=this.options.errorOverlayUrl;t&&this._url!==t&&(this._url=t,this._image.src=t)},getCenter:function(){return this._bounds.getCenter()}}),Le=be.extend({options:{autoplay:!0,loop:!0,keepAspectRatio:!0,muted:!1,playsInline:!0},_initImage:function(){var t="VIDEO"===this._url.tagName,i=this._image=t?this._url:$t("video");if(oi(i,"leaflet-image-layer"),this._zoomAnimated&&oi(i,"leaflet-zoom-animated"),this.options.className&&oi(i,this.options.className),i.onselectstart=l,i.onmousemove=l,i.onloadeddata=o(this.fire,this,"load"),t){for(var e=i.getElementsByTagName("source"),n=[],s=0;s<e.length;s++)n.push(e[s].src);this._url=0<e.length?n:[i.src]}else{g(this._url)||(this._url=[this._url]),!this.options.keepAspectRatio&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(i.style,"objectFit")&&(i.style.objectFit="fill"),i.autoplay=!!this.options.autoplay,i.loop=!!this.options.loop,i.muted=!!this.options.muted,i.playsInline=!!this.options.playsInline;for(var r=0;r<this._url.length;r++){var a=$t("source");a.src=this._url[r],i.appendChild(a)}}}}),Te=be.extend({_initImage:function(){var t=this._image=this._url;oi(t,"leaflet-image-layer"),this._zoomAnimated&&oi(t,"leaflet-zoom-animated"),this.options.className&&oi(t,this.options.className),t.onselectstart=l,t.onmousemove=l}}),ze=lt.extend({options:{interactive:!1,offset:[0,0],className:"",pane:void 0},initialize:function(t,i){_(this,t),this._source=i},openOn:function(t){return(t=arguments.length?t:this._source._map).hasLayer(this)||t.addLayer(this),this},close:function(){return this._map&&this._map.removeLayer(this),this},toggle:function(t){return this._map?this.close():(arguments.length?this._source=t:t=this._source,this._prepareOpen(),this.openOn(t._map)),this},onAdd:function(t){this._zoomAnimated=t._zoomAnimated,this._container||this._initLayout(),t._fadeAnimated&&hi(this._container,0),clearTimeout(this._removeTimeout),this.getPane().appendChild(this._container),this.update(),t._fadeAnimated&&hi(this._container,1),this.bringToFront(),this.options.interactive&&(oi(this._container,"leaflet-interactive"),this.addInteractiveTarget(this._container))},onRemove:function(t){t._fadeAnimated?(hi(this._container,0),this._removeTimeout=setTimeout(o(Qt,void 0,this._container),200)):Qt(this._container),this.options.interactive&&(si(this._container,"leaflet-interactive"),this.removeInteractiveTarget(this._container))},getLatLng:function(){return this._latlng},setLatLng:function(t){return this._latlng=j(t),this._map&&(this._updatePosition(),this._adjustPan()),this},getContent:function(){return this._content},setContent:function(t){return this._content=t,this.update(),this},getElement:function(){return this._container},update:function(){this._map&&(this._container.style.visibility="hidden",this._updateContent(),this._updateLayout(),this._updatePosition(),this._container.style.visibility="",this._adjustPan())},getEvents:function(){var t={zoom:this._updatePosition,viewreset:this._updatePosition};return this._zoomAnimated&&(t.zoomanim=this._animateZoom),t},isOpen:function(){return!!this._map&&this._map.hasLayer(this)},bringToFront:function(){return this._map&&ii(this._container),this},bringToBack:function(){return this._map&&ei(this._container),this},_prepareOpen:function(t){if(!(e=this._source)._map)return!1;if(e instanceof ne){var i,e=null,n=this._source._layers;for(i in n)if(n[i]._map){e=n[i];break}if(!e)return!1;this._source=e}if(!t)if(e.getCenter)t=e.getCenter();else if(e.getLatLng)t=e.getLatLng();else{if(!e.getBounds)throw new Error("Unable to get source layer LatLng.");t=e.getBounds().getCenter()}return this.setLatLng(t),this._map&&this.update(),!0},_updateContent:function(){if(this._content){var t=this._contentNode,i="function"==typeof this._content?this._content(this._source||this):this._content;if("string"==typeof i)t.innerHTML=i;else{for(;t.hasChildNodes();)t.removeChild(t.firstChild);t.appendChild(i)}this.fire("contentupdate")}},_updatePosition:function(){var t,i,e;this._map&&(i=this._map.latLngToLayerPoint(this._latlng),t=A(this.options.offset),e=this._getAnchor(),this._zoomAnimated?ci(this._container,i.add(e)):t=t.add(i).add(e),i=this._containerBottom=-t.y,e=this._containerLeft=-Math.round(this._containerWidth/2)+t.x,this._container.style.bottom=i+"px",this._container.style.left=e+"px")},_getAnchor:function(){return[0,0]}}),Me=(Oi.include({_initOverlay:function(t,i,e,n){var o=i;return o instanceof t||(o=new t(n).setContent(i)),e&&o.setLatLng(e),o}}),lt.include({_initOverlay:function(t,i,e,n){var o=e;return o instanceof t?(_(o,n),o._source=this):(o=i&&!n?i:new t(n,this)).setContent(e),o}}),ze.extend({options:{pane:"popupPane",offset:[0,7],maxWidth:300,minWidth:50,maxHeight:null,autoPan:!0,autoPanPaddingTopLeft:null,autoPanPaddingBottomRight:null,autoPanPadding:[5,5],keepInView:!1,closeButton:!0,autoClose:!0,closeOnEscapeKey:!0,className:""},openOn:function(t){return!(t=arguments.length?t:this._source._map).hasLayer(this)&&t._popup&&t._popup.options.autoClose&&t.removeLayer(t._popup),t._popup=this,ze.prototype.openOn.call(this,t)},onAdd:function(t){ze.prototype.onAdd.call(this,t),t.fire("popupopen",{popup:this}),this._source&&(this._source.fire("popupopen",{popup:this},!0),this._source instanceof he||this._source.on("preclick",zi))},onRemove:function(t){ze.prototype.onRemove.call(this,t),t.fire("popupclose",{popup:this}),this._source&&(this._source.fire("popupclose",{popup:this},!0),this._source instanceof he||this._source.off("preclick",zi))},getEvents:function(){var t=ze.prototype.getEvents.call(this);return(void 0!==this.options.closeOnClick?this.options.closeOnClick:this._map.options.closePopupOnClick)&&(t.preclick=this.close),this.options.keepInView&&(t.moveend=this._adjustPan),t},_initLayout:function(){var t="leaflet-popup",i=this._container=$t("div",t+" "+(this.options.className||"")+" leaflet-zoom-animated"),e=this._wrapper=$t("div",t+"-content-wrapper",i);this._contentNode=$t("div",t+"-content",e),Ci(i),Mi(this._contentNode),yi(i,"contextmenu",zi),this._tipContainer=$t("div",t+"-tip-container",i),this._tip=$t("div",t+"-tip",this._tipContainer),this.options.closeButton&&((e=this._closeButton=$t("a",t+"-close-button",i)).setAttribute("role","button"),e.setAttribute("aria-label","Close popup"),e.href="#close",e.innerHTML='<span aria-hidden="true">×</span>',yi(e,"click",this.close,this))},_updateLayout:function(){var t=this._contentNode,i=t.style,e=(i.width="",i.whiteSpace="nowrap",t.offsetWidth),n=(e=Math.min(e,this.options.maxWidth),e=(e=Math.max(e,this.options.minWidth),i.width=e+1+"px",i.whiteSpace="",i.height="",t.offsetHeight),this.options.maxHeight),o="leaflet-popup-scrolled";n&&n<e?(i.height=n+"px",oi(t,o)):si(t,o),this._containerWidth=this._container.offsetWidth},_animateZoom:function(t){t=this._map._latLngToNewLayerPoint(this._latlng,t.zoom,t.center);var i=this._getAnchor();ci(this._container,t.add(i))},_adjustPan:function(t){var i,e,n,o,s,r,a,h;this.options.autoPan&&(this._map._panAnim&&this._map._panAnim.stop(),i=this._map,e=parseInt(Jt(this._container,"marginBottom"),10)||0,e=this._container.offsetHeight+e,h=this._containerWidth,(n=new E(this._containerLeft,-e-this._containerBottom))._add(di(this._container)),n=i.layerPointToContainerPoint(n),s=A(this.options.autoPanPadding),o=A(this.options.autoPanPaddingTopLeft||s),s=A(this.options.autoPanPaddingBottomRight||s),r=i.getSize(),a=0,n.x+h+s.x>r.x&&(a=n.x+h-r.x+s.x),n.x-a-o.x<(h=0)&&(a=n.x-o.x),n.y+e+s.y>r.y&&(h=n.y+e-r.y+s.y),n.y-h-o.y<0&&(h=n.y-o.y),(a||h)&&i.fire("autopanstart").panBy([a,h],{animate:t&&"moveend"===t.type}))},_getAnchor:function(){return A(this._source&&this._source._getPopupAnchor?this._source._getPopupAnchor():[0,0])}})),Ce=(Oi.mergeOptions({closePopupOnClick:!0}),Oi.include({openPopup:function(t,i,e){return this._initOverlay(Me,t,i,e).openOn(this),this},closePopup:function(t){return(t=arguments.length?t:this._popup)&&t.close(),this}}),lt.include({bindPopup:function(t,i){return this._popup=this._initOverlay(Me,this._popup,t,i),this._popupHandlersAdded||(this.on({click:this._openPopup,keypress:this._onKeyPress,remove:this.closePopup,move:this._movePopup}),this._popupHandlersAdded=!0),this},unbindPopup:function(){return this._popup&&(this.off({click:this._openPopup,keypress:this._onKeyPress,remove:this.closePopup,move:this._movePopup}),this._popupHandlersAdded=!1,this._popup=null),this},openPopup:function(t){return this._popup&&this._popup._prepareOpen(t)&&this._popup.openOn(this._map),this},closePopup:function(){return this._popup&&this._popup.close(),this},togglePopup:function(){return this._popup&&this._popup.toggle(this),this},isPopupOpen:function(){return!!this._popup&&this._popup.isOpen()},setPopupContent:function(t){return this._popup&&this._popup.setContent(t),this},getPopup:function(){return this._popup},_openPopup:function(t){var i;this._popup&&this._map&&(Si(t),i=t.layer||t.target,this._popup._source!==i||i instanceof he?(this._popup._source=i,this.openPopup(t.latlng)):this._map.hasLayer(this._popup)?this.closePopup():this.openPopup(t.latlng))},_movePopup:function(t){this._popup.setLatLng(t.latlng)},_onKeyPress:function(t){13===t.originalEvent.keyCode&&this._openPopup(t)}}),ze.extend({options:{pane:"tooltipPane",offset:[0,0],direction:"auto",permanent:!1,sticky:!1,opacity:.9},onAdd:function(t){ze.prototype.onAdd.call(this,t),this.setOpacity(this.options.opacity),t.fire("tooltipopen",{tooltip:this}),this._source&&(this.addEventParent(this._source),this._source.fire("tooltipopen",{tooltip:this},!0))},onRemove:function(t){ze.prototype.onRemove.call(this,t),t.fire("tooltipclose",{tooltip:this}),this._source&&(this.removeEventParent(this._source),this._source.fire("tooltipclose",{tooltip:this},!0))},getEvents:function(){var t=ze.prototype.getEvents.call(this);return this.options.permanent||(t.preclick=this.close),t},_initLayout:function(){var t="leaflet-tooltip "+(this.options.className||"")+" leaflet-zoom-"+(this._zoomAnimated?"animated":"hide");this._contentNode=this._container=$t("div",t)},_updateLayout:function(){},_adjustPan:function(){},_setPosition:function(t){var i,e=this._map,n=this._container,o=e.latLngToContainerPoint(e.getCenter()),s=(e=e.layerPointToContainerPoint(t),this.options.direction),r=n.offsetWidth,a=n.offsetHeight,h=A(this.options.offset),l=this._getAnchor();e="top"===s?(i=r/2,a):"bottom"===s?(i=r/2,0):(i="center"===s?r/2:"right"===s?0:"left"===s?r:e.x<o.x?(s="right",0):(s="left",r+2*(h.x+l.x)),a/2);t=t.subtract(A(i,e,!0)).add(h).add(l),si(n,"leaflet-tooltip-right"),si(n,"leaflet-tooltip-left"),si(n,"leaflet-tooltip-top"),si(n,"leaflet-tooltip-bottom"),oi(n,"leaflet-tooltip-"+s),ci(n,t)},_updatePosition:function(){var t=this._map.latLngToLayerPoint(this._latlng);this._setPosition(t)},setOpacity:function(t){this.options.opacity=t,this._container&&hi(this._container,t)},_animateZoom:function(t){t=this._map._latLngToNewLayerPoint(this._latlng,t.zoom,t.center),this._setPosition(t)},_getAnchor:function(){return A(this._source&&this._source._getTooltipAnchor&&!this.options.sticky?this._source._getTooltipAnchor():[0,0])}})),Ze=(Oi.include({openTooltip:function(t,i,e){return this._initOverlay(Ce,t,i,e).openOn(this),this},closeTooltip:function(t){return t.close(),this}}),lt.include({bindTooltip:function(t,i){return this._tooltip&&this.isTooltipOpen()&&this.unbindTooltip(),this._tooltip=this._initOverlay(Ce,this._tooltip,t,i),this._initTooltipInteractions(),this._tooltip.options.permanent&&this._map&&this._map.hasLayer(this)&&this.openTooltip(),this},unbindTooltip:function(){return this._tooltip&&(this._initTooltipInteractions(!0),this.closeTooltip(),this._tooltip=null),this},_initTooltipInteractions:function(t){var i,e;!t&&this._tooltipHandlersAdded||(i=t?"off":"on",e={remove:this.closeTooltip,move:this._moveTooltip},this._tooltip.options.permanent?e.add=this._openTooltip:(e.mouseover=this._openTooltip,e.mouseout=this.closeTooltip,e.click=this._openTooltip),this._tooltip.options.sticky&&(e.mousemove=this._moveTooltip),this[i](e),this._tooltipHandlersAdded=!t)},openTooltip:function(t){return this._tooltip&&this._tooltip._prepareOpen(t)&&this._tooltip.openOn(this._map),this},closeTooltip:function(){if(this._tooltip)return this._tooltip.close()},toggleTooltip:function(){return this._tooltip&&this._tooltip.toggle(this),this},isTooltipOpen:function(){return this._tooltip.isOpen()},setTooltipContent:function(t){return this._tooltip&&this._tooltip.setContent(t),this},getTooltip:function(){return this._tooltip},_openTooltip:function(t){!this._tooltip||!this._map||this._map.dragging&&this._map.dragging.moving()||(this._tooltip._source=t.layer||t.target,this.openTooltip(this._tooltip.options.sticky?t.latlng:void 0))},_moveTooltip:function(t){var i=t.latlng;this._tooltip.options.sticky&&t.originalEvent&&(t=this._map.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t.originalEvent),t=this._map.containerPointToLayerPoint(t),i=this._map.layerPointToLatLng(t)),this._tooltip.setLatLng(i)}}),oe.extend({options:{iconSize:[12,12],html:!1,bgPos:null,className:"leaflet-div-icon"},createIcon:function(t){t=t&&"DIV"===t.tagName?t:document.createElement("div");var i=this.options;return i.html instanceof Element?(ti(t),t.appendChild(i.html)):t.innerHTML=!1!==i.html?i.html:"",i.bgPos&&(i=A(i.bgPos),t.style.backgroundPosition=-i.x+"px "+-i.y+"px"),this._setIconStyles(t,"icon"),t},createShadow:function(){return null}}));oe.Default=se;var Se=lt.extend({options:{tileSize:256,opacity:1,updateWhenIdle:Ct.mobile,updateWhenZooming:!0,updateInterval:200,zIndex:1,bounds:null,minZoom:0,maxZoom:void 0,maxNativeZoom:void 0,minNativeZoom:void 0,noWrap:!1,pane:"tilePane",className:"",keepBuffer:2},initialize:function(t){_(this,t)},onAdd:function(){this._initContainer(),this._levels={},this._tiles={},this._resetView()},beforeAdd:function(t){t._addZoomLimit(this)},onRemove:function(t){this._removeAllTiles(),Qt(this._container),t._removeZoomLimit(this),this._container=null,this._tileZoom=void 0},bringToFront:function(){return this._map&&(ii(this._container),this._setAutoZIndex(Math.max)),this},bringToBack:function(){return this._map&&(ei(this._container),this._setAutoZIndex(Math.min)),this},getContainer:function(){return this._container},setOpacity:function(t){return this.options.opacity=t,this._updateOpacity(),this},setZIndex:function(t){return this.options.zIndex=t,this._updateZIndex(),this},isLoading:function(){return this._loading},redraw:function(){var t;return this._map&&(this._removeAllTiles(),(t=this._clampZoom(this._map.getZoom()))!==this._tileZoom&&(this._tileZoom=t,this._updateLevels()),this._update()),this},getEvents:function(){var t={viewprereset:this._invalidateAll,viewreset:this._resetView,zoom:this._resetView,moveend:this._onMoveEnd};return this.options.updateWhenIdle||(this._onMove||(this._onMove=a(this._onMoveEnd,this.options.updateInterval,this)),t.move=this._onMove),this._zoomAnimated&&(t.zoomanim=this._animateZoom),t},createTile:function(){return document.createElement("div")},getTileSize:function(){var t=this.options.tileSize;return t instanceof E?t:new E(t,t)},_updateZIndex:function(){this._container&&void 0!==this.options.zIndex&&null!==this.options.zIndex&&(this._container.style.zIndex=this.options.zIndex)},_setAutoZIndex:function(t){for(var i,e=this.getPane().children,n=-t(-1/0,1/0),o=0,s=e.length;o<s;o++)i=e[o].style.zIndex,e[o]!==this._container&&i&&(n=t(n,+i));isFinite(n)&&(this.options.zIndex=n+t(-1,1),this._updateZIndex())},_updateOpacity:function(){if(this._map&&!Ct.ielt9){hi(this._container,this.options.opacity);var t,i=+new Date,e=!1,n=!1;for(t in this._tiles){var o,s=this._tiles[t];s.current&&s.loaded&&(o=Math.min(1,(i-s.loaded)/200),hi(s.el,o),o<1?e=!0:(s.active?n=!0:this._onOpaqueTile(s),s.active=!0))}n&&!this._noPrune&&this._pruneTiles(),e&&(M(this._fadeFrame),this._fadeFrame=z(this._updateOpacity,this))}},_onOpaqueTile:l,_initContainer:function(){this._container||(this._container=$t("div","leaflet-layer "+(this.options.className||"")),this._updateZIndex(),this.options.opacity<1&&this._updateOpacity(),this.getPane().appendChild(this._container))},_updateLevels:function(){var t=this._tileZoom,i=this.options.maxZoom;if(void 0!==t){for(var e in this._levels)e=Number(e),this._levels[e].el.children.length||e===t?(this._levels[e].el.style.zIndex=i-Math.abs(t-e),this._onUpdateLevel(e)):(Qt(this._levels[e].el),this._removeTilesAtZoom(e),this._onRemoveLevel(e),delete this._levels[e]);var n=this._levels[t],o=this._map;return n||((n=this._levels[t]={}).el=$t("div","leaflet-tile-container leaflet-zoom-animated",this._container),n.el.style.zIndex=i,n.origin=o.project(o.unproject(o.getPixelOrigin()),t).round(),n.zoom=t,this._setZoomTransform(n,o.getCenter(),o.getZoom()),n.el.offsetWidth,this._onCreateLevel(n)),this._level=n}},_onUpdateLevel:l,_onRemoveLevel:l,_onCreateLevel:l,_pruneTiles:function(){if(this._map){var t,i,e,n=this._map.getZoom();if(n>this.options.maxZoom||n<this.options.minZoom)this._removeAllTiles();else{for(t in this._tiles)(e=this._tiles[t]).retain=e.current;for(t in this._tiles)(e=this._tiles[t]).current&&!e.active&&(i=e.coords,this._retainParent(i.x,i.y,i.z,i.z-5)||this._retainChildren(i.x,i.y,i.z,i.z+2));for(t in this._tiles)this._tiles[t].retain||this._removeTile(t)}}},_removeTilesAtZoom:function(t){for(var i in this._tiles)this._tiles[i].coords.z===t&&this._removeTile(i)},_removeAllTiles:function(){for(var t in this._tiles)this._removeTile(t)},_invalidateAll:function(){for(var t in this._levels)Qt(this._levels[t].el),this._onRemoveLevel(Number(t)),delete this._levels[t];this._removeAllTiles(),this._tileZoom=void 0},_retainParent:function(t,i,e,n){e-=1;var o=((o=new E(+(t=Math.floor(t/2)),+(i=Math.floor(i/2)))).z=e,this._tileCoordsToKey(o));return(o=this._tiles[o])&&o.active?o.retain=!0:(o&&o.loaded&&(o.retain=!0),n<e&&this._retainParent(t,i,e,n))},_retainChildren:function(t,i,e,n){for(var o=2*t;o<2*t+2;o++)for(var s=2*i;s<2*i+2;s++){var r=((r=new E(o,s)).z=e+1,this._tileCoordsToKey(r));(r=this._tiles[r])&&r.active?r.retain=!0:(r&&r.loaded&&(r.retain=!0),e+1<n&&this._retainChildren(o,s,e+1,n))}},_resetView:function(t){t=t&&(t.pinch||t.flyTo),this._setView(this._map.getCenter(),this._map.getZoom(),t,t)},_animateZoom:function(t){this._setView(t.center,t.zoom,!0,t.noUpdate)},_clampZoom:function(t){var i=this.options;return void 0!==i.minNativeZoom&&t<i.minNativeZoom?i.minNativeZoom:void 0!==i.maxNativeZoom&&i.maxNativeZoom<t?i.maxNativeZoom:t},_setView:function(t,i,e,n){var o=Math.round(i),s=(o=void 0!==this.options.maxZoom&&o>this.options.maxZoom||void 0!==this.options.minZoom&&o<this.options.minZoom?void 0:this._clampZoom(o),this.options.updateWhenZooming&&o!==this._tileZoom);n&&!s||(this._tileZoom=o,this._abortLoading&&this._abortLoading(),this._updateLevels(),this._resetGrid(),void 0!==o&&this._update(t),e||this._pruneTiles(),this._noPrune=!!e),this._setZoomTransforms(t,i)},_setZoomTransforms:function(t,i){for(var e in this._levels)this._setZoomTransform(this._levels[e],t,i)},_setZoomTransform:function(t,i,e){var n=this._map.getZoomScale(e,t.zoom);i=t.origin.multiplyBy(n).subtract(this._map._getNewPixelOrigin(i,e)).round();Ct.any3d?ui(t.el,i,n):ci(t.el,i)},_resetGrid:function(){var t=this._map,i=t.options.crs,e=this._tileSize=this.getTileSize(),n=this._tileZoom,o=this._map.getPixelWorldBounds(this._tileZoom);o&&(this._globalTileRange=this._pxBoundsToTileRange(o)),this._wrapX=i.wrapLng&&!this.options.noWrap&&[Math.floor(t.project([0,i.wrapLng[0]],n).x/e.x),Math.ceil(t.project([0,i.wrapLng[1]],n).x/e.y)],this._wrapY=i.wrapLat&&!this.options.noWrap&&[Math.floor(t.project([i.wrapLat[0],0],n).y/e.x),Math.ceil(t.project([i.wrapLat[1],0],n).y/e.y)]},_onMoveEnd:function(){this._map&&!this._map._animatingZoom&&this._update()},_getTiledPixelBounds:function(t){var i=(e=this._map)._animatingZoom?Math.max(e._animateToZoom,e.getZoom()):e.getZoom(),e=(i=e.getZoomScale(i,this._tileZoom),t=e.project(t,this._tileZoom).floor(),e.getSize().divideBy(2*i));return new I(t.subtract(e),t.add(e))},_update:function(t){if(n=this._map){var i=this._clampZoom(n.getZoom());if(void 0===t&&(t=n.getCenter()),void 0!==this._tileZoom){var e,n=this._getTiledPixelBounds(t),o=this._pxBoundsToTileRange(n),s=o.getCenter(),r=[],a=(n=this.options.keepBuffer,new I(o.getBottomLeft().subtract([n,-n]),o.getTopRight().add([n,-n])));if(!(isFinite(o.min.x)&&isFinite(o.min.y)&&isFinite(o.max.x)&&isFinite(o.max.y)))throw new Error("Attempted to load an infinite number of tiles");for(e in this._tiles){var h=this._tiles[e].coords;h.z===this._tileZoom&&a.contains(new E(h.x,h.y))||(this._tiles[e].current=!1)}if(1<Math.abs(i-this._tileZoom))this._setView(t,i);else{for(var l=o.min.y;l<=o.max.y;l++)for(var u=o.min.x;u<=o.max.x;u++){var c,d=new E(u,l);d.z=this._tileZoom,this._isValidTile(d)&&((c=this._tiles[this._tileCoordsToKey(d)])?c.current=!0:r.push(d))}if(r.sort((function(t,i){return t.distanceTo(s)-i.distanceTo(s)})),0!==r.length){this._loading||(this._loading=!0,this.fire("loading"));var _=document.createDocumentFragment();for(u=0;u<r.length;u++)this._addTile(r[u],_);this._level.el.appendChild(_)}}}}},_isValidTile:function(t){var i=this._map.options.crs;if(!i.infinite){var e=this._globalTileRange;if(!i.wrapLng&&(t.x<e.min.x||t.x>e.max.x)||!i.wrapLat&&(t.y<e.min.y||t.y>e.max.y))return!1}return!this.options.bounds||(i=this._tileCoordsToBounds(t),N(this.options.bounds).overlaps(i))},_keyToBounds:function(t){return this._tileCoordsToBounds(this._keyToTileCoords(t))},_tileCoordsToNwSe:function(t){var i=this._map,e=this.getTileSize(),n=t.scaleBy(e);e=n.add(e);return[i.unproject(n,t.z),i.unproject(e,t.z)]},_tileCoordsToBounds:function(t){return t=new R((t=this._tileCoordsToNwSe(t))[0],t[1]),this.options.noWrap?t:this._map.wrapLatLngBounds(t)},_tileCoordsToKey:function(t){return t.x+":"+t.y+":"+t.z},_keyToTileCoords:function(t){var i=new E(+(t=t.split(":"))[0],+t[1]);return i.z=+t[2],i},_removeTile:function(t){var i=this._tiles[t];i&&(Qt(i.el),delete this._tiles[t],this.fire("tileunload",{tile:i.el,coords:this._keyToTileCoords(t)}))},_initTile:function(t){oi(t,"leaflet-tile");var i=this.getTileSize();t.style.width=i.x+"px",t.style.height=i.y+"px",t.onselectstart=l,t.onmousemove=l,Ct.ielt9&&this.options.opacity<1&&hi(t,this.options.opacity)},_addTile:function(t,i){var e=this._getTilePos(t),n=this._tileCoordsToKey(t),s=this.createTile(this._wrapCoords(t),o(this._tileReady,this,t));this._initTile(s),this.createTile.length<2&&z(o(this._tileReady,this,t,null,s)),ci(s,e),this._tiles[n]={el:s,coords:t,current:!0},i.appendChild(s),this.fire("tileloadstart",{tile:s,coords:t})},_tileReady:function(t,i,e){i&&this.fire("tileerror",{error:i,tile:e,coords:t});var n=this._tileCoordsToKey(t);(e=this._tiles[n])&&(e.loaded=+new Date,this._map._fadeAnimated?(hi(e.el,0),M(this._fadeFrame),this._fadeFrame=z(this._updateOpacity,this)):(e.active=!0,this._pruneTiles()),i||(oi(e.el,"leaflet-tile-loaded"),this.fire("tileload",{tile:e.el,coords:t})),this._noTilesToLoad()&&(this._loading=!1,this.fire("load"),Ct.ielt9||!this._map._fadeAnimated?z(this._pruneTiles,this):setTimeout(o(this._pruneTiles,this),250)))},_getTilePos:function(t){return t.scaleBy(this.getTileSize()).subtract(this._level.origin)},_wrapCoords:function(t){var i=new E(this._wrapX?h(t.x,this._wrapX):t.x,this._wrapY?h(t.y,this._wrapY):t.y);return i.z=t.z,i},_pxBoundsToTileRange:function(t){var i=this.getTileSize();return new I(t.min.unscaleBy(i).floor(),t.max.unscaleBy(i).ceil().subtract([1,1]))},_noTilesToLoad:function(){for(var t in this._tiles)if(!this._tiles[t].loaded)return!1;return!0}}),ke=Se.extend({options:{minZoom:0,maxZoom:18,subdomains:"abc",errorTileUrl:"",zoomOffset:0,tms:!1,zoomReverse:!1,detectRetina:!1,crossOrigin:!1,referrerPolicy:!1},initialize:function(t,i){this._url=t,(i=_(this,i)).detectRetina&&Ct.retina&&0<i.maxZoom&&(i.tileSize=Math.floor(i.tileSize/2),i.zoomReverse?(i.zoomOffset--,i.minZoom++):(i.zoomOffset++,i.maxZoom--),i.minZoom=Math.max(0,i.minZoom)),"string"==typeof i.subdomains&&(i.subdomains=i.subdomains.split("")),this.on("tileunload",this._onTileRemove)},setUrl:function(t,i){return this._url===t&&void 0===i&&(i=!0),this._url=t,i||this.redraw(),this},createTile:function(t,i){var e=document.createElement("img");return yi(e,"load",o(this._tileOnLoad,this,i,e)),yi(e,"error",o(this._tileOnError,this,i,e)),!this.options.crossOrigin&&""!==this.options.crossOrigin||(e.crossOrigin=!0===this.options.crossOrigin?"":this.options.crossOrigin),"string"==typeof this.options.referrerPolicy&&(e.referrerPolicy=this.options.referrerPolicy),e.alt="",e.setAttribute("role","presentation"),e.src=this.getTileUrl(t),e},getTileUrl:function(t){var e={r:Ct.retina?"@2x":"",s:this._getSubdomain(t),x:t.x,y:t.y,z:this._getZoomForUrl()};return this._map&&!this._map.options.crs.infinite&&(t=this._globalTileRange.max.y-t.y,this.options.tms&&(e.y=t),e["-y"]=t),f(this._url,i(e,this.options))},_tileOnLoad:function(t,i){Ct.ielt9?setTimeout(o(t,this,null,i),0):t(null,i)},_tileOnError:function(t,i,e){var n=this.options.errorTileUrl;n&&i.getAttribute("src")!==n&&(i.src=n),t(e,i)},_onTileRemove:function(t){t.tile.onload=null},_getZoomForUrl:function(){var t=this._tileZoom,i=this.options.maxZoom;return(t=this.options.zoomReverse?i-t:t)+this.options.zoomOffset},_getSubdomain:function(t){return t=Math.abs(t.x+t.y)%this.options.subdomains.length,this.options.subdomains[t]},_abortLoading:function(){var t,i,e;for(t in this._tiles)this._tiles[t].coords.z!==this._tileZoom&&((e=this._tiles[t].el).onload=l,e.onerror=l,e.complete||(e.src=y,i=this._tiles[t].coords,Qt(e),delete this._tiles[t],this.fire("tileabort",{tile:e,coords:i})))},_removeTile:function(t){var i=this._tiles[t];if(i)return i.el.setAttribute("src",y),Se.prototype._removeTile.call(this,t)},_tileReady:function(t,i,e){if(this._map&&(!e||e.getAttribute("src")!==y))return Se.prototype._tileReady.call(this,t,i,e)}});function Ee(t,i){return new ke(t,i)}var Be=ke.extend({defaultWmsParams:{service:"WMS",request:"GetMap",layers:"",styles:"",format:"image/jpeg",transparent:!1,version:"1.1.1"},options:{crs:null,uppercase:!1},initialize:function(t,e){this._url=t;var n,o=i({},this.defaultWmsParams);for(n in e)n in this.options||(o[n]=e[n]);t=(e=_(this,e)).detectRetina&&Ct.retina?2:1;var s=this.getTileSize();o.width=s.x*t,o.height=s.y*t,this.wmsParams=o},onAdd:function(t){this._crs=this.options.crs||t.options.crs,this._wmsVersion=parseFloat(this.wmsParams.version);var i=1.3<=this._wmsVersion?"crs":"srs";this.wmsParams[i]=this._crs.code,ke.prototype.onAdd.call(this,t)},getTileUrl:function(t){var i=this._tileCoordsToNwSe(t),e=(i=(e=O((e=this._crs).project(i[0]),e.project(i[1]))).min,e.max);i=(1.3<=this._wmsVersion&&this._crs===ie?[i.y,i.x,e.y,e.x]:[i.x,i.y,e.x,e.y]).join(",");return(e=ke.prototype.getTileUrl.call(this,t))+p(this.wmsParams,e,this.options.uppercase)+(this.options.uppercase?"&BBOX=":"&bbox=")+i},setParams:function(t,e){return i(this.wmsParams,t),e||this.redraw(),this}});ke.WMS=Be,Ee.wms=function(t,i){return new Be(t,i)};var Ae=lt.extend({options:{padding:.1},initialize:function(t){_(this,t),r(this),this._layers=this._layers||{}},onAdd:function(){this._container||(this._initContainer(),this._zoomAnimated&&oi(this._container,"leaflet-zoom-animated")),this.getPane().appendChild(this._container),this._update(),this.on("update",this._updatePaths,this)},onRemove:function(){this.off("update",this._updatePaths,this),this._destroyContainer()},getEvents:function(){var t={viewreset:this._reset,zoom:this._onZoom,moveend:this._update,zoomend:this._onZoomEnd};return this._zoomAnimated&&(t.zoomanim=this._onAnimZoom),t},_onAnimZoom:function(t){this._updateTransform(t.center,t.zoom)},_onZoom:function(){this._updateTransform(this._map.getCenter(),this._map.getZoom())},_updateTransform:function(t,i){var e=this._map.getZoomScale(i,this._zoom),n=this._map.getSize().multiplyBy(.5+this.options.padding),o=this._map.project(this._center,i);n=n.multiplyBy(-e).add(o).subtract(this._map._getNewPixelOrigin(t,i));Ct.any3d?ui(this._container,n,e):ci(this._container,n)},_reset:function(){for(var t in this._update(),this._updateTransform(this._center,this._zoom),this._layers)this._layers[t]._reset()},_onZoomEnd:function(){for(var t in this._layers)this._layers[t]._project()},_updatePaths:function(){for(var t in this._layers)this._layers[t]._update()},_update:function(){var t=this.options.padding,i=this._map.getSize(),e=this._map.containerPointToLayerPoint(i.multiplyBy(-t)).round();this._bounds=new I(e,e.add(i.multiplyBy(1+2*t)).round()),this._center=this._map.getCenter(),this._zoom=this._map.getZoom()}}),Ie=Ae.extend({options:{tolerance:0},getEvents:function(){var t=Ae.prototype.getEvents.call(this);return t.viewprereset=this._onViewPreReset,t},_onViewPreReset:function(){this._postponeUpdatePaths=!0},onAdd:function(){Ae.prototype.onAdd.call(this),this._draw()},_initContainer:function(){var t=this._container=document.createElement("canvas");yi(t,"mousemove",this._onMouseMove,this),yi(t,"click dblclick mousedown mouseup contextmenu",this._onClick,this),yi(t,"mouseout",this._handleMouseOut,this),t._leaflet_disable_events=!0,this._ctx=t.getContext("2d")},_destroyContainer:function(){M(this._redrawRequest),delete this._ctx,Qt(this._container),wi(this._container),delete this._container},_updatePaths:function(){if(!this._postponeUpdatePaths){for(var t in this._redrawBounds=null,this._layers)this._layers[t]._update();this._redraw()}},_update:function(){var t,i,e,n;this._map._animatingZoom&&this._bounds||(Ae.prototype._update.call(this),t=this._bounds,i=this._container,e=t.getSize(),n=Ct.retina?2:1,ci(i,t.min),i.width=n*e.x,i.height=n*e.y,i.style.width=e.x+"px",i.style.height=e.y+"px",Ct.retina&&this._ctx.scale(2,2),this._ctx.translate(-t.min.x,-t.min.y),this.fire("update"))},_reset:function(){Ae.prototype._reset.call(this),this._postponeUpdatePaths&&(this._postponeUpdatePaths=!1,this._updatePaths())},_initPath:function(t){this._updateDashArray(t),t=(this._layers[r(t)]=t)._order={layer:t,prev:this._drawLast,next:null},this._drawLast&&(this._drawLast.next=t),this._drawLast=t,this._drawFirst=this._drawFirst||this._drawLast},_addPath:function(t){this._requestRedraw(t)},_removePath:function(t){var i=(e=t._order).next,e=e.prev;i?i.prev=e:this._drawLast=e,e?e.next=i:this._drawFirst=i,delete t._order,delete this._layers[r(t)],this._requestRedraw(t)},_updatePath:function(t){this._extendRedrawBounds(t),t._project(),t._update(),this._requestRedraw(t)},_updateStyle:function(t){this._updateDashArray(t),this._requestRedraw(t)},_updateDashArray:function(t){if("string"==typeof t.options.dashArray){for(var i,e=t.options.dashArray.split(/[, ]+/),n=[],o=0;o<e.length;o++){if(i=Number(e[o]),isNaN(i))return;n.push(i)}t.options._dashArray=n}else t.options._dashArray=t.options.dashArray},_requestRedraw:function(t){this._map&&(this._extendRedrawBounds(t),this._redrawRequest=this._redrawRequest||z(this._redraw,this))},_extendRedrawBounds:function(t){var i;t._pxBounds&&(i=(t.options.weight||0)+1,this._redrawBounds=this._redrawBounds||new I,this._redrawBounds.extend(t._pxBounds.min.subtract([i,i])),this._redrawBounds.extend(t._pxBounds.max.add([i,i])))},_redraw:function(){this._redrawRequest=null,this._redrawBounds&&(this._redrawBounds.min._floor(),this._redrawBounds.max._ceil()),this._clear(),this._draw(),this._redrawBounds=null},_clear:function(){var t,i=this._redrawBounds;i?(t=i.getSize(),this._ctx.clearRect(i.min.x,i.min.y,t.x,t.y)):(this._ctx.save(),this._ctx.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0),this._ctx.clearRect(0,0,this._container.width,this._container.height),this._ctx.restore())},_draw:function(){var t,i,e=this._redrawBounds;this._ctx.save(),e&&(i=e.getSize(),this._ctx.beginPath(),this._ctx.rect(e.min.x,e.min.y,i.x,i.y),this._ctx.clip()),this._drawing=!0;for(var n=this._drawFirst;n;n=n.next)t=n.layer,(!e||t._pxBounds&&t._pxBounds.intersects(e))&&t._updatePath();this._drawing=!1,this._ctx.restore()},_updatePoly:function(t,i){if(this._drawing){var e,n,o,s,r=t._parts,a=r.length,h=this._ctx;if(a){for(h.beginPath(),e=0;e<a;e++){for(n=0,o=r[e].length;n<o;n++)s=r[e][n],h[n?"lineTo":"moveTo"](s.x,s.y);i&&h.closePath()}this._fillStroke(h,t)}}},_updateCircle:function(t){var i,e,n,o;this._drawing&&!t._empty()&&(i=t._point,e=this._ctx,n=Math.max(Math.round(t._radius),1),1!=(o=(Math.max(Math.round(t._radiusY),1)||n)/n)&&(e.save(),e.scale(1,o)),e.beginPath(),e.arc(i.x,i.y/o,n,0,2*Math.PI,!1),1!=o&&e.restore(),this._fillStroke(e,t))},_fillStroke:function(t,i){var e=i.options;e.fill&&(t.globalAlpha=e.fillOpacity,t.fillStyle=e.fillColor||e.color,t.fill(e.fillRule||"evenodd")),e.stroke&&0!==e.weight&&(t.setLineDash&&t.setLineDash(i.options&&i.options._dashArray||[]),t.globalAlpha=e.opacity,t.lineWidth=e.weight,t.strokeStyle=e.color,t.lineCap=e.lineCap,t.lineJoin=e.lineJoin,t.stroke())},_onClick:function(t){for(var i,e,n=this._map.mouseEventToLayerPoint(t),o=this._drawFirst;o;o=o.next)(i=o.layer).options.interactive&&i._containsPoint(n)&&(("click"===t.type||"preclick"===t.type)&&this._map._draggableMoved(i)||(e=i));this._fireEvent(!!e&&[e],t)},_onMouseMove:function(t){var i;!this._map||this._map.dragging.moving()||this._map._animatingZoom||(i=this._map.mouseEventToLayerPoint(t),this._handleMouseHover(t,i))},_handleMouseOut:function(t){var i=this._hoveredLayer;i&&(si(this._container,"leaflet-interactive"),this._fireEvent([i],t,"mouseout"),this._hoveredLayer=null,this._mouseHoverThrottled=!1)},_handleMouseHover:function(t,i){if(!this._mouseHoverThrottled){for(var e,n,s=this._drawFirst;s;s=s.next)(e=s.layer).options.interactive&&e._containsPoint(i)&&(n=e);n!==this._hoveredLayer&&(this._handleMouseOut(t),n&&(oi(this._container,"leaflet-interactive"),this._fireEvent([n],t,"mouseover"),this._hoveredLayer=n)),this._fireEvent(!!this._hoveredLayer&&[this._hoveredLayer],t),this._mouseHoverThrottled=!0,setTimeout(o((function(){this._mouseHoverThrottled=!1}),this),32)}},_fireEvent:function(t,i,e){this._map._fireDOMEvent(i,e||i.type,t)},_bringToFront:function(t){var i,e,n=t._order;n&&(i=n.next,e=n.prev,i&&((i.prev=e)?e.next=i:i&&(this._drawFirst=i),n.prev=this._drawLast,(this._drawLast.next=n).next=null,this._drawLast=n,this._requestRedraw(t)))},_bringToBack:function(t){var i,e,n=t._order;n&&(i=n.next,(e=n.prev)&&((e.next=i)?i.prev=e:e&&(this._drawLast=e),n.prev=null,n.next=this._drawFirst,this._drawFirst.prev=n,this._drawFirst=n,this._requestRedraw(t)))}});function Oe(t){return Ct.canvas?new Ie(t):null}var Re=function(){try{return document.namespaces.add("lvml","urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml"),function(t){return document.createElement("<lvml:"+t+' class="lvml">')}}catch(t){}return function(t){return document.createElement("<"+t+' xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft.com:vml" class="lvml">')}}(),Ne=(dt={_initContainer:function(){this._container=$t("div","leaflet-vml-container")},_update:function(){this._map._animatingZoom||(Ae.prototype._update.call(this),this.fire("update"))},_initPath:function(t){var i=t._container=Re("shape");oi(i,"leaflet-vml-shape "+(this.options.className||"")),i.coordsize="1 1",t._path=Re("path"),i.appendChild(t._path),this._updateStyle(t),this._layers[r(t)]=t},_addPath:function(t){var i=t._container;this._container.appendChild(i),t.options.interactive&&t.addInteractiveTarget(i)},_removePath:function(t){var i=t._container;Qt(i),t.removeInteractiveTarget(i),delete this._layers[r(t)]},_updateStyle:function(t){var i=t._stroke,e=t._fill,n=t.options,o=t._container;o.stroked=!!n.stroke,o.filled=!!n.fill,n.stroke?(i=i||(t._stroke=Re("stroke")),o.appendChild(i),i.weight=n.weight+"px",i.color=n.color,i.opacity=n.opacity,n.dashArray?i.dashStyle=g(n.dashArray)?n.dashArray.join(" "):n.dashArray.replace(/( *, *)/g," "):i.dashStyle="",i.endcap=n.lineCap.replace("butt","flat"),i.joinstyle=n.lineJoin):i&&(o.removeChild(i),t._stroke=null),n.fill?(e=e||(t._fill=Re("fill")),o.appendChild(e),e.color=n.fillColor||n.color,e.opacity=n.fillOpacity):e&&(o.removeChild(e),t._fill=null)},_updateCircle:function(t){var i=t._point.round(),e=Math.round(t._radius),n=Math.round(t._radiusY||e);this._setPath(t,t._empty()?"M0 0":"AL "+i.x+","+i.y+" "+e+","+n+" 0,23592600")},_setPath:function(t,i){t._path.v=i},_bringToFront:function(t){ii(t._container)},_bringToBack:function(t){ei(t._container)}},Ct.vml?Re:K),De=Ae.extend({_initContainer:function(){this._container=Ne("svg"),this._container.setAttribute("pointer-events","none"),this._rootGroup=Ne("g"),this._container.appendChild(this._rootGroup)},_destroyContainer:function(){Qt(this._container),wi(this._container),delete this._container,delete this._rootGroup,delete this._svgSize},_update:function(){var t,i,e;this._map._animatingZoom&&this._bounds||(Ae.prototype._update.call(this),i=(t=this._bounds).getSize(),e=this._container,this._svgSize&&this._svgSize.equals(i)||(this._svgSize=i,e.setAttribute("width",i.x),e.setAttribute("height",i.y)),ci(e,t.min),e.setAttribute("viewBox",[t.min.x,t.min.y,i.x,i.y].join(" ")),this.fire("update"))},_initPath:function(t){var i=t._path=Ne("path");t.options.className&&oi(i,t.options.className),t.options.interactive&&oi(i,"leaflet-interactive"),this._updateStyle(t),this._layers[r(t)]=t},_addPath:function(t){this._rootGroup||this._initContainer(),this._rootGroup.appendChild(t._path),t.addInteractiveTarget(t._path)},_removePath:function(t){Qt(t._path),t.removeInteractiveTarget(t._path),delete this._layers[r(t)]},_updatePath:function(t){t._project(),t._update()},_updateStyle:function(t){var i=t._path;t=t.options;i&&(t.stroke?(i.setAttribute("stroke",t.color),i.setAttribute("stroke-opacity",t.opacity),i.setAttribute("stroke-width",t.weight),i.setAttribute("stroke-linecap",t.lineCap),i.setAttribute("stroke-linejoin",t.lineJoin),t.dashArray?i.setAttribute("stroke-dasharray",t.dashArray):i.removeAttribute("stroke-dasharray"),t.dashOffset?i.setAttribute("stroke-dashoffset",t.dashOffset):i.removeAttribute("stroke-dashoffset")):i.setAttribute("stroke","none"),t.fill?(i.setAttribute("fill",t.fillColor||t.color),i.setAttribute("fill-opacity",t.fillOpacity),i.setAttribute("fill-rule",t.fillRule||"evenodd")):i.setAttribute("fill","none"))},_updatePoly:function(t,i){this._setPath(t,Y(t._parts,i))},_updateCircle:function(t){var i=t._point,e=Math.max(Math.round(t._radius),1),n="a"+e+","+(Math.max(Math.round(t._radiusY),1)||e)+" 0 1,0 ";i=t._empty()?"M0 0":"M"+(i.x-e)+","+i.y+n+2*e+",0 "+n+2*-e+",0 ";this._setPath(t,i)},_setPath:function(t,i){t._path.setAttribute("d",i)},_bringToFront:function(t){ii(t._path)},_bringToBack:function(t){ei(t._path)}});function je(t){return Ct.svg||Ct.vml?new De(t):null}Ct.vml&&De.include(dt),Oi.include({getRenderer:function(t){return t=(t=t.options.renderer||this._getPaneRenderer(t.options.pane)||this.options.renderer||this._renderer)||(this._renderer=this._createRenderer()),this.hasLayer(t)||this.addLayer(t),t},_getPaneRenderer:function(t){if("overlayPane"===t||void 0===t)return!1;var i=this._paneRenderers[t];return void 0===i&&(i=this._createRenderer({pane:t}),this._paneRenderers[t]=i),i},_createRenderer:function(t){return this.options.preferCanvas&&Oe(t)||je(t)}});var He=de.extend({initialize:function(t,i){de.prototype.initialize.call(this,this._boundsToLatLngs(t),i)},setBounds:function(t){return this.setLatLngs(this._boundsToLatLngs(t))},_boundsToLatLngs:function(t){return[(t=N(t)).getSouthWest(),t.getNorthWest(),t.getNorthEast(),t.getSouthEast()]}});De.create=Ne,De.pointsToPath=Y,_e.geometryToLayer=pe,_e.coordsToLatLng=fe,_e.coordsToLatLngs=ge,_e.latLngToCoords=ve,_e.latLngsToCoords=ye,_e.getFeature=xe,_e.asFeature=we,Oi.mergeOptions({boxZoom:!0});X=Q.extend({initialize:function(t){this._map=t,this._container=t._container,this._pane=t._panes.overlayPane,this._resetStateTimeout=0,t.on("unload",this._destroy,this)},addHooks:function(){yi(this._container,"mousedown",this._onMouseDown,this)},removeHooks:function(){wi(this._container,"mousedown",this._onMouseDown,this)},moved:function(){return this._moved},_destroy:function(){Qt(this._pane),delete this._pane},_resetState:function(){this._resetStateTimeout=0,this._moved=!1},_clearDeferredResetState:function(){0!==this._resetStateTimeout&&(clearTimeout(this._resetStateTimeout),this._resetStateTimeout=0)},_onMouseDown:function(t){if(!t.shiftKey||1!==t.which&&1!==t.button)return!1;this._clearDeferredResetState(),this._resetState(),Ft(),_i(),this._startPoint=this._map.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t),yi(document,{contextmenu:Si,mousemove:this._onMouseMove,mouseup:this._onMouseUp,keydown:this._onKeyDown},this)},_onMouseMove:function(t){this._moved||(this._moved=!0,this._box=$t("div","leaflet-zoom-box",this._container),oi(this._container,"leaflet-crosshair"),this._map.fire("boxzoomstart")),this._point=this._map.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t);var i=(t=new I(this._point,this._startPoint)).getSize();ci(this._box,t.min),this._box.style.width=i.x+"px",this._box.style.height=i.y+"px"},_finish:function(){this._moved&&(Qt(this._box),si(this._container,"leaflet-crosshair")),Ut(),pi(),wi(document,{contextmenu:Si,mousemove:this._onMouseMove,mouseup:this._onMouseUp,keydown:this._onKeyDown},this)},_onMouseUp:function(t){1!==t.which&&1!==t.button||(this._finish(),this._moved&&(this._clearDeferredResetState(),this._resetStateTimeout=setTimeout(o(this._resetState,this),0),t=new R(this._map.containerPointToLatLng(this._startPoint),this._map.containerPointToLatLng(this._point)),this._map.fitBounds(t).fire("boxzoomend",{boxZoomBounds:t})))},_onKeyDown:function(t){27===t.keyCode&&(this._finish(),this._clearDeferredResetState(),this._resetState())}}),Oi.addInitHook("addHandler","boxZoom",X),Oi.mergeOptions({doubleClickZoom:!0}),_t=Q.extend({addHooks:function(){this._map.on("dblclick",this._onDoubleClick,this)},removeHooks:function(){this._map.off("dblclick",this._onDoubleClick,this)},_onDoubleClick:function(t){var i=this._map,e=i.getZoom(),n=i.options.zoomDelta;e=t.originalEvent.shiftKey?e-n:e+n;"center"===i.options.doubleClickZoom?i.setZoom(e):i.setZoomAround(t.containerPoint,e)}});var We=(Oi.addInitHook("addHandler","doubleClickZoom",_t),Oi.mergeOptions({dragging:!0,inertia:!0,inertiaDeceleration:3400,inertiaMaxSpeed:1/0,easeLinearity:.2,worldCopyJump:!1,maxBoundsViscosity:0}),Q.extend({addHooks:function(){var t;this._draggable||(t=this._map,this._draggable=new Vi(t._mapPane,t._container),this._draggable.on({dragstart:this._onDragStart,drag:this._onDrag,dragend:this._onDragEnd},this),this._draggable.on("predrag",this._onPreDragLimit,this),t.options.worldCopyJump&&(this._draggable.on("predrag",this._onPreDragWrap,this),t.on("zoomend",this._onZoomEnd,this),t.whenReady(this._onZoomEnd,this))),oi(this._map._container,"leaflet-grab leaflet-touch-drag"),this._draggable.enable(),this._positions=[],this._times=[]},removeHooks:function(){si(this._map._container,"leaflet-grab"),si(this._map._container,"leaflet-touch-drag"),this._draggable.disable()},moved:function(){return this._draggable&&this._draggable._moved},moving:function(){return this._draggable&&this._draggable._moving},_onDragStart:function(){var t,i=this._map;i._stop(),this._map.options.maxBounds&&this._map.options.maxBoundsViscosity?(t=N(this._map.options.maxBounds),this._offsetLimit=O(this._map.latLngToContainerPoint(t.getNorthWest()).multiplyBy(-1),this._map.latLngToContainerPoint(t.getSouthEast()).multiplyBy(-1).add(this._map.getSize())),this._viscosity=Math.min(1,Math.max(0,this._map.options.maxBoundsViscosity))):this._offsetLimit=null,i.fire("movestart").fire("dragstart"),i.options.inertia&&(this._positions=[],this._times=[])},_onDrag:function(t){var i,e;this._map.options.inertia&&(i=this._lastTime=+new Date,e=this._lastPos=this._draggable._absPos||this._draggable._newPos,this._positions.push(e),this._times.push(i),this._prunePositions(i)),this._map.fire("move",t).fire("drag",t)},_prunePositions:function(t){for(;1<this._positions.length&&50<t-this._times[0];)this._positions.shift(),this._times.shift()},_onZoomEnd:function(){var t=this._map.getSize().divideBy(2),i=this._map.latLngToLayerPoint([0,0]);this._initialWorldOffset=i.subtract(t).x,this._worldWidth=this._map.getPixelWorldBounds().getSize().x},_viscousLimit:function(t,i){return t-(t-i)*this._viscosity},_onPreDragLimit:function(){var t,i;this._viscosity&&this._offsetLimit&&(t=this._draggable._newPos.subtract(this._draggable._startPos),i=this._offsetLimit,t.x<i.min.x&&(t.x=this._viscousLimit(t.x,i.min.x)),t.y<i.min.y&&(t.y=this._viscousLimit(t.y,i.min.y)),t.x>i.max.x&&(t.x=this._viscousLimit(t.x,i.max.x)),t.y>i.max.y&&(t.y=this._viscousLimit(t.y,i.max.y)),this._draggable._newPos=this._draggable._startPos.add(t))},_onPreDragWrap:function(){var t=this._worldWidth,i=Math.round(t/2),e=this._initialWorldOffset,n=((o=this._draggable._newPos.x)-i+e)%t+i-e,o=(o+i+e)%t-i-e;t=Math.abs(n+e)<Math.abs(o+e)?n:o;this._draggable._absPos=this._draggable._newPos.clone(),this._draggable._newPos.x=t},_onDragEnd:function(t){var i,e,n,o,s=this._map,r=s.options,a=!r.inertia||t.noInertia||this._times.length<2;s.fire("dragend",t),a?s.fire("moveend"):(this._prunePositions(+new Date),t=this._lastPos.subtract(this._positions[0]),a=(this._lastTime-this._times[0])/1e3,i=r.easeLinearity,a=(t=t.multiplyBy(i/a)).distanceTo([0,0]),e=Math.min(r.inertiaMaxSpeed,a),t=t.multiplyBy(e/a),n=e/(r.inertiaDeceleration*i),(o=t.multiplyBy(-n/2).round()).x||o.y?(o=s._limitOffset(o,s.options.maxBounds),z((function(){s.panBy(o,{duration:n,easeLinearity:i,noMoveStart:!0,animate:!0})}))):s.fire("moveend"))}})),Fe=(pt=(Oi.addInitHook("addHandler","dragging",We),Oi.mergeOptions({keyboard:!0,keyboardPanDelta:80}),Q.extend({keyCodes:{left:[37],right:[39],down:[40],up:[38],zoomIn:[187,107,61,171],zoomOut:[189,109,54,173]},initialize:function(t){this._map=t,this._setPanDelta(t.options.keyboardPanDelta),this._setZoomDelta(t.options.zoomDelta)},addHooks:function(){var t=this._map._container;t.tabIndex<=0&&(t.tabIndex="0"),yi(t,{focus:this._onFocus,blur:this._onBlur,mousedown:this._onMouseDown},this),this._map.on({focus:this._addHooks,blur:this._removeHooks},this)},removeHooks:function(){this._removeHooks(),wi(this._map._container,{focus:this._onFocus,blur:this._onBlur,mousedown:this._onMouseDown},this),this._map.off({focus:this._addHooks,blur:this._removeHooks},this)},_onMouseDown:function(){var t,i,e;this._focused||(e=document.body,t=document.documentElement,i=e.scrollTop||t.scrollTop,e=e.scrollLeft||t.scrollLeft,this._map._container.focus(),window.scrollTo(e,i))},_onFocus:function(){this._focused=!0,this._map.fire("focus")},_onBlur:function(){this._focused=!1,this._map.fire("blur")},_setPanDelta:function(t){for(var i=this._panKeys={},e=this.keyCodes,n=0,o=e.left.length;n<o;n++)i[e.left[n]]=[-1*t,0];for(n=0,o=e.right.length;n<o;n++)i[e.right[n]]=[t,0];for(n=0,o=e.down.length;n<o;n++)i[e.down[n]]=[0,t];for(n=0,o=e.up.length;n<o;n++)i[e.up[n]]=[0,-1*t]},_setZoomDelta:function(t){for(var i=this._zoomKeys={},e=this.keyCodes,n=0,o=e.zoomIn.length;n<o;n++)i[e.zoomIn[n]]=t;for(n=0,o=e.zoomOut.length;n<o;n++)i[e.zoomOut[n]]=-t},_addHooks:function(){yi(document,"keydown",this._onKeyDown,this)},_removeHooks:function(){wi(document,"keydown",this._onKeyDown,this)},_onKeyDown:function(t){if(!(t.altKey||t.ctrlKey||t.metaKey)){var i,e=t.keyCode,n=this._map;if(e in this._panKeys)n._panAnim&&n._panAnim._inProgress||(i=this._panKeys[e],t.shiftKey&&(i=A(i).multiplyBy(3)),n.panBy(i),n.options.maxBounds&&n.panInsideBounds(n.options.maxBounds));else if(e in this._zoomKeys)n.setZoom(n.getZoom()+(t.shiftKey?3:1)*this._zoomKeys[e]);else{if(27!==e||!n._popup||!n._popup.options.closeOnEscapeKey)return;n.closePopup()}Si(t)}}})),mt=(Oi.addInitHook("addHandler","keyboard",pt),Oi.mergeOptions({scrollWheelZoom:!0,wheelDebounceTime:40,wheelPxPerZoomLevel:60}),Q.extend({addHooks:function(){yi(this._map._container,"wheel",this._onWheelScroll,this),this._delta=0},removeHooks:function(){wi(this._map._container,"wheel",this._onWheelScroll,this)},_onWheelScroll:function(t){var i=Bi(t),e=this._map.options.wheelDebounceTime;this._delta+=i,this._lastMousePos=this._map.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t),this._startTime||(this._startTime=+new Date),i=Math.max(e-(+new Date-this._startTime),0);clearTimeout(this._timer),this._timer=setTimeout(o(this._performZoom,this),i),Si(t)},_performZoom:function(){var t=this._map,i=t.getZoom(),e=this._map.options.zoomSnap||0,n=(t._stop(),this._delta/(4*this._map.options.wheelPxPerZoomLevel));n=4*Math.log(2/(1+Math.exp(-Math.abs(n))))/Math.LN2,e=e?Math.ceil(n/e)*e:n,n=t._limitZoom(i+(0<this._delta?e:-e))-i;this._delta=0,this._startTime=null,n&&("center"===t.options.scrollWheelZoom?t.setZoom(i+n):t.setZoomAround(this._lastMousePos,i+n))}})),ft=(Oi.addInitHook("addHandler","scrollWheelZoom",mt),Oi.mergeOptions({tapHold:Ct.touchNative&&Ct.safari&&Ct.mobile,tapTolerance:15}),Q.extend({addHooks:function(){yi(this._map._container,"touchstart",this._onDown,this)},removeHooks:function(){wi(this._map._container,"touchstart",this._onDown,this)},_onDown:function(t){var i;clearTimeout(this._holdTimeout),1===t.touches.length&&(i=t.touches[0],this._startPos=this._newPos=new E(i.clientX,i.clientY),this._holdTimeout=setTimeout(o((function(){this._cancel(),this._isTapValid()&&(yi(document,"touchend",Zi),yi(document,"touchend touchcancel",this._cancelClickPrevent),this._simulateEvent("contextmenu",i))}),this),600),yi(document,"touchend touchcancel contextmenu",this._cancel,this),yi(document,"touchmove",this._onMove,this))},_cancelClickPrevent:function t(){wi(document,"touchend",Zi),wi(document,"touchend touchcancel",t)},_cancel:function(){clearTimeout(this._holdTimeout),wi(document,"touchend touchcancel contextmenu",this._cancel,this),wi(document,"touchmove",this._onMove,this)},_onMove:function(t){t=t.touches[0],this._newPos=new E(t.clientX,t.clientY)},_isTapValid:function(){return this._newPos.distanceTo(this._startPos)<=this._map.options.tapTolerance},_simulateEvent:function(t,i){(t=new MouseEvent(t,{bubbles:!0,cancelable:!0,view:window,screenX:i.screenX,screenY:i.screenY,clientX:i.clientX,clientY:i.clientY}))._simulated=!0,i.target.dispatchEvent(t)}})),gt=(Oi.addInitHook("addHandler","tapHold",ft),Oi.mergeOptions({touchZoom:Ct.touch,bounceAtZoomLimits:!0}),Q.extend({addHooks:function(){oi(this._map._container,"leaflet-touch-zoom"),yi(this._map._container,"touchstart",this._onTouchStart,this)},removeHooks:function(){si(this._map._container,"leaflet-touch-zoom"),wi(this._map._container,"touchstart",this._onTouchStart,this)},_onTouchStart:function(t){var i,e,n=this._map;!t.touches||2!==t.touches.length||n._animatingZoom||this._zooming||(i=n.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t.touches[0]),e=n.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t.touches[1]),this._centerPoint=n.getSize()._divideBy(2),this._startLatLng=n.containerPointToLatLng(this._centerPoint),"center"!==n.options.touchZoom&&(this._pinchStartLatLng=n.containerPointToLatLng(i.add(e)._divideBy(2))),this._startDist=i.distanceTo(e),this._startZoom=n.getZoom(),this._moved=!1,this._zooming=!0,n._stop(),yi(document,"touchmove",this._onTouchMove,this),yi(document,"touchend touchcancel",this._onTouchEnd,this),Zi(t))},_onTouchMove:function(t){if(t.touches&&2===t.touches.length&&this._zooming){var i=this._map,e=i.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t.touches[0]),n=i.mouseEventToContainerPoint(t.touches[1]),s=e.distanceTo(n)/this._startDist;if(this._zoom=i.getScaleZoom(s,this._startZoom),!i.options.bounceAtZoomLimits&&(this._zoom<i.getMinZoom()&&s<1||this._zoom>i.getMaxZoom()&&1<s)&&(this._zoom=i._limitZoom(this._zoom)),"center"===i.options.touchZoom){if(this._center=this._startLatLng,1==s)return}else{if(e=e._add(n)._divideBy(2)._subtract(this._centerPoint),1==s&&0===e.x&&0===e.y)return;this._center=i.unproject(i.project(this._pinchStartLatLng,this._zoom).subtract(e),this._zoom)}this._moved||(i._moveStart(!0,!1),this._moved=!0),M(this._animRequest),n=o(i._move,i,this._center,this._zoom,{pinch:!0,round:!1}),this._animRequest=z(n,this,!0),Zi(t)}},_onTouchEnd:function(){this._moved&&this._zooming?(this._zooming=!1,M(this._animRequest),wi(document,"touchmove",this._onTouchMove,this),wi(document,"touchend touchcancel",this._onTouchEnd,this),this._map.options.zoomAnimation?this._map._animateZoom(this._center,this._map._limitZoom(this._zoom),!0,this._map.options.zoomSnap):this._map._resetView(this._center,this._map._limitZoom(this._zoom))):this._zooming=!1}})),Oi.addInitHook("addHandler","touchZoom",gt),Oi.BoxZoom=X,Oi.DoubleClickZoom=_t,Oi.Drag=We,Oi.Keyboard=pt,Oi.ScrollWheelZoom=mt,Oi.TapHold=ft,Oi.TouchZoom=gt,t.Bounds=I,t.Browser=Ct,t.CRS=H,t.Canvas=Ie,t.Circle=ue,t.CircleMarker=le,t.Class=Z,t.Control=Di,t.DivIcon=Ze,t.DivOverlay=ze,t.DomEvent=$,t.DomUtil=J,t.Draggable=Vi,t.Evented=k,t.FeatureGroup=ne,t.GeoJSON=_e,t.GridLayer=Se,t.Handler=Q,t.Icon=oe,t.ImageOverlay=be,t.LatLng=D,t.LatLngBounds=R,t.Layer=lt,t.LayerGroup=ee,t.LineUtil=it,t.Map=Oi,t.Marker=ae,t.Mixin=tt,t.Path=he,t.Point=E,t.PolyUtil=et,t.Polygon=de,t.Polyline=ce,t.Popup=Me,t.PosAnimation=Ii,t.Projection=st,t.Rectangle=He,t.Renderer=Ae,t.SVG=De,t.SVGOverlay=Te,t.TileLayer=ke,t.Tooltip=Ce,t.Transformation=U,t.Util=C,t.VideoOverlay=Le,t.bind=o,t.bounds=O,t.canvas=Oe,t.circle=function(t,i,e){return new ue(t,i,e)},t.circleMarker=function(t,i){return new le(t,i)},t.control=Ri,t.divIcon=function(t){return new Ze(t)},t.extend=i,t.featureGroup=function(t,i){return new ne(t,i)},t.geoJSON=Pe,t.geoJson=ct,t.gridLayer=function(t){return new Se(t)},t.icon=function(t){return new oe(t)},t.imageOverlay=function(t,i,e){return new be(t,i,e)},t.latLng=j,t.latLngBounds=N,t.layerGroup=function(t,i){return new ee(t,i)},t.map=function(t,i){return new Oi(t,i)},t.marker=function(t,i){return new ae(t,i)},t.point=A,t.polygon=function(t,i){return new de(t,i)},t.polyline=function(t,i){return new ce(t,i)},t.popup=function(t,i){return new Me(t,i)},t.rectangle=function(t,i){return new He(t,i)},t.setOptions=_,t.stamp=r,t.svg=je,t.svgOverlay=function(t,i,e){return new Te(t,i,e)},t.tileLayer=Ee,t.tooltip=function(t,i){return new Ce(t,i)},t.transformation=V,t.version="1.8.0",t.videoOverlay=function(t,i,e){return new Le(t,i,e)},window.L);t.noConflict=function(){return window.L=Fe,this},window.L=t}));
``` |
Felipe de Guevara (died 1563) was a Spanish humanist, art writer and patron.
Felipe was the illegitimate son of ambassador and art collector Diego de Guevara. He maintained close relations with people of the world of culture of his time. He was interested in various fields of knowledge such as numismatics, geography and history. Like his father, he also had a great passion for art. He had a great appreciation for the work in particular of Hieronymus Bosch, who was featured in his great work Comentarios de la pintura (Comments on Painting). He died in Madrid.
His work remained as a manuscript until it was published in 1788 by Antonio Ponz. Sánchez Cantón felt it was probably written around 1560, shortly before his death. In his "Commentaries" Felipe devotes a section to fresco painting, the grotesques, painting on canvas, encaustic, lighting, mosaics, and oil. He refers to the writings of Pliny the Elder regarding the invention of painting in encaustic by Aristides (although Guevara believes that it was used previously), and its perfection by Praxiteles. He also credits the ancients with the invention of oil painting, a technique that in the sixteenth century was considered of recent origin. The most interesting chapter of Guevara's work is about fresco and stucco decoration, which steps through the implementation process and the materials used at the time. Although it refers to the text of Vitruvius, this source is continuously compared with traditional uses of Spain, making the passage a document of the first order for this technique, popular in the 16th century.
References
Bruquetas DEW (2002): "Techniques and materials of Spanish painting in the golden age". Ed. Foundation supporting Hispanic art history. Madrid. . p. 25.
Year of birth unknown
1563 deaths
Spanish art historians
Spanish humanists |
```objective-c
/* Interface to GNU libc specific functions for version information.
This file is part of the GNU C Library.
The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
<path_to_url */
#ifndef _GNU_LIBC_VERSION_H
#define _GNU_LIBC_VERSION_H 1
#include <features.h>
__BEGIN_DECLS
/* Return string describing release status of currently running GNU libc. */
extern const char *gnu_get_libc_release (void) __THROW;
/* Return string describing version of currently running GNU libc. */
extern const char *gnu_get_libc_version (void) __THROW;
__END_DECLS
#endif /* gnu/libc-version.h */
``` |
European Destinations of ExcelleNce, also known by the acronym EDEN, is an initiative launched by the European Commission promoting sustainable tourism development models across Europe. The project is based on national competitions which take place every year since 2006 and results in the selection of a “destination of excellence” for each participating country. The winners are emerging, lesser known destinations located in the 27 EU Member States, the Candidate Countries and the EFTA/EEA countries.
The objectives of EDEN
Tourism is a strategic economic activity in the European Union, whose importance is likely to continue to increase in the coming years. It has a great potential as regards contributing to the achievement of several major EU objectives, such as sustainable development, economic growth, employment as well as economic and social cohesion. For achieving these goals the European Commission has launched the EDEN project.
Selection process of the EDEN destinations
Every year, the European Commission publishes one call for proposals to offer its support to the national public administrations in charge of tourism in the Member States (as a rule the National Ministries or other public bodies having the same tasks) to take part in the project and organize a national selection procedure. Candidate Countries and EFTA/EEA are admitted as well and will benefit from the same promotional activities as all the EU Member States.
Each participating country manages its own selection process during the first half of the year, organising a communication campaign to inform all possible candidates about the competition. Destinations taking part have to show that economically viable tourism has been developed based on each year's EDEN theme. The winning destinations are those that best reflect the yearly theme and that offer a unique tourism experience, in line with sustainable patterns. In the middle of the year, a winning destination per country is selected on the basis of a set of award criteria established at both European and national level. The names of the winners are then communicated to the European Commission, who is in charge of organising a European Award Ceremony.
The EDEN editions
Each EDEN edition is developed around an annual theme, chosen by the Commission together with the relevant national tourism bodies. This theme functions as a leitmotif: so far, rural tourism (2007), local intangible heritage (2008), protected areas (2009), aquatic tourism (2010) and regeneration of physical sites (2011) have been the main EDEN themes.
Each of the chosen theme serves to highlight different aspects of European regions’ assets and is related to sustainable development in one way or another, whether from a cultural, economic, local involvement or environmental point of view. EDEN topics provide an opportunity for demonstrating the wealth of diversity Europe can offer, including its natural resources, historical heritage, traditional celebrations, local gastronomy, and so on.
EDEN 2012
In May 2011 a call for proposals was launched by the European Commission to support National Administrations in charge of tourism for the purpose of promoting the EDEN destinations awarded in 2007-2011 and for enhancing awareness of the EDEN rationale in trans-national partnerships. 18 countries participate in the project from November 2011 until August 2012: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Spain, France, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Turkey.
References
External links
(official website)
https://web.archive.org/web/20090228211853/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/tourism/index_en.htm
European Commission projects |
```groff
.\" $OpenBSD: pair.4,v 1.4 2015/10/30 10:48:55 reyk Exp $
.\"
.\"
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
.\"
.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.\"
.Dd $Mdocdate: October 30 2015 $
.Dt PAIR 4
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm pair
.Nd virtual Ethernet interface pair
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Cd "pseudo-device pair"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
interface simulates a normal Ethernet interface by encapsulating
standard network frames with an Ethernet header, specifically for use
in a pair of interfaces that are interconnected with each other.
.Pp
To use it, the administrator needs to create two
.Nm
interfaces and connect them;
the interfaces are
.Sq patched ,
as would be done with physical network ports.
All packets that are sent on the first interface are received on the
second interface.
.Sh EXAMPLES
Set up a pair of interfaces where each of them is a member of a different
.Xr rdomain 4 :
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# ifconfig pair1 rdomain 1 10.1.1.1/24 up
# ifconfig pair2 rdomain 2 10.1.1.2/24 up
# ifconfig pair1 patch pair2
# route -T 1 exec ping 10.1.1.2
.Ed
.Pp
When adding multiple
.Nm
to multiple
.Xr bridge 4
interfaces, it is possible to create a loop;
the system load will go up while it is busy sending packets from one
bridge to another and back.
By design, the driver does not prevent such loops by itself, but it is
possible to use the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to detect and remove
loops in the virtual network topology:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
# ifconfig pair0 up
# ifconfig pair1 rdomain 1 patch pair0 up
# ifconfig pair2 up
# ifconfig pair3 rdomain 1 patch pair2 up
# ifconfig bridge0 add pair0 add pair2 stp pair0 stp pair2 up
# ifconfig bridge1 add pair1 add pair3 stp pair1 stp pair3 up
.Ed
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr bridge 4 ,
.Xr inet 4 ,
.Xr inet6 4 ,
.Xr rdomain 4 ,
.Xr vether 4 ,
.Xr hostname.if 5 ,
.Xr ifconfig 8 ,
.Xr netstart 8
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
interface first appeared in
.Ox 5.9 .
.Sh AUTHORS
The
.Nm
driver is based on
.Xr vether 4
by
.An Theo de Raadt Aq Mt deraadt@openbsd.org .
It has been extended and turned into
.Nm
by
.An Reyk Floeter Aq Mt reyk@openbsd.org .
.Sh CAVEATS
Unlike
.Xr vether 4 ,
the
.Nm
interface cannot be used as a stand-alone member in a
.Xr bridge 4 :
the link state remains down until it is connected to the second interface.
Any associated routes will be marked down until it is patched.
Use
.Xr vether 4
as a bridge endpoint for routing purposes instead.
.Sh BUGS
Like
.Xr tun 4 ,
the Ethernet address chosen will be partially random, and may
occasionally collide with another address.
``` |
Meerman is a surname.
List of people with the surname
Ani Meerman, American drummer
David Meerman Scott (born 1961), American online marketing strategist
Johannes Meerman, (1624–1675), Dutch Golden Age mayor and diplomat
Luke Meerman (born 1975), American politician
Ruben Meerman (born 1971), Australian scientist, educator, author, and public speaker
Toon Meerman (1933–2023), Dutch footballer
See also
Merman
Surnames
Surnames of Dutch origin
Dutch-language surnames |
"Teenage Dream" is a song by American singer Katy Perry. It was released as the second single from her third studio album of the same name on July 23, 2010. This song was written by Perry, Bonnie McKee, Dr. Luke, Max Martin, and Benny Blanco. McKee describes "Teenage Dream" as a throwback song to the euphoric feelings of being in love as a teenager while Perry described the song as reminiscent of her youth. Musically, "Teenage Dream" is a mid-tempo pop song with a retro sound. It is styled in the genres of power pop and electropop, while taking influence from other genres such as disco and pop rock. Perry starts the song in a high-pitched voice while her vocals grow stronger as the song progresses. Lyrically, "Teenage Dream" discusses being with a lover who makes one feel young again.
Critics were initially divided about the song at release. However, the song has received retrospective critical acclaim with Glamour calling it "one of the best pop songs of all time." The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Perry's third number-one single on that chart, and her second consecutive number-one single after "California Gurls". It also reached number one in Ireland, New Zealand, and Slovakia. "Teenage Dream" entered the top ten in 13 countries in total. "Teenage Dream" has been certified eight times Platinum in the United States, six times Platinum in Australia, four times Platinum in Canada, and Gold or Platinum in eight additional countries.
A music video for the song was filmed in various locations around Perry's hometown in Santa Barbara, California and was directed by Yoann Lemoine (a.k.a. Woodkid). The video showcases Perry being in love with her high school boyfriend. Perry has performed the song on Saturday Night Live, the 2010 Teen Choice Awards, 53rd Annual Grammy Awards, the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show, and in every one of her concert tours since the California Dreams Tour. "Teenage Dream" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, becoming Perry's third nomination in the category. The song has been covered numerous times, appearing on American Idol, The Voice, and Glee.
Background and writing
When Perry and McKee first met in 2004, they both were "really into Lolita" and "had a mutual fascination with the adolescent state of mind." They explored the themes in their first records: Perry wrote One of the Boys, which touched on the early stages of discovering that boys could be more than friends, whereas McKee wrote "Confessions of a Teenage Girl", which was about using sexual power to one's advantage. For the Teenage Dream sessions, Perry and McKee had a "forever young" idea in mind. Perry at first wrote a lyric about Peter Pan, but they later deemed it as "too young" since "we wanted it to have more edge, more sex." Another version included the lines "And the next thing you know / You're a mom in a minivan", which made them laugh uncontrollably for an hour. There was a final version that was based around the metaphor of "trying me on" comparing clothes to sex, in a similar manner to Madonna's 1985 single "Dress You Up". It was rejected by the producers, as McKee explained, "Luke always makes us 'Benny Proof' everything. He says that if Benny doesn't get it, America won't get it." Blanco showed them the Teenagers's 2007 single "Homecoming" and asked them to write in a similar style. McKee said that "[We] looked at each other with dread, knowing we had to start all over again..... We were both so over it we just called it a night."
McKee continued working on the song the following days. She explained, "I thought about my own adolescent years, my own first love. I thought about watching Baz Luhrmann's 'Romeo and Juliet' and putting on a little mini disco ball light and just dreaming of Leo. I thought about me and my friends sitting around at slumber parties in the '90s, giddy even just THINKING about boys..... I thought about what Benny said and I listened to the song again, and I was like the Teenagers..... that's such a great word, Teenager. It is a very descriptive word; it packs a lot of emotion and imagery into three syllables..... I couldn't believe after all of our agonizing over 'youth' themes, that we had overlooked such an obvious one – the teenage condition." The following week, Perry invited McKee, Luke, and Martin to write in her hometown of Santa Barbara, California. McKee tried to approach Luke about her idea, but he was upset about the amount of time he had spent working in the chorus, so he banned them from changing it. They started working on the verses, where Perry had already prepared most of the imagery.
Perry described the process as "a very pure moment for me" and continued saying, "[It was] where I started my creative juices. And also it kind of exudes this euphoric feeling because everybody remembers what their teenage dreams were — all the girls that were on your poster walls." After she recorded the vocals, McKee pulled Luke and Martin aside and told them her idea, to which they responded, "Well why didn't you say that in the first place?". The chorus was rewritten, and the line "Skin tight jeans" was taken from the early "trying me on" version. When the final version was finished, McKee said, "We were all so pumped that it had paid off. I remember Max sitting back and saying 'I wish we could bottle this feeling'. It was really magical." Perry commented that even though the song was rewritten many times, she was "so happy to finally get somewhere that we all agreed on" after it was finished. During an interview in June 2010, Perry confirmed "Teenage Dream" as the second single from the album, and said that the song was about "kind of like feeling that way when you were a teenager: really emotional, really invested..... It's intense being in love and being a teenager." After confirming that "Teenage Dream" was also the title of the album, she explained that it was a throwback to her teenage years, as she thought back to her youth while contemplating marriage to her boyfriend Russell Brand. She added, "To me, this year is pretty heavy. I am going to be getting married and putting out this record, and there is so much going on that it's nice to think of those young dreams."
Composition
"Teenage Dream" is a midtempo love song with a strong beat that follows the retro sound of previous single "California Gurls". It is predominantly a power pop and electropop song, which features influences of disco, pop rock, and rock music. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, by Alfred Music Publishing, the song is written in the key of B major, and moves at a tempo of 120 beats per minute. It starts with the sequence of B–B2 played by a guitar. These intervals are played on guitar throughout the song, but with the addition of different bass notes from halfway through the first verse, the overall harmony can be heard as EMaj7 – Gm – Fsus4. The general chord progression of the song is made from the progression E - Gm – F. Perry's vocals in the song span from the note of B3 to the note of F5. The song starts with relatively high vocals, with Perry singing in head voice; it also continues during the second verse. Amos Barshad of New York said that "if not for a bluntly muscular chorus ('You! ..... make! ..... me!'), [the song] is nearly a ballad." The lyrics refer to being with a lover that makes one feel like a teenager. According to James Montgomery of MTV, the lyrics refer to being in love, and about the feelings of commitment and security that it brings. They also talk about taking the relationship further in lines such as: "Let's go all the way tonight / No regrets, just love / We can dance until we die / You and I / We'll be young forever".
In a 2014 article in Slate, composer Owen Pallett analyzed the song using music theory to explain its success. He focused on two factors: the tonal interplay of the chords and melody, and Perry's use of syncopation in her vocals. "This song is all about suspension—not in the voice-leading 4–3 sense, but in the emotional sense, which listeners often associate with 'exhilaration,' being on the road, being on a roller coaster, travel," he explained.
That suspension is created "simply, by denying the listener any I chords," Pallett explains. After the first few lines, the B tonic chord that repeats throughout the song is offset by bass notes that give it a more dominant 7th feel. "The I chord will never appear again," he observes. At the same time, however, Perry begins singing the melody on that note, and returns to it frequently, even when it clashes with the dominant V chord as she sings "feel like I'm living a". "[T]he vocal melody establishes the key so clearly that there is no doubt ... Her voice is the sun and the song is in orbit around it," he concludes. "The insistence of the tonic in the melody keeps your ears' eyes fixed on the destination, but the song never arrives there. Weightlessness is achieved. Great work, songwriters!" Pallett notes other classic pop songs, such as Fleetwood Mac's "Dreams" and Coldplay's "Viva la Vida", that employ the same device.
"The second key to this song's Enormous Chart Success," Pallett continues, "has to do with the weighting of the melody lines." Perry begins singing each verse on the beat ("you think I'm pretty ...") but then falls off it before the end of the first line ("... makeup on"), syncopating the melody, and creating additional tension. "Her lines dovetail elegantly into each other. This contributes to the feeling of suspension that I mentioned above. As listeners, we're waiting for her to get to the point." Pallett says she does indeed do this in the pre-chorus when she accentuates the imperatives ("Let's go all the way tonight ...") by returning to the beat. Pallett then calls it "genius" that the chorus itself inverts the weighting of the verses, as the line "You make me feel like I'm living a teenage dream" goes from off beat to on and then back again, in a single line.
Further, Pallett writes, in the song's bridge, Perry adds more complexity to the song—and makes it more memorable, in his opinion—by taking the simple step of singing the "let you put your hands on me in my skintight jeans" lyrics entirely on beat, including the reiteration of the song's title. "How brilliant. The title of the song is rhythmically weighted two ways—it's like a flank attack. Two sides of the same face. You WILL remember the name of this song."
Critical reception
Critics were divided by "Teenage Dream" at the time of its release. Craig Marks of Billboard said that along with "California Gurls", the songs "are textbook summer singles whose ingenious pop hooks and zillion-dollar drum tracks are stamped with Perry's knack for a memorable line and frothy, gum-snapping persona." Billboard named "Teenage Dream" as the "second best song of the 2010s so far" in 2015. James Montgomery of MTV commented that "Teenage Dream" showed a "definite change of pace for Perry. While it's still as saccharine sweet as her previous hits, there's also a rather, well, mature quality to it (despite the title)." Amos Barshad of New York said, "Right now, it's feeling a bit too earnest, and not nearly as catchy as the follow-up single from Perry's first album ('Hot n Cold', most definitely still a jam). That said, we are now mentally preparing ourselves for its ubiquity." Alyssa Rosenberg of The Atlantic dismissed the lyrics as "simply annoying and incoherent" and added that "the hook and chorus aren't nearly compelling enough to pull me back into it."
Retrospective acclaim and legacy
Retrospectively, the song has received acclaim, appearing in several critics' lists of Perry's best songs. Entertainment Weekly praised the song, saying it captures "all the contact-high euphoria of falling in love for the first time [...] minus the awkward bits of being an actual adolescent [...] in one pure, radiant blast of let’s-go-all-the-way-tonight bliss." Rolling Stone ranked it number four on their "Best Singles of 2010" list and The Village Voice ranked it 14th on its 38th annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll.
In 2014, Gawker ranked it the best number-one single of the last ten years while Pitchfork ranked it the 35th best song released in the first half of the 2010s and the 102nd best song of the 2010s. In 2018, NPR listed "Teenage Dream" at number 63 on their list of the 200 Greatest Songs by Women of the 21st Century. Billboard ranked the song at number two on their list of 20 best songs of the 2010s so far in 2015, and also placed it on their list of The 100 Songs That Defined The Decade in 2019. uDiscover Music ranked "Teenage Dream" at number eight in the list of 20 Katy Perry songs that shaped 21st-century pop music.
Slate wrote that the widespread success of the song "seems to mystify all the Katy Perry haters in the world". Metro called "Teenage Dream" a perfect pop song, further wrote that "there are, really, few songs that you could ever class as perfect, and the choices are obviously almost always subjective, but Katy Perry's 'Teenage Dream' is perhaps one no-one can argue with". Glamour compared the song to Michael Jackson's "Thriller", Madonna's "Like a Prayer", and Britney Spears' "...Baby One More Time" and called it "one of the best pop tunes ever crafted". New Zealand musician Lorde cited "Teenage Dream" as an influence, said "When I put that song on, I'm as moved as I am by anything by David Bowie, by Fleetwood Mac, by Neil Young. It lets you feel something you didn't know you needed to feel... There's something holy about it". Country musician Maren Morris said she grew up listening to "Teenage Dream" and called the song "one of the greatest songs of all time".
Chart performance
"Teenage Dream" debuted at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 dated August 7, 2010, becoming the week's Hot Shot debut. It also debuted on the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 11 with 84,000 downloads and on the Radio Songs chart at number 75. According to Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, "Teenage Dream" set the record for most added song in a week with 64 new stations and 14.9 million plays. The following week, it jumped to number seven on the Hot 100, due to a radio audience of 29.5 million impressions and an increase of 183,000 downloads. On the issue dated September 18, 2010, the song topped the chart becoming her second consecutive number one-single and her third overall number one-single. As of August 2020, the song has been certified 8 times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and sold 5 million copies in the United States.
The same week the song topped the charts in the US, it debuted at number 20 in the Canadian Hot 100. On the September 2 issue of the Canadian Digital Download Chart, "Teenage Dream" rose to number one, making it her third number one on that tally. It went to number one in New Zealand on the August 30 chart making it her third number one in New Zealand that year, preceded by "If We Ever Meet Again" with Timbaland in early 2010 and "California Gurls". Overall the song remained at the top for four weeks in New Zealand. It was her fourth number one overall achieving this with "I Kissed a Girl" in 2008. On September 5, 2010, "Teenage Dream" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number two selling over 86,000 units in its debut week. It was kept off the top spot by the release of Olly Murs' debut single "Please Don't Let Me Go". The following week it stayed at number two behind Alexandra Burke's "Start Without You", before moving down to number three the following week. The song reached number one on the Scottish Singles Chart.
Music video
Background and concept
The music video for "Teenage Dream" was filmed in Santa Barbara, California, in July 2010, and was directed by Yoann Lemoine. Perry planned the concept along with the songwriters during the sessions. Pictures from the shoot feature Perry kneeling in the sand looking at a man (played by Josh Kloss) wearing speedos, while others show her kissing the man in a hotel pool. She commented about the filming on her Twitter, saying, "That's a wrap for Teenage Dream! So gorgeous [.....] In my hometown. I got to cast all my friends in the new music vid for Teenage Dream = amazing insanity." The video features images of Perry in a car with a boyfriend, then, Perry is shown in a party with her friends, and the closing scene shows Perry kissing her boyfriend under the water. Perry was interviewed online via YouTube, where she talked about the music video. She said: "It is gonna be completely different from 'California Gurls.' With 'Teenage Dream' you'll see a very raw, almost vulnerable [side] ..... I had to wear so many less layers of makeup. I had to make out with a boy which was very traumatizing, I was kind of mean to him. I would be the one to call cut because I was like, 'oh I can't do this!' I feel so horrible. But I know it's a job. [Russell and I] understand what our work is."
Release
A lyric video with pictures was uploaded to Perry's YouTube account on July 26, 2010. A 30-second snippet was released on August 5, 2010. The clip showed Perry in a montage of locations around Santa Barbara including riding a late 1960s white BMW New Class convertible, kissing her love interest on the bed as well as the pool scene at the Sandman Inn on State Street in Santa Barbara, and dancing on the beach with her friends. The full video premiered on MTV on August 10, 2010, at 8:00 pm ET. Its UK premiere was at 10:45 pm on ITV2. The 4:39 minute-long official remix was posted on Katy Perry's Vevo account on YouTube on October 27, 2010, featuring an inserted party scene.
Live performances
Perry performed "Teenage Dream" at the MTV World Stage 2010 held in Sunway Surfbeach, Malaysia. Perry performed her songs "California Gurls", "Hot n Cold" and "Teenage Dream" on Sunrise in Australia. On August 9, 2010, she performed it as the opening song of the Teen Choice Awards when she was hosting the award ceremony. She then appeared and performed "Teenage Dream" on the Late Show with David Letterman and Today show. The same month, Perry traveled to Europe and performed the song on The Album Chart Show in the UK, on Le Grand Journal in France and on UK chat show Alan Carr: Chatty Man. On September 25, 2010, she was the musical guest and performed the song on Saturday Night Live. In October 2010, she performed the song on Wetten, dass..? in Germany. Perry performed the song with actor Darren Criss for the first time on the Trevor Project Live on December 5, 2010.
On February 13, 2011, Perry performed "Teenage Dream" at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards. The song was featured on the set list of the California Dreams Tour in 2011 as the opening act of the show. The show begins with a video screen introduction which tells the story of a girl named Katy who lives in a colorless world wasting her life cutting meat for a mean old butcher. One night, Perry escapes her dreadful reality by falling asleep and visiting a vibrant candy land in search of her pet cat, Kitty Purry and also of the love of her life, the Baker's Boy, played by Nick Zano. Perry then appears on stage and starts performing "Teenage Dream" with her dancers, while wearing a white dress with spinning peppermints. For Obama's 2012 presidential candidacy, Perry performed several of her hit songs dressed as a ballot, including "Teenage Dream", "Firework", and "Wide Awake". Expressing solidarity for his campaign, the box next to Obama's name was shaded. For her 2014–15 The Prismatic World Tour and her 2017-2018 Witness: The Tour, "Teenage Dream" was included on the setlist.
On May 25, 2014, Perry performed the song at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend in Glasgow.
On February 1, 2015, Perry performed the song during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show.
On May 27, 2017, Perry performed the song at BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend in Hull.
Formats and track listings
Digital download
"Teenage Dream" 3:47
CD single
"Teenage Dream" 3:47
"Teenage Dream" (Instrumental) 3:47
Digital download – Remix EP
"Teenage Dream" (Vandalism Le Pop Mix) 3:54
"Teenage Dream" (Vandalism V8 Vocal Remix) 7:04
"Teenage Dream" (Manhattan Clique remix) 6:40
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Teenage Dream album liner notes.
Katy Perry songwriting, vocals
Dr. Luke songwriting, producer, drums, keyboards, programming
Max Martin songwriting, producer, drums, keyboards, programming
Benny Blanco songwriting, producer, drums, keyboards, programming
Bonnie McKee songwriting
Emily Wright engineering
Sam Holland engineering
Tucker Bodine assistant engineering
Aniela Gottwald assistant engineering
Şerban Ghenea mixing
John Hanes mix engineering
Tim Roberts assistant mix engineering
Brian Gardner mastering
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
Glee version
The Beelzebubs, a male a cappella group from Tufts University, covered "Teenage Dream" and gained prominence when it was used on the American musical television series Glee in the episode "Never Been Kissed". The Beelzebubs provided the arrangement and back-up vocals (recorded during September in New York City) for the performance, and actors playing students from the fictional Dalton Academy Warblers lip-synced to their vocals. The lead vocals were provided by Darren Criss, playing Blaine Anderson in the episode. Following the airing of the episode in the US on November 9, 2010, the track was released as a single credited to the Glee cast; the recording is also featured on Glee: The Music, Volume 4. The cover sold 55,000 copies through the iTunes Store on the first day, breaking the group's first-day sales record previously held by "Empire State of Mind". Selling 214,000 copies over the week, the song debuted at the eighth position on the Billboard Hot 100, surpassing "Don't Stop Believin'" for the highest first-week sales of any Glee song, and first top ten by Glee Cast on the chart since "Don't Stop Believin'". It remains the third best-selling recording in the show's history, having sold 652,000 copies in the United States. The song also charted at number ten in Canada, twenty-four in Australia, and eighteen in Ireland. The cover was included in a list of no particular order of the 210 best songs of 2010, published by the New York Post.
The song appears in three Glee albums: Glee: The Music, Volume 4, Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers and the live album Glee: The 3D Concert Movie. Criss covered the song again on Glees season four episode, "The Break-Up", on October 4, 2012, with a slower, piano-only version. Unlike the original version, which was lip-synced, Criss sang this version live on set to capture the emotion of the performance.
Chart performance
Certifications
|}
See also
List of number-one pop hits of 2010 (Brazil)
List of number-one singles of 2010 (Ireland)
List of number-one singles in 2010 (New Zealand)
List of number-one singles and albums of 2010 (Scotland)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2010 (U.S.)
List of Mainstream Top 40 number-one hits of 2010 (U.S.)
List of number-one dance singles of 2010 (U.S.)
List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2010 (U.S.)
List of Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks number-one singles of 2010
References
External links
2010 singles
American power pop songs
Katy Perry songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Number-one singles in Scotland
Record Report Pop Rock General number-one singles
Song recordings produced by Max Martin
Songs written by Katy Perry
Songs written by Max Martin
Songs written by Dr. Luke
Songs written by Bonnie McKee
Songs written by Benny Blanco
Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke
Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco
Music videos directed by Yoann Lemoine
Electropop songs
2010 songs
Capitol Records singles
Songs about teenagers |
Nawab Ali Yavar Jung Bahadur (February 1906 – 11 December 1976) was an Indian diplomat. He served as Indian Ambassador in Argentina, Egypt, Yugoslavia and Greece, France, and the United States.
He was governor of the Indian state of Maharashtra from 1971 to 1976. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan, India's highest civilian honors, in 1959 and 1977, respectively.
Early life
He was born in Hyderabad to a distinguished Hyderabadi family of scholars, administrators and educators, and studied at Queen's College, Oxford, earning a degree in History.
Career
Nawab Ali Yavar Jung served as the Vice-chancellor of Osmania University from 1945 to 1946 and from 1948 to 1952. In year 1965 to 1968 he was Vice-Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University. He opposed reservation on religious grounds at AMU. In 1946-47 he was Minister Constitutional Affairs, Home and Educational, Public Health and Local Government in the Nizam's Governorate. He resigned from that post in 1947.
He was India's ambassador to Argentina (1952–54), Egypt (1954–58), Yugoslavia and Greece (1958–61), France (1961–65), and the United States (1968–70). His personal rapport with Juan Perón, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Josip Broz Tito, Charles de Gaulle, and Lyndon B. Johnson substantially contributed to their understanding and appreciation of India's independent foreign policy.
He was appointed governor of Maharashtra in 1971, and died during his term as governor at Mumbai's Raj Bhavan in December 1976.
He was awarded the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan, India's highest civilian honors, in 1959 and 1977, respectively. The Western Express Highway in Mumbai and The National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped located there are named after him.
Personal life
He married a French lady Alys Iffrig, but the couple got divorced. His daughter with Iffrig was Bilkees I. Latif. Bilkees' husband, his son-in-law was the Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif, the 10th Chief of the Air Staff. Later, he married Zehra Ali Yavar Jung, a social worker.
See also
Zehra Ali Yavar Jung
Syed Akbaruddin
References
1906 births
1976 deaths
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
20th-century Indian Muslims
Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in public affairs
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service
Governors of Maharashtra
Ambassadors of India to Argentina
Ambassadors of India to Egypt
Ambassadors of India to France
Ambassadors of India to Greece
Ambassadors of India to the United States
Ambassadors of India to Yugoslavia
People from Hyderabad State
Salar Jung family
Politicians from Hyderabad, India
Vice-Chancellors of the Aligarh Muslim University
20th-century Indian historians
Tyabji family |
The 2022 Campeonato Baiano (officially the Campeonato Baiano de Futebol Profissional Série “A” – Edição 2022) was the 118th edition of Bahia's top professional football league organized by FBF. The competition began on 15 January and ended on 10 April 2022.
This was the first season in history without a team from Salvador ranked in the top four of the tournament.
The defending champions Atlético de Alagoinhas defeated Jacuipense 3–1 on aggregate obtaining their second title. As champions, Atlético de Alagoinhas qualified for the 2023 Copa do Brasil and the 2023 Copa do Nordeste.
Format
In the first stage, each team played the other nine teams in a single round-robin tournament. Top four teams advanced to the semi-finals. The bottom two teams were relegated to the 2023 Campeonato Baiano Série B.
The final stage was played on a home-and-away two-legged basis with the best overall performance team hosting the second leg. If tied on aggregate, the penalty shoot-out would be used to determine the winners.
Champions qualified for the 2023 Copa do Brasil and 2023 Copa do Nordeste, while runners-up and third place qualified for the 2023 Copa do Brasil. Top two teams not already qualified for 2023 Série A, Série B or Série C qualified for 2023 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D. As the 2022 Copa Governador was not held, the third Série D berth was awarded via Campeonato Baiano.
Teams
First stage
Group 1
Final stage
Bracket
Semi-finals
|}
Group 2
Jacuipense qualified for the finals.
Group 3
Atlético de Alagoinhas qualified for the finals.
Finals
|}
Group 4
Overall table
Top goalscorers
References
Campeonato Baiano
Baiano
2022 in Brazilian football |
Andreja Leški (born 8 January 1997) is a Slovenian judoka. She won the silver medal in the women's 63 kg event at the 2021 World Judo Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. She also competed at the World Judo Championships in 2017 and 2018.
In 2017, she was eliminated in her first match in the women's 63 kg event at the European Judo Championships held in Warsaw, Poland.
In 2021, she won one of the bronze medals in her event at the Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. A few months later, she won one of the bronze medals in the women's 63 kg event at the European Judo Championships held in Lisbon, Portugal. In June, she won silver medal in the women's 63 kg event at the World Judo Championships in Budapest, Hungary. In the final, she lost against Clarisse Agbegnenou of France. At the 2021 Judo Grand Slam Abu Dhabi held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, she won one of the bronze medals in her event.
In 2023, she won silver medal in the women's 63 kg event at the World Judo Championships in Doha, her second one from World Championships. She was again defeated in the final by Clarisse Agbegnenou.
References
External links
Living people
1997 births
Slovenian female judoka
Sportspeople from Koper
21st-century Slovenian women |
The Malabar snakehead (Channa diplogramma) is a vulnerable species of snakehead from fresh water in the Western Ghats in India. Until 2011, its scientific name was usually considered to be a synonym of C. micropeltes, the giant snakehead.
Taxonomy
Sir Francis Day described Ophiocephalus diplogramma in 1865 based on one juvenile specimen (42 mm in length) collected near the mouth of the Cochin River in the port city of Cochin (southwestern India), and called it Malabar snakehead. The color pattern of this juvenile matched with that of juveniles of another species of snakehead, O. micropeltes, originally described by Cuvier and Valenciennes from Java, Indonesia. This possibly led Day to synonymise C. diplogramma with C. micropeltes in 1878. The close similarity, rarity of adult specimens in museum collections, and because no taxonomist had studied this snakehead since its description, resulted in the subsequent acceptance of the synonymy by ichthyologists. In 2011, C. diplogramma was shown to be a valid species 134 years after it was synonymised, making it an endemic species of peninsular India.
Biology
C. diplogramma shows multiple color phases during its life history, which makes local fishers believe that they are different species. The different specimens are also known by different vernacular names (pulivaka, karivaka, manalvaka, and charalvaka). All these specimen in different color phases occur sympatrically and use the same ecological habitats.
Distribution
The Malabar snakehead is endemic to the southern Western Ghats of peninsular India. It is known from the Meenachil, Manimala, Pampa, Achenkovil and Kallada Rivers (and their reservoirs) in Kerala, as well as the Chittar and Tambaraparani Rivers (and their reservoirs) in Tamil Nadu.
Identification
The Malabar snakehead differs from all other species in the genus by its high number of lateral line scales (103–105 vs. 36–91). It further differs from all other Channa species, except C. bankanensis, C. lucius, C. micropeltes, and C. pleurophthalma, by the presence of gular scales, a patch of scales between the anterior tips of the lower jaws, visible in ventral view. C. diplogramma differs from C. bankanensis, C. lucius, and C. pleurophtalma by having a very different color pattern, and from its sister species C. micropeltes by a combination of characteristics, viz. number of caudal fin rays, lateral line scales, scales below lateral line; total vertebrae, pre-anal length, and body depth.
Conservation status
The Malabar snakehead is listed as a vulnerable species in the IUCN Red List in view of its restricted distribution, and threats including fishing, habitat loss, and pollution.
References
Malabar snakehead
Fish of India
Fish described in 1865 |
St. Joseph's () is a historic church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago located in Chicago, Illinois at 4821 South Hermitage Avenue. Founded in 1887 with the current church building dating to 1914, Saint Joseph's is a prime example of the Polish Cathedral style of churches in both its opulence and grand scale. Along with St. John of God and Holy Cross, it is one of three monumental religious edifices that dominates the skyline of the Back of the Yards neighborhood. The parish survived archdiocesan budget cuts in 1990, and, in 2021, was merged with several local churches into a single parish. Today, St. Joseph serves a multicultural community.
History
Initially a mission of St. Mary of Perpetual Help, St. Joseph's was organized in 1887 as the first Polish parish in the Back of the Yards. Its patron saint proved very appropriate as the parish long served a congregation of immigrant workers near the Union Stockyards. In the beginning of the 20th century, the Polish population in the Back of the Yards increased so greatly that two other Polish parishes were formed from St. Joseph's parish—St. John of God, in 1906, and Sacred Heart, in 1910. Like most of the Poles who settled in Chicago's Southwest Side, many of the first parishioners of St. Joseph's were Gorals, or Polish Highlanders, from the Carpathian Mountains. In 1914, the current church building was officially dedicated. In the early 1950s, the church was redecorated by artist John A. Mallin. Although the Union Stockyards, a major employer in the area, closed in the early 1970s and some Polish immigrants subsequently left Back of the Yards, St. Joseph's still celebrates mass in Polish.
In 1990, St. Joseph was one of four Back of the Yards parishes to survive diocesan budget cuts. The others - Sacred Heart of Jesus at 4600 South Honore Street, St. Rose of Lima Church at 1456 West 48th Street, Sts. Cyril and Methodius at 5009 South Hermitage, and St. Augustine Church at 5045 South Laflin, closed that year. In 1996, restoration works at St. Joseph's were initiated. The following year, the status of shrine was given to St. Joseph Church. In 1998, the Shrine of Saint Joseph, Patron of Family Life, was officially dedicated. In 2000, St. Joseph's restoration was completed, and on June 4 of that year, the Shrine of Saint Joseph was rededicated.
St. Joseph celebrated its 125th anniversary with a Mass and celebration on September 1, 2012. In 2015, the parish received a relic of Pope John Paul II, recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church. For many years, a dirt lot occupied the spot where a convent once stood. In August 2015, when the new St. Joseph Plaza, adorned with a paver stone rosary, was inaugurated in its place. Two years later, on March 19, 2017, the parish received a relic of Saint Joseph. In October 2017, the parish celebrated its 130th anniversary. To commemorate the event, a procession involving three religious images of the Virgin Mary - Our Lady of Zapopan, Our Lady of Talpa, and Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos - was held. Other events, including a peace walk and an outdoor mass, were held to mark the occasion. On February 10, 2019, the formal installation mass for the church's current pastor was held. In 2021, the church was united with two nearby parishes, St. Michael and Holy Cross - Immaculate Heart of Mary, into Holy Cross and SS. Mary, Joseph, and Michael Parish as part of an archdiocesan Renew My Church planning process.
St. Joseph's today
In 2012, Saint Joseph's parishioners were 75% Mexican-American, with the remaining 25% consisting of Americans, Polish-Americans, and African-Americans. St. Joseph's offers mass every day of the week, with services in Polish, English, and Spanish.
Mass Schedule
This is a schedule listing the services held at St. Joseph Church as of Summer 2020. All times listed are local.
Architecture
The initial church structure is now Saint John Paul II Hall. The current Baroque church was designed by Joseph Molitor in 1914 with a seating capacity of 1,200. Molitor also created the plans for two neighboring Roman Catholic churches in the Back of the Yards neighborhood of Chicago founded by Eastern European immigrants—Holy Cross Church which served a Lithuanian congregation and the now-closed Sts. Cyril and Methodius Church, constructed by a Bohemian congregation.
St. Joseph's in architecture books
Books on Chicago architecture
Books on church architecture
See also
Polish Cathedral style churches of Chicago
Polish Americans
Poles in Chicago
Roman Catholicism in Poland
References
External links
Archdiocese of Chicago
St. Joseph Church History
Religious organizations established in 1887
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1914
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
JosephsChurch NewCity
JosephsChurch NewCity
Polish Cathedral style architecture
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
1887 establishments in Illinois |
Mammetmyrat Geldinyyazov () is a Turkmen politician and educator, currently serving as deputy chairman for science, education, and health of the Turkmenistan government.
Geldinyyazov was born in 1971 in the town of Jebel in Balkan province of Turkmenistan. He was graduated from the Turkmen State University in 1993 as a chemistry teacher. He initially taught chemistry at that university. In 2011 he was promoted to director of the Beki Seytakov Pedagogical School, and in 2014 was elected to the Turkmen parliament, where he served on the committee on science, education, culture, and youth policy.
Geldinyyazov was appointed minister of education in 2018. In 2020 he was transferred to the Cabinet of Ministers to head its department of education and societal affairs.
References
Living people
1971 births
Turkmenistan politicians
Turkmen State University alumni
Academic staff of Turkmen State University
People from Balkan Region |
Goonhilly Downs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) that forms a raised plateau in the central western area of the Lizard peninsula in southern Cornwall, England. It is one of 229 English national nature reserves designated by Natural England with an area of almost 1,270 hectares.
Features
Situated just south of Helston and the Royal Naval Air Station RNAS Culdrose, the Goonhilly Downs are famous for being the location of the Goonhilly Satellite Earth Station, at one time the largest in the world. The huge satellite dishes are an iconic landmark, and can be seen for miles. The downs themselves are largely an area of sparse heathland, based on serpentinite geology. The site for the satellite station was chosen since the serpentine rock base could bear the weight of the heaviest of satellite dish.
Goonhilly Downs is also home to a 12 megawatt wind farm consisting of six wind turbines each of two megawatts.
This is home to rare plants, such as Cornish heath, which has been adopted as the county flower. A forested area of the downs is known as Croft Pascoe and this larger area includes the Croft Pascoe Pool.
A large standing stone known as the Dry Tree menhir can be found on the ex- RAF Dry Tree site on the downs. RAF Dry Tree was used during the Second World War, and is near to the satellite station.
The name Goonhilly comes from the Cornish language, and means "hunting downs", from goon, "down, moor", and helghi, "to hunt". (See )
Part of Lizard SAC
Goonhilly Downs is one of six Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) that form the almost 3,086 hectares of the Lizard SAC. The others, all SSSIs are Baulk Head to Mullion, Caerthillian to Kennack Sands, Coverack to Porthoustock, Kennack to Coverack, and Mullion Cliff to Predannack Cliff.
Approached from the Helston direction and half a mile before the Satellite dishes is the former Goonhilly Craft Shop and Tea Room, now converted to a private dwelling. Set back from the road, the building was constructed in the early 1960s by a local farmer. The land was originally part of the nearby Trelowarren estate. Planning permission was granted to build a 4-bedroomed bungalow and petrol station/garage known locally as 'Telstar'; (Telstar is the name of various communications satellites, including the first ever such satellite able to relay television signals.) 'Telstar Cafe' used to have a petrol station but petrol is now sold at Helston supermarket garages. 100,000 people a year visited BT's nearby FutureWorld@Goonhilly (now closed) and many of them also called into the Craft Shop and Tea Room before making their way back from Goonhilly.
Goonhilly Downs also serves as a landing point for the SEA-ME-WE 3, the longest submarine cable on Earth.
Nearer to Mullion are other triple SIs including the North Predannack Downs Nature Reserve, owned and managed by the Cornwall Wildlife Trust. This reserve is prime Cornish heath (Erica vagans) with ponds and willow fen. Early Bronze Age barrows are present, and there are several ancient 'turf-hut' circles. There are remains of buildings which were part of RAF Dry Tree and later RAF Trelanvean, used during the Second World War. Both the adder – a venomous snake, and the European stonechat – a passerine bird are commonly sighted here.
See also
Geology of Lizard, Cornwall
List of topics related to Cornwall
Wind power in the United Kingdom
References
External links
North Predannack Downs on the Cornwall Wildlife Trusts website
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cornwall
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1951
Bronze Age sites in Cornwall
Nature reserves of the Cornwall Wildlife Trust
Power stations in South West England
Wind farms in England
Lizard Peninsula |
Goldmine, established in September 1974 by Brian Bukantis out of Fraser, Michigan, is an American magazine that focuses on the collectors' market for records, tapes, CDs, and music-related memorabilia. Each issue features news articles, interviews, discographies, histories, current reviews on recording stars of the past and present. Discographies are included, listing all known releases. Coverage includes rock, blues, soul, Americana, folk, new wave, punk and heavy metal. At one point its chief competitor was DISCoveries (with more of an emphasis on 1950s oldies), which later was purchased by the same owner before folding into it as a single publication.
Goldmine was published bimonthly until 1977, when it became a monthly publication. It recently returned to a bimonthly frequency at the beginning of 2022. Its headquarters is in New York, NY. Editor: Patrick Prince (2010-2012, 2015-Current). Its writers have included Dave Thompson, Harvey Kubernik, Jeff Tamarkin, Ken Sharp, John Curley, John M. Borack, Chris M. Junior, Colin Escott, Gillian G. Gaar, David Nathan, Steve Roeser, Jay Jay French and Debbie Kruger.
The magazine was produced on newsprint in a tabloid format. It recently had a radical overhaul, complete with more color photography and more interviews. However, the most noticeable change is that the format is a large full-color, glossy magazine, no longer on the old broadsheet. It also has opened a shop for collectors to purchase vinyl records and other music collectibles at Shop.GoldmineMag.com. It is now published by Project M Media.
References
External links
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Music magazines published in the United States
Biweekly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1974
Magazines published in Wisconsin
Project M Group brands |
```c++
#include <ATen/Config.h>
#if AT_PARALLEL_NATIVE
#include <ATen/Parallel.h>
#include <ATen/ParallelFuture.h>
#include <ATen/PTThreadPool.h>
#ifndef C10_MOBILE
#include <c10/core/thread_pool.h>
#include <c10/util/irange.h>
#else
#include <caffe2/utils/threadpool/pthreadpool-cpp.h>
#endif // C10_MOBILE
#include <atomic>
#include <utility>
#ifdef _OPENMP
#include <omp.h>
#endif
#if AT_MKL_ENABLED()
#include <mkl.h>
#endif
namespace at {
namespace {
// used with _set_in_parallel_region to mark master thread
// as in parallel region while executing parallel primitives
thread_local bool in_parallel_region_ = false;
// thread number (task_id) set by parallel primitive
thread_local int thread_num_ = 0;
void _set_in_parallel_region(bool in_region) {
in_parallel_region_ = in_region;
}
} // namespace (anonymous)
namespace internal {
void set_thread_num(int thread_num) {
thread_num_ = thread_num;
}
}
namespace {
void _unset_thread_num() {
thread_num_ = 0;
}
#ifndef C10_MOBILE
const int NOT_SET = -1;
const int CONSUMED = -2;
// Number of threads set by the user
// NOT_SET -> positive value -> CONSUMED
// or
// NOT_SET -> CONSUMED
// Meaning:
// - NOT_SET - pool not initialized, user value is not set
// - positive value - pool not initialized, user value set
// - CONSUMED - pool is initialized
std::atomic<int> num_intraop_threads{NOT_SET};
int _num_pool_threads(int nthreads) {
if (nthreads == NOT_SET) {
nthreads = intraop_default_num_threads();
} else {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(nthreads > 0);
}
// minus one because of the master thread
return nthreads - 1;
}
TaskThreadPoolBase& _get_intraop_pool() {
static std::shared_ptr<TaskThreadPoolBase> pool =
ThreadPoolRegistry()->Create(
"C10",
/* device_id */ 0,
/* pool_size */ _num_pool_threads(num_intraop_threads.exchange(CONSUMED)),
/* create_new */ true); // create a separate thread pool for intra-op
return *pool;
}
#endif // C10_MOBILE
// Run lambda function `fn` over `task_id` in [0, `range`) with threadpool.
// `fn` will be called with params: (thread_pool_task_id, task_id).
void _run_with_pool(const std::function<void(int, size_t)>& fn, size_t range) {
#ifndef C10_MOBILE
for (const auto i : c10::irange(1, range)) {
_get_intraop_pool().run([fn, i]() { fn((int)i, i); });
}
// Run the first task on the current thread directly.
fn(0, 0);
#else
caffe2::PThreadPool* const pool = caffe2::pthreadpool();
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(pool, "Invalid thread pool!");
pool->run(
// PThreadPool::run() is blocking. A std::function [const] reference to
// this lambda cannot go out of scope before PThreadPool::run() returns.
[&fn](const size_t task_id) {
fn(0 /* unused */, task_id);
}, range);
#endif // C10_MOBILE
}
// RAII guard helps to support in_parallel_region() and get_thread_num() API.
struct ParallelRegionGuard {
ParallelRegionGuard(int task_id) {
internal::set_thread_num(task_id);
_set_in_parallel_region(true);
}
~ParallelRegionGuard() {
_set_in_parallel_region(false);
_unset_thread_num();
}
};
} // namespace
namespace internal {
inline std::tuple<size_t, size_t> calc_num_tasks_and_chunk_size(
int64_t begin, int64_t end, int64_t grain_size) {
if ((end - begin) < grain_size) {
return std::make_tuple(1, std::max((int64_t)0, end - begin));
}
// Choose number of tasks based on grain size and number of threads.
size_t chunk_size = divup((end - begin), get_num_threads());
// Make sure each task is at least grain_size size.
chunk_size = std::max((size_t)grain_size, chunk_size);
size_t num_tasks = divup((end - begin), chunk_size);
return std::make_tuple(num_tasks, chunk_size);
}
void invoke_parallel(
const int64_t begin,
const int64_t end,
const int64_t grain_size,
const std::function<void(int64_t, int64_t)>& f) {
at::internal::lazy_init_num_threads();
size_t num_tasks = 0, chunk_size = 0;
std::tie(num_tasks, chunk_size) =
internal::calc_num_tasks_and_chunk_size(begin, end, grain_size);
struct {
std::atomic_flag err_flag = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
std::exception_ptr eptr;
std::mutex mutex;
std::atomic_size_t remaining{0};
std::condition_variable cv;
} state;
auto task = [f, &state, begin, end, chunk_size]
(int /* unused */, size_t task_id) {
int64_t local_start = begin + task_id * chunk_size;
if (local_start < end) {
int64_t local_end = std::min(end, (int64_t)(chunk_size + local_start));
try {
ParallelRegionGuard guard(task_id);
f(local_start, local_end);
} catch (...) {
if (!state.err_flag.test_and_set()) {
state.eptr = std::current_exception();
}
}
}
{
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(state.mutex);
if (--state.remaining == 0) {
state.cv.notify_one();
}
}
};
state.remaining = num_tasks;
_run_with_pool(std::move(task), num_tasks);
// Wait for all tasks to finish.
{
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(state.mutex);
if (state.remaining != 0) {
state.cv.wait(lk);
}
}
if (state.eptr) {
std::rethrow_exception(state.eptr);
}
}
} // namespace internal
void init_num_threads() {
#ifdef _OPENMP
omp_set_num_threads(1);
#endif
#if AT_MKL_ENABLED()
mkl_set_num_threads(1);
#endif
#ifdef C10_MOBILE
caffe2::pthreadpool();
#endif
}
void set_num_threads(int nthreads) {
#ifndef C10_MOBILE
TORCH_CHECK(nthreads > 0, "Expected positive number of threads");
int no_value = NOT_SET;
if (!num_intraop_threads.compare_exchange_strong(no_value, nthreads)) {
// num_intraop_threads either stores a positive integer or CONSUMED,
// check that requested size is the same as the current one
int stored_nthreads = num_intraop_threads.load();
if (stored_nthreads <= 0) {
// plus one because of master thread
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-narrowing-conversions,bugprone-narrowing-conversions)
stored_nthreads = _get_intraop_pool().size() + 1;
}
if (stored_nthreads != nthreads) {
TORCH_WARN(
"Cannot set number of intraop threads "
"after parallel work has started or after set_num_threads call "
"when using native parallel backend");
}
}
#else
caffe2::PThreadPool* const pool = caffe2::pthreadpool();
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(pool, "Invalid thread pool!");
pool->set_thread_count(nthreads);
#endif // C10_MOBILE
}
int get_num_threads() {
at::internal::lazy_init_num_threads();
#ifndef C10_MOBILE
// not initializing pool unnecessarily,
// because pool cannot be resized after initialization
int nthreads = num_intraop_threads.load();
if (nthreads > 0) {
return nthreads;
} else if (nthreads == NOT_SET) {
return intraop_default_num_threads();
} else {
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(nthreads == CONSUMED);
// NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-narrowing-conversions,bugprone-narrowing-conversions)
return _get_intraop_pool().size() + 1;
}
#else
caffe2::PThreadPool* const pool = caffe2::pthreadpool();
TORCH_INTERNAL_ASSERT(pool, "Invalid thread pool!")
return in_parallel_region() ? 1 /* current thread */ : pool->get_thread_count();
#endif // C10_MOBILE
}
int get_thread_num() {
return thread_num_;
}
bool in_parallel_region() {
#ifndef C10_MOBILE
return in_parallel_region_ || (
num_intraop_threads.load() == CONSUMED &&
// Needed as intraop_launch() doesn't set in_parallel_region().
_get_intraop_pool().inThreadPool()
);
#else
return in_parallel_region_;
#endif // C10_MOBILE
}
void intraop_launch(std::function<void()> func) {
#ifndef C10_MOBILE
if (!in_parallel_region() && get_num_threads() > 1) {
_get_intraop_pool().run(std::move(func));
} else {
// execute inline if we're in parallel region
func();
}
#else
// TODO: caffe2::PThreadPool only provides a data-parallel API.
// Task parallelism is not currently supported.
func();
#endif // C10_MOBILE
}
c10::intrusive_ptr<c10::ivalue::Future> intraop_launch_future(
std::function<void()> func) {
#ifndef C10_MOBILE
auto future = c10::make_intrusive<c10::ivalue::Future>(c10::NoneType::get());
if (!in_parallel_region() && get_num_threads() > 1) {
_get_intraop_pool().run(
[func, future]() {
func();
future->markCompleted();
}
);
} else {
func();
future->markCompleted();
}
return future;
#else
// TODO: caffe2::PThreadPool only provides a data-parallel API.
// Task parallelism is not currently supported.
auto future = c10::make_intrusive<c10::ivalue::Future>(c10::dynT<NoneType>());
func();
future->markCompleted();
return future;
#endif // C10_MOBILE
}
} // namespace at
#endif
``` |
Sybra convexa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt in 1956.
References
convexa
Beetles described in 1956 |
Psychedelic art (also known as psychedelia) is art, graphics or visual displays related to or inspired by psychedelic experiences and hallucinations known to follow the ingestion of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, and DMT. The word "psychedelic" (coined by British psychologist Humphry Osmond) means "mind manifesting". By that definition, all artistic efforts to depict the inner world of the psyche may be considered "psychedelic".
In common parlance "psychedelic art" refers above all to the art movement of the late 1960s counterculture, featuring highly distorted or surreal visuals, bright colors and full spectrums and animation (including cartoons) to evoke, convey, or enhance psychedelic experiences. Psychedelic visual arts were a counterpart to psychedelic rock music. Concert posters, album covers, liquid light shows, liquid light art, murals, comic books, underground newspapers and more reflected not only the kaleidoscopically swirling colour patterns of psychedelic hallucinations, but also revolutionary political, social and spiritual sentiments inspired by insights derived from these psychedelic states of consciousness.
Features
Fantastic, metaphysical, and surrealistic subject matter
Kaleidoscopic, fractal, or paisley patterns
Bright and/or highly contrasting colors
Extreme depth of detail or stylization of detail. Also called Horror vacui style.
Morphing of objects or themes and sometimes collage
Phosphenes, spirals, concentric circles, diffraction patterns, and other entoptic motifs
Repetition of motifs
Innovative typography and hand-lettering, including warping and transposition of positive and negative spaces
Origins
Psychedelic art is informed by the notion that altered states of consciousness produced by psychedelic drugs are a source of artistic inspiration. The psychedelic art movement is similar to the surrealist movement in that it prescribes a mechanism for obtaining inspiration. Whereas the mechanism for surrealism is the observance of dreams, a psychedelic artist turns to drug induced hallucinations. Both movements have strong ties to important developments in science. Whereas the surrealist was fascinated by Freud's theory of the unconscious, the psychedelic artist has been literally "turned on" by Albert Hofmann's discovery of LSD.
Among the work forerunners of psychedelic art, the following authors and artists can be noted: Lautreamont, Louis-Ferdinand Celine, Stanislav Witkevich, Antonin Artaud, Georges Bataille, William Burroughs, De Quincey, Terence McKenna, Carlos Castaneda. Mikhail Bulgakov is the first writer to describe narcotic hallucinations. In particular, art researchers Tim Lapetino and James Orok trace the connection of psychedelic art with Dadaism, Surrealism, Lettrism, and Situationism.
The early examples of "psychedelic art" are literary rather than visual, although there are some examples in the Surrealist art movement, such as Remedios Varo and André Masson. Other early examples include Antonin Artaud who writes of his peyote experience in Voyage to the Land of the Tarahumara (1937) and Henri Michaux who wrote Misérable Miracle (1956), to describe his experiments with mescaline and hashish.
Aldous Huxley's The Doors of Perception (1954) and Heaven and Hell (1956) remain definitive statements on the psychedelic experience.
Albert Hofmann and his colleagues at Sandoz Laboratories were convinced immediately after its discovery in 1943 of the power and promise of LSD. For two decades following its discovery LSD was marketed by Sandoz as an important drug for psychological and neurological research. Hofmann saw the drug's potential for poets and artists as well, and took great interest in the German writer Ernst Jünger's psychedelic experiments.
Early artistic experimentation with LSD was conducted in a clinical context by Los Angeles–based psychiatrist Oscar Janiger. Janiger asked a group of 50 different artists to each do a painting from life of a subject of the artist's choosing. They were subsequently asked to do the same painting while under the influence of LSD. The two paintings were compared by Janiger and also the artist. The artists almost unanimously reported LSD to be an enhancement to their creativity.
Ultimately it seems that psychedelics would be most warmly embraced by the American counterculture. Beatnik poets Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs became fascinated by psychedelic drugs as early as the 1950s as evidenced by The Yage Letters (1963). The Beatniks recognized the role of psychedelics as sacred inebriants in Native American religious ritual, and also had an understanding of the philosophy of the surrealist and symbolist poets who called for a "complete disorientation of the senses" (to paraphrase Arthur Rimbaud). They knew that altered states of consciousness played a role in Eastern Mysticism. They were hip to psychedelics as psychiatric medicine. LSD was the perfect catalyst to electrify the eclectic mix of ideas assembled by the Beats into a cathartic, mass-distributed panacea for the soul of the succeeding generation.
In 1960s counterculture
Leading proponents of the 1960s psychedelic art movement were San Francisco poster artists such as: Rick Griffin, Victor Moscoso, Bonnie MacLean, Stanley Mouse & Alton Kelley, and Wes Wilson. Their psychedelic rock concert posters were inspired by Art Nouveau, Victoriana, Dada, and Pop Art. The "Fillmore Posters" were among the most notable of the time. Richly saturated colors in glaring contrast, elaborately ornate lettering, strongly symmetrical composition, collage elements, rubber-like distortions, and bizarre iconography are all hallmarks of the San Francisco psychedelic poster art style. The style flourished from about 1966 to 1972. Their work was immediately influential to vinyl record album cover art, and indeed all of the aforementioned artists also created album covers.
Although San Francisco remained the hub of psychedelic art into the early 1970s, the style also developed internationally: British artist Bridget Riley became famous for her Op art paintings of psychedelic patterns creating optical illusions. Mati Klarwein created psychedelic masterpieces for Miles Davis' Jazz-Rock fusion albums, and also for Carlos Santana's Latin rock. Pink Floyd worked extensively with London-based designers, Hipgnosis to create graphics to support the concepts in their albums. Willem de Ridder created cover art for Van Morrison. Los Angeles area artists such as John Van Hamersveld, Warren Dayton and Art Bevacqua and New York artists Peter Max and Milton Glaser all produced posters for concerts or social commentary (such as the anti-war movement) that were highly collected during this time. Life Magazine's cover and lead article for the September 1, 1967 issue at the height of the Summer of Love focused on the explosion of psychedelic art on posters and the artists as leaders in the hippie counterculture community.
Psychedelic light-shows were a new art-form developed for rock concerts. Using oil and dye in an emulsion that was set between large convex lenses upon overhead projectors the lightshow artists created bubbling liquid visuals that pulsed in rhythm to the music. This was mixed with slideshows and film loops to create an improvisational motion picture art form to give visual representation to the improvisational jams of the rock bands and create a completely "trippy" atmosphere for the audience. The Brotherhood of Light were responsible for many of the light-shows in San Francisco psychedelic rock concerts.
Out of the psychedelic counterculture also arose a new genre of comic books: underground comix. "Zap Comix" was among the original underground comics, and featured the work of Robert Crumb, S. Clay Wilson, Victor Moscoso, Rick Griffin, and Robert Williams among others. Underground Comix were ribald, intensely satirical, and seemed to pursue weirdness for the sake of weirdness. Gilbert Shelton created perhaps the most enduring of underground cartoon characters, "The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers", whose drugged out exploits held a hilarious mirror up to the hippy lifestyle of the 1960s.
Psychedelic art was also applied to the LSD itself. LSD began to be put on blotter paper in the early 1970s and this gave rise to blotter art, a specialized art form of decorating the blotter paper. Often the blotter paper was decorated with tiny insignia on each perforated square tab, but by the 1990s this had progressed to complete four color designs often involving an entire page of 900 or more tabs. Mark McCloud is a recognized authority on the history of LSD blotter art.
In corporate advertising
By the late 1960s, the commercial potential of psychedelic art had become hard to ignore. General Electric, for instance, promoted clocks with designs by New York artist Peter Max. A caption explains that each of Max's clocks "transposes time into multi-fantasy colors." In this and many other corporate advertisements of the late 1960s featuring psychedelic themes, the psychedelic product was often kept at arm's length from the corporate image: while advertisements may have reflected the swirls and colors of an LSD trip, the black-and-white company logo maintained a healthy visual distance. Several companies, however, more explicitly associated themselves with psychedelica: CBS, Neiman Marcus, and NBC all featured thoroughly psychedelic advertisements between 1968 and 1969. In 1968, Campbell's soup ran a poster promotion that promised to "Turn your wall souper-delic!"
The early years of the 1970s saw advertisers using psychedelic art to sell a limitless array of consumer goods. Hair products, cars, cigarettes, and even pantyhose became colorful acts of pseudo-rebellion. The Chelsea National Bank commissioned a psychedelic landscape by Peter Max, and neon green, pink, and blue monkeys inhabited advertisements for a zoo. A fantasy land of colorful, swirling, psychedelic bubbles provided the perfect backdrop for a Clearasil ad. As Brian Wells explains, "The psychedelic movement has, through the work of artists, designers, and writers, achieved an astonishing degree of cultural diffusion… but, though a great deal of diffusion has taken place, so, too, has a great deal of dilution and distortion." Even the term "psychedelic" itself underwent a semantic shift, and soon came to mean "anything in youth culture which is colorful, or unusual, or fashionable." Puns using the concept of "tripping" abounded: as an advertisement for London Britches declared, their product was "great on trips!" By the mid-1970s, the psychedelic art movement had been largely co-opted by mainstream commercial forces, incorporated into the very system of capitalism that the hippies had struggled so hard to change.
Other material
Examples of other psychedelic art material are tapestry, curtains and stickers, clothing, canvas and other printed artefacts and furniture.
Digital age
Computer art has allowed for an even greater and more profuse expression of psychedelic vision. Fractal generating software gives an accurate depiction of psychedelic hallucinatory patterns, but even more importantly 2D and 3D graphics software allow for unparalleled freedom of image manipulation. Much of the graphics software seems to permit a direct translation of the psychedelic vision. The "digital revolution" was indeed heralded early on as the "New LSD" by none other than Timothy Leary.
The rave movement of the 1990s was a psychedelic renaissance fueled by the advent of newly available digital technologies. The rave movement developed a new graphic art style partially influenced by 1960s psychedelic poster art, but also strongly influenced by graffiti art, and by 1970s advertising art, yet clearly defined by what digital art and computer graphics software and home computers had to offer at the time of creation. Conversely, the convolutional neural network DeepDream finds and enhances patterns in images purely via algorithmic pareidolia.
Concurrent to the rave movement, and in key respects integral to it, are the development of new mind-altering drugs, most notably, MDMA (Ecstasy). Ecstasy, like LSD, has had a tangible influence on culture and aesthetics, particularly the aesthetics of rave culture. But MDMA is (arguably) not a real psychedelic, but is described by psychologists as an entactogen. Development of new psychedelics such as 2C-B and related compounds (developed primarily by chemist Alexander Shulgin) which are truly psychedelic has provided a fertile ground for artistic exploration since many of the new psychedelics possess their own unique properties that will affect the artist's vision accordingly.
Even as fashions have changed, and art and culture movements have come and gone, certain artists have steadfastly devoted themselves to psychedelia. Well-known examples are Amanda Sage, Alex Grey, and Robert Venosa. These artists have developed unique and distinct styles that while containing elements that are "psychedelic", are clearly artistic expressions that transcend simple categorization. While it is not necessary to use psychedelics to arrive at such a stage of artistic development, serious psychedelic artists are demonstrating that there is tangible technique to obtaining visions, and that technique is the creative use of psychedelic drugs.
Psychedelic artists
Pablo Amaringo
Chuck Arnett
Chris Dyer (artist)
Doug Binder
Brummbaer
Mark Boyle and Joan Hills
Laurence Caruana
James Clifford
Lee Conklin
Robert Crumb
Roger Dean
Warren Dayton
Scott Draves
Donald Dunbar
M. C. Escher
Karl Ferris
William Finn
The Fool (design collective)
Ernst Fuchs
Bob Gibson
H. R. Giger
Terry Gilliam
Alex Grey
Rick Griffin
Gary Grimshaw
Leif Podhajsky
John Hurford
Alton Kelley
Mati Klarwein
Oleg A. Korolev
Abby Martin
Bob Masse
Peter Max
Stanley "Mouse" Miller
Victor Moscoso
Vali Myers
Martin Sharp
Gilbert Shelton
Grace Slick
Harold Thornton
Vernon Treweeke
John Van Hamersveld
David Vaughan
Louis Wain
James Herer
Robert Williams
Wes Wilson
See also
Entoptic phenomena (archaeology)
List of psychedelic rock artists
Outsider art
Persian carpet
Surrealism
Visionary art
Notes and references
Further reading
Rubin, David S. Psychedelic: Optical and Visionary Art since the 1960s MIT Press (April 2010)
Masters, Robert E.L. and Houston, Jean. Psychedelic Art. New York: Balance House, printed by Grove Press, Inc. (1968)
Walker, John. "Psychedelic Art". Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945, 3rd. ed. (1992)
External links
Erowid Culture Vault: Visionary Arts Vault
Plazmalab studio: A home for those who dream outside the lines of consciousness
Art movements
Counterculture of the 1960s |
The Huanggou Pumped Storage Power Station is a 1,200 MW pumped-storage hydroelectric power station currently under construction about north of Mudanjiang in Hailin County of Heilongjiang Province, China. Construction on the project began on 8 May 2014. The first generator is scheduled to be commissioned in January 2019 and the project complete in January 2020. The power station operates by shifting water between an upper and lower reservoir to generate electricity. The lower reservoir, Lianhua Reservoir, is located on the Mudan River and the upper reservoir is located in a valley above the north side of the lower reservoir. During periods of low energy demand, such as at night, water is pumped from Huanggou Lower Reservoir up to the upper reservoir. When energy demand is high, the water is released back down to the lower reservoir but the pump turbines that pumped the water up now reverse mode and serve as generators to produce electricity. The process is repeated as necessary and the plant serves as a peaking power plant. It is operated by the State Grid Corporation of China.
The lower Lianhua Reservoir is created by the tall and long Lianhua Dam, a rock-fill dam on the Mudan River. It can withhold up to of water. The upper reservoir is created by an tall and long concrete-face rock-fill dam. It can withhold up to of water, of which can be used for power production. Water from the upper reservoir is sent to the underground power station down near the lower reservoir through headrace/penstock pipes. The power station contains four 300 MW Francis pump turbines. The difference in elevation between the upper and lower reservoir affords a hydraulic head (water drop) of .
See also
List of pumped-storage power stations
References
Dams in China
Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations in China
Dams under construction in China
Buildings and structures under construction in China
Hydroelectric power stations in Heilongjiang
Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Underground power stations |
The Smith & Wesson Model 3 is a single-action, cartridge-firing, top-break revolver produced by Smith & Wesson (S&W) from around 1870 to 1915, and was recently again offered as a reproduction by Smith & Wesson and Uberti.
It was produced in several variations and subvariations, including both the "Russian" model, so named because it was supplied to the military of the Russian Empire (41,000 No. 3s were ordered in .44 caliber by the Imperial Russian Army in 1871), and the "Schofield" model, named after Major George W. Schofield, who made his own modifications to the Model 3 to meet his perceptions of the cavalry's needs. S&W incorporated these modifications into an 1875 design they named after the major, planning to obtain significant military contracts for the new revolver.
The Model 3 was originally chambered for the .44 S&W American and .44 Russian cartridges, and typically did not have the cartridge information stamped on the gun (as is standard practice for most commercial firearms). Model 3 revolvers were later produced in an assortment of calibers, including .44 Henry Rimfire, .44-40, .32-44, .38-44, and .45 Schofield. The design influenced the smaller S&W .38 Single Action that is retroactively referred to as the Model 2.
Russian model
Smith & Wesson produced large numbers of the Model 3, in three distinct models, for the Russian Empire by special order. The first was the 1st Model Russian (the original order design), with the Russian Ordnance Inspector mandating a number of improvements to the design, resulting in the 2nd Model Russian, with a final revision to the Russian design being known as the 3rd Model Russian.
Schofield revolver
The U.S. Army adopted the .44 S&W American caliber Model 3 revolver in 1870, making it the first standard-issue, cartridge-firing revolver in U.S. service. Most military pistols until that point were black powder cap-and-ball revolvers, which were (by comparison) slow, complicated, and susceptible to the effects of wet weather.
In 1875, the U.S. Ordnance Board granted S&W a contract to outfit the military with Model 3 revolvers incorporating the design improvements of Major George W. Schofield (the so-called "Schofield revolvers"), providing that they could make the revolvers fire the .45 Colt (or ".45 Long Colt") ammunition already in use by the US military. S&W instead developed their own, slightly shorter .45 caliber round, the .45 Schofield, otherwise known as the .45 S&W.
When it became obvious in the field that the two cartridges would not work interchangeably in the Schofield (although they both worked in the Colt), the U.S. government adopted the shorter .45 Schofield cartridge as the standard cartridge. Despite the change, old stocks of the longer .45 Colt rounds in the supply line caused the Army to drop most of the Schofields and continue with the Colt. Major Schofield had patented his locking system and earned a payment on each gun that S&W sold; and at the time, his older brother, John M. Schofield, was the head of the Army Ordnance Board, so this conflict-of-interest may have been the main reason for the adoption of the .45 Schofield.
Many of the Model 3 Schofield revolvers served in the Indian Wars, with reports of them in use as late as the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War. Like the other Model 3s, they were also reportedly popular with lawmen and outlaws in the American West, and were reportedly used by Jesse James, Bob Ford (who used one to kill James), John Wesley Hardin, Pat Garrett, Theodore Roosevelt, Virgil Earp, Billy the Kid, and many others. The S&W No. 3 revolver was famously used by Wyatt Earp during the gunfight at the O.K. Corral with the Clanton Gang.
While the standard barrel length was 7 inches, many Schofields were purchased as surplus by distributors, and had the barrels shortened to 5 in, and were refinished in nickel. After the Spanish–American War of 1898, the US Army sold off all their surplus Schofield revolvers, which were reconditioned by wholesalers and gunsmiths (at professional factory-quality level), with a considerable number offered for sale on the commercial market with a 5-in barrel, as well as the standard size barrel of 7 in.
Of the most notable purchasers of these reconditioned Model 3 Schofield revolvers was Wells Fargo and Company, which purchased the revolvers for use by Wells Fargo road agents, and had the barrels shortened to a more concealable 5-in length. These revolvers were then inspected by the Wells Fargo armorer and uniquely stamped "W.F. & Co" or "Wells Fargo & Co", along with the original Smith & Wesson serial number restamped alongside the Wells Fargo stamping on the flat part of the barrel just forward of the barrel pivot, as well as restamping any part of each revolver that had not originally been stamped or stamped in a location that would be difficult to view the serial number, when needed.
The Wells Fargo Schofield revolvers became so popular with collectors from the 1970s onwards that the unique Wells Fargo markings were being "counterfeited" or "faked" by unscrupulous sellers to enhance the value of other similar versions that had not been genuinely owned by Wells Fargo & Co. More "fake" Wells Fargo-marked Schofield revolvers than genuine ones are in existence, and accordingly, a collector interested in purchasing a "Wells Fargo" Schofield revolver would be well advised to have a prepurchase inspection and verification performed by an expert who specializes in this model.
Lieutenant Colonel Schofield shot himself on December 17, 1882, with a Schofield revolver after suffering a bout of mental illness, stress, and isolation.
An engraved, gold-plated New Model No. 3 with pearl grips was presented to sharpshooter Annie Oakley in the 1890s by her husband Frank Butler. The revolver was one of three embellished guns that were cased for Oakley as a presentation group.
Versions
The First Model Schofield has a latch configuration that is rather pointed at the top and has a circle around the screw head at the bottom.
The Second Model latch has a large raised circle at the top of the latch.
One of General Schofield's revisions and improvements to the predecessor Model 3 revolvers included mounting the spring-loaded barrel catch on the frame as opposed to the standard Model, 3 which has the latch mounted on the barrel. In the previous engineering, the posts of the frame would wear out after heavy usage. Schofield's improvement called for heat-treated, replaceable components at this sensitive "wear" area of the catch and latch. The serial number range also gives an indication of whether it is First or Second Model, with the serial numbers changing from the First Model to the Second Model at a little over 3,000.
New Model No. 3
In 1877, S&W discontinued production of its other Model 3s, such as the American, Russian, and Schofield, in favor a new improved design called the New Model No. 3. This new model was originally offered in the same frame and cylinder lengths as the original No: 3 but soon, Smith and Wesson offered a "Frontier" version with a longer frame and cylinder, allowing it to fire the longer WCF (44-40) cartridges. Standard chambering was .44 Russian (barrels were often stamped 44 S&W and was Smith and Wesson's attempt to re-brand the 44 Russian cartridge), although other calibers were available on special order or in related models such as the .44-40 Frontier model, the .32-44 and .38-44 Target models, and the very rare .38-40 Winchester model.
Australian Model
In 1880, the South Australia Police, which were then interested in rearming with up-to-date weapons, noted a display of New Model No. 3 revolvers at the Australian Exposition in Melbourne. At the direction of Police Commissioner Peterswald, an order was placed through S&W's New York agent for 250 nickel revolvers in .44 Russian with a 7-in barrel length. The order, which included extension shoulder stocks, ammunition, and reloading kits, arrived at Adelaide in March 1882. The revolvers and stocks were thereupon marked with a government broad-arrow punch mark, and were called revolver-carbines. They were issued to mounted police, known as troopers, who at that period also policed the Northern Territory. Both the South Australia and Western Australia police made further small purchases during 1886–88, none of which was marked with the broad arrow. For some 30 years, the revolver-carbine was the front-line weapon of the mounted police of S.A., W.A., and N.T. Nearly all serial numbers are known, and are listed in the book Service Arms of the South Australian Police. The S.A. revolvers were sold as surplus in 1953 to the Western Arms Corporation of Los Angeles.
1st Model .44 Double Action
Often improperly referred to as a "New Model 3 Double Action", the 1st Model .44 Double Action is not a Model 3 production or variation, but rather a stand-alone model.
Copies
The popular Model 3 was copied in many countries. Most common were the versions made in Spain, Mexico, and Belgium, but companies such as Ludwig Loewe & Company of Germany and the Tula Arsenal in Russia played a hand in the counterfeit game, too. Copies have been found in Turkey and Pakistan, as well, made by local manufacturers.
11mm Orbea Hermanos y Cia. M1884 Sistema ONÁ ("S&W Model 7")
In 1884, the Spanish government made a decree stating that any invention not copyrighted by their copyright office was not under their protection. One victim of this was S&W, whose lucrative contract to produce Model 3 revolvers for the Spanish Army was quickly cancelled. Its work given to local gunsmiths in Eibar by different firms without any standardization of parts.
The Orbea Hermanos Modelo 1884 Sistema ONÁ (Basque oná > "good") or "S&W Model 7" revolver was made from 1884 until the 1920s. It is notable for its grip medallion, which is an "OH" interlaced like the Smith & Wesson "S&W".
An interesting footnote is that S&W immediately copyrighted all of their other designs in Spain from then on. That is why their firearms have MARCA REGISTRADA and the date of the Spanish patent on their barrels.
Liege copies
A number of unauthorized Belgian copies were made in .44 Russian and .44-40 Winchester as single- and double-action revolvers. These copies, mostly manufactured in Liege, were marked as if to deceive a buyer into thinking that they were a revolver produced by Smith & Wesson. Many of the finer details, such as the location of the S&W factory, were incorrectly stamped on the revolvers ("New York" and "VK" being the two most common).
Smith & Wesson brought lawsuits against two gunmakers in Liege, which they originally lost, but won on appeal.
Users
Italy
The prime contractor for the Italian military was Orbea, which chambered their revolvers for the Italian 10.4 mm cartridge. These Spanish-made revolvers were used during World War I, and were the preferred handgun of elite Arditi troops.
Philippines
Many Spanish firearms were captured by the Liberation Army during the Revolution, among them Orbea Model 1884 revolvers in .44 Russian. Some were brought by defectors from the Spanish military. These handguns also had service, later, in the Philippine–American War.
Romania
Revolvers for the Romanian military were chambered for the .44 Russian cartridge, and were made by Trocaola, Aranzabal y Cía. These Spanish-made revolvers were used during World War I.
Spain
Spain used these revolvers, which were chambered for the .44 Russian cartridge, during the Philippine Revolution, the Spanish–American War, the Rif War, and the Spanish Civil War.
United Kingdom
The M1884 was later briefly made chambered in .455 Webley for British government contracts in 1915 and 1916. It was designated by the British Army as the "Pistol, Old Pattern", due to its old design. They were dubbed "Spanish Webleys" by troops, though they were copies of the S&W Model 3. Orbea Hermanos y Cia., Garate, Anitua y Cia., and Trocaola, Aranzabal y Cia. were contracted to make 30,000 revolvers among them. Orbea Hermanos was the major contractor and the other two were subcontractors. Rexach & Urgoite was later contracted in 1916 to make 500 pistols, but all failed proofing and the lot was refused.
Finish and quality control varied throughout the run of production. The fact that they were making service pistols and revolvers for France and Italy at the same time was definitely a factor.
As no standardization of design or parts existed between manufacturers, each manufacturer's model was considered a different gun altogether. The Garate, Anitua y Cia. model was designated the Pistol, Old Pattern, No.1 Mk.I, the Trocaola, Aranzabal y Cia. model was designated the Pistol, Old Pattern, No.2 Mk.I, and the Orbea Hermanos model was designated the Pistol, Old Pattern, No.3 Mk.I.
The weapons were given to the Royal Ulster Constabulary after the war. The RUC later sold them off to the New South Wales Police Force, who made snub-nosed revolvers out of them and issued them as backup pistols. A cut-down, snub-nosed .455 "Old Pattern" revolver was carried by one of Michael Collins' bodyguards.
Modern reproductions
Modern reproductions of the Model 3 revolver are made by a number of companies, including (most notably) Smith & Wesson themselves, as well as the Italian arms-makers Uberti and Armi San Marco.
Smith & Wesson
S&W manufactured a modern reproduction of the original Model 3 revolvers from 2000 to 2003. Despite being touted as a "true" reproduction, significant differences exist between the modern version and the original. Side-by-side comparison of an original with the preproduction gun showed that the new version is slightly more stout than the original around the barrel and top strap, though not as much as on the Navy Arms guns. Changes in the internal lock mechanism were also made.
The "reproduction" S&W Model 3 firing pin is frame-mounted instead of being an integral part of the hammer, a modern safety feature – with a transfer bar as a practical safety catch in a revolver, to prevent accidental discharge if dropped.
No transfer bar is on the firing pin, but a blocking bar is on the hammer, should it slip off the thumb when cocking the pistol. A heavier cylinder was fitted into the stronger frame. Unlike the Uberti reproductions that have a longer-than-original cylinder and frame, the S&W was made to only accommodate the shorter original Schofield rounds.
Uberti/Armi San Marco
The Uberti version, imported by Navy Arms and Cimarron Firearms, has external dimensions generally similar to the original 2nd Model Schofield, but the barrel and top strap are considerably thicker, for additional strength. These replica Model 3 revolvers have lengthened cylinders to accommodate .45 Colt and .44-40 cartridges. Although some problems arose with the locking latch angles in early versions, these were generally corrected or the revolvers were replaced. European reproduction Model 3 revolvers have changes made to their lockwork to meet import regulations. A Uberti produced reproduction was also marketed as the Beretta Laramie.
Cultural significance
Clint Eastwood's 1992 film Unforgiven features an amateur bounty hunter called the "Schofield Kid" (Jaimz Woolvett), named after the Model 3, his weapon of choice. Eastwood's character uses the Kid's Schofield in the movie's final gunfight.
In the 2007 film 3:10 to Yuma, Charlie Prince (Ben Foster) carries two S&W Schofield Model 3 revolvers as his personal sidearms.
In the 1983 anime Aura Battler Dunbine, both Show Zawa and Todd Guinness make use of what appear to be S&W Schofield Model 3 revolvers in battle starting in the 10th episode.
References
Single-action revolvers
Smith & Wesson revolvers
Early revolvers
Guns of the American West
Revolvers of the Russian Empire
Revolvers of the United States
Weapons of the Ottoman Empire
Russo-Japanese war weapons of Russia
Black-powder pistols
Weapons of the Philippine Army |
"Round Midnight" (sometimes titled "Round About Midnight") is a 1943 composition by American jazz pianist Thelonious Monk that quickly became a jazz standard and has been recorded by a wide variety of artists. A version recorded by Monk's quintet was added to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1993. It is one of the most recorded jazz standards composed by a jazz musician.
Composition and Monk's first recording
It is thought that Monk composed the song sometime in 1940 or 1941. However, Monk's longtime manager Harry Colomby claims the pianist may have written an early version around 1936 (at the age of 19). The song was copyrighted September 24, 1943 in C minor under the title "I Need You So", with lyrics by a friend of Monk's named Thelma Murray. The first recording was made by Cootie Williams on August 22, 1944, after the pianist Bud Powell persuaded Williams to record the tune. Monk first recorded the song on November 21, 1947. It later appeared on the Blue Note album Genius of Modern Music: Volume 1, and Monk recorded it several times after that. His first version was transcribed by Lionel Grigson in A Thelonious Monk Study Album (Novello, 1993).
Jazz trumpeters Cootie Williams and Dizzy Gillespie further embellished the song, with songwriter Bernie Hanighen adding his own lyrics. Williams composed an eight bar interlude, played by the ensemble on his recording. This interlude is not included on any of Monk's recordings and is rarely if ever played. The lyrics were copyrighted November 27, 1944 and again April 13, 1945 under the title "Grand Finale". Both Williams and Hanighen received co-credits for their contributions. The commonly played intro to "Round Midnight" was originally composed by Dizzy Gillespie for the end of his arrangement for "I Can't Get Started", but later adopted it to the intro for "Round Midnight". Gillespie later reused the arrangement for "I Can't Get Started", and recorded it for Birks' Works and Something Old, Something New.
Later versions
The song is sometimes incorrectly called "Round About Midnight", as Miles Davis used this as the title of his 1957 Columbia Records album 'Round About Midnight that included a version based on Dizzy Gillespie's arrangement. It became a signature song for Davis; his performance of it with Monk at the 1955 Newport Jazz Festival, which was heard by producer George Avakian, was crucial in securing him a recording contract with Columbia Records. He had previously recorded the song in the studio two other times, once for Prestige in 1953 and again in 1956 as released on Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants. Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers also apparently preferred to use the title "'Round About Midnight", as opposed to the original "'Round Midnight", in several recordings they made of the song.
A recording by Jimmy McGriff was used as the 6pm closedown theme in the early days of Radio Caroline in 1964.
In 1971, Ron Grainer used a down-tempo variation by Cootie Williams to accompany a memorable scene from The Omega Man. The song later appeared on a 2004 Gotan Project CD, Inspiración Espiración, featuring Chet Baker.
In 1986, the song was used as the title for the film Round Midnight which starred veteran saxophonist Dexter Gordon in a fictional story about an expatriate American jazz musician living in Paris. The soundtrack by Herbie Hancock prominently features the song Round Midnight" along with a number of other jazz standards and a handful of original pieces written by Hancock.
In 2002, Italian pianist Emanuele Arciuli commissioned a number of composers to create the Round Midnight Variations. The composers included Roberto Andreoni, Milton Babbitt, Alberto Barbero, Carlo Boccadoro, William Bolcom, David Crumb, George Crumb, Michael Daugherty, Filippo Del Corno, John Harbison, Joel Hoffman, Aaron Jay Kernis, Gerald Levinson, Tobias Picker, Matthew Quayle, Frederic Rzewski, Augusta Read Thomas and Michael Torke.
Notable recordings
By Monk
By others
References
Sources
Further reading
1944 songs
1940s jazz standards
Songs with music by Thelonious Monk
Ella Fitzgerald songs
Andy Williams songs
Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male
Jazz songs
Bebop jazz standards
Jazz compositions in E-flat minor |
Grand Theft Auto 2 is an action-adventure game, developed by DMA Design and published by Rockstar Games in October 1999, for Microsoft Windows and the PlayStation, and the Dreamcast and Game Boy Color in 2000. It is the sequel to 1997's Grand Theft Auto, and the second main instalment of the Grand Theft Auto series. Set within a retrofuturistic metropolis known as "Anywhere City", the game focuses on players taking the role of a criminal as they roam an open world, conducting jobs for various crime syndicates and having free rein to do whatever they wish to achieve their goal. The game's intro is unique for a title in the series, as it involved live-action scenes filmed by Rockstar Games.
Grand Theft Auto 2 received mixed reviews for most platforms, and negative reviews for the Game Boy Color, but was a moderate commercial success. While the soundtrack and some gameplay elements, such as the gang loyalty system, were praised, the graphics, controls, and setting received a more mixed game response. The game was also criticized for failing to innovate the formula established by its predecessor, despite several improvements it brought. Grand Theft Auto 2 was followed by 2001's Grand Theft Auto III, which started a new era for the series, while the game itself was re-released on Steam in January 2008.
Gameplay
Like its predecessor Grand Theft Auto, the game focuses on players completing a series of levels, each requiring a set target score being achieved in order to progress to the next stage. Points are awarded from various criminal actions such as destroying cars, selling vehicles, and completing missions for various crime syndicates, with the latter awarding more points than doing simple criminal actions. Creating chaos from their crimes will cause the player to be wanted by the police who will hound the player to arrest or kill them, with higher wanted levels increasing the level of response used. Being arrested or dying loses the player any equipment they found, and impacts their multiplier bonus.
Grand Theft Auto 2s setting is unique for the series: a retrofuturistic metropolis referred to as "Anywhere, USA", which is divided into three districts (Downtown, Residential, and Industrial) that players will switch between as they progress through the game. The time period the game is set in is not specified—conflicting sources suggest anything from "three weeks into the future", to the year being 2013, despite in-game references to the "new millenium" that is coming (implying the game takes place around its time of release, in 1999).
The game introduced several features and improvements to the series. Players can save their game during a playthrough of a level by visiting the church they start at, but must pay a set number of points to do so. Jobs on offer come from three different syndicates—each level features two unique syndicates, alongside a third syndicate present in all levels. By doing jobs for a syndicate and successfully completing them, the player gains respect with that syndicate, allowing them to take on tougher jobs with enough respect, but lose it with their chief rivals, locking them out of their jobs and making the syndicate's members hostile to the player. Other improvements include vehicles and pedestrians being more interactive with the game's environment—such as gang members engaging in fights with police—the presence of other criminals (such as muggers), a health meter, garages that can modify vehicles with special improvements, a selection of side missions ranging from running a taxi to driving a semi-truck, and groups of 'hidden' packages to find across the level.
GTA 2 – The Movie
The game was developed with an eight-minute short film of live-action footage, filmed within New York City. The short film was devised as an introductory sequence for the game, and was made available on Rockstar Games's website. The film follows a criminal named Claude Speed (played by Scott Maslen), who conducts jobs around Anywhere City for several criminal syndicates, until his actions eventually catch up and he is killed by an assassin from one of the gangs he robbed. The film was based on a screenplay by Dan Houser, and directed by Alex De Rakoff.
Soundtrack
Each area features five radio stations from a pool of eleven, one of which is heard as the player drives most vehicles in-game. Changing radio stations for preference is possible. "Head Radio" was present in the original Grand Theft Auto, Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories. Each gang has its own radio station that transmits within a limited area. Police vehicles, ambulances, fire trucks and tanks had no ability to listen to the radio channels. Instead, the player would hear the radio transmitter of the emergency services.
All the music and the ads included in the game are exclusive, following the tradition of previous games. People in charge of the musical content were Craig Conner, Stuart Ross, Paul Scargill, Colin Anderson, Bert Reid and Moving Shadow. Some of these producers would keep their work on subsequent GTA releases.
The Game Boy Color version uses some real songs, one of which is a sped up version of "Back in Black" by AC/DC. The Character Selection theme is an old Brazilian song titled "Chega de Saudade".
Reception
Grand Theft Auto 2s computer version received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game's PlayStation version received a "Platinum" sales award (300,000 or more units in the United Kingdom) from ELSPA.
Grand Theft Auto 2 was released to mixed reviews. The game's graphics received mixed reactions from critics, who noted that they had barely any difference to the graphics in the original game. IGN's Tal Blevins called them "average at best", and that the scenery is "hard to appreciate". Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot said that the "graphics look a bit plain." The game's soundtrack received positive feedback, with Jeff Gerstmann calling it a "great soundtrack", and that it "closely [mirrors] the station-style of the original game". Tal Blevins of IGN called it "one of the best features" of the game.
Grand Theft Auto 2s gameplay elements received mixed reactions. IGN's Jeremy Dunham said that the gameplay is "where the game really takes a punch to the stomach", and that it "could've been a lot better." Tal Blevins called it "simple, but effective." Jeff Gerstmann said that "even though the gameplay is largely the same as in the previous GTA, it's still a lot of fun." Edge highlighted the game's story development and inventive missions, stating that Grand Theft Auto 2 "manages to draw you deep into the complexities of its world".
Blake Fischer reviewed the Dreamcast version of the game for Next Generation, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that it is "A great idea that, for one reason or another, never really gets into a must-play game."
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
1999 video games
Action-adventure games
Dreamcast games
Freeware games
Game Boy Color games
2
Open-world video games
Organized crime video games
PlayStation (console) games
Rockstar Games games
Top-down video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video game sequels
Windows games
Video games set in 2013
Video games set in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Retrofuturistic video games
Video games written by Dan Houser
Works about the Yakuza |
The Coup d'état attempt of 1938 or coup d'état of Chania was a short-lived coup attempt in Chania, Greece, aimed at overthrowing the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas in 1938. Due to poor organization, the coup collapsed within a few hours and never seriously threatened the dictatorial regime.
Events
Many Cretans, especially politicians from the Venizelist camp, were involved in the 1938 coup d'état which aimed to overthrow the dictatorship of Ioannis Metaxas. The uprising of 1938 was the only armed insurrection against the dictatorship of Metaxas and broke out on 28 July 1938 in Chania. Aristomenis Mitsotakis was the leader of the coup. The uprising was hoped to trigger a broader revolt and revolution that would be organized in Athens. Among the people that helped to organize this plan were the governor of the Bank of Greece at the time, Emmanouil Tsouderos, Ioannis Mountakis, M. Voloudakis, and Emmanouil Mantakas. The banned Communist Party of Greece (KKE) was also involved.
On 28 July 1938, the radio station of Chania emitted a proclamation asking King George II of Greece to end Metaxas’ dictatorship in order for the Greeks to be free. Because of the limited timeframe and the low number of people initiated in the plans, but also due to the very poor planning, the coup was doomed to fail, and collapsed within a few hours. The government reacted fast and effectively, sending powerful military forces to Crete and seaplanes to Milos. After some minor clashes, Chania was clear of rebels.
About a month later, on 22 August 1938, martial law was declared across the county and a Provisional Military Court was established in the city of Chania. Its chairman was Lieutenant General Konstantinos Michalopoulos, later leader of the Greek Gendarmerie, and its royal prosecutor was Lieutenant Colonel Solon Gikas, later Chief of the Hellenic Army General Staff and Minister. It seems however that, with the “tolerance” of Ioannis Metaxas, A. Mitsotakis, M. Voloudakis, I. Mountakis, and others from the Venizelist camp fled to Cyprus, while others who participated in the coup, such as Konstantinos Rentis, Emmanouil Tsouderos et al. were arrested, convicted and deported. The next year though they were amnestied. General Emmanouil Mantakas was arrested after the failure of the coup and later freed by a group of armed fellow villagers, but was sentenced to life imprisonment. No death sentences were executed.
Assessment and aftermath
The failure of the coup was because, while there had been preparations for a nationwide uprising, it broke out only in Chania and it was isolated from any other anti-dictatorship movements. According to records of the Gendarmerie, shortly before the outbreak of the coup, Markos Vafiadis had arrived in Crete for the organization of the local Communist Party. After the uprising, at the end of the same year, another coup began to be organized but was never materialized and remained known in history as the "conspiracy of the Germanophiles". Leader of the coup was Periklis Kavdas, a retired officer and cabinet minister of Ioannis Metaxas. Among the leaders of the 1938 uprising, Mantakas would later go on to serve in the Communist-dominated "Mountain Government" during the Axis occupation of Greece.
References
coup
Conflicts in 1938
Military coups in Greece
Greece
4th of August Regime
Chania
1930s in Greek politics |
The Ethics of Ambiguity () is Simone de Beauvoir's second major non-fiction work. It was prompted by a lecture she gave in 1945, after which she claimed that it was impossible to base an ethical system on her partner Jean-Paul Sartre's major philosophical work Being and Nothingness (). The following year, over a six-month period, she took on the challenge, publishing the resulting text first as installments in Les Temps modernes and then, in November 1947, as a book.
Contents
The Ethics of Ambiguity consists of three parts and a short conclusion.
Part I
"Ambiguity and Freedom," lays out the philosophical underpinnings of Beauvoir's stance on ethics. She asserts that a person is fundamentally free to make choices, a freedom that comes from one's own "nothingness," which is an essential aspect of one's ability to be self-aware, to be conscious of oneself: "... the nothingness which is at the heart of man is also the consciousness that he has of himself." But each person is also a thing, a "facticity," an object for others. The ambiguity is that each of us is both subject and object, freedom and facticity. As free, we have the ability to take note of ourselves and choose what to do. As factic, we are constrained by physical limits, social barriers and the expectations and political power of others.
Beauvoir rejects any notion of an absolute goodness or moral imperative that exists on its own. "...there exists no absolute value before the passion of man, outside of it, in relation to which one might distinguish the useless from the useful." Values come only from our choices.
Human freedom can be only in concrete projects, particular circumstances, not in the abstract. Freedom "requires the realization of concrete ends, of particular projects."
The types of particular content that are suitable are discussed in Part III.
Part II
Part II, "Personal Freedom and Others," examines a number of different ways that people try to deny their freedom, as freedom can be uncomfortable and disquieting. The freedom to choose entails the freedom to try to avoid one's freedom. Before we can even do that, however, we start as children, who take the values of the adults around them as ready-made things. She calls this the attitude of "seriousness," in which the child "escapes the anguish of freedom" by thinking of values as existing objectively, outside themselves, rather than as an expression of their freedom. Once past childhood, one can be a sub-man who avoids all questions of freedom and assumes themselves not free. The next rung up the hierarchy is the serious man who "gets rid of his freedom by claiming to subordinate it to values which would be unconditioned," in effect reverting to a kind of childhood. Both the sub-man and the serious man refuse to recognize that they are free, in the sense of being able to choose their own values.
Several other types recognize their freedom, but misuse it. The nihilist, having failed at life, decides not to try anything at all. "Conscious of being unable to be anything, man then decides to be nothing. ... Nihilism is disappointed seriousness which has turned back upon itself." The adventurer is one who engages vigorously in various life projects, but without caring for the goal. The adventurer "does not attach himself to the end at which he aims; only to his conquest. He likes action for its own sake." And they trample on others in the process: "[T]he adventurer shares the nihilist’s contempt for men." Finally the passionate man cares enthusiastically about his goal, but shares a similar contempt for others: "Not intending his freedom for men, the passionate man does not recognize them as freedoms either. He will not hesitate to treat them as things."
And finally there is genuine freedom, which takes the excitement of the adventurer and the passion of the passionate man and includes with them a concern for other people, other freedoms, as well. "Passion is converted to genuine freedom only if one destines his existence to other existences." "To will oneself free is also to will others free."
Part III
Part III, "The Positive Aspect of Ambiguity," examines the intricacies and nuances of genuinely free action in the world. It includes five sections.
Part III, Section 1, "The Aesthetic Attitude," criticizes the attitude of detached contemplation as being unworkable.
Part III, Section 2, "Freedom and Liberation," explores the evils of oppression and offers a number of trenchant observations about the relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed. The oppressor recognizes the interdependence of people, but treats those of the oppressed class as things, not as free human existents in their own right. To prevent them from rebelling, the oppressor tries to mystify them into thinking that the oppressive situation is just natural. But it is not, and "the oppressed can fulfill his freedom as a man only in revolt ...."
Part III, Section 3, "The Antinomies of Action," examines the need for violence and its consequent moral quandaries. "In order for a liberating action to be a thoroughly moral action, it would have to be achieved through a conversion of the oppressors: there would then be a reconciliation of all freedoms. But no one any longer dares to abandon himself today to these utopian reveries." Under what circumstances, then, is violence justified? Under what circumstances may the oppressed treat the oppressors as less than fully human in order to secure their own liberation? Beauvoir considers in some detail the nuances and difficulties of such considerations.
Part III, Section 4, "The Present and the Future," treats the relationship of action in the present to achieve an uncertain goal in the future. The determinism suggested by the dialectical materialism of Karl Marx is considered and criticized.
Part III, Section 5, "Ambiguity," returns to the originating theme of the work, that each individual is both radically free, able to transcend themself, and factical, constrained by that which just is what it is. How does one remain true to one's freedom while allowing others their own freedom, even if they make mistakes? Are we justified in telling the truth when another person finds the truth unbearable? We have to act in particular situations, "inventing an original solution" each time, but remembering that "man is man only through situations whose particularity is precisely a universal fact."
The brief Conclusion sums up Beauvoir's view of human freedom: "... we are absolutely free today if we choose to will our existence in its finiteness, a finiteness which is open on the infinite." She ends with a call for us to realize and act on this fundamental truth of our existence.
References
Sources
Bergoffen, Debra. "Simone de Beauvoir". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved on 1 November 2011.
De Beauvoir, Simone. The Ethics of Ambiguity. Marxists Internet Archive. Another version, not as well proof-read, is here at Webster University. Retrieved on 2 November 2011.
Meacham, Bill. "Simone de Beauvoir: A Philosophy of Liberation". bmeacham.com. Retrieved on 2 November 2011.
Mussett, Shannon. "Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved on 2 November 2011.
1947 essays
Essays by Simone de Beauvoir
Ethics books
Works originally published in Les Temps modernes
Existentialist books
Ethics essays |
Colonel Hill Airport , also known as Crooked Island Airport, is an airport in Colonel Hill on Crooked Island in the Bahamas.
Airlines and destinations
References
Airports in the Bahamas |
Ganesha Matthe Banda is a 2008 Kannada film directed by Phani Ramachandra and starring Vijay Raghavendra, Neethu and newcomer Pragna. JM Prahlad wrote the story, which uses Phani Ramachandra's favorite screen-title Ganesha. The movie was an attempt to reinvigorate the popular Ganesha series.
Cast
Vijay Raghavendra as Ganesha
Neethu as Gayathri
Pragna as Savithri
Ananth Nag as Padmanabacharya
Vinaya Prasad as Bhageerathi
Vishal Hegde as Shankar
Soundtrack
The soundtrack was composed by V. Manohar.
Reception
A critic from Rediff.com wrote that "Ganesha Maththe Bandha is an entertainer like many of Phani's films of the Ganesha series. Go and watch it". A critic from Bangalore Mirror wrote that " The film is not hero-centric and reminds you that it is the story and screenplay that have made this a good film. No excuses for missing this film".
References
2008 films
Indian comedy films
Films directed by Phani Ramachandra
2008 comedy films |
Ervin Ryta (born August 9, 1978) is an Albanian former footballer who played in the Western Ontario Soccer League, USL A-League, and the Canadian Professional Soccer League.
Club career
Ryta arrived to Canada in 1995 after participating in an Albanian youth tournament hosted in Canada. He remained in Canada to play with London Croatia in the Western Ontario Soccer League. In 1997, he went south of the border to sign with Minnesota Thunder in the USL A-League. The following season, he returned to London Croatia for another season. Within a year he was back in the A-League with the Toronto Lynx, and made his debut on May 15, 1999 against the Rochester Raging Rhinos.
In 2000, he signed with Toronto Croatia of the Canadian Professional Soccer League. He made his debut on July 9, 2000 against the North York Astros. He featured in the CPSL Championship final against Toronto Olympians, where Croatia won the title by a score of 2-1. He returned to Toronto Lynx for the 2001 season, where he appeared in 8 matches. In 2003, he returned to the CPSL for another stint with London City.
References
1978 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Albanian men's footballers
Minnesota Thunder players
Toronto Lynx players
Toronto Croatia players
London City Soccer Club players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Canadian Soccer League (1998–present) players
Albanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Albanian expatriate sportspeople in the United States |
Sar Shif (, also Romanized as Sar Shīf) is a village in Band-e Zarak Rural District, in the Central District of Minab County, Hormozgan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 307, in 50 families.
References
Populated places in Minab County |
Vishva Nath Attri is an Indian professor chair in Indian Ocean Studies (CIOS), Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), University of Mauritius. He is the former Senior Fellow of Indian Council of Social Science Research, Government of India.
Attri is also the visiting scholar at University of California, Los Angeles and The George Washington University, USA.
Education and career
Attri has done Master of Arts (Economics) and obtained his Ph.D. (Economics) from Kurukshetra University. He was also Post doctoral research Visiting scholar at University of California, Los Angeles and The George Washington University.
Attri's policy briefs have been published in the United Nations Global Sustainable Development Reports in 2015; 2016; 2019. He is the founder and managing editor of Journal at Indian Ocean Rim Studies (JIORS), IORA.
Attri is also the founder chairman of Blue Economy Forum at the University of Mauritius, Republic of Mauritius. He is a lead editor with the Human Sciences Research Council, on the Blue Economy Handbook. He has participated in IORA's Core Group Meetings and First Ministerial Conference on the Blue Economy. He was also appointed by FICCI, India as a Member in the First Blue Economy Task Force in 2016 and the reconstituted Blue Economy Task Force (BETF) in 2018.
In 2017, Attri has completed "The Study on Bilateral and Regional Trade and Investment related to Agreements and Dialogues between Member States".
In March 2018, The World Bank acknowledged him as an expert on Blue Economy and was invited to make an external review of the report, "Toward a Blue Economy: Pathways and Prospects for Bangladesh’s Investment in Sustainable Growth". In the same year he participated in the 5th Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD) in Durban, South Africa for better relation between the two countries.
Publication
Attri has published on trade, sustainable development, International Environmental Regulation and the Blue economy.
The Blue Economy Handbook of the Indian Ocean Region (2018)
IORA Blue Economy and Sustainable Development: lessons from MDG & Pathway for SDG’ was published in the book "Towards Sustainable Development: Lessons from MDGs and pathways for SDGs", The Institute for Policy, Advocacy and Governance (IPAG), Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh, October 2017.
"IORA's Past Present and Future", Published by University of Mauritius Reduit 2021
References
Indian academics
Academic staff of the University of Mauritius
Kurukshetra University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The following television stations operate on virtual channel 6 in Canada:
CBMT-DT in Montreal, Quebec
CBWT-DT in Winnipeg, Manitoba
CHAU-DT-4 in Chandler, Quebec
CHEK-DT in Victoria, British Columbia
CHKM-DT in Kamloops, British Columbia
CIII-DT in Paris, Ontario
CIII-DT-6 in Ottawa, Ontario
CIMT-DT-6 in Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec
CJPM-DT in Saguenay, Quebec
06 virtual TV stations in Canada |
The Hellenic Statistical Authority ( ), known by its acronym ELSTAT (), is the national statistical service of Greece.
The purpose of ELSTAT is to produce, on a regular basis, official statistics, as well as to conduct statistical surveys which:
cover all the fields of activity of the public and private sector,
underpin the processes for decision making, policy drawing and evaluating the policies of the Government and the public administrations and services (evaluation indicators),
are submitted to international agencies in compliance with the obligations of the country and
concern the general public or specific categories of users of statistics in Greece and abroad
In accordance with its establishing law, ELSTAT is an independent authority and it is not subject to the control of any governmental bodies or other administrative authority. Its operation is subject to the control of the Hellenic Parliament.
History
The agency was originally established as the National Statistical Service of Greece (Εθνική Στατιστική Υπηρεσία Ελλάδος) in 1956 by Legislative Decree 3627/1956. In 1986, Presidential Decree 224/1986 it was transformed into the General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece and became part of the Ministry of National Economy. Law 2392/1996 provided for the arrangement of issues concerning the access of the General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece to administrative sources and files, as well as statistical confidentiality issues.
On 20 October 2009, the new finance minister in the newly elected Cabinet of George Papandreou announced that Greece's budget deficit was expected to reach ~12.5% of GDP. On 8 January 2010, the European Commission published its report 'Report on Greek government deficit and debt statistics'.
On 23 April 2010 Prime Minister George Papandreou formally requested an international bailout for Greece. The European Union (EU), European Central Bank (ECB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed to participate in the bailout. On 2 May 2010, the IMF, Papandreou, and other Eurozone PMs agreed to the first bailout package for €110 billion ($143 billion) over 3 years. The third austerity package was announced by the Greek government.
As recommended by Eurostat, ESYE was dissolved and replaced by ELSTAT in July 2010 via Law 3832/2010 (amended since by Laws 3842/2010, 3899/2010, 3943/2011, 3965/2011, 4047/2012 and 4072/2012).
Overview
The Hellenic Statistical Authority collects data pertaining to the population (it is responsible for the conduct of the population census, every 10 years), health and social security, employment and unemployment, education, etc. The statistical data collected by ELSTAT are used by both the Greek State and international organisations (such as UNESCO, the UN, OECD), by enterprises, the scientific community, citizens and others.
ELSTAT employs 740 people working in the central office and in 50 Regional Statistical Offices located in various regions of Greece. The registered office of ELSTAT is in the Municipality of Piraeus.
Management
The President of ELSTAT is Dr Athanasios C. Thanopoulos, who was unanimously proposed for the position of the President by an international Committee of Experts. He assumed the responsibilities of the President of the Hellenic Statistical Authority in February 2016, by virtue of a decision issued by the Minister of Finance.
List of service presidents
National Statistical Service of Greece (ESYE)
General Secretariat of ESYE
Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT)
Statistics
ELSTAT announces the results of its statistical surveys, in the Greek and English language, in various publications. Among these publications are:
Greek Economy which presents the latest key economic information on Greece.
Living Conditions in Greece which is designed for users of statistics who seek updated information on recent social developments, as well as long-term social trends.
Greece in figures which presents statistical data providing an updated demographic, social and economic picture of Greece in a clear and comprehensive manner.
Responsibilities
In accordance with article 11 of Law 3832/2010, as in force, ELSTAT has the following responsibilities:
It establishes and implements the annual statistical programme, produces and disseminates as the “National Statistical Institute”, in compliance to paragraph 1 of article 5 of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009, the official, national and European Statistics of the country, and conducts any kind of regular or ad hoc statistical surveys, censuses and studies.
It represents Greece as the “National Statistical Institute” in accordance with paragraph 1 of article 5 of the Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 in the services of the European Union and in any other competent international organisation.
It cooperates with the European Statistical Office – Eurostat and the other services of the European Commission, the National Statistical Institutes of the other Member States and the national authorities defined in the next paragraph, and with other international agencies and organisations on statistical issues and participates in the relevant statistical committees of the European Union and of other international organisations as the “National Statistical Institute”.
It sees to the timely, reliable and effective dissemination of statistical information and to the promotion of statistical issues and economic research in the context of the country’s international cooperation.
It cooperates with public and private agencies in Greece or abroad, such as educational institutions, research centers and non-profit organisations for the promotion of scientific research for statistical issues, the harmonization of methodology and the implementation of the statistical principles of the Hellenic and European Statistical Systems.
It cooperates and consults with all the other agencies of EL.S.S. on the development of methods and systems for statistical purposes in their domains of responsibility.
It develops, disseminates and coordinates the implementation of the European Statistics Code of Practice within the frame of EL.S.S. More specifically, it provides consultancy services concerning methodology issues and statistical tools to all other agencies of EL.S.S. and to any other public or private agency and undertakes statistical work on behalf of third parties, public or private agencies in compliance with community and international principles and practices so as a mutually accepted methodology is disseminated and implemented.
It teaches its staff and that of other EL.S.S. agencies to acknowledge the principles and methods of production of reliable statistics for the European Statistical System.
It sees to the continuous upgrading of the human resources available to EL.STAT. through training and seminars.
References
External links
www.statistics.gr
Greece
Government agencies of Greece
Government agencies established in 2010
2010 establishments in Greece |
Pamba was king of Hatti, an ancient Bronze Age state from the pre-Hittite period, situated in central regions of Anatolia, modern Turkey. He is mentioned in only one source, a Hittite version (from 1400 BCE) of an older Akkadian story, that narrates several events related to much earlier times, taking place during the rule of great king Naram-Sin of Akkad (23rd century BCE). The story describes a war between the Akkadian ruler and an alliance of 17 kings, and the Hittite version includes Pamba of Hatti among those kings. That inclusion is not attested in Akkadian versions of the story, nor in contemporary sources, that would date from the period of the Akkadian Empire, but some scholars hold that Hittite version (from 1400 BCE) is conditionally reliable, and probably derived from some local sources. In that case, the narrative would contain a trustworthy tradition, and thus provide a base for an assumption that the ancient Kingdom of Hatti existed already during the period of the Akkadian Empire.
Rulers
See also
Hattians
Hittites
References
Sources
External links
Hattian Early Period
Hattian kings
23rd-century BC monarchs |
Bangalore Restaurant Week is a recurring food festival held in Bangalore, India, which involves participation of restaurants and food lovers from Bangalore. Started in 2010, it is India's first large scale food and dining related festival or event. 74 restaurants in Bangalore participated in the event in 2010
History
Hotel was a South Indian hotel consisting veg and non veg later introduced almost all types now grown in large and spread throughout Bangalore
.
.
Events and sub-events
A number of sub-events which involved eating out related contests for patrons and guests at restaurants and shopping malls were a part of Bangalore Restaurant Week.
King of Chefs – The curtain raiser of the event.
The Competition – Seven of Bangalore's best chefs participated in a cooking competition wherein they had to display their skills.
Executive Chef Rana Dominic Gomes of Hotel Royal Orchid Central won the first ever King of Chefs competition.
King of Chefs was judged by gourmet specialist Karen Anand and Wine sommelier Magandeep Singh.
In 2010, it was held in UB City.
Mall Events – A number of events held across various malls in Bangalore.
Grand Finale - In the grand finale of the 2010 event, a popular restaurant made Bangalore's biggest Crostini sandwich at Mantri Square which was given to a charitable organisation.
References
External links
Bangalore Restaurant Week official website
About Bangalore Restaurant Week 2010 on Explocity
Bangalore's First and Best Food Review Blog
Food and drink festivals in India
Restaurants in Bangalore
Recurring events established in 2010
2010 establishments in Karnataka |
Nieuwdorp is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 9 km east of Middelburg.
History
The village was first mentioned around 1750 as Het Nieuwe Dorp, and means "new village". Nieuw (new) has been added to distinguish from 's-Heer Arendskerke which was colloquially called Oudedorp. Nieuwdorp is a dike village which appeared after the West-Kraayertpolder was poldered in 1642 and Nieuwe Kraayertpolder was added in 1675. The village is centred around a large square.
The Reformed Church was built first in 1841 and is an aisleless church in neoclassic style. It was converted into an apartment building in 2003. The Dutch Reformed church was built between 1917 and 1918 and has expressionist elements. The tower contains a bell from 1710.
Nieuwdorp was home to 388 people in 1840. Nieuwdorp used to be part of the municipality of 's-Heer Arendskerke. In 1970, it became part of the municipality of Borsele. In 2009, the opened and provides an overview of World War II in the province of Zeeland with an emphasis on the Battle of the Scheldt.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Zeeland
Borsele |
Jennifer Elie (born September 22, 1986) is an American former professional tennis player.
She has career-high WTA rankings of 219 in singles, achieved June 2017, and 237 in doubles, set in May 2013. Elie has won two singles titles and six doubles titles on the ITF Circuit.
Jennifer was sponsored by several companies throughout her career, including Loriet Sports, a NY-born premium activewear brand.
Career
She made her main-draw debut on the WTA Tour at the 2012 Texas Open, partnering Asia Muhammad to reach the quarterfinals of the doubles tournament. The same year, she partnered Sesil Karatantcheva at the Bell Challenge; they lost their match of the first round.
During her career, she was coached by her father, Kerner Elie, and (so in her ITF profile) she preferred clay courts.
ITF Circuit finals
Singles: 9 (2 titles, 7 runner–ups)
Doubles: 11 (6 titles, 5 runner–ups)
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
American female tennis players
Tennis players from New York City
African-American female tennis players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women |
Price-based selling is a specific selling technique in which a business exclusively reduces their price in attempt to close the sales cycle. Price-based selling clearly exists in businesses such as: commodity sales, auto sales, hospitality, and even some retail stores. However, it is only recommended that commodity items like petroleum be sold exclusively by price. Selling on price is even more apparent now in the current US economy as most businesses make the switch to the lowest price approach in attempt to attract more consumers. Car insurance companies like Progressive Auto Insurance advertise specifically with their price, as they promote the amount of money that can be saved by making the switch.
Price-based selling may result in a good or service becoming a commodity and a commodity by definition is a product or service that has no differentiating qualities or characteristics from competing products or services in its class. A survey of Canadian consumers by Wishabi in 2009 finds that only 10% of shoppers see price as the only factor, but a 2007 Shopzilla survey of 2000 shoppers showed that 49% of consumers feel that price was the most important factor in their buying decision. Thus it can be seen that while pricing is not the only factor that matters, it is probably the most important.
Relationship to sales
Most businesses sell their items, whether they are expensive automobiles, or inexpensive services based upon price. They do this not because it is the most profitable, but because they believe it is the easiest way to attract customers. Consumers and Business-to-Business buyers alike may be easily enticed to buy based upon price. Consumers are always hunting for the best bargain and price has a direct impact on whether or not they will buy a product or service. Businesses know that offering the lowest price gives them a competitive advantage against other similar products the customer may be looking at. Big chains like Wal-Mart and Target have the most control over the pricing in their industry. However, to be able to sell at the lowest price, these chains are continually pushing, if not demanding, that their suppliers give them the lower prices as well.
Sales goal
The goal of price based selling is to capture the business of price sensitive sellers. Customers who shop purely based on product cost will have the most interest in bargain buys. Pricing is directly related to the revenue management department of a business, and any good revenue manager will make sure they are doing everything possible to maximize profits.
Various Methods
Price-matching guarantees
Price-matching guarantees are commonly used in consumer and industrial markets. Lowe's Home Improvement Warehouse is a great example, as they frequently state that they are the 'lowest' price store, and they will match the competitors. Best Buy has always been known for their price-matching guarantee as well. While a store with price matching guarantees has no fear of losing customers to rivals' price cuts, it has every incentive to raise its own price to charge a higher price to its loyal customers. It is an anti-competitive tactic that warns competitors not to attempt to steal market share by undercutting prices.
Price-match guarantees are also criticized as being misleading to consumers. The guarantees typically require shoppers to provide proof of a lower advertised price on an identical item in stock at a nearby competitor's store before a price match will be approved. However, many big-box retailers work directly with manufacturers and sell products with unique model numbers. As a result, the retailer can deny a price-match request, as no other store carries an "identical" item. Other common reasons for denial: the competitor is not "local," the ad lists a percent discount rather than a specific price, or the customer doesn't offer acceptable proof of the competitor's price. Even if all criteria are met, retailers grant price-matching requests on a case-by-case basis at the discretion of store employees.
Price slashing
Price cutting, or undercutting, is a sales technique that reduces the retail prices to a level low enough to eliminate competition. Businesses will implement this as a way to under-cut the competition and offer the best price to the consumer.
Discounting
Discounting is something seen in almost every retail store, and grocery store. Discounting is present in just about every business in some way, whether it be coupons, advanced purchases, or bulk buying, businesses are quick to offer a pricing discount. Coupons and promotions give an economic incentive for the customer to use when purchasing a brand. The effect on consumer redemption of coupons has mostly been positive as it attracts customers, and gives them interest in a particular brand. On the other hand, discounting can really hurt a business as seen with Nordstrom this past holiday season. The clothing retailer reported that their fourth quarter earnings fell 68%, in large part due to the heavy discounting. According to a Cornell University study, in the hotel business, discounting in attempt to gain more occupancy does more harm than good, lowering the RevPAR and creating less profit.
Haggling
Haggling, otherwise known as bargaining, is most present in businesses where items have no fixed price. Sellers will often price the item higher than they want to sell it, knowing that buyers are going to want to negotiate the price. The act of haggling has been around since ancient times and continues to this day. It is a common practice in real estate negotiations, car purchases, and at informal flea markets—while it is rarely used in retail settings such as at supermarkets, pharmacies, or brand-name clothing stores.
Maintaining product integrity
If the customers do not find value and integrity in the products they are buying they will be quick to leave for the next lowest price. Selling on pure price turns the product into a commodity. Commoditization does more harm than good for the brand or company selling. A commodity is something for which there is demand, but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market. It is a product that is the same no matter who produces it, such as petroleum, notebook paper, or milk. In other words, copper is copper. Rice is rice. These kinds of items have a set price no matter where you buy. Commodities are and should be sold predominantly upon their price.
Products sold primarily based on price
There are a select group of products that should be sold based primarily upon their price and this includes all: consumables that have very little direct impact upon the consumer. Examples include items like: sand, gravel, and aggregate used in construction.
With the advent of the Internet, price, service and support are often the only contact points with the customer. Identical products shipped across state lines with no tax have no other differentiators. Refusal to provide an upfront price is very hostile to Internet customers who will purchase a good or service elsewhere.
Drawback to price based selling
When a business specifically cuts prices in order to make a sale, the customer can sense that the original price must be inflated if the business is so quick to slash the price. As a result, the customer may lose respect for the business and realize the prices are too high to begin with. Good customer service must show value to the customers. By cutting the price on one service, the client will most likely think you are willing to cut the price on other products and services. In some cases they may even demand that you do in order to keep their business.
Other recommended selling techniques
Most marketing gurus will lean towards the "sell value, not price" approach when it comes to marketing. This is called value based selling; the business is helping the customer understand what they are purchasing with their dollar, instead of just the obvious product, the sales associate is selling everything the product can do for the customer. Price based selling is arguably a very common approach for businesses, however it should be combined with other approaches, like value selling in order to close the sales cycle.
See also
Pricing
Price war
Commodity
Discounting
References
Pricing |
Santhush Gunathilake (born 14 September 1999) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Ragama Cricket Club in the 2018–19 Premier League Tournament on 17 January 2019. Prior to his first-class debut, he was named in Sri Lanka's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He made his List A debut on 15 December 2019, for Colts Cricket Club in the 2019–20 Invitation Limited Over Tournament.
In December 2020, Gunathilake was named in Sri Lanka's Test squad for their series against South Africa. He made his Twenty20 debut on 4 March 2021, for Colts Cricket Club in the 2020–21 SLC Twenty20 Tournament. In August 2021, he was named in the SLC Reds team for the 2021 SLC Invitational T20 League tournament. In April 2022, Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) named him in the Sri Lanka Emerging Team's squad for their tour to England. In June 2022, he was named in the Sri Lanka A squad for their matches against Australia A during Australia's tour of Sri Lanka.
References
External links
1999 births
Living people
Sri Lankan cricketers
Colts Cricket Club cricketers
Ragama Cricket Club cricketers
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Vergennes Township may refer to the following places:
Vergennes Township, Jackson County, Illinois
Vergennes Township, Kent County, Michigan
See also
Vergennes (disambiguation)
Township name disambiguation pages |
Double Butte is the mountain summit, distinguished by two buttes, (the other at about ) in Riverside County, California.
History
To the east of the Double Butte, there is a disposal site landfill around the area, but it has been closed in recent years.
Geography
The Double Butte County Regional Park is located in the canyon in the middle of the south side of the range. By 2014, the County Regional Park was still undeveloped and closed to the public.
It is the westernmost summit of a mountain range north of Winchester, California, east of Perris Valley and west of the San Jacinto Valley. The eastern ridge is composed primarily of metamorphic rock of the Triassic - Jurassic French Valley formation. The remainder of the Double Butte range is composed primarily of Cretaceous granitic rock.
Hiking
Two hiking trails exist on the mountain, one to the peak and the other along its west face.
Two climbing sites are located on its west face.
References
Mountains of Riverside County, California
Peninsular Ranges
Climbing areas of California
Mountains of Southern California
Buttes of California |
James Blake was the defending champion, but was eliminated in the round robin competition.
Lleyton Hewitt won the title, defeating Jürgen Melzer 6–4, 7–6(12–10) in the final.
Seeds
James Blake (round robin)
Lleyton Hewitt (champion)
Marat Safin (semifinals)
Jürgen Melzer (final)
Fernando Verdasco (quarterfinals)
Julien Benneteau (round robin)
Tim Henman (round robin)
Benjamin Becker (round robin)
Draw
Finals
Round robin
As del Potro retired on his last match, Korolev advanced to Quarterfinals based on head-to-head results against Blake.
Elimination round
Prior to the round robin and after the completion of the qualifying draws, the 16 players with the lowest tier in the tournament (4 qualifiers, 2 wild cards, 1 lucky loser and 9 based on ATP rankings) competed in the elimination round in order to get one of the 8 last spots into the round robin competition. Winners in this round entered as main entrants.
RR-LL :Lu entered the round robin competition as lucky loser.
Qualifying
Seeds
Danai Udomchoke (qualified)
Chris Guccione (qualifying competition, lucky loser)
Ilija Bozoljac (qualifying competition)
Paul Capdeville (qualified)
Wesley Moodie (qualified)
Zack Fleishman (qualifying competition)
Ramón Delgado (qualifying competition)
Alex Bogdanovic (qualified)
Qualifiers
Lucky loser
Chris Guccione
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
External links
Main draw (ATP)
Elimination rounds (ATP)
Qualifying draw (ATP)
Mens Singles |
Charadra is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
Species
pata group:
Charadra cakulha Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010
Charadra coyopa Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010
Charadra franclemonti, Anweiler & Schmidt, 2010
Charadra oligarchia Dyar, 1916
Charadra pata (Druce, 1894)
Charadra patafex Dyar, 1916
Charadra tapa Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010
deridens group:
Charadra deridens (Guenée, 1952)
Charadra dispulsa Morrison, 1875
Charadra moneta Schmidt & Anweiler, 2010
Charadra nitens Schaus, 1911
nigracreta group
Charadra nigracreta H. Edwards, 1884
References
Charadra at funet
Pantheinae |
Pucaotang Station is a metro station at Chengdu, Sichuan, China. It is opened on December 18, 2020 with the opening of Chengdu Metro Line 6.
References
Chengdu Metro stations
Railway stations in China opened in 2020 |
Highland Park, also known as Highland Pines, is a populated place situated near Prescott and within the Prescott National Forest, in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. Highland Pines is the promotional name associated with the Highland Park areas several subdivisions. In the Arizona Territorial era up to 1912, and Statehood until around the late 1920s, this particular area of land acted as a cattle ranch with a mining history, lies within the Thumb Butte Mining District, which appears to be initially platted by the Arizona Corporation Highland Pine Properties Inc. beginning in the late 1950s.
History of the land
Highland Pines has a rich history of mining prospects, mining claims, and cattle ranching. It is located in the Sierra Prieta region, in the Thumb Butte mining district, about halfway between Iron Springs and West Spruce Mountain. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, lode mining claims were purportedly located by several different prospectors, who identified these claims in and near the area that is now known as Highland Pines under the The Mining Act which allowed prospectors to survey and claim public lands in the western states. The stated purpose of this law was to open the mineral claims in the public lands of the United States to exploration and purchase (from the government).
Highland Pine Properties
Highland Pines Properties came into existence out of a series of 'quit claim' deeds, deriving from the controversial 1920 patenting of land at the site of U.S. Mineral Survey 2424. The subdivisions of Highland Pines where then cut from the projected conjectural lottings within the purported lode claims, as delineated on the plat map of Mineral Survey 2424, from 1907. The superimposed Yavapai County positioning of the lode claims by name were likely assumed after a dependent resurvey of the entire township in the 1930s, referred to as the Kinsey plat, was ordered by presidential executive order. This resurvey was supposed to finish or correct the township plat of 1871, but it failed to account for the graft(s) within, which do not appear to have been questioned, and thus not investigated as to their validity of private title.
The plat map(s) of record, tie the lots of Highland Pines to nearby section corners of the public land survey system, which appear as the corner to sections 28, 27, 33 & 34 at township 14 north, range 3 west, Gila Salt River Meridian, although none existed at the time in 1907. There exists several discrepancies in the official records of the M.S. 2424 mining claim's platted configuration and relation to the section corners between the 1871 plat and the 1936 plat. An inaccurate placement, and overall representation of the purported "initial site", which was not in conformity to the rules of construction to begin with, has been carried forward to present day.
An initial play on the spread of a fictitious, or at best unfinished skeletal township survey from 1871, by a known Benson Syndicate surveyor Solomon Foreman, under approval of John Wasson, who was the Surveyor General of the Arizona Territory, set the stage for the concerted theoretical lode claim platting of the Derby Mining Company's various relocated lode claims. All of the Highland Pines inception land matters derive from the time period of planning for the future control of water for Prescott, Arizona, and after J.J. Fisher had reportedly scouted the land of this area with the brother of Binger Hermann, Commissioner of the General Land Office, and created mineral survey 2424 among several other plats in the area. A variation between the Spenazuma swindle and Looters of the Public Domain, has effectively created 'cadastral mayhem' at the controversial land site, known presently as Highland Pines in Prescott, Arizona. Every document in the chain of deeds to all Highland Pines 'private property', is based upon an identified legal description to the 1907 Mineral Survey 2424. "Returning to the title itself, the rules are clear even though the supporting information is scant: without a bona fide title, there can be no boundaries. If title does not exist, neither can its elements."
Derby Mining Company (Derby Mine Swindle)
In the early 1900s, the efforts promoting the sale of stock in The Derby Mining Company, (later morphing into the Madizelle Mining Company by George U. Young in 1908), resulted in the creation of United States land entry records, by way of the General Land Office in Arizona. George U. Young was a mining promoter in the Territory, publicly promoting himself, the sale of unregulated stock offerings to eastern investors, as well as his related mining prospects since the late 1890s. Colorful histories surround most of the mines in Arizona.
In 1912, Geo. U. Young sat as a director on the Phoenix Real Estate Board, which also operated from the same building block at 403-404 Fleming in downtown Phoenix, present site of the Wells Fargo tower. Young acted as president and lessee of the Derby Mining Company, E.M. Sanford was the vice president, as well as a Yavapai County judge and district attorney, R.H. Shoemaker its secretary, and F.O. Polson as treasurer, publicly offering capital stock, which was primarily issued through brokers to investors on the east coast. Regularly used by Young was his office letterhead, which read: 'Stocks, Bonds, Lands, Investments; Land and Irrigation Projects Examined; Mine Reports a Specialty.' Young's mining prospects were well known throughout the Thumb Butte District, where present day Highland Park is centered.
From about 1902 to May 1907, George U. Young and associates like James R. Lowry, George W. Sarano, Samuel Hill and E.M. Sanford made many efforts in the area to fulfill his ultimate concept, which was to sell the vision of the Derby Mining Company's land area, as a fixed visual representation of what became a preliminary drawing for 'Derby Mines'. After a few lawsuits, some local court judgements, and at least a few accidental deaths, 'The Derby' was reborn.
On June 17, 1907, the U.S. Surveyor General for Arizona issued official survey instructions for mineral survey twenty four-twenty four to J.J. Fisher, a U.S. Deputy Mineral Surveyor. After the purported mineral entry was made, this effort resulted in the foundation of present-day Highland Pines, the 'Plat of the (Mining) Claim of George U. Young, which was incorporated into land patent documents, to the later Madizelle Mining Co. Official records indicate the mineral plat represents twenty five lode mining claims situated in the Thumb Butte Mining District: Puritan, Puritan No. 2, Puritan No. 3, Iron Mask, Derby, Derby No. 2, Derby No. 3, Ellen No. 1, Ellen No. 2, Madizelle, Huguenot, Patsy, Humbert, Italian, Happy Strike, Sunny Side No. 1, Sunny Side, Surenough, Penos Alto No. 1, Penos Alto No. 2, Penos Alto no. 3, Highland, Knocker Doom, Protection No.2 and Protection #3. This is only one aspect to the overall picture at hand.
Young is also associated with several other prospective lode mining claim location notices, for claims throughout the Highland Park area. One of his first locations in Thumb Butte Mining District is known as the 'Accidental' Lode Mining Claim. Additional lode mining claims situated in the Thumb Butte Mining District are the Isabella, Big Ben No. 1, Big Ben No. 2, Ellen M., Iona, Great Eastern, Last Chance (J.J. Fisher), Star, Lowry Hill, Lowry Cross, Ohio, Norman, Summit, Edgar, Alto, and Protection. Prominent locators working with Young in the early 1900s included Thomas Smith, Frank Polson, Thomas C. Hill, Silas 'S.P.' Hill, James R. Lowry, James Samuels, E.L. Sharpneck, George W. Sarano, Norman Hale, J.C. Forest, and Joseph Dougherty. The mining efforts here were all greatly served by the simple flag station with one switch, known by local miners as Summit Station otherwise known as Sierra Prieta on the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway. This was promoted as the main delivery system for the hauling of heavy equipment to the alleged mining activity in the area. One source identifies the intention in the early 1900s to have had the former railroad connect along the ridge to present day Highland Pines, up to two miles to the south, from Prieta flag station.
Cattle ranching
While simultaneously forging forward with plans for the land under the provisions of the Mining Act, the area related to Young's 'Derby Mines' was doubling as a literal cattle ranch, complete with pastures, wire fencing, corrals, hay bale deliveries and open range for the various stock, which was initially kept under a watchful eye of a full-time caretaker named J.E. 'the old man' Wilson. The future of the cattle business in the area redirected the interests of several of the original Lode claimants, beginning in the latter part of the 1880s, when the original vein of the Lowry was purportedly discovered.
After the passing of Dan Goggin, Wilson resided in one of several homes constructed at the heart of what he promoted to be the Derby. After the death of the first caretaker, George U. Young placed a wanted ad in the Republic, which read: 'Wanted-Man and wife...to look after stock and do general work; wife to work around the house and must be a good cook.' Ultimately in about December 1912, a man named Fred J. Smith from the nearby Centipede Mine, where he was already working for the interests of George U. Young, came to what was referred to as the Derby area with his wife Ada E. Smith, where they resided with for many years. Fred Smith was aware of his main duty of looking over the site and protecting the purported claim from future claim jumpers.
There are several rules within the General Mining Act of 1872 that locators must follow. A mine is a prospect which has graduated into a profitable undertaking. A property which does not profit, or one that is not up to this particular stage in its development, cannot yet meet the definition of a 'mine'. Not all prospects become mines, and not all mines stay or can stay profitable. The works treatment of a mines ore bodies has the requirement of one already having been thoroughly established, and also showing a continuing profit.
A financially viable treatment must be established in order for the classification of an established 'mine' to exist. It is a fraudulent misrepresentation to state upon public offerings of the company seeking prospective capital or further capital in a 'mine' when the property itself is likely nothing more than just a prospect. A prospect is a property were there is an expectation that mineral bearing ores may be obtained. A property that is a 'pit' by definition, is distinguished from a 'mine' in that stones are likely being removed, however the property is simply nothing more than a 'quarry'. A prospect, a proved prospect, a mine an established mine have very different definitions.
Department of the Interior (DOI) decisions require a discovery on 'each claim based on an actual physical exposure of the mineral deposit within the claim boundaries.' The DOI's holding in Jefferson-Montana Copper Mines Co., 41 L.D. 321 (1912), established the full test for a lode claim:
"To constitute a valid discovery upon a lode claim, three elements are necessary:
There must be a vein or lode of quartz or other rock-in-place;
The quartz or other rock-in-place must carry gold or some other valuable mineral deposit;
The two preceding elements, when taken together, must be such that as to warrant a prudent man in the expenditure of his time and money in the effort to develop a valuable mine.
The key word here is: valuable. As in a discovery (property) which holds monetarily exchangeable resources at a profit. This after the prudent man expends his time, his money, and his efforts, finds that those resources as allotted, are still financially valuable to him.
Madizelle Mining Company
On June 6, 1908, the Madizelle Mining Company was incorporated under the laws of the Territory of Arizona. The incorporators were Andrew A. Blair (President), J. Edward Whitfield (Secretary & Treasurer), Fred W. Taylor (Director), Charles M. Taylor Jr. (Director), of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, all of the City of Philadelphia, County of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania and George U. Young (Vice President & General Manager) of Prescott, County of Yavapai, Territory of Arizona.
The nature of business as listed on the companies Articles of Incorporation: 'A general mining, milling and smelting business, buying, selling, bonding, etc., mines, mining claims, water rights, ores and bullion; building roads, etc.; to acquire mining property water rights, etc., and to work the same; to mine for gold, silver, copper, etc.; to sell, mortgage or otherwise dispose of the property of the company; to deal in its own stock and that of other corporations, etc. etc.' The big idea of the Madizelle Mining Company was essentially a covering over of the Derby Mining Company's historical efforts at the same alleged site, painting a new positive picture to the public, selling the former theoretical land site as a whole, being the promise of profitable mine investment to out of area investor(s). Mineral survey 2424 was used to effectuate these efforts, prior to any application for patenting of the site. Prior to 1921, several references to M.S. 2424 as being a 'patent approved' survey to the 25 lode claims illustrated on the plat of record, are found in public record, among Young's sunny efforts to sell the alleged mining project for a large profit.
On October 26, 1916, an amendment was made to the articles of incorporation of the Madizelle Mining Company. Near the time of application for land patent, Young was given power of attorney on behalf of the Madizelle Mining Company. On March 6, 1920, Application 045620 for Phoenix Serial Patent 818495 was made by the Madizelle Mining Company for certain lands embraced in Mineral Survey No. 2424. Included in the application for patent was the Field Notes of the survey of the mining claims, Power of attorney from Madizellle Mining Company to George U. Young, Proof of posting notice and diagram on claim, Three copies of the notice for publication, One notice of application for patent, Certificate and proper authority showing Madizelle Mining Company duly organized and prepared to do business within the State, Plat of survey of said mining claims approved by the Surveyor General.
Letter from Fen S. Hildreth, who was also a drug store operator in Prescott, on behalf of the Madizelle Mining Company, dated June 30, 1920, included 'tender in connection therewith check payable to the receiver of public moneys in the sum of $2100.00, in payment for the land.' This was at the government rate of $5.00 U.S. per acre. The Register of the General Land Office issued a Final Certificate of Mineral Entry for George U. Young's mining claim containing the twenty five claims as embraced in Mineral Survey 2424, accepting the purchase money, and issuing receipt no. 2478801, also dated July 1, 1920. This is known as the time period wherein only a single issuance of the Final Certificate's of record took place.
Gallery
See also
Spenazuma, Arizona
Arizona Geological Survey
Youngberg, Arizona
Goldfield, Arizona
Iron Springs, Arizona
Iron Springs Recreation Area
Prospecting
George U. Young
Benson Syndicate
References
External links
The Benson Syndicate, American Surveyor 4/16/2023
1866 Mining Act, An Act granting the Right of Way to Ditch and Canal Owners over the Public Lands, and for other Purposes
The General Mining Act of 1872
Anatomy of a Mine from the United States Geological Survey
Mining Claim Information, US Bureau of Land Management
USDA, Forest Service, Anatomy of a Mine from Prospect to Production, 1995
Locatable Minerals, Mining Claims, BLM
Looters_of_the_Public_Domain_1908 (Arizona)
History of the Prescott National Forest: 1800's to Present
Revised Instructions to U.S. Deputy MINERAL SURVEYORS for the District of Arizona, Royal A. Johnson, 1892
Manual of Instructions for the Survey of Public Lands of the United States, 1930
Mineral Survey Procedures Guide, Department of the Interior, 1980
https://www.blm.gov/or/gis/geoscience/files/lost_oblit.pdf
https://www.ntc.blm.gov/krc/uploads/538/1909_Restoration_of_Lost_or_Obliterated_Corners.pdf
Manual of Surveying Instructions, 2009, Department of the Interior
BLM 2009 Manual-Mineral_Surveys.pdf
MS 2424, 1907 (with revisions, Arizona Land Office version), Mineral Survey 2424 Field Notes, Final Oaths for Surveys, U.S. Surveyor General's Final Certificate on Filed Notes, Surveyor General's Certificate of Approval of Field Notes and Survey of Mining Claim, Department of the Interior
Arizona Geological Survey, Derby Mine, Derby Mining Company, Derby Mine File
Arizona Geological Survey, mining scams
BLM Policy 2015 Administration of Mining Claims, Mill Sites, and Tunnel Sites
Mining Claims and Sites on Federal Lands Brochure, 2021
Populated places in Yavapai County, Arizona |
```objective-c
CMFCPropertyGridCtrl m_wndPropList;
``` |
```python
#
#
# path_to_url
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
import unittest
import numpy as np
import paddle
paddle.enable_static()
class TestBuildModule(unittest.TestCase):
def test_basic_network(self):
main_program = paddle.static.Program()
with paddle.static.program_guard(main_program):
x = paddle.static.data('x', [4, 4], dtype='float32')
y = paddle.static.data('y', [4, 4], dtype='float32')
divide_out = paddle.divide(x, y)
sum_out = paddle.sum(divide_out)
exe = paddle.static.Executor()
x_feed = np.ones([4, 4], dtype=np.float32) * 10
y_feed = np.ones([4, 4], dtype=np.float32) * 2
(sum_value,) = exe.run(
main_program,
feed={'x': x_feed, 'y': y_feed},
fetch_list=[sum_out],
)
self.assertEqual(sum_value, 5 * 4 * 4)
main_program = paddle.static.Program()
with paddle.static.program_guard(main_program):
x = paddle.static.data('x', [4, 4], dtype='float32')
out = paddle.mean(x)
exe = paddle.static.Executor()
x_feed = np.ones([4, 4], dtype=np.float32) * 10
(sum_value,) = exe.run(feed={'x': x_feed}, fetch_list=[out])
self.assertEqual(sum_value, 10)
def test_basic_network_without_guard(self):
x = paddle.static.data('x', [4, 4], dtype='float32')
y = paddle.static.data('y', [4, 4], dtype='float32')
divide_out = paddle.divide(x, y)
sum_out = paddle.sum(divide_out)
exe = paddle.static.Executor()
x_feed = np.ones([4, 4], dtype=np.float32) * 10
y_feed = np.ones([4, 4], dtype=np.float32) * 2
(sum_value,) = exe.run(
feed={'x': x_feed, 'y': y_feed},
fetch_list=[sum_out],
)
self.assertEqual(sum_value, 5 * 4 * 4)
out = paddle.mean(x)
exe = paddle.static.Executor()
x_feed = np.ones([4, 4], dtype=np.float32) * 10
(sum_value,) = exe.run(
feed={'x': x_feed, 'y': y_feed}, fetch_list=[out]
)
self.assertEqual(sum_value, 10)
def test_train_network(self):
x_data = np.array(
[[1.0], [3.0], [5.0], [9.0], [10.0], [20.0]], dtype="float32"
)
y_data = np.array(
[[12.0], [16.0], [20.0], [28.0], [30.0], [50.0]], dtype="float32"
)
main_program = paddle.static.Program()
startup_program = paddle.static.Program()
with paddle.static.program_guard(main_program, startup_program):
x = paddle.static.data(name="x", shape=[6, 1], dtype="float32")
y = paddle.static.data(name="y", shape=[6, 1], dtype="float32")
linear = paddle.nn.Linear(in_features=1, out_features=1)
mse_loss = paddle.nn.MSELoss()
sgd_optimizer = paddle.optimizer.SGD(
learning_rate=0.001, parameters=linear.parameters()
)
exe = paddle.static.Executor()
y_predict = linear(x)
loss = mse_loss(y_predict, y)
sgd_optimizer.minimize(loss)
exe.run(startup_program)
total_epoch = 5000
for i in range(total_epoch):
(loss_value,) = exe.run(
feed={'x': x_data, 'y': y_data}, fetch_list=[loss]
)
print(f"loss is {loss_value} after {total_epoch} iteration")
self.assertLess(loss_value, 0.1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
``` |
Dieter Pfaff (2 October 1947 – 5 March 2013) was a German actor and director.
The son of a police officer, Pfaff was best known as police officer Hans Sperling in the series Sperling. Sperling also appeared in two films about Swedish policeman Martin Beck, namely Flickan i jordkällaren and Den japanska shungamålningen. In 2002, he starred in Goebbels und Geduldig. Between 1984 and 1996, he played Otto Schatzschneider in the German krimi series Der Fahnder.
Pfaff and his wife Eva Maria Emminger had two children, twins Johanna and Maximilian. Pfaff was professor for acting at the Graz University of Music and Performing Arts from 1983 until 1990.
Death
Pfaff was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2012, and died on 5 March 2013, aged 65.
Selected filmography
Der Fahnder (1984–1996, TV series, 109 episodes), as Otto Schatzschneider
(1994, TV film), as Hauptkommissar Paule Pietsch
Balko (1995–1997, TV series, 22 episodes), as Kriminaloberrat Vollmer
(1996–2007, TV series, 18 episodes), as Kommissar Hans Sperling
Bruder Esel (1996, TV series, 14 episodes), as Ludger Spengler
(1999), as Mick Meyer
Goebbels und Geduldig (2001), as Eugen Haase
Die Affäre Semmeling (2002, TV miniseries), as Hermann Schomberg
Bloch (2002–2013, TV series, 24 episodes), as Dr. Maximilian Bloch
(2003, TV film), as Hans-Dietrich Genscher
Der Dicke (2005–2012, TV series, 52 episodes), as Gregor Ehrenberg
Beck – Flickan i jordkällaren (2006, TV), as Kommissar Hans Sperling
Beck – Den japanska shungamålningen (2007, TV), as Kommissar Hans Sperling
References
External links
1947 births
2013 deaths
German male film actors
German male television actors
20th-century German male actors
21st-century German male actors
Deaths from cancer in Germany
Actors from Dortmund |
The Odd Fellows Cemetery in Starkville, Mississippi is a historic, African-American cemetery that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
Odd Fellows Cemetery is one of the oldest African American cemeteries in Mississippi. It was founded by lodge number 2948 of the Grand Order of Odd Fellows of America. Burials began in the 19th century, but permanent markers were not in use until the 1920s. In 1939 the Odd Fellows Lodge sold the cemetery to National Funeral Home, a white-owned company that continued to operate it as an African-American cemetery. The property has changed several times since then.
See also
List of Odd Fellows cemeteries
National Register of Historic Places listings in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi
References
External links
African-American cemeteries in Mississippi
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
Odd Fellows cemeteries in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi
Starkville, Mississippi |
The Delta State House of Assembly is the state legislature of Delta State. It is situated along Okpanam road, in the state capital, Asaba. The house is currently under the rulership
of People's Democratic Party, which has been the rulling party of the state since 1999.
There have been eight different assemblies, with the first one inaugurated in 1991 during the administration of Olorogun Felix Ibru, which later came to an end in 1992. The current and eight assembly was inaugurated on 13 June 2023, with Emomotimi Guwor emerging the speaker.
Leadership
The speaker of the house is Rt Hon Emomotimi Guwor, who is the member representing Warri South West constituency. The deputy speaker is Arthur Akpovwovwo, who was elected alongside the speaker.
Members
The Delta State House of Assembly consists of 29 elected representatives from each constituency
References
State legislatures of Nigeria
State lower houses in Nigeria
Delta State House of Assembly |
Katri Ylander is the eponymous debut album from Finnish pop singer Katri Ylander. It was released in 2006 after she became second at Idols in 2005.
Track listing
"Ei kiinnosta" – 3:30
"Vuorollaan" – 3:47
"Onko vielä aikaa?" – 3:21
"Mansikkamäki" – 3:02
"Hyvästit ja huutomerkit" – 3:48
"En koskaan" – 3:41
"Särkymätön sydän" – 3:08
"Tukehdun" – 3:34
"Aamuaurinkoon" – 4:14
"Virheetön" – 4:00
"Viereesi jään" – 3:27
"Piste" – 3:36
"Pari kaunista sanaa" – 3:26
Singles
"Onko vielä aikaa?" (June 2006)
"Mansikkamäki" (September 2006)
"Vuorollaan" (December 2006)
"Aamuaurinkoon (April 2007)
2006 debut albums
Pop albums by Finnish artists |
Andilena Nord (Andilena Avatrea) is a rural town and commune () in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambatondrazaka, which is a part of Alaotra-Mangoro Region. The population of the commune is 9,042 by 2018.
There are beryl deposits to be found in this town.
References and notes
Populated places in Alaotra-Mangoro |
```c
/*
*
*/
#include <zephyr/drivers/counter.h>
#include <zephyr/spinlock.h>
#include <zephyr/irq.h>
#include <zephyr/arch/cpu.h>
#include <string.h>
#define DT_DRV_COMPAT andestech_atcpit100
/* register definitions */
#define REG_IDR 0x00 /* ID and Revision Reg. */
#define REG_CFG 0x10 /* Configuration Reg. */
#define REG_INTE 0x14 /* Interrupt Enable Reg. */
#define REG_ISTA 0x18 /* Interrupt Status Reg. */
#define REG_CHEN 0x1C /* Channel Enable Reg. */
#define REG_CTRL0 0x20 /* Channel 0 Control Reg. */
#define REG_RELD0 0x24 /* Channel 0 Reload Reg. */
#define REG_CNTR0 0x28 /* Channel 0 Counter Reg. */
#define REG_CTRL1 0x30 /* Channel 1 Control Reg. */
#define REG_RELD1 0x34 /* Channel 1 Reload Reg. */
#define REG_CNTR1 0x38 /* Channel 1 Counter Reg. */
#define REG_CTRL2 0x40 /* Channel 2 Control Reg. */
#define REG_RELD2 0x44 /* Channel 2 Reload Reg. */
#define REG_CNTR2 0x48 /* Channel 2 Counter Reg. */
#define REG_CTRL3 0x50 /* Channel 3 Control Reg. */
#define REG_RELD3 0x54 /* Channel 3 Reload Reg. */
#define REG_CNTR3 0x58 /* Channel 3 Counter Reg. */
#define PIT_BASE (((const struct atcpit100_config *)(dev)->config)->base)
#define PIT_INTE(dev) (PIT_BASE + REG_INTE)
#define PIT_ISTA(dev) (PIT_BASE + REG_ISTA)
#define PIT_CHEN(dev) (PIT_BASE + REG_CHEN)
#define PIT_CH_CTRL(dev, ch) (PIT_BASE + REG_CTRL0 + (ch << 4))
#define PIT_CH_RELD(dev, ch) (PIT_BASE + REG_RELD0 + (ch << 4))
#define PIT_CH_CNTR(dev, ch) (PIT_BASE + REG_CNTR0 + (ch << 4))
#define CTRL_CH_SRC_PCLK BIT(3)
#define CTRL_CH_MODE_32BIT BIT(0)
#define CHANNEL_NUM (4)
#define CH_NUM_PER_COUNTER (CHANNEL_NUM - 1)
#define TIMER0_CHANNEL(ch) BIT(((ch) * CHANNEL_NUM))
typedef void (*atcpit100_cfg_func_t)(void);
struct atcpit100_config {
struct counter_config_info info;
uint32_t base;
uint32_t divider;
uint32_t irq_num;
atcpit100_cfg_func_t cfg_func;
};
struct counter_atcpit100_ch_data {
counter_alarm_callback_t alarm_callback;
void *alarm_user_data;
};
struct atcpit100_data {
counter_top_callback_t top_callback;
void *top_user_data;
uint32_t guard_period;
struct k_spinlock lock;
struct counter_atcpit100_ch_data ch_data[CH_NUM_PER_COUNTER];
};
static inline uint32_t get_current_tick(const struct device *dev, uint32_t ch)
{
const struct atcpit100_config *config = dev->config;
uint32_t top, now_cnt;
/* Preload cycles is reload register + 1 */
top = sys_read32(PIT_CH_RELD(dev, ch)) + 1;
now_cnt = top - sys_read32(PIT_CH_CNTR(dev, ch));
return (now_cnt / config->divider);
}
static void atcpit100_irq_handler(void *arg)
{
struct device *dev = (struct device *)arg;
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
counter_alarm_callback_t cb;
uint32_t int_status, int_enable, ch_enable, cur_ticks;
uint8_t i;
ch_enable = sys_read32(PIT_CHEN(dev));
int_enable = sys_read32(PIT_INTE(dev));
int_status = sys_read32(PIT_ISTA(dev));
if (int_status & TIMER0_CHANNEL(3)) {
if (data->top_callback) {
data->top_callback(dev, data->top_user_data);
}
}
for (i = 0; i < CH_NUM_PER_COUNTER; i++) {
if (int_status & TIMER0_CHANNEL(i)) {
int_enable &= ~TIMER0_CHANNEL(i);
ch_enable &= ~TIMER0_CHANNEL(i);
}
}
/* Disable channel and interrupt */
sys_write32(int_enable, PIT_INTE(dev));
sys_write32(ch_enable, PIT_CHEN(dev));
/* Clear interrupt status */
sys_write32(int_status, PIT_ISTA(dev));
for (i = 0; i < CH_NUM_PER_COUNTER; i++) {
if (int_status & TIMER0_CHANNEL(i)) {
cur_ticks = get_current_tick(dev, 3);
cb = data->ch_data[i].alarm_callback;
data->ch_data[i].alarm_callback = NULL;
if (cb != NULL) {
cb(dev, i, cur_ticks, data->ch_data[i].alarm_user_data);
}
}
}
}
static int counter_atcpit100_init(const struct device *dev)
{
const struct atcpit100_config *config = dev->config;
uint32_t reg;
/* Disable all channels */
sys_write32(0, PIT_CHEN(dev));
/* Channel 0 ~ 3, 32 bits timer, PCLK source */
reg = CTRL_CH_MODE_32BIT | CTRL_CH_SRC_PCLK;
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CH_CTRL(dev, 0));
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CH_CTRL(dev, 1));
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CH_CTRL(dev, 2));
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CH_CTRL(dev, 3));
/* Disable all interrupt and clear all pending interrupt */
sys_write32(0, PIT_INTE(dev));
sys_write32(UINT32_MAX, PIT_ISTA(dev));
/* Select channel 3 as default counter and set max top value */
reg = config->info.max_top_value * config->divider;
/* Set cycle - 1 to reload register */
sys_write32((reg - 1), PIT_CH_RELD(dev, 3));
config->cfg_func();
irq_enable(config->irq_num);
return 0;
}
static int atcpit100_start(const struct device *dev)
{
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
k_spinlock_key_t key;
uint32_t reg;
key = k_spin_lock(&data->lock);
/* Enable channel */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_CHEN(dev));
reg |= TIMER0_CHANNEL(3);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CHEN(dev));
k_spin_unlock(&data->lock, key);
return 0;
}
static int atcpit100_stop(const struct device *dev)
{
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
k_spinlock_key_t key;
uint32_t reg;
key = k_spin_lock(&data->lock);
/* Disable channel interrupt */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_INTE(dev));
reg &= ~TIMER0_CHANNEL(3);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_INTE(dev));
/* Disable channel */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_CHEN(dev));
reg &= ~TIMER0_CHANNEL(3);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CHEN(dev));
/* Clear interrupt status */
sys_write32(TIMER0_CHANNEL(3), PIT_ISTA(dev));
k_spin_unlock(&data->lock, key);
return 0;
}
static int atcpit100_get_value(const struct device *dev, uint32_t *ticks)
{
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
k_spinlock_key_t key;
key = k_spin_lock(&data->lock);
*ticks = get_current_tick(dev, 3);
k_spin_unlock(&data->lock, key);
return 0;
}
static int atcpit100_set_alarm(const struct device *dev, uint8_t chan_id,
const struct counter_alarm_cfg *alarm_cfg)
{
const struct atcpit100_config *config = dev->config;
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
uint32_t top, now_cnt, remain_cnt, alarm_cnt, flags, reg;
k_spinlock_key_t key;
int err = 0;
if (chan_id >= CH_NUM_PER_COUNTER) {
return -ENOTSUP;
}
if (!alarm_cfg->callback) {
return -EINVAL;
}
if (data->ch_data[chan_id].alarm_callback) {
return -EBUSY;
}
key = k_spin_lock(&data->lock);
/* Preload cycles is reload register + 1 */
top = sys_read32(PIT_CH_RELD(dev, 3)) + 1;
remain_cnt = sys_read32(PIT_CH_CNTR(dev, 3));
alarm_cnt = alarm_cfg->ticks * config->divider;
if (alarm_cnt > top) {
err = -EINVAL;
goto out;
}
flags = alarm_cfg->flags;
data->ch_data[chan_id].alarm_callback = alarm_cfg->callback;
data->ch_data[chan_id].alarm_user_data = alarm_cfg->user_data;
if (flags & COUNTER_ALARM_CFG_ABSOLUTE) {
uint32_t irq_on_late, max_rel_val;
now_cnt = top - remain_cnt;
max_rel_val = top - (data->guard_period * config->divider);
irq_on_late = flags & COUNTER_ALARM_CFG_EXPIRE_WHEN_LATE;
if (now_cnt < alarm_cnt) {
/* Absolute alarm is in this round counting */
reg = alarm_cnt - now_cnt;
irq_on_late = 0;
} else {
/* Absolute alarm is in the next round counting */
reg = alarm_cnt + remain_cnt;
}
if (reg > max_rel_val) {
/* Absolute alarm is in the guard period */
err = -ETIME;
if (!irq_on_late) {
data->ch_data[chan_id].alarm_callback = NULL;
goto out;
}
}
if (irq_on_late) {
/* Trigger interrupt immediately */
reg = 1;
}
} else {
/* Round up decreasing counter to tick boundary */
now_cnt = remain_cnt + config->divider - 1;
now_cnt = (now_cnt / config->divider) * config->divider;
/* Adjusting relative alarm counter to tick boundary */
reg = alarm_cnt - (now_cnt - remain_cnt);
}
/* Set cycle - 1 to reload register */
sys_write32((reg - 1), PIT_CH_RELD(dev, chan_id));
/* Enable channel interrupt */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_INTE(dev));
reg |= TIMER0_CHANNEL(chan_id);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_INTE(dev));
/* Enable channel */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_CHEN(dev));
reg |= TIMER0_CHANNEL(chan_id);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CHEN(dev));
out:
k_spin_unlock(&data->lock, key);
return err;
}
static int atcpit100_cancel_alarm(const struct device *dev, uint8_t chan_id)
{
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
k_spinlock_key_t key;
uint32_t reg;
if (chan_id >= CH_NUM_PER_COUNTER) {
return -ENOTSUP;
}
key = k_spin_lock(&data->lock);
/* Disable channel interrupt */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_INTE(dev));
reg &= ~TIMER0_CHANNEL(chan_id);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_INTE(dev));
/* Disable channel */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_CHEN(dev));
reg &= ~TIMER0_CHANNEL(chan_id);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CHEN(dev));
/* Clear interrupt status */
sys_write32(TIMER0_CHANNEL(chan_id), PIT_ISTA(dev));
data->ch_data[chan_id].alarm_callback = NULL;
k_spin_unlock(&data->lock, key);
return 0;
}
static int atcpit100_set_top_value(const struct device *dev,
const struct counter_top_cfg *cfg)
{
const struct atcpit100_config *config = dev->config;
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
uint32_t ticks, reg, reset_counter = 1;
k_spinlock_key_t key;
int err = 0;
uint8_t i;
for (i = 0; i < counter_get_num_of_channels(dev); i++) {
if (data->ch_data[i].alarm_callback) {
return -EBUSY;
}
}
if (cfg->ticks > config->info.max_top_value) {
return -ENOTSUP;
}
key = k_spin_lock(&data->lock);
if (cfg->callback) {
/* Disable channel interrupt */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_INTE(dev));
reg &= ~TIMER0_CHANNEL(3);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_INTE(dev));
data->top_callback = cfg->callback;
data->top_user_data = cfg->user_data;
/* Enable channel interrupt */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_INTE(dev));
reg |= TIMER0_CHANNEL(3);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_INTE(dev));
}
if (cfg->flags & COUNTER_TOP_CFG_DONT_RESET) {
/* Don't reset counter */
reset_counter = 0;
ticks = get_current_tick(dev, 3);
if (ticks >= cfg->ticks) {
err = -ETIME;
if (cfg->flags & COUNTER_TOP_CFG_RESET_WHEN_LATE) {
/* Reset counter if current is late */
reset_counter = 1;
}
}
}
/* Set cycle - 1 to reload register */
reg = cfg->ticks * config->divider;
sys_write32((reg - 1), PIT_CH_RELD(dev, 3));
if (reset_counter) {
/* Disable channel */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_CHEN(dev));
reg &= ~TIMER0_CHANNEL(3);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CHEN(dev));
/* Clear interrupt status */
sys_write32(TIMER0_CHANNEL(3), PIT_ISTA(dev));
/* Enable channel interrupt */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_INTE(dev));
reg |= TIMER0_CHANNEL(3);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_INTE(dev));
/* Enable channel */
reg = sys_read32(PIT_CHEN(dev));
reg |= TIMER0_CHANNEL(3);
sys_write32(reg, PIT_CHEN(dev));
}
k_spin_unlock(&data->lock, key);
return err;
}
static uint32_t atcpit100_get_pending_int(const struct device *dev)
{
uint32_t reg = sys_read32(PIT_ISTA(dev));
reg &= (TIMER0_CHANNEL(0) | TIMER0_CHANNEL(1) |
TIMER0_CHANNEL(2) | TIMER0_CHANNEL(3));
return !(!reg);
}
static uint32_t atcpit100_get_top_value(const struct device *dev)
{
const struct atcpit100_config *config = dev->config;
uint32_t top = sys_read32(PIT_CH_RELD(dev, 3)) + 1;
return (top / config->divider);
}
static uint32_t atcpit100_get_guard_period(const struct device *dev,
uint32_t flags)
{
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
return data->guard_period;
}
static int atcpit100_set_guard_period(const struct device *dev,
uint32_t ticks, uint32_t flags)
{
const struct atcpit100_config *config = dev->config;
struct atcpit100_data *data = dev->data;
uint32_t top = sys_read32(PIT_CH_RELD(dev, 3)) + 1;
if ((ticks * config->divider) > top) {
return -EINVAL;
}
data->guard_period = ticks;
return 0;
}
static const struct counter_driver_api atcpit100_driver_api = {
.start = atcpit100_start,
.stop = atcpit100_stop,
.get_value = atcpit100_get_value,
.set_alarm = atcpit100_set_alarm,
.cancel_alarm = atcpit100_cancel_alarm,
.set_top_value = atcpit100_set_top_value,
.get_pending_int = atcpit100_get_pending_int,
.get_top_value = atcpit100_get_top_value,
.get_guard_period = atcpit100_get_guard_period,
.set_guard_period = atcpit100_set_guard_period,
};
#define COUNTER_ATCPIT100_INIT(n) \
static void counter_atcpit100_cfg_##n(void); \
static struct atcpit100_data atcpit100_data_##n; \
\
static const struct atcpit100_config atcpit100_config_##n = { \
.info = { \
.max_top_value = \
(UINT32_MAX/DT_INST_PROP(n, prescaler)),\
.freq = (DT_INST_PROP(n, clock_frequency) / \
DT_INST_PROP(n, prescaler)), \
.flags = COUNTER_CONFIG_INFO_COUNT_UP, \
.channels = CH_NUM_PER_COUNTER, \
}, \
.base = DT_INST_REG_ADDR(n), \
.divider = DT_INST_PROP(n, prescaler), \
.irq_num = DT_INST_IRQN(n), \
.cfg_func = counter_atcpit100_cfg_##n, \
}; \
\
DEVICE_DT_INST_DEFINE(n, \
counter_atcpit100_init, \
NULL, \
&atcpit100_data_##n, \
&atcpit100_config_##n, \
PRE_KERNEL_1, \
CONFIG_KERNEL_INIT_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, \
&atcpit100_driver_api); \
\
static void counter_atcpit100_cfg_##n(void) \
{ \
IRQ_CONNECT(DT_INST_IRQN(n), \
DT_INST_IRQ(n, priority), \
atcpit100_irq_handler, \
DEVICE_DT_INST_GET(n), \
0); \
}
DT_INST_FOREACH_STATUS_OKAY(COUNTER_ATCPIT100_INIT)
``` |
Mount Wodzicki () is the highest peak (2,380 m) on the ridge between Mount Jamroga and Helix Pass in the central portion of the Bowers Mountains. Named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (NZ-APC) after Antoni Jontek Wodzicki (1934-1999), New Zealand Antarctic Research Program (NZARP) geologist who climbed and studied the geology of this peak in the 1974–75 season.
Mountains of Victoria Land
Pennell Coast |
Ernest D. DeCouto CBE (1926–2017) was a politician from Bermuda. He served as Speaker of the House of Assembly of Bermuda from 1993 to 1998.
Early life
DeCouto was of Portuguese descent. He was educated at the Whitney Institute, Gilbert Institute, Warwick Academy, and Bermuda Commercial School. He joined the Department of Agriculture in 1943, and later worked for Master's Ltd., Colonial Airlines, Eastern Air Lines, and Rego Ltd., a real estate firm. In 1960, DeCouto established his own real estate company, DeCouto and Dunstan Real Estate. He served as president until his retirement in 1992.
Politics
After serving on the Smith's Parish council, DeCouto was elected to the House of Assembly at the 1972 general election, winning the Smith's North constituency for the United Bermuda Party (UBP). He was appointed Minister of Youth and Sport in 1981, under Premier David Gibbons. DeCouto was elected Deputy Speaker in 1989 and Speaker in 1993, the first such officeholder of Portuguese descent. He retired from politics in 1998. According to John Barritt, DeCouto "had a very good grasp of the rules of parliamentary procedure and prided himself on keeping abreast of rulings and interpretations throughout the Caribbean, in particular, and the Commonwealth generally". Michael Dunkley said "as a Speaker he was first class — he ran a very good House [...] he ran a very direct debate and was extremely fair".
See also
List of speakers of the House of Assembly of Bermuda
References
1926 births
2017 deaths
Bermudian people of Portuguese descent
Members of the House of Assembly of Bermuda
Speakers of the House of Assembly of Bermuda
Government ministers of Bermuda
United Bermuda Party politicians
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire |
Anurag Basu (born 8 May 1970) is an Indian director, screenwriter, actor and producer. He began his directing career in television, moving to feature films in 2002. Basu achieved initial success with his films tackling the themes of passion and adultery such as Life in a... Metro, Kites, Gangster and Murder.
Later, he directed comedy-drama films such as the critically acclaimed and commercially successful Barfi! along with the commercially unsuccessful Jagga Jasoos. His latest work is a black comedy Netflix film Ludo for which he also turned as a cinematographer.
Early life
Basu was born into an upper-middle-class Bengali family in Bhilai, Madhya Pradesh (now in Chhattisgarh). His parents, Subrato Bose and Deepshikha Bose [ex-executives in SAIL Bhilai Steel Plant in Cokeovens and Education department (Organic Chemistry) respectively], were award-winning theatrical artists and Basu grew up watching them performing in his father's theatre company (Abhiyaan). He attended BSP Senior Secondary School, Sector-IV (SSS-IV) in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh (then Madhya Pradesh). He received a B.Sc. degree in Physics honours from the University of Mumbai, intending to study cinematography at FTII, Pune; however, during his college years in Mumbai he had an opportunity to assist on a number of levels in TV and film projects. After trying to remain involved with filmmaking, Basu became an assistant director to Raman Kumar on Tara.
Career
Television
Basu began his television career as an assistant director on Tara in mid 1994. After six months, he was given full responsibility for directing about 712 episodes. He directed television serials, trying genres ranging from daily soaps to thrillers such as Saturday Suspense and Ajeeb Dastaan, and horror (X-Zone). Basu's most successful work during this period was the Balaji Telefilms soap Koshish ...Ek Aashaa in 2000 and he made pilot episodes of Indian television shows including Kyun ki saans bhi kabhi bahu thi, Kahani ghar ghar ki and Kasouti zindagi ki in 2001 and 2002. He began his own company and initially he produced TV serials for Zee TV and Sony channel. The popular shows of his company were Manzilien Apni Apni, Miit, Thriller at Ten, and Horror Shows on Zee. He himself directed the TV series Miit (based on the novel Noukadubi by Rabindranath Tagore), Manzilien Apni Apni and all his other series. Basu has directed many television shows. In 2000 he received a RAPA Award for Best Director Award from the Radio and TV Advertisers Practitioners Association, followed by an Aashirwad Award for Best Director two years later. Basu returned to television in 2007 to produce and direct the college drama Love Story and hosted the Bengali reality show Ke Hobe Biggest Fan (Who Will Be the Biggest Fan) for Zee Bangla in 2010. Basu started his own film production house, Ishana Movies, in 2007 and the first film of his production company was the 2007 musical drama film Life in a... Metro with co-producer UTV. Currently his series Stories by Rabindranath Tagore is airing on Netflix and EPIC Channel. Basu will be judging the upcoming TV show 'Super Dancer Chapter 4', along with Shilpa Shetty and Geeta Kapoor.
Films
From his first job in films as an extra actor (Dalaal 1993) to his first film as director, it was a journey of nearly eleven years. His first film was the mystery-drama Saaya for Mahesh Bhatt's production company, Vishesh Films, starring John Abraham and Tara Sharma, which failed at the box office and was panned by critics for its loose screenplay.
Basu's second film was 2004's Murder. The film dealt with adultery and contained sex scenes, unusual for Indian cinema. Despite its "A" certificate from the Central Board of Film Certification, it was well received by critics, who appreciated performances by Mallika Sherawat, Emraan Hashmi and Ashmit Patel. Basu's next film, was Gangster, in which he first collaborated with Pritam (who later scored Life in a... Metro). He was diagnosed with acute leukemia in 2004, halfway through Tumsa Nahin Dekha. Basu was immediately hospitalised, directing parts of the film from his hospital bed. He gave instructions by dictaphone for camera angles and script changes, with Mahesh Bhatt and Mohit Suri completing the film while the director underwent chemotherapy. His work on Life in a... Metro earned him the Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay, in addition to his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.
His next film was 2010's Kites, starring Hrithik Roshan, Bárbara Mori and Kangana Ranaut.
In 2012, Basu's film Barfi!, starring Ranbir Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra and Ileana D'Cruz, opened to widespread critical acclaim and was well received at the Busan International Film Festival. Barfi! was selected for the Taipei and Morocco film festivals. Barfi won the prestigious Grand Jury Award at Okinawa International Film Festival in Japan. It was India's entry for the Academy Awards, but was criticized after Basu was accused of plagiarizing several Hollywood films. It was a major box-office hit during its opening week, earning Rs. 586 million, and was the third-highest-grossing film that year. The film earned Basu his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.
His comedy-drama Jagga Jasoos, was shot in Cape Town, South Africa. Originally planned for a release in 2014, schedule conflicts set back release. The film was produced by Basu and Ranbir Kapoor's new production company (Picture Shuru Entertainment) in association with Disney Studios. Ranbir Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra, Katrina Kaif and Alia Bhatt were under consideration for lead roles. Reports from Cape Town were that the real-world romance of leads Ranbir Kapoor and Katrina Kaif and occasional arguments between the two caused some delays and resulted in scenes not having the import intended by director Anurag Basu. By 20 March 2014, the director had completed 20 days of filming with his leads and, being unhappy with initial efforts by actor Ranbir Kapoor, used the additional schedule time to re-shoot some scenes. Due to the reshoots, the film was not released until 2017.
His most recent film as a director was Ludo (2020), in which he also made his debut as a cinematographer. The film earned him his first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Film, in addition to his third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.
He is set to direct the musical sequel to Mohit Suri’s Aashiqui 2 titled, Aashiqui 3 starring Kartik Aaryan opposite Tara Sutaria.
Personal life
Basu is married to Tani Basu and has two daughters, Ishana (b. 2004) and Ahana (b. 2007).
Filmography
Films
Frequent collaborations
Television
Tara (1996)
Saturday Suspense (1998)
Star Best Sellers (1999)
X-Zone (1999)
Ajeeb Dastaan (1998)
Koshish ...Ek Aashaa (2000)
Kyun Ki Saans Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi
Kahani Ghar Ghar Ki (2000)
Manzilien Apni Apni (TV series) (2001) - Home production
Miit (2002) - Home production
Thriller at 10 (2005–2006) - Home Production
Ke Hobe Biggest Fan (2010)
Rooh - Home Production
Love Story (2007) - Home Production
Stories by Rabindranath Tagore (2015) - Home Production
Super Dancer As a Judge (Season 1-4) - (2016-2021)
Awards and nominations
References
External links
21st-century Indian film directors
Hindi-language film directors
Indian television directors
Living people
Filmfare Awards winners
Screen Awards winners
Bengali film directors
Film directors from West Bengal
People from Bhilai
1974 births
International Indian Film Academy Awards winners
Zee Cine Awards winners |
Marion "Preacher" Cox (October 2, 1920 – October 13, 1996) was a NASCAR Grand National Series car owner. He would serve more than two years in World War II.
Career
Cox provided a vehicle for now-retired NASCAR Grand National series driver Roy Bentley in four races that would take place in the 1955 and 1956 seasons. Darrell Waltrip, Richard Childress, and Cale Yarborough have raced for Cox (in the lesser known series of NASCAR) and have become three of the biggest names in the NASCAR Cup Series. Childress went on to own Richard Childress Racing while Waltrip became an announcer for Fox NASCAR. Even though Yarborough had his championship wins record broken by Jimmie Johnson (in 2009) after defending it since 1978, he is still notable for being employed under Cox. Cox fielded Chevrolet vehicles in the 1955 season but switched to Ford vehicles in the 1956 season.
All of his vehicles were created right out of his garage (with the formal business name being Marion Cox Garage) which was located in Hemingway, South Carolina. Due to his religious beliefs, Cox never allowed his vehicles to race on a Sunday (keeping him out of most of the Grand National Series races).
During the 1970s, he pulled out one of his cars out of the race before it ended because the numerous delays made the race continue into Sunday.
References
External links
Everything Stock Car
1920 births
1996 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
People from Hemingway, South Carolina
NASCAR team owners
Deaths from dementia in South Carolina |
The 1959 NCAA Skiing Championships were contested in Winter Park, Colorado at the sixth annual NCAA-sanctioned ski tournament to determine the individual and team national champions of men's collegiate alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, and ski jumping in the United States.
Colorado, coached by Bob Beattie, captured their first national championship, edging out rival Denver in the team standings.
The sole repeat individual champion was Denver's Clarence Servold, in cross country.
Venue
This year's championships were held March 27–29 in Colorado at Winter Park, west of Denver.
These were the second NCAA championships at Winter Park (and in Colorado), which previously hosted in 1956.
Team scoring
Individual events
Four events were held, which yielded seven individual titles.
Friday: Slalom
Saturday: Downhill, Cross Country
Sunday: Jumping
See also
List of NCAA skiing programs
References
NCAA Skiing Championships
NCAA Skiing Championships
NCAA Skiing Championships
NCAA Skiing Championships
NCAA Skiing Championships
NCAA Skiing Championships
NCAA Skiing Championships
Skiing in Colorado |
Yuichi Sugita was the defending champion after defeating Matthew Ebden in the 2010 final. He was eliminated by Cedrik-Marcel Stebe already in the first round.
Stebe reached the final, but lost to Dominik Meffert 6–4, 4–6, 2–6.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
All Japan Indoor Tennis Championships - Singles
2011 Singles |
Subsets and Splits
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