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The 31st Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards was held on March 24, 2018, at The Forum in Inglewood, California live on Nickelodeon and either live or on tape delay across all of Nickelodeon's international networks. This was the third time the award ceremony was held at The Forum as the 2015 and 2016 Kids' Choice Awards were also previously held there. John Cena returned as host of the ceremony for the second consecutive year. The show also gave an honor to the people protesting in the March for Our Lives movement that occurred on the same day, including other honors coming from award winners such as Millie Bobby Brown, Camila Cabello, Liza Koshy, and Zendaya.
A new episode of Henry Danger led into the ceremony, while a new episode of Knight Squad served as the lead-out.
Hosts
John Cena
Daniella Monet (orange carpet)
Performers
Presenters
Winners and nominees
Nominations were announced on February 26, 2018. Unlike past years where the voting periods for all categories opened all at once, one genre opened up to voting per week, along with several show-only category voting windows. For the movie categories, voting was opened on February 26, with voting on music categories opened on March 5, television voting beginning on March 12, and a variety of miscellaneous categories on March 19. Winners are listed first and in boldface.
Movies
Television
Music
Miscellaneous
International nominations
The following are nominations for awards from Nickelodeon's international networks, which had the categories and awards presented during continuity during their individual airings of the main American ceremony.
Slimed celebrities
Liza Koshy
Mel B
Heidi Klum
JoJo Siwa
Ashley Banjo
Laurie Hernandez
Barbie (animated segment)
Shawn Mendes
John Cena
References
External links
(archived)
Kids' Choice
Kids' Choice Awards
Kids' Choice Awards
Nick
2010s in Los Angeles County, California
March 2018 events in the United States
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Television shows directed by Glenn Weiss |
Ruslan Zabranskyi (; born 10 March 1971) is a Ukrainian professional football coach and a former player.
Career
Zabranskyi after retiring as footballer became a manager in some amateur clubs in Mykolaiv. The main highlight of his managing career in the beginning was a champion's title of FC Voronivka in the 2007 Mykolaiv Oblast Championship. Since 2008 he works in MFC Mykolaiv for which he played.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
Soviet men's footballers
Ukrainian men's footballers
Ukrainian football managers
FC Karpaty Lviv players
MFC Mykolaiv players
FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih players
FC Kryvbas-2 Kryvyi Rih players
FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk players
FC Nyva Vinnytsia players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Enerhiya Yuzhnoukrainsk players
MFC Mykolaiv managers
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Lviv Oblast |
Isaac Fletcher may refer to:
Isaac Fletcher (American politician) (1784–1842), American lawyer and politician
Isaac Fletcher (British politician) (1827–1879), British ironmaster and politician
Isaac Fletcher (footballer) (born 2002), English footballer
Isaac Dudley Fletcher (1844–1917), American businessman, art collector and museum benefactor
See also
Isaac Fletcher Redfield (1804–1876), American lawyer, judge, and legal scholar |
Eton fives, a derivative of the British game of fives, is a handball game, similar to Rugby fives, played as doubles in a three-sided court. The object is to force the other team to fail to hit the ball 'up' off the front wall, using any variety of wall or ledge combinations as long as the ball is played 'up' before it bounces twice. Eton fives is an uncommon sport, with only a few courts, most of them as part of the facilities of the independent schools in the United Kingdom.
The origins
Eton fives is a sport developed in the late 19th century at Eton College. The shape of the court used now is taken from the chapel at Eton College, where A. C. Ainger and some of his friends developed a simple set of rules in 1877. The rules have been modified since that time to those seen now, but the essential components are still the same and are described below in the 'Rules' section.
Much earlier than the formalisation of Eton fives, a court was built in the grounds of Lord Weymouth's Grammar School, now Warminster School, in 1787, the School's 80th year. It is claimed that Thomas Arnold a pupil here took the game with him to Rugby School leading to Rugby Fives. The court at Warminster School survives but is rarely used.
City of Norwich School (formerly Eaton (City of Norwich) School) is possibly unique in being a state run comprehensive school which houses two fives courts. Matches have been undertaken on the courts between Eaton & Eton, but in the 1990s the courts were used as car parks for teaching staff, however since 2013 one of the courts is being used for fives, whilst the other is now a boiler room.
Dale Vargas, a retired teacher at Harrow School where he was master in charge of Fives, has written and published a history of Eton fives. The book is titled "Eton Fives: A History." The co-author is Peter Knowles.
The court
An Eton fives court consists of three walls, with the left-hand wall interrupted by a buttress approximately halfway up the court. There are also two levels to the court, the front being around six inches higher than the back half of the playing area. On the front wall is a vertical black line about three-quarters of a metre from the right wall; this is used during the serve and return process detailed later. There is a diagonal ledge that circumvents the entire 'top-step' at about chest height; it is this ledge which the ball has to hit or go above to be 'up'. Below this ledge, at knee height, is a horizontal ledge about two inches wide, and which is only present on the 'top-step'. This is merely here because of the origins of Eton fives as the ledge is present at the chapel in Eton College.
The diagonal ledge drops vertically at the edge of the 'top-step' and then returns to normal at a slightly lower height on the bottom step, running to the back of the court. At the back are brick columns that jut out slightly into the court, which vary in width from school to school, these "buttresses" are usually anywhere from 2 – 10 inches in width. Shots very rarely hit this part of the court, but once they do it is usually very effective for winning a point. Between the buttress and the top step is a small rectangular area about 10 cm sq, often referred to as the 'pepper pot'. If the ball is hit into the pepper pot it is almost always point-winning. Each of the courts at varying schools differ in some way, leaving room to modify how your school's courts are built to a certain extent. In this way the 'home team' will often have an advantage over a visiting side because of their knowledge of the court's characteristics and layout.
The rules
Fives has many rules that are similar to other court type games, such as tennis or squash:
The ball is only allowed to hit the floor once (note: it can bounce off as many ledges or hit the walls any number of times).
The pair whose turn it is to hit the ball 'up' must do so without the ball hitting the ground.
You can only use your gloves to return the ball, no legs, arms, wrists, feet or any other appendages can be utilised in this way (similar to tennis and squash where you can only use your racket).
You can only hit the ball once before it must go up, and therefore only one member of the pair is able to hit the ball during the return of a shot (i.e., no Volleyball style 'set-ups' can be used).
A pair can only score when it is their serve.
However, there are a large number of rules unique to the game of Eton fives:
All games are played to 12. However, if the score is 10–10, or 11–11 the game can be 'set' so that you play to a higher number.
The start of a point comes from a serve, and then a shot called a 'cut' is used to try and stop the server or his/her partner being able to hit the ball back.
The cut must go to the right of the black line on the front wall (note: if the ball hits the right hand wall and then hits the front wall to the left of the black line this is regarded as 'in'). If the ball goes to the left of the black line a 'Black Guard' is in effect and if the serving pair hit the ball down they do not lose the point; it is treated as a 'let'.
When a pair reaches 11 points, the server must stand with at least one foot on the bottom step when they serve. From that point they cannot move until the 'cutter' has hit to ball. This is called 'step'.
On 'step' the cutter can hit the ball anywhere on the front wall, it does not have to go to the right of the black line.
A point
A point operates thus: At the start of the play, the server stands between the buttress and the front wall. The receiver, known as a 'cutter', stands in the backcourt, along with the other two players (the cutter's partner stands behind him, with the server's partner in the bottom right corner). The server throws the ball high so it bounces off the front and right wall, landing after the step and roughly in the middle of the court (note: different players like the ball to bounce at different points in order to get varying types of spin on their 'cuts'). There are no rules about the serve but as a cutter can reject any serve, there is little benefit in a serve which can not be easily hit. The cutter will then often play the ball overarm so that it is 'up', usually into the corner, so that the ball hits the right then the front wall and goes straight back at the server. The best way to follow up this 'cut' is to follow the ball in and stand on the step, ready for a volley if the server returns it high. From here the cutter and the server will try to volley the ball, while the other two players will sweep up anything that they miss. This continues until the ball is either hit 'down' or out of the court.
Competitions
There are now a huge number of championships and tournaments that take place at various times throughout the fives season.
The Kinnaird Cup is an open tournament for any age. Over the years it has become more and more competitive, and is now the most sought after trophy of them all. Other tournaments include the Northern Championships and the Eton fives Association (EFA) Trophy, where teams of 6 players (3 pairs) compete against one another in one-set matches.
The Schools National Championships are the highlight of the season for school players across the country. The location of the championships changes every year between Eton and Shrewsbury. There are championships for every age group, ranging from the Under 10s to the Open (Under 18s). Within these championships are the Main Tournament, Plate A and Plate B.
Kinnaird winners
The following have won eight or more Kinnairds:
19 – Tom Dunbar (Harrovian): 2002–04, 06–07, 09, 11–23
13 – Seb Cooley (Olavian): 2011–23
11 – John Reynolds (Citizen): 1981–91
10 – Brian Matthews (Citizen): 1981–90
9 – Tony Hughes (Edwardian): 1958, 63, 65–68, 71, 73, 75
8 – Robin Mason (Edwardian): 1993–95, 98–99, 2002–04
8 – Gordon Campbell (Edwardian): 1958, 65–68, 71, 73, 75
Keepers of Fives
The "Keeper of Fives" is the equivalent to the captain of any particular sport at any particular establishment the sport is played at. It is one of a number of minor officer positions to be held at Eton College.
List of courts
Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, St Bartholomews School, Newbury, St Olave's Grammar School, City of Norwich School and Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet enjoy being the only non-private schools with Eton fives courts in the UK. Other schools with Fives courts include Alleyns School, Aldenham School, Shrewsbury School, Highgate School, Harrow, Berkhamsted School, Cranleigh School, Sunningdale School, St Bees School, Eton College, King Edward's School, Birmingham, Westminster School, Wolverhampton Grammar School, Marlborough College, Oswestry School, Oakham School, Wrekin College, Repton School and Ipswich School, University College School; consequently, it has been primarily the preserve of their students and alumni.
The only known court to be owned by a private individual in the UK is on the Torry Hill estate in Kent.
Cambridge University, St Olave's Grammar School, Bryanston School, Charterhouse School, Lancing College, Emanuel School and Summerfields Prep school house the only indoor Eton fives courts in England, with four courts being part of an Eton fives and Squash Court complex (consisting of four top quality courts for both sports) at the former. However, the first real public courts have recently opened in the Westway Sports & Fitness Centre in London's White City, marking a possible change in fortunes for Eton fives as a minor sport.
Public school Rydal Penrhos currently boasts the only Eton fives courts in Wales.
Only a few courts exist outside Britain, most notably at Geelong Grammar School in Australia (the school is often referred to as the 'Eton of Australia'); there are also courts in Geneva, Zurich, Lyceum Alpinum Zuoz, Switzerland, St. Paul's School, Darjeeling, India (the school is often referred to as the 'Eton of the East') and Malay College Kuala Kangsar, Malaysia, while two brand-new courts have recently been completed in the South of France, in the village of Grillon, Provence.
See also
Baseball5, another game involving hitting a ball with the hand
References
External links
The Eton fives Association website
Encyclopædia Britannica article on Fives in general
1877 establishments in England
School sport in the United Kingdom
Fives
Team sports
Ball games
Fives
1877 in English sport
Youth sport in England
Sports originating in England |
The Old Avery Oak Tree was a white oak tree that stood in Dedham, Massachusetts until it was knocked down in 1972. It had a circumference of over and stood on East Street near the Fairbanks House. It was named for Jonathan Avery, the owner of the tree, who had an estate that was bounded roughly by East Street, Mt. Vernon Street, Barrows Street, and Brookdale Avenue. The Avery family was one of the early settlers of Dedham, arriving in 1650.
By the time the first settlers arrived in Dedham in 1635, the tree was already quite old. It was owned by the Dedham Historical Society after being donated by J.W. Clark in 1886. Clark, who owned the house where the tree was located, also donated a square of land around it extending seven and a half feet from three sides of it, and to East Street on the fourth. The deed also allowed the roots and branches to grow over and under Clark's land.
Today, wood from the tree is used in the chairman of the Board of Selectmen's and the Town Meeting Moderator's gavel. Historical Society president Henry Hildreth also commissioned a chair to be built from the timber. The tree also lives on in the seal adopted by the Town in 1878, and that of the Dedham-Westwood Water District.
Storms
In the terrible winter of 1723, when the snow lay so thick over the landscape that the residents could not access their woodlot, another Avery chopped off the top of the tree to keep his family from freezing. By the 1790s, the Avery Oak’s gnarled and crooked branches spread more than 90 feet from a trunk five feet in diameter.
Although over 450 other trees, on public land alone, were felled by the New England Hurricane of 1938, the Avery Oak survived. It was struck by lightning, however, and a limb at the top was knocked off.
The tree lived until late July 1972, when a strong thunderstorm toppled it. Then-police chief Walter Carroll was driving down East Street when it toppled, and the tree very nearly struck his car. Hundreds of people gathered to see the fallen tree, and the police protected it while the Historical Society made plans for how to dispose of it. The tree was estimated to be over 450 years old.
USS Constitution
Samuel Nicholson, the first captain of the Constitution, was living in Dedham at the time the ship was being built. The Avery Oak at that time had limbs full of crooks and angles, which Lord Bacon called knee timber, and which was particularly required in ship building. Its massive trunk would also have yielded a good quantity of planking.
Designer Joshua Humphreys specified white oak for the hull of the USS Constitution. Timber merchants from New Jersey to Maine scrambled to find old growth trees that had the straight trunks needed to cut long runs of plank, but also crooks and bends that could supply the hundreds of hanging, standing, and lodging knees needed to support deck beams.
The ship builders, presumably Nicholson, made several offers to buy the tree, eventually rising to "the unheard of price of $70," but the owner would not sell. Local legend contends that it was Avery's wife who spared the tree.
References
History of Dedham, Massachusetts
Parks in Dedham, Massachusetts
Individual trees in Massachusetts |
Events from the year 1666 in China.
Incumbents
Kangxi Emperor (5th year)
Regents — Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi
Viceroys
Viceroy of Zhili, Shandong and Henan — Zhu Changzuo
Viceroy of Zhejiang — Zhao Tingchen
Viceroy of Fujian — Zhu Changzuo
Viceroy of Huguang — Zhang Changgeng
Viceroy of Shaanxi — Bai Rumei
Viceroy of Liangguang — Lu Xingzu
Viceroy of Yun-Gui — Bian Sanyuan
Viceroy of Sichuan — Li Guoying, Miao Cheng
Viceroy of Jiangnan — Lang Tingzuo
Events
Zheng Jing's forces attack the Dutch at Keelung but are repulsed
Sino-Russian border conflicts
Births
July 17, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France — Joseph Henri Marie de Prémare (1666 – 1736), Jesuit missionary, wrote the first important Chinese language grammar in a European language
Deaths
Jesuit missionary and astronomer Adam Schall von Bell dies in exile in Macau after release from prison. He was accused by Yang Guangxian of rebellion and miscalculating the funeral of Consort Donggo
Fan Wencheng, early Han Chinese defector to the Qing dynasty
References
China |
The 2020 European Lacrosse Championship will be the 11th edition of the European Lacrosse competition for men's national teams. It will be played in Wrocław, Poland. The championship was initially dated from 23 July to 1 August 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the tournament was postponed to be played from 21 to 31 July 2021.
On 12 March, 2021, the competition was once again postponed, with no future date announced.
The 2020 European Lacrosse Championship was eventually played from April 11 to April 16 of 2022. Ukraine was going to debut in this competition except the Ukrainian and Russian teams did not participate due to the Russo-Ukrainian War. Portugal made its first appearance at the European Lacrosse Championship.
This will be the first European Championship that will serve as qualifier for the next edition of the World Lacrosse Championship.
11 teams earned qualification for the 2023 Men's Championship via results of the European Men's Qualifier
Men's Lacrosse European Qualifiers 2022 individual game results
Teams
The 29 participating national teams were confirmed on 13 December 2019. Teams from Croatia, Luxembourg and Turkey will make their debut in a European Championship after their presence in the 2018 World Lacrosse Championship, while Portugal and Ukraine will play their first international tournament ever.
Draw
Draw was held on 4 January 2020 at the Olympic Stadium in Wrocław.
Teams were divided into six pots, with the Blue Division composed by teams already qualified for the next World Championship. Teams from this division will play against each other before the next stage. Groups B to E were composed by teams from pots 1, 4 and 5 while groups F to I, with teams from pots 2, 3 and 5.
Group stage
Blue Division
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Group I
References
- 2022 schedule
External links
Facebook account
2020
2021 in lacrosse
2021 in Polish sport
2020 European Lacrosse Championship
2020 European Lacrosse Championship
July 2021 sports events in Poland
European Lacrosse |
The Hagia Triada Sarcophagus is a late Minoan -long limestone sarcophagus, dated to about 1400 BC or some decades later, excavated from a chamber tomb at Hagia Triada, Crete in 1903 and now on display at the Heraklion Archaeological Museum (AMH) in Crete, Greece.
Uniquely for such a piece from this date on Crete, it is coated in plaster and painted in fresco on all faces. Unlike the ancient Egyptians, the Minoans only used frescoes to decorate palaces and houses for the enjoyment of the living, not for funerary use. It is the only limestone sarcophagus of its era discovered to date; there are a number of smaller terracotta "ash-chests" (larnax), painted far more crudely, usually in a single colour. It is the only object with a series of narrative scenes of Minoan funerary ritual (later sarcophagi found in the Aegean were decorated with abstract designs and patterns). It was probably originally used for the burial of a prince.
It provides probably the most comprehensive iconography of a pre-Homeric thysiastikis ceremony and one of the best pieces of information on noble burial customs when Crete was under Mycenaean rule, combining features of Minoan and Mycenaean style and subject matter, as well as probable influence from Ancient Egyptian religion.
Description
All four faces of the sarcophagus are fully painted in several colours, using the fresco technique otherwise only found in Minoan paintings on walls, and sometimes floors and ceilings. Each of the long sides has a long section with a narrative figure scene of religious ritual. One of the short end sides has a roughly square section with a scene of a chariot with two figures, presumably goddesses as they are pulled by a griffin (possibly two), above which hovers a large bird. The other end has two scenes, the upper almost entirely missing, but probably with a procession of male figures. The lower scene again has two figures in a chariot pulled by two horses.
These scenes are surrounded by ornamental borders covering the remaining areas. These are comparable to the decorative borders around Minoan wall-paintings, although larger in relation to the figures. The ornament includes scrolls, stripes, and rows of rosettes. Immediately above and below the narrative scenes on the long sides are thin blank (white) strips, into which some elements of the scenes intrude at the top. On the sides the strips are a mixture of colours.
Unlike larnakes, the sarcophagus has no lid, and none was apparently intended. It also has drainage holes.
Narrative scenes
The long painted scenes show the stages of the sacred ceremony which was performed at the burial of important personages. In the centre of one of the long sides of the sarcophagus (here called the "rear" side, purely for convenience) is a scene with a sacrifice of a bull, who is lying tethered on a table-like altar. Under the altar are at least two smaller animals, variously described as calves, deer or goats, possibly terracotta models like those being carried on the other side, or real ones waiting to be sacrificed. Behind this is a male figure playing the aulos double flute. He is painted red in the usual Minoan convention, unlike the white females.
At the left of the scene are five female figures in profile, facing the altar. Only the front one is complete, as a chunk of the plaster is missing, and the others are missing their upper bodies. The front figure has a large crown with long plumes, probably of feathers. She holds her hands in front of her, with open palms. This section has a yellow background, which changes to white at the altar. Blood pouring from the altar table is falling into a bucket or rhyton at the right of this section.
In the final section the background colour changes again to a blue that is now rather muddy. A female figure with a skirt or apron of shaggy animal hide faces away from the bull towards the right. She holds out both arms over a bowl on a pedestal or altar. Shown as in the air beside her are a decorated vase and a bowl with fruit-like round objects. In front of this is a pole with a labrys double axe at the top and a black bird sitting on this. This has a chequered base; or perhaps this is a step up to the final element, either an altar or a building (in which case probably the tomb). This is topped by four Horns of Consecration symbols, and also a tree. Both the structures in this part of the scene have decoration including spiral scrolls and stripes that is comparable to that on the borders on the sarcophagus.
The narrative scene on the second long side (called here the "front") is also divided into three zones with different background colours. On the left, with a white background, there are three left-facing figures. Firstly a woman wearing a hide skirt apron is emptying a decorated vase or bucket into a large metal cauldron; this might be blood from the sacrifice on the other side, possibly as an invocation to the soul of the deceased. The cauldron appears to sit on a tripod, and stands between two poles on decorated bases. The poles are topped with labrys symbols and a bird each above that. Behind the first woman a richly-dressed woman wearing a crown is carrying two vessels on a yoke over her shoulders. Behind her a man dressed in a long robe is playing a seven-string lyre. This is the earliest picture of the lyre known in Greece. This scene brings to mind a description in Homer, where the dead needed blood.
In the central section, with a blue background, three men wearing hide aprons or kilts face right and carry models of animals (probably bulls) and a boat. They seem to be approaching the only figure in the right-hand section, with a white background. He is a static left-facing male figure without arms and feet, who wears a full-length hide cloak-like garment, with gold edging; it is presumed that he represents the dead man receiving gifts (and the boat for his journey to the next world). The dead man stands outside what is presumably the elaborate entrance to his tomb, beside a tree, and three steps.
Age
Recent 20th century excavations on the same site have allowed the sarcophagus's dating to be tightened up to 1370-1320 BC, which coincides with the end of the 18th Dynasty in Egypt, a period of extensive contact between Crete and Egypt, thus allowing the sarcophagus's technical and artistic elements to be related to similar decorative techniques in Egyptian temples and tombs. Some miniature sculpture found in other places of Crete (Kamilari, Archanes) during this period are connected with the worship of the dead and there are traces of a true funereal Egyptian cult at the same period. Funereal cults were not common in Crete, but they were practised in certain instances: at the tombs of dead kings, or possibly of higher officials and kings.
Iconography
Nanno Marinatos, whose view of Minoan religion emphasizes a theocracy ruled by a royal couple of a priest-king and queen, combining political and religious roles (the queen perhaps more central to the latter) suggests the hide skirt reflects close involvement with ritual sacrifices and offerings, and that the same royal figures are shown more than once on the sarcophagus, especially the queen, who is shown both in procession wearing a long robe and plumed crown, and then changed into a hide skirt to conduct ceremonies. In her view, in Minoan art "the plumed crown" is only worn by deities, griffins and the queen, who is, by definition, also the chief priestess. The king is only shown wearing the hide skirt. She cites Hittite and Syrian (Ugarit) equivalents for priest-royalty changing clothes to mark a transition in roles.
The sacrifice scene may in part be interpreted by the following criteria from classical and archaic Greece used in worshiping two sets of deities, the ouranioi, deities of the heavens, and the chthonioi, earth deities: position of the hands of the worshipers, level of the altar and color of the deity. The position of the hands of the participants is hands down, palms down indicating the deity invoked is a chthonic deity who is the deity in epiphany as a black bird on the betyl behind the low altar, the altar for the chthonioi, who has black color, the color of the chthonioi. The position of the throat of sacrificial animal, the bull, is down indicating the sacrifice is for the chthonioi or chthonic deity.
The high altar is reserved for the ouranioi, deities of the heavens. Above the low altar, chthonic altar, are two objects, a jug of water and a basket of fruits of the earth (standard Egyptian icon). The jug of water is for purification of the sacrifice participants who wash their hands before sacrificing the bull. In Classical Greece the offering of fruits of the earth was made to a chthonic deity just as on the Hagia Triada Sarcophagus. On the high altar, altar for the ouranioi, are the horns of consecration and a tree with seven branches. Most often, but not always, the horns of consecration are found in high places in Minoan religious art indicating they related to the ouranioi. The tree, with seven branches, may be a tree representing regeneration and the seven branches is an Egyptian number signifying completeness.
There are seven participants in the sacrifice scene with hands down palms down possibly indicating a forceful prayer or invocation of the chthonic deity behind the low altar in epiphany. Also, the sacrifice scene has three other elements common in sacrifices in Classical Greece, the presence of a pipe player, incense in the hand of one of the four rear participants and the jug of water for purification. The time of day of the sacrifice is night because chthonic rituals took place during the night, ouranic rituals took place during the day. The action of both the sacrifice scene and the libation scene moves from left to right. In Egyptian religion, the left was the side of death and right was the side of life.
The libation scene has seven participants giving force to the offering. The two birds in gold color on baetyls sit on double axes and are the highest objects in the scene indicating they are deities in epiphany. The blood in the sacrifice scene is transformed into water because it quenches lips of the "thirsty dead" as mentioned in the Pylos Linear B tablets. The dead man (lowest object)receives the "water" as nourishment because the dead did not feed on solid food, but rather on liquids. Therefore, the calves are symbolic food for dead. The stairs in front of the dead man's tomb, an Egyptian concept, allows the spirit of the dead man to ascend into the realm of the living. The tree on a sarcophagus in ancient Egypt represented resurrection or regeneration.
Notes
References
Brouwers, Josho, "The Agia Triada sarcophagus", Ancient World Magazine, October 2019
Brekke, Stewart E. "The Hagia Triada Sarcophagus: Egyptian Influence on Minoan Religion." The Ancient World, Spring 2010, p.156-167.
Gallou Chrysanthi 2005, The Mycenaean Cult of the Dead, VAR International Series 1372, Archaeopress, Oxford.
German, Senta, "Hagia Triada sarcophagus", Khan Academy
Marinatos, Nanno, 1993, Minoan Religion: Ritual, Image, and Symbol, (Studies in Comparative Religion), Univ of South Carolina Pr, Columbia, Chapter 2
Martino, Paula 2005, The Hagia Triada Sarcophagus: Interconnections Between Crete and Egypt in the Late Bronze Age, Digital Repository at the University of Maryland, University of Maryland (College Park, Md.)
Payne Robert 1960, The Splendor of Greece, Harper and Bros, New York. Payne Robert 1960, The Splendor of Greece, Harper and Bros, New York.
Παπαγιαννοπούλου Α. 1999, «Εισαγωγή στους πολιτισμούς του Αιγαίου» στο Παπαγιαννοπούλου Α. Πλάντζος Δ. Σουέρεφ Κ. Ελληνικές εικαστικές τέχνες: Προϊστορική και κλασική τέχνη, τομ Α΄, ΕΑΠ, Πάτρα. (Papagiannopoulou A. 1999, Introduction to the cultures of the Aegean, Papagiannopoulou in Plantzos D. A. K. Soueref Greek visual arts: Prehistoric and Classical art, vol D, HOU, Patras.)
Small Terry 1972, A Goat-Chariot on the Hagia Triada Sarcophagus, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. Small Terry 1972, A Goat-Chariot on the Hagia Triada Sarcophagus in the American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 76, No. 76, No. 3. 3. (Jul). (Jul).
Younger John G. Younger John G. 1998, Music in the Aegean Bronze Age. 1998, Music in the Aegean Bronze Age. Jonsered, Paul Äströms Förlag, Sweden. Jonsered, Paul Äströms Förlag, Sweden.
External links
page at AMH
Sarcophagi
Mycenaean Crete
Mycenaean archaeology
Heraklion Archaeological Museum
15th-century BC works
Minoan art
Minoan religion
Minoan archaeological artifacts |
Joseph Joe Parrish-James [pəriʃ-dʒeɪmz] (* 1995 in Bedfordshire, UK) is a British guitarist of the bands Albion and Jethro Tull and a composer.
Early life and education
He found his love for music at the age of three. and learned to play the guitar at the age of 6. In his childhood he liked Deep Purple and Steeleye Span, later Iron Maiden. He studied composition and arrangement at the London College of Music.
Career
Early career
After graduating, Joe arranged and composed for classical ensembles (orchestra and string quartet). His biggest influences are Vaughan Williams, Warlock, Dmitri Shostakovich and Igor Stravinsky.
Ongoing career
Joe Parrish did join the progressive band Jethro Tull as the new lead guitarist in 2019. He succeeds the German guitarist Florian Opahle who had followed Martin Barre. With the two new albums, he has been touring internationally with Tull for years. In Germany for instance, the band gave concerts in Hamburg, Görlitz and Rostock, among other places.
Joe Parris is a singer and guitarist with the band Albion.
Musical work
For Jethro Tull he played on the last two albums the Zealot Gene and RökFlöte and with Albion the Album Pryderi.
main article: Jethro Tull discography
Style and equipment
When he was young he played a Fender Pacifica. Later it was a John Petrucci 6 Musicman guitar he used. There is a JP6 Guitar, Schecter Diamond Series 7 String, Ibanez Parlour Acoustic, amplifiers Blackstar ID:100 TVP and a POD XT. He's a multi-instrumentalist and vocalist: acoustic guitar, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, mandolin, flute, vocalist (baritone, tenor) Joe Parrish plays ans sings Folkrock, Metal and Progressive Rock.
External links
Biography
Spem in alium (40 Guitars)
Website
own Website
Joe Parrish, Composer
References
Living people
1995 births
British rock guitarists
Jethro Tull (band) members |
Java Agent Development Framework, or JADE, is a software framework for the development of software agents, implemented in Java. JADE system supports coordination between several agents FIPA and provides a standard implementation of the communication language FIPA-ACL, which facilitates the communication between agents and allows the services detection of the system. JADE was originally developed by Telecom Italia and is distributed as free software.
Resume
JADE is a middleware which facilitates the development of multi-agent systems under the standard FIPA for which purpose it creates multiple containers for agents, each of them can run on one or more systems. It's understood that a set of containers constitutes a platform.
JADE provides:
An environment where JADE agents are executed
Class libraries to create agents using heritage and redefinition of behaviors
A graphical toolkit to monitoring and managing the platform of intelligent agents
History
JADE was initially developed by Telecom Italia Lab. This sector is the R & D branch of Telecom Italia Group which is responsible for promoting technological innovation. Telecom Italia conceived and promoted JADE by basing it in 2000. The latest available dates from December 2022 (version 4.6.0). The first version of JADE distributed as free software is available from February 2000 (versión 1.3).
In March 2003 Motorola and Telecom Italia created the JADE Governing Board with the objective of promoting the development and adoption of JADE in the mobile telecommunications industry as middleware based. The JADE Governing Board accepts any company and/or organization interested in the commercial use and exploitation of JADE to commit to its development and promotion.
In 2021, the team that successfully developed JADE announced that they could not continue to work on it anymore. A team of researchers forked it is now pursuing the platform development.
Platform
JADE is a distributed agents platform, which has a container for each host where you are running the agents. Additionally, the platform has various debugging tools, mobility of code and content agents, the possibility of parallel execution of the behavior of agents, as well as support for the definition of languages and ontologies.
Each platform must have a parent container that has two special agents called AMS and DF.
The DF (Directory Facilitator) provides a directory which announces which agents are available on the platform.
The AMS (Agent Management System) controls the platform. It is the only one who can create and destroy other agents, destroy containers and stop the platform.
DF Agent
To access the DF agent the class "jade.domain.DFService" and its static methods are used: register, deregister, modify and Search.
AMS agent
To access the AMS Service an agent is created which automatically runs the register method of the AMS by default before executing the method setup from the new agent. When an agent is destroyed it executes its takeDown() method by default and automatically calls the deregister method of the AMS.
Agent class
The Agent class is a superclass which allows the users to create JADE agents. To create an agent one needs to inherit directly from Agent. Normally, each agent recorder several services which they should be implemented by one or more behaviors.
This class provides methods to perform the basic tasks of the agents as:
Pass messages by objects ACLMessage, with pattern matching
Support the life cycle of an agent
Plan and execute multiple activities at the same time
JADE agent
The cycle of life of a JADE agent follows the cycle proposed by FIPA. These agents go through different states defined as:
Initiated: The agent has been created but has not registered yet the AMS.
Active: The agent has been registered and has a name. In this state, it can communicate with other agents.
Suspended: The agent is stopped because its thread is suspended.
Waiting: The agent is blocked waiting for an event.
Deleted: The agent has finished and his thread ended his execute and there is not any more in the AMS.
Transit: The agent is moving to a new location.
Agents' behaviour
The behavior defines the actions under a given event. This behavior of the agent is defined in the method setup using the method addBehaviour.
The different behaviors that the agent will adopt are defined from the abstract class Behaviour. The class Behaviour contains the abstract methods:
action (): Is executed when the action takes place.
done (): Is executed at the end of the performance.
A user can override the methods onStart () and OnEnd () property. Additionally, there are other methods such as block () and restart () used for modifying the agent's behavior. When an agent is locked it can be unlocked in different ways.
Otherwise the user can override the methods onStart() and onEnd() the agent possess.
Unlock an agent
Receiving a message.
When the timeout happens associated with block ().
Calling restart.
ACL messages
Message passing ACL (Agent Communication Language) is the base of communication between agents. Sending messages is done by the method send of the class Agent. In this method, you have to pass an object of type ACLMessage that contains the recipient information, language, coding and content of the message.
These messages are sent asynchronously, while messages are received they will be stored in a message queue. There are two types of receiving ACL messages, blocking or non-blocking. For this provide methods blockingReceive () and receive () respectively. In both methods, you can make filtering messages to be retrieved from the queue by setting different templates.
Extensions
JADE has an extension denominated WADE (Workflows and Agents Development Environment) which is a system of workflow which allows create process by a graphic editor named WOLF.
See also
Multi-agent system
Autonomous agent
Intelligent agent
Cognitive architecture
Agent Communications Language
References
Jade news archive
Wade User Guide
Developing Multi-Agent Systems with JADE, Volume 7 Wiley Series in Agent Technology, Fabio Luigi Bellifemine, Giovanni Caire, Dominic Greenwood
Security and Trust in Agent-Oriented Middleware, Sixth International, OTM 2003 Workshops. OTM 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 2889. Springer, Berlin, A Poggi, M Tomaiuolo, G Vitaglione.
External links
Official website of WADE
Developing Multi-Agent Systems with JADE
Agent-based software
Java platform software |
The following is a list of ecoregions in Ivory Coast, according to the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF).
Terrestrial ecoregions
By major habitat type:
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
Eastern Guinean forests
Guinean montane forests
Western Guinean lowland forests
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Guinean forest-savanna mosaic
West Sudanian savanna
Mangrove
Guinean mangroves
Freshwater ecoregions
By bioregion:
Nilo-Sudan
Ashanti (Ghana)
Eburneo
Upper Niger
Volta
Upper Guinea
Mount Nimba
Southern Upper Guinea
Marine ecoregions
Gulf of Guinea
Ivory Coast geography-related lists
Ivory Coast |
The 1998 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) rookie draft was an event at which teams drafted players from the amateur ranks. The annual rookie draft was held on December 22, 1997, at the Glorietta Mall in Makati.
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Notes
The Formula Shell Zoom Masters traded first overall pick Danilo Ildefonso to the San Miguel Beermen in exchange for second overall pick Noy Castillo on draft day.
Ginebra San Miguel traded the draft rights to Steven Smith to the San Miguel Beermen in exchange for Paul Alvarez.
The San Miguel Beermen's fifth overall draft pick William Antonio and the Alaska Milkmen's twelfth overall draft pick Stephen Antonio are brothers.
References
draft
Philippine Basketball Association draft |
Johannes "Jan" de Rooij (26 January 1932 – 18 May 2008) was a Dutch amateur boxer. He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and was eliminated in the third and first match, respectively. During his career he won 10 national titles and after retiring worked as a boxing coach in Amsterdam.
References
1932 births
2008 deaths
Featherweight boxers
Bantamweight boxers
Boxers from Amsterdam
Olympic boxers for the Netherlands
Boxers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Dutch male boxers |
Raphael Lasker (February 19, 1838 – September 12, 1904) was a German-born American rabbi in Ohio, New York City, and Boston.
Life
Lasker was born on February 19, 1838 in Zirke, Prussia, the son of Meyer and Rose Lasker.
Lasker was educated by his father, the rabbi of Zirke, as well as by rabbi Joseph Chayyim Caro of Pinne and rabbis Feilchenfeld and Mendel of Rogasen. He later attended the gymnasium in Gleiwitz and the University of Giessen. He immigrated to America in 1858 and founded Congregation B'nai Abraham in Portsmouth, Ohio. In 1862, he moved to New York City, New York and became rabbi of Congregation Shaar Hashomayim. In 1871, he became rabbi of Temple Israel in Brooklyn. He became rabbi of Temple Ohabei Shalom in Boston, Massachusetts in 1876.
Lasker was a member of the Boston Public School Board for six years, and from 1901 to 1903 served as the first editor of The New Era Magazine, a Jewish periodical. In 1858, he married Ernestine Karger. Their children were Jacob, Alexander, Meyer, Arthur, Julia, Isabella, Lillie, and Florence.
Lasker died at his home in New York City from a complication of diseases on September 12, 1904. He was buried in Beth El Cemetery in Ridgewood, Queens.
References
1838 births
1904 deaths
19th-century German rabbis
People from Sieraków
University of Giessen alumni
American people of German-Jewish descent
Prussian emigrants to the United States
19th-century American rabbis
20th-century American rabbis
American Reform rabbis
Rabbis from Ohio
Rabbis from New York City
Rabbis from Boston
People from Portsmouth, Ohio
Burials in New York (state) |
HD 61831 (d1 Puppis) is a class B2.5V (blue dwarf) star in the constellation Puppis. Its apparent magnitude is 4.84 and it is approximately 556 light years away based on parallax.
References
Puppis
B-type main-sequence stars
Puppis, d1
CD-38 3531
037297
2961
061831 |
Brandenburger SC Süd is a German association football club from the town of Brandenburg, in the federal state of the same name. The footballers are part of a larger sports club that also has departments for bowling, canoeing, cycling, swimming, and volleyball.
History
SC was established in 1945 as Sportgemeinde Brandenburg-West out of the former membership of Brandenburger Sport-Club 05 which, like most other organizations in the country including sports and football clubs, was disbanded by occupying Allied authorities after World War II.
Separate football leagues soon emerged in the western and Soviet-controlled areas of Germany and the Brandenburg side became part of the eastern competition. Clubs in East Germany typically went through numerous name changes in the 1940s and 1950s with their identities reflecting the political ideology of the regime. In 1948, SC became BSG Traktorwerke Brandenburg. The following year the club was merged with BSG Ernst-Thälmann Brandenburg and BSG Konsum Brandenburg (which had played as SG Brandenburg-Nord between 1945 and 1948) to create ZSG Werner Seelenbinder Brandenburg. In 1951, ZSG was in its turn renamed, becoming BSG Motor Süd Brandenburg.
Through the 1950s and on into the early part of the following decade, Motor played in the second tier DDR-Liga or third tier 2. DDR-Liga, until being sent down in 1963. Throughout this period they made regular appearances in the opening rounds of the FDGB-Pokal (East German Cup) with their best result being an advance to the eighth final in 1959. The team re-emerged in second-level competition sporadically during the course of the 1970s and 1980s, and again took part in the FDGB Pokal tournament in 1983 and 1988, but otherwise largely remained out of view.
With German reunification in 1990, the club re-assumed its traditional identity to play as Branderburger SC Süd 05 and the following season was joined by the membership of Chemie Premnitz. Brandenburg broke through to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord (IV) in 1999. They were relegated to the Verbandsliga Brandenburg (V) in 2004 after five seasons in the Oberliga. After a successful 2007–08 season the club qualified for the NOFV-Oberliga Nord once more where it finished runners-up in 2014 as its best result.
Honours
The club's honours:
2. DDR-Liga Staffel Süd (III)
Champions: 1958
Berzirksliga Potsdam-Süd (III)
Champions: 1980
NOFV-Oberliga Nord (V)
Runners-up: 2014
Brandenburgischer Landespokal
Runners-up: 2003, 2010
References
External links
Official team site
Abseits Guide to German Soccer
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
Football clubs in Germany
Sport in Brandenburg an der Havel
Football clubs in East Germany
Football clubs in Brandenburg
1945 establishments in Germany
Association football clubs established in 1945 |
```scala
package org.thp.thehive.services
import java.io.{File, InputStream}
import java.nio.file.{Path, Files => JFiles}
import java.util.UUID
import org.thp.scalligraph.EntityName
import org.thp.scalligraph.auth.AuthContext
import org.thp.scalligraph.controllers.FFile
import org.thp.scalligraph.models._
import org.thp.scalligraph.traversal.TraversalOps._
import org.thp.thehive.TestAppBuilder
import play.api.libs.Files
import play.api.libs.Files.TemporaryFileCreator
import play.api.test.{NoTemporaryFileCreator, PlaySpecification}
import scala.annotation.tailrec
class AttachmentSrvTest extends PlaySpecification with TestAppBuilder {
implicit val authContext: AuthContext = DummyUserSrv(userId = "certuser@thehive.local", organisation = "cert").getSystemAuthContext
@tailrec
private def streamCompare(is1: InputStream, is2: InputStream): Boolean = {
val n1 = is1.read()
val n2 = is2.read()
if (n1 == -1 || n2 == -1) n1 == n2
else (n1 == n2) && streamCompare(is1, is2)
}
"attachment service" should {
"create an attachment from a file" in testApp { app =>
WithFakeScalligraphFile { tempFile =>
val r =
app[Database].tryTransaction(implicit graph => app[AttachmentSrv].create(FFile("test.txt", tempFile.path, "text/plain")))
r must beSuccessfulTry.which { a =>
a.name shouldEqual "test.txt"
a.contentType shouldEqual "text/plain"
a.size shouldEqual JFiles.size(tempFile.path)
a.hashes must containAllOf(app[AttachmentSrv].hashers.fromPath(tempFile.path))
}
}
}
"create an attachment from file data" in testApp { app =>
WithFakeScalligraphFile { tempFile =>
val r = app[Database].tryTransaction(implicit graph => app[AttachmentSrv].create("test2.txt", "text/plain", JFiles.readAllBytes(tempFile)))
r must beSuccessfulTry.which { a =>
a.name shouldEqual "test2.txt"
a.contentType shouldEqual "text/plain"
a.size shouldEqual JFiles.size(tempFile.path)
a.hashes must containAllOf(app[AttachmentSrv].hashers.fromPath(tempFile.path))
}
}
}
"get an attachment" in testApp { app =>
val allAttachments = app[Database].roTransaction(implicit graph => app[AttachmentSrv].startTraversal.toSeq)
allAttachments must not(beEmpty)
app[Database].roTransaction { implicit graph =>
app[AttachmentSrv].get(EntityName(allAttachments.head.attachmentId)).exists must beTrue
}
}
}
}
object WithFakeScalligraphFile {
def apply[A](body: Files.TemporaryFile => A): A = {
val tempFile = File.createTempFile("thehive-", "-test")
JFiles.write(tempFile.toPath, s"hello ${UUID.randomUUID()}".getBytes)
val fakeTempFile = new Files.TemporaryFile {
override def path: Path = tempFile.toPath
override def file: File = tempFile
override def temporaryFileCreator: TemporaryFileCreator = NoTemporaryFileCreator
}
try body(fakeTempFile)
finally {
JFiles.deleteIfExists(tempFile.toPath)
()
}
}
}
``` |
is a beat 'em up video game released for the PC Engine in 1989, developed by Face Corporation. It has a sequel called Cross Wiber.
Reception
Computer and Video Games reviewed the game, giving it an 80% rating.
Notes
References
External links
1989 video games
Beat 'em ups
Face (company) games
Superhero video games
TurboGrafx-16 games
TurboGrafx-16-only games
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games |
São Paulo Futebol Clube (), commonly referred to as São Paulo, is a professional football club in the Morumbi district of São Paulo, Brazil, founded in 1930. It plays in the Campeonato Paulista (the State of São Paulo's premier state league) and the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (the top tier of the Brazilian football league system). It is one of just three clubs to have never been relegated from the Série A, alongside Flamengo and Santos.
São Paulo is one of the most successful teams in Brazil with 22 state titles, 6 Brasileirão titles, 1 Copa do Brasil title, 3 Copa Libertadores titles, 1 Copa Sudamericana, 1 Supercopa Libertadores, 1 Copa CONMEBOL, 1 Copa Masters CONMEBOL, 2 Recopa Sudamericanas, 2 Intercontinental Cup and 1 FIFA Club World Cup.
São Paulo was an inaugural member of the Clube dos 13, group of Brazil's leading football clubs. The club's most consistent spell of success came in the 1990s under coach Telê Santana when it won 2 state titles, one national championship, 2 Copa Libertadores, 2 Recopa Sudamericanas, 2 Intercontinental Cups, 1 Supercopa Sudamericana, 1 Copa CONMEBOL and 1 Copa Masters CONMEBOL.
Its youth system revealed many players known worldwide, including Kaká, the last Brazilian to win the Ballon d'Or.
São Paulo is the third best-supported club in Brazil, with over 12 million supporters. The team's traditional home kit is a white shirt with two horizontal stripes (one red and one black), white shorts, and white socks. Its home ground is the 72,039-seater Morumbi football stadium in São Paulo, where it has played since 1960. The stadium was the venue for the Copa Libertadores finals of 1974, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2000, 2003, 2005 and 2006.
The squads for all five FIFA World Cups won by Brazil have had at least one São Paulo player in them, an honour shared with cross-city rivals SE Palmeiras.
History
1930–1934: Origins: "São Paulo da Floresta" ("São Paulo of the Forest")
São Paulo FC was founded on 25 January 1930 by 60 former officials, players, members, and friends of the football clubs Club Athletico Paulistano and Associação Atlética das Palmeiras of São Paulo. Club Athletico Paulistano, founded in 1900 and one of the oldest clubs in town and 11-time champions of São Paulo, abandoned football due to the professionalization of the sport. Associação Atlética das Palmeiras, founded in 1902 and three-time champions of São Paulo, intended after the end of the season 1929 to set up a professional team, but failed to do so.
The jerseys of the new club were derived from Associação Atlética das Palmeiras, which were white and sported a black ring across the chest. To the black-and-white of Associação Atlética das Palmeiras was added the red-and-white of Club Athletico Paulistano, and the ring became red, white, and black.
Club Athletico Paulistano brought to the union star players Arthur Friedenreich and Araken Patusca. Associação Atlética das Palmeiras' contribution was the stadium Estádio da Floresta, generally known as Chácara da Floresta.
Internal arguments and turmoil led to financial problems. The club merged with Clube de Regatas Tietê, another sports club from the town, and the football department was disbanded on 14 May 1935.
1935–1939: The rebirth of São Paulo FC
Just after the merger with Tietê, the founders and re-founders created the Grêmio Tricolor, which formed Clube Atlético São Paulo on 4 June 1935, and, finally, São Paulo Futebol Clube on 16 December of the same year.
The new club's first game was against Portuguesa Santista on 25 January 1936. The match was almost cancelled, owing to the city's anniversary, but Porphyrio da Paz, the football director and composer of the club's anthem, obtained permission from the Board of Education Office for the game to continue.
Another merger occurred in 1938, this time with Clube Atlético Estudantes Paulista, from the neighborhood of Moóca, and the club finished as runners-up in the Campeonato Paulista.
1940–1950: "The Steam Roller"
In 1940, when the Estádio do Pacaembu was inaugurated, a new era began in São Paulo state football. São Paulo Futebol Clube finished as runners-up once again in the Campeonato Paulista in 1941, and a year later the club paid 200 and a year later the club paid 200 contos de réis (equivalent to approximately R$162,000 today) to acquire Leônidas from Flamengo. During this period, São Paulo also acquired the Argentinian António Sastre and Brazilians Noronha, José Carlos Bauer, Zezé Procópio, Luizinho, Rui and Teixeirinha. With these new additions, Tricolor became known as the Steam Roller, winning the Paulista championship five times, in 1943, 1945, 1946, 1948 and 1949. The club sold its Canindé training ground to Portuguesa to raise money for their new stadium, the Estádio do Morumbi, for which construction began in 1952.
1951–1957: The dry spell
The run of success of the 1940s, came to an end in the early 1950s, and the club only won two state championships in the new decade, in 1953 and 1957. The 1957 championship was won with the help of the 35-year-old Brazilian international Zizinho, and Hungarian manager Béla Guttmann, both of them becoming idols. Guttmann took charge of the team in 1957 and won the São Paulo State Championship that year. While in Brazil he helped popularise the 4–2–4 formation, which was subsequently used by Brazil as they won the 1958 FIFA World Cup.
In the years that followed, the club struggled to compete with the rise of Pelé and his club, Santos. With the construction of the Morumbi stadium still ongoing, São Paulo entered its longest period without a title in its history, which was to last 13 years.
1958–1969: Just the stadium
Since São Paulo's budget planning was focused on the Estádio do Morumbi construction rather than the signing of new players, few expensive players were bought during the 1960s, although the club did acquire Brazilian internationals Roberto Dias and Jurandir. In 1960, the Estádio do Morumbi was inaugurated, named after the late Cícero Pompeu de Toledo, the club's chairman during most of the stadium construction. One of the few happy moments for the fans during this period was the 1963 Paulista Championship 4–1 victory against Pelé's Santos.
1970–1979: Campeonato Brasileiro (Brazilian Championship)
In 1970, the Estádio do Morumbi was finally completed and the club purchased Gérson from Botafogo, Uruguayan midfielder Pedro Rocha from Peñarol and striker Toninho Guerreiro from Santos. The club was managed by Zezé Moreira, who was the manager of Brazil at the World Cup in 1954, and won the Paulista Championship after beating Guarani 2–1 in the Campinas a week before the end of the competition.
In 1971, the club beat Palmeiras 1–0 with a goal from Toninho Guerreiro in the final to capture another state title. That year saw the inaugural Campeonato Brasileiro, with the club finishing as runners-up to Atlético Mineiro, managed by Telê Santana.
In the following years, São Paulo and Palmeiras gradually overtook Pelé's Santos and Corinthians as the dominant club sides in São Paulo state. In 1972, Palmeiras won the state championship title, only one point ahead of São Paulo, and the following year the clubs finished in the same positions in the Brazilian Championship. In 1974, São Paulo took part in the Copa Libertadores losing in the final to Independiente in a replay.
In 1975, former goalkeeper José Poy took over as manager, and São Paulo won the Paulista Championship after defeating Portuguesa in a penalty shoot-out.
Valdir Peres, Chicão, Serginho Chulapa and Zé Sérgio were the club's most influential players when São Paulo finally secured the Brazilian Championship for the first time in 1977 following a penalty shoot-out victory over Atlético Mineiro at the Mineirão. However, they failed to win another trophy until the reclaimed the Paulista Championship in 1980.
The 1980s: Tricolor decade
In the 1980s, São Paulo won four Paulista and one Brazilian titles, helped by the impressive central defensive pair of Oscar and Dario Pereyra. 1980 and 1981, the club won the Paulista Championship in successive seasons for the first time since the 1940s.
In 1985, the head coach Cilinho introduced to the world the Menudos of Morumbi, a team that included Paulo Silas, Müller and Sidney, and the club once again won the Paulista Championship. The main striker was Careca, a centre-forward who also played for Brazil in the 1986 FIFA World Cup. The midfield featured Falcão, brought in from Italian club Roma and becoming a big part in winning the Campeonato Paulista in 1985.
In 1986, manager Pepe led the club to its second Brazilian Championship title, defeating Guarani in a penalty shoot-out. In 1987, Dario Pereyra left the club, but in that year the Menudos team won its last title, another Paulista title. The so-called Tricolor Decade ended with the 1989 Paulista Championship title and a second-place finish in the Brazilian Championship, when São Paulo lost to Vasco da Gama in the final match.
1990–1995: The Telê Santana Era, CONMEBOL and Intercontinental cups
In 1990, after a poor start to the campaign in Championship Paulista, Telê Santana was hired as the club's coach, and São Paulo went on to finish runners-up in the Brazilian Championship. In 1991, Santana won his first title after winning the Paulista championship.
In 1991, São Paulo won the Brazilian championship after beating Carlos Alberto Parreira's Bragantino, and the club began a period of consistent achievement both nationally and internationally. The following year they reached the Copa Libertadores final, where they faced Newell's Old Boys of Argentina. São Paulo lost the first leg 1–0, but reversed the scoreline in the second leg in Brazil, and then won the competition in the penalty shoot-out to take the title for the first time.
In the same year, in Tokyo the club won its first Intercontinental Cup, beating Johan Cruyff's Barcelona 2–1. After returning to Brazil, the club beat Palmeiras 2–1 to win its 18th state championship title.
In 1993, São Paulo retained the Copa Libertadores, beating Universidad Católica of Chile in the finals 5–3 on aggregate, including a 5–1 first leg win. After the competition, influential midfielder Raí left the club. The Copa Libertadores win allowed the club to play the Recopa Sudamericana that year, beating 1992 Supercopa Libertadores winners and fellow Brazilian side Cruzeiro. The club also won the 1993 Supercopa Libertadores, beating Flamengo on penalties in the final. The Supercopa Libertadores title meant the club has completed an unprecedented CONMEBOL treble (Copa Libertadores, Recopa Sudamericana, Supercopa Libertadores).
São Paulo was able to defend its Intercontinental Cup title again, beating Fabio Capello's Milan 3–2. Müller scored the winning goal in the 86th minute of the match, from an assist by Toninho Cerezo. This meant the club had completed a quadruple.
In 1994, the club reached the Copa Libertadores finals for the third year in a row, and faced Argentina's Vélez Sársfield. On this occasion they lost on penalties to the Argentine side at the Morumbi stadium. But by the end of this year, São Paulo won the Copa CONMEBOL, defeating Peñarol of Uruguay in the final.
1996–2004: Post-Telê years
At the beginning of 1996, owing to health issues, Telê Santana left São Paulo, ending the club's golden era. Between 1995 and 2004, the club had fourteen managers. Among the most notable titles during those ten years were the 2000 Paulista Championship and the club's first Rio-São Paulo Tournament title in 2001. Rogério Ceni, Júlio Baptista, Luís Fabiano and Kaká were the club's stars. Raí briefly returned to the club between 1998 and 2000, and with him, the club won the Paulista Championship twice, in 1998 and 2000, after beating Corinthians and Santos, respectively. In 2004 São Paulo were back in the Copa Libertadores and reached the semi-finals before being eliminated by underdogs Once Caldas from Colombia. At the end of that year, Émerson Leão was hired as the club's coach.
In 2003, São Paulo made a deal with Spanish amateur side Santangelo Club Aficionado that resulted in the Spanish club changing its name to São Paulo Madrid.
2005–2009: Three Brazilian Championships, Libertadores and FIFA Club World Cup
In 2005, with Leão as the club's manager, São Paulo won the Paulista Championship. Leão, however, would soon leave the club with Paulo Autuori, former manager of the Peru national team, hired to replace him. São Paulo won the Libertadores Cup for the third time, beating another Brazilian side, Atlético Paranaense, in the final. Atlético switched the first leg of the final to Estádio Beira-Rio, Porto Alegre, their own ground not having sufficient capacity for a final, and the match ended in a 1–1 draw. In the second leg, at the Morumbi, São Paulo won 4–0 to become the first Brazilian club to win three Copa Libertadores titles.
In December 2005, São Paulo competed in the FIFA Club World Championship in Japan. After beating Saudi Arabia's Al-Ittihad 3–2, they faced European champions Liverpool in the final. A 1–0 victory over the English team gave São Paulo its third intercontinental title. The single goal was scored by Mineiro in the first half of the match. Other players in that year's squad included centre-back Diego Lugano, full-back Cicinho, forward Amoroso, and the record-breaking goalkeeper Rogério Ceni, who was selected Man of the Match at the FIFA Club World Championship title match, as well as the tournament's MVP.
After the success of the 2005 season, Paulo Autuori left the team to coach Kashima Antlers in the J. League. Muricy Ramalho was signed up as the new coach, having led Internacional to the runners-up position in the 2005 Brazilian Championship. In his first tournament as a manager, Ramalho reached second place in the Paulista Championship, losing to Santos by one point. São Paulo reached the final of the 2006 Copa Libertadores, but lost 4–3 on aggregate to Brazilian rivals Internacional. However, they went on to win their fourth Campeonato Brasileiro trophy, becoming the first team to become national champions in the new league system format.
After being eliminated from the Copa Libertadores round of 16 to Grêmio in 2007, São Paulo won the Brazilian title for the second year in a row, fifteen points ahead of second-placed Santos. They won the title for the third season running in 2008 season, overturning an 11-point deficit behind Grêmio in the second half, to win its sixth league title. Manager Muricy Ramalho was the first manager to win three league titles in a row with the same team.
Despite this feat, Muricy was sacked the following year after São Paulo was eliminated in the 2009 Copa Libertadores quarter-finals to Cruzeiro, its fourth consecutive elimination to a Brazilian side. Ricardo Gomes took over as manager. The club was very close to winning the league for the fourth time in a row, however, after struggling in the final 4 games, they ended up finishing in third.
2010–2020: Copa Sudamericana and a tough period
In 2010 São Paulo lost once again to Internacional in the 2010 Copa Libertadores, this time in the semifinals, ending Ricardo Gomes' spell as manager. The club finished ninth in the league, not qualifying for the international competition for the first time since 2003.
In 2011, the club signed Rivaldo and brought back Luís Fabiano for a club-record €7.6 million from Sevilla. Goalkeeper Rogério Ceni, meanwhile, scored his 100th career goal, against Corinthians in the Campeonato Paulista. Despite these events, it was another very disappointing season, finishing sixth in the league and failing to qualify for the Libertadores once again.
In research conducted by Brazilian sports website GloboEsporte.com, São Paulo, during the eight years between 2003 and 2011, were just the second Brazilian club to earn more money than losses in the transfer market – Tricolor paulista received R$287 million, behind only Internacional, which earned R$289 million.
In 2012, São Paulo won the Copa Sudamericana (its only title in the 2010 decade) and qualified for next season's Libertadores, finishing fourth in the league under Ney Franco. However, after that season, the club hit a second massive dry spell and struggled to regain its dominance in the Brazilian and South American stage.
For the 2013 season, after seven years wearing kits produced by Reebok, São Paulo signed with Brazilian brand Penalty. The contract was valid until 2015 and the club earned R$35 million per year. This contract was the second-most lucrative kit deal in Brazil, just exceeded by Flamengo and Adidas' deal of R$38 million. In May 2015 São Paulo presented its new kits, made by Under Armour. In 2018 the team became sponsored by Adidas.
In 2014, 2018 and 2020 the club was one of the contenders for the national league title, but did not win it; São Paulo finished runners-up in 2014, fifth in 2018, and fourth in 2020, the last two being marked by massives drops of form in the second half. In contrast to this, they struggled hard in 2013 and 2017, fighting (and eventually saving themselves) against relegation to the second tier.
Continentally, in 2016 the club reached the semi-finals of the Copa Libertadores, losing to Atlético Nacional.
In the entire 2010 decade, São Paulo didn't win a single Campeonato Paulista title for the first time since 1960s.
2021–present
In 2021, São Paulo finally ended its second biggest dry spell in its history (8 years); under new manager Hernán Crespo, the club defeated Palmeiras at the Campeonato Paulista finals, winning the competition for the first time since 2005. However, after a continuing sequence of poor results, Crespo was sacked five months later, with the club involved in another relegation battle at the Campeonato Brasileiro, being replaced by the club legend Rogério Ceni.
Under manager Rogério Ceni the club was runner-up at the 2022 Campeonato Paulista, reaching the third state finals in four years; a progress for the club, since São Paulo didn't reach the state finals between 2007 and 2018. The club reached the semifinals of the 2022 Copa do Brasil, being eliminated by Flamengo. São Paulo was runner-up at the 2022 Copa Sudamericana, losing to C.S.D. Independiente del Valle from Ecuador in Córdoba, Argentina.
In 2023, under manager Dorival Júnior, São Paulo won its first Copa do Brasil, defeating Flamengo in the finals.
Colors and badge
When Club Athletico Paulistano and Associação Atlética das Palmeiras merged, their colours (red and white for CA Paulistano and black and white for AA das Palmeiras) were inherited by São Paulo. The colours match those of São Paulo's state flag, and also represents the three main races that lived in Brazil during that period: the Native Brazilians (represented by the red), the White Brazilians (represented by the white) and the Afro-Brazilians (represented by the black).
The club's home kit is a white shirt, with two horizontal stripes at chest level, the upper one red and the lower one black, and the badge in the centre of the chest; the shorts and socks are white. The away kit consists of a shirt with red, white and black vertical stripes, black shorts and black socks.
The badge, representing a heart with five points, consists of a shield with a black rectangle in the upper section bearing the initials SPFC in white; below the rectangle there's a red, white and black triangle. It was designed by the german graphic designer Walter Ostrich and one of the founders, Firmiano de Morais Pinto Filho. The badge also has five stars, two gold and three red ones: the gold ones denote Adhemar Ferreira da Silva's World and Olympic records at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki and at the 1955 Pan American Games in Mexico City; the red ones represent each of the two Intercontinental Cups and the FIFA Club World Cup won by the club.
Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Stadium
São Paulo's stadium is officially named Estádio Cícero Pompeu de Toledo (Cicero Pompeu de Toledo Stadium) and commonly known by the nickname Estádio do Morumbi (Morumbi Stadium). The first game played at the stadium was on 2 October 1960, when São Paulo win 1–0 in a friendly match against Sporting Club from Portugal. It was inaugurated in with a maximum sitting capacity of 120,000 people, but now its maximum capacity is 72,039 seats.
The club also owns two training grounds, one named Centro de Treinamento Frederico Antônio Germano Menzen (Frederico Antônio Germano Menzen Training Center), nicknamed Centro de Treinamento (CT) da Barra Funda (Barra Funda's Training Center), which is used mostly by the professional team. The other is the Centro de Formação de Atletas Presidente Laudo Natel (President Laudo Natel Athletes Formation Center), nicknamed Centro de Treinamento (CT) de Cotia (Cotia's Training Center), which is used by the youth teams.
Players
First-team squad
Youth players with first team numbers
Other players under contract
Out on loan
Retired numbers
01 – Rogério Ceni, Goalkeeper (1990–2015)
Notable Players
The most famous and beloved players that have played for the club since its foundation in 1930.
Personnel
Current technical staff
Club rivalries
São Paulo vs. Corinthians
The game between these clubs is also known as "Majestoso", a name coined by Thomas Mazzoni. The first "Majestoso" occurred on 25 May 1930. The fixture has seen 110 wins for São Paulo, 131 wins for Corinthians and 114 draws.
São Paulo vs. Palmeiras
This fixture is nicknamed the "Choque Rei", and has seen 114 wins by São Paulo, 113 wins by Palmeiras and 110 draws.
São Paulo vs. Santos
Also known as "San-São", this fixture was first played in 1936. Since then, São Paulo have won it 137 times, Santos 106, and there have been 75 draws.
Honours
São Paulo FC is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil, having won a total of 30 domestic honours, in addition to their 12 international successes. It is the brazilian club with the most international titles.
Major competitions
Other competitions
Torneio Início Paulista (3): 1932, 1940, 1945
Torneio dos Cinco Clubes (1): 1934
Taça Cidade de São Paulo (1): 1944
Torneio Prefeito Lineu Prestes (1): 1950
Taça Armando Arruda Pereira (1): 1952
Small Club World Cup (2): 1955, 1963
Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa (1): 1956
Taça Charles Miller (1): 1956
Taça Piratininga (4): 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971
Trofeo Colombino (1): 1969
Torneio Nunes Freire (1): 1976
Ciutat de Barcelona Trophy (2): 1991, 1992
Ramón de Carranza Trophy (1): 1992
Teresa Herrera Trophy (1): 1992
Trofeo Bortolotti (1): 1995
Torneio Rei Dadá (1): 1995
Copa dos Campeões Mundiais (2): 1995, 1996
Copa Euro-América (1): 1999
Torneio Constantino Cury (1): 2000
Eusébio Cup (1): 2013
Florida Cup (1): 2017
Campeonato Paulista de Aspirantes (18): 1933 (APEA), 1938, 1940, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1958 (Extra), 1960, 1962, 1976, 1993, 1995
Runners-Up
Copa Libertadores (3): 1974, 1994, 2006
Supercopa Libertadores (1): 1997
Copa Sudamericana (1): 2022
Recopa Sudamericana (2): 2006, 2013
Copa de Oro (2): 1995, 1996
Suruga Bank Cup (1): 2013
Campeonato Brasileiro (6): 1971, 1973, 1981, 1989, 1990, 2014
Copa do Brasil (1): 2000
Copa dos Campeões da Copa Brasil (1): 1978
Copa dos Campeões (1): 2001
Torneio Rio – São Paulo (5): 1933, 1962, 1966, 1998, 2002
Campeonato Paulista de Futebol (25): 1930, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1941, 1944, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2006, 2019, 2022
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A record
Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa
Campeonato Brasileiro
Campeonato Paulista record
References
External links
Article that explains the difference between 1930 and 1935
Football clubs in São Paulo (state)
Association football clubs established in 1930
Unrelegated association football clubs
FIFA Club World Cup winning clubs
1930 establishments in Brazil
Copa Libertadores winning clubs
Copa Sudamericana winning clubs
Copa CONMEBOL winning clubs
Recopa Sudamericana winning clubs
Intercontinental Cup winning clubs
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A winning clubs |
```html
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "path_to_url">
<html xmlns="path_to_url" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.6: path_to_url" />
<title>Parallel BGL Connected Components</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../rst.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="document" id="logo-connected-components">
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="path_to_url"><img align="middle" alt="Parallel BGL" class="align-middle" src="pbgl-logo.png" /></a> Connected Components</h1>
Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software
path_to_url -->
<pre class="literal-block">
template<typename Graph, typename ComponentMap>
inline typename property_traits<ComponentMap>::value_type
strong_components( const Graph& g, ComponentMap c);
namespace graph {
template<typename Graph, typename VertexComponentMap>
void
fleischer_hendrickson_pinar_strong_components(const Graph& g, VertexComponentMap r);
template<typename Graph, typename ReverseGraph,
typename ComponentMap, typename IsoMapFR, typename IsoMapRF>
inline typename property_traits<ComponentMap>::value_type
fleischer_hendrickson_pinar_strong_components(const Graph& g,
ComponentMap c,
const ReverseGraph& gr,
IsoMapFR fr, IsoMapRF rf);
}
</pre>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">strong_components()</span></tt> function computes the strongly connected
components of a directed graph. The distributed strong components
algorithm uses the <a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">sequential strong components</a> algorithm to
identify components local to a processor. The distributed portion of
the algorithm is built on the <a class="reference external" href="breadth_first_search.html">distributed breadth first search</a>
algorithm and is based on the work of Fleischer, Hendrickson, and
Pinar <a class="citation-reference" href="#fhp00" id="id1">[FHP00]</a>. The interface is a superset of the interface to the
BGL <a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">sequential strong components</a> algorithm. The number of
strongly-connected components in the graph is returned to all
processes.</p>
<p>The distributed strong components algorithm works on both <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">directed</span></tt>
and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bidirectional</span></tt> graphs. In the bidirectional case, a reverse
graph adapter is used to produce the required reverse graph. In
the directed case, a separate graph is constructed in which all the
edges are reversed.</p>
<div class="contents topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#where-defined" id="id2">Where Defined</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#parameters" id="id3">Parameters</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#complexity" id="id4">Complexity</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#algorithm-description" id="id5">Algorithm Description</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bibliography" id="id6">Bibliography</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="where-defined">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id2">Where Defined</a></h1>
<p><<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost/graph/distributed/strong_components.hpp</span></tt>></p>
<p>also accessible from</p>
<p><<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost/graph/strong_components.hpp</span></tt>></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="parameters">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id3">Parameters</a></h1>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>IN: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">const</span> <span class="pre">Graph&</span> <span class="pre">g</span></tt></dt>
<dd>The graph type must be a model of <a class="reference external" href="DistributedGraph.html">Distributed Graph</a>. The graph
type must also model the <a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">Incidence Graph</a> and be directed.</dd>
<dt>OUT: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ComponentMap</span> <span class="pre">c</span></tt></dt>
<dd>The algorithm computes how many strongly connected components are in the
graph, and assigns each component an integer label. The algorithm
then records to which component each vertex in the graph belongs by
recording the component number in the component property map. The
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ComponentMap</span></tt> type must be a <a class="reference external" href="distributed_property_map.html">Distributed Property Map</a>. The
value type must be the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">vertices_size_type</span></tt> of the graph. The key
type must be the graph's vertex descriptor type.</dd>
<dt>UTIL: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">VertexComponentMap</span> <span class="pre">r</span></tt></dt>
<dd>The algorithm computes a mapping from each vertex to the
representative of the strong component, stored in this property map.
The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">VertexComponentMap</span></tt> type must be a <a class="reference external" href="distributed_property_map.html">Distributed Property Map</a>.
The value and key types must be the vertex descriptor of the graph.</dd>
<dt>IN: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">const</span> <span class="pre">ReverseGraph&</span> <span class="pre">gr</span></tt></dt>
<dd><p class="first">The reverse (or transpose) graph of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span></tt>, such that for each
directed edge <em>(u, v)</em> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span></tt> there exists a directed edge
<em>(fr(v), fr(u))</em> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gr</span></tt> and for each edge <em>(v', u')</em> in <em>gr</em>
there exists an edge <em>(rf(u'), rf(v'))</em> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span></tt>. The functions
<em>fr</em> and <em>rf</em> map from vertices in the graph to the reverse graph
and vice-verse, and are represented as property map arguments. The
concept requirements on this graph type are equivalent to those on
the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Graph</span></tt> type, but the types need not be the same.</p>
<p class="last"><strong>Default</strong>: Either a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">reverse_graph</span></tt> adaptor over the original
graph (if the graph type is bidirectional, i.e., models the
<a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">Bidirectional Graph</a> concept) or a <a class="reference external" href="distributed_adjacency_list.html">distributed adjacency list</a>
constructed from the input graph.</p>
</dd>
<dt>IN: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IsoMapFR</span> <span class="pre">fr</span></tt></dt>
<dd><p class="first">A property map that maps from vertices in the input graph <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span></tt> to
vertices in the reversed graph <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gr</span></tt>. The type <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IsoMapFR</span></tt> must
model the <a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">Readable Property Map</a> concept and have the graph's
vertex descriptor as its key type and the reverse graph's vertex
descriptor as its value type.</p>
<p class="last"><strong>Default</strong>: An identity property map (if the graph type is
bidirectional) or a distributed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">iterator_property_map</span></tt> (if the
graph type is directed).</p>
</dd>
<dt>IN: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IsoMapRF</span> <span class="pre">rf</span></tt></dt>
<dd><p class="first">A property map that maps from vertices in the reversed graph <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gr</span></tt>
to vertices in the input graph <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">g</span></tt>. The type <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">IsoMapRF</span></tt> must
model the <a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">Readable Property Map</a> concept and have the reverse
graph's vertex descriptor as its key type and the graph's vertex
descriptor as its value type.</p>
<p class="last"><strong>Default</strong>: An identity property map (if the graph type is
bidirectional) or a distributed <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">iterator_property_map</span></tt> (if the
graph type is directed).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="complexity">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id4">Complexity</a></h1>
<p>The local phase of the algorithm is <em>O(V + E)</em>. The parallel phase of
the algorithm requires at most <em>O(V)</em> supersteps each containing two
breadth first searches which are <em>O(V + E)</em> each.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="algorithm-description">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id5">Algorithm Description</a></h1>
<p>Prior to executing the sequential phase of the algorithm, each process
identifies any completely local strong components which it labels and
removes from the vertex set considered in the parallel phase of the
algorithm.</p>
<p>The parallel phase of the distributed strong components algorithm
consists of series of supersteps. Each superstep starts with one
or more vertex sets which are guaranteed to completely contain
any remaining strong components. A <a class="reference external" href="breadth_first_search.html">distributed breadth first search</a>
is performed starting from the first vertex in each vertex set.
All of these breadth first searches are performed in parallel by having
each processor call <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">breadth_first_search()</span></tt> with a different starting
vertex, and if necessary inserting additional vertices into the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">distributed</span> <span class="pre">queue</span></tt> used for breadth first search before invoking
the algorithm. A second <a class="reference external" href="breadth_first_search.html">distributed breadth first search</a> is
performed on the reverse graph in the same fashion. For each initial
vertex set, the successor set (the vertices reached in the forward
breadth first search), and the predecessor set (the vertices reached
in the backward breadth first search) is computed. The intersection
of the predecessor and successor sets form a strongly connected
component which is labeled as such. The remaining vertices in the
initial vertex set are partitioned into three subsets each guaranteed
to completely contain any remaining strong components. These three sets
are the vertices in the predecessor set not contained in the identified
strongly connected component, the vertices in the successor set not
in the strongly connected component, and the remaing vertices in the
initial vertex set not in the predecessor or successor sets. Once
new vertex sets are identified, the algorithm begins a new superstep.
The algorithm halts when no vertices remain.</p>
<p>To boost performance in sparse graphs when identifying small components,
when less than a given portion of the initial number of vertices
remain in active vertex sets, a filtered graph adapter is used
to limit the graph seen by the breadth first search algorithm to the
active vertices.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="bibliography">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id6">Bibliography</a></h1>
<table class="docutils citation" frame="void" id="fhp00" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[FHP00]</a></td><td>Lisa Fleischer, Bruce Hendrickson, and Ali Pinar. On
Identifying Strongly Connected Components in Parallel. In Parallel and
Distributed Processing (IPDPS), volume 1800 of Lecture Notes in
Computer Science, pages 505--511, 2000. Springer.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>Authors: Nick Edmonds, Douglas Gregor, and Andrew Lumsdaine</p>
<!-- -->
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer">
<hr class="footer" />
Generated on: 2009-05-31 00:21 UTC.
Generated by <a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">Docutils</a> from <a class="reference external" href="path_to_url">reStructuredText</a> source.
</div>
</body>
</html>
``` |
```xml
import asyncComponent from "@erxes/ui/src/components/AsyncComponent";
import queryString from "query-string";
import React from "react";
import { Route, Routes, useLocation } from "react-router-dom";
const WorkList = asyncComponent(
() => import(/* webpackChunkName: "WorkList" */ "./containers/WorkList")
);
const WorkListComponent = () => {
const location = useLocation();
return <WorkList queryParams={queryString.parse(location.search)} />;
};
const routes = () => {
return (
<Routes>
<Route
path="/processes/works"
key="/processes/works"
element={<WorkListComponent />}
/>
</Routes>
);
};
export default routes;
``` |
An Arbir is an Indonesian weapon, a halberd, approximately long.
The staff has a shallow groove running along its length marking the plane of the blade, allowing the user to determine exactly where the cutting edge is at all times. The Arbir is one of three special weapons used by members of the Persatuan Pencak Silat Selurah Indonesia (PPSI).
See also
Bambu runcing
References
Weapons of Indonesia
Polearms |
The 2011–12 season was Chelsea Football Club's 98th competitive season, their 23rd consecutive season in the top flight of English football (20th in the Premier League), and their 106th year in existence as a football club. While their sixth place in the league was their lowest domestic finish since 2001–02, they completed a cup double by winning their seventh FA Cup and their first UEFA Champions League.
Kits
Supplier: Adidas / Sponsor: Samsung
Key dates
22 June 2011: André Villas-Boas is appointed as the new manager on a three-year contract, with immediate effect.
7 July 2011: Villas-Boas and the rest of the first team squad have their first training of the season together.
13 July 2011: Chelsea win their first friendly match against Wycombe Wanderers.
26 July 2011: Chelsea confirm Thibaut Courtois, a Belgian goalkeeper, as Villas-Boas' first signing. He is immediately loaned out to Atlético Madrid of La Liga.
14 August 2011: Chelsea draw first match of the Premier League season away to Stoke City. It finishes 0–0 on Villas-Boas's debut as Chelsea manager.
20 August 2011: Villas-Boas wins his first competitive match as a Chelsea manager after Chelsea defeat West Bromwich Albion 2–1 at Stamford Bridge.
22 August 2011: Chelsea and Valencia agree a deal for Juan Mata, who signs for Chelsea for a fee rumoured to be £23.5 million.
27 August 2011: Juan Mata scores on his debut match in a 3–1 home victory against Norwich City.
27 August 2011: Chelsea and Guadalajara agree a deal for Ulises Dávila. He joins Chelsea on a five-year contract.
31 August 2011: The transfer deadline day sees Raul Meireles join from Liverpool, whilst Yossi Benayoun and Patrick van Aanholt depart on seasonal loan deals. France Under-20 international Gaël Kakuta joins Bolton Wanderers on loan until 1 January 2012.
18 September 2011: Chelsea suffer their first defeat of the season, losing 1–3 to Manchester United at Old Trafford. Fernando Torres scored Chelsea's goal.
29 November 2011: Liverpool knock Chelsea out of the League Cup at the Quarter Final stage, winning 2–0 at Stamford Bridge. The loss is Chelsea's third in four games, and sixth of the season overall.
3 December 2011: Manager André Villas-Boas confirms that Nicolas Anelka and Alex have been transfer listed, and banned from training with the first team, after handing in transfer requests to the club. Both will be allowed to resume full training if the transfer does not happen in the January transfer window. The announcement is made after the away match against Newcastle United, which Chelsea win 3–0.
6 December 2011: Chelsea win their final Champions League group game against Valencia 3–0 to secure progress to the knockout stages. Racing Genk's 1–1 draw against Bayer Leverkusen means that Chelsea top Group E.
12 December 2011: Chelsea become the first team in the 2011–12 edition of the Premier League to defeat leaders Manchester City. Chelsea come from behind in a fiery encounter by goals from Raul Meireles and a late penalty by Frank Lampard to turn the deficit into a victory.
4 March 2012: Villas-Boas is sacked and removed of his duties by the director's board following a 0–1 defeat against West Bromwich Albion. Italian first team assistant manager Roberto Di Matteo Is officially appointed as caretaker manager until the end of the season.
14 March 2012: Chelsea win their second match in the round of 16 of the UEFA champions league against Napoli with a 5–4 aggregate victory. Branislav Ivanović scores the winner in extra time to secure a spot in the quarter-finals. Following defeat of Arsenal by Milan and defeats of the Manchester clubs in their respective Europa League ties, Chelsea becomes the only remaining English representative in all European competitions.
18 March 2012: Chelsea progress to the FA Cup semi-finals for a fifth time in seven years after beating Leicester City 5–2 at Stamford Bridge. Fernando Torres was the man of the match with two goals and two assists.
4 April 2012: Chelsea progress to the Champions League semi-finals for the sixth time in the past nine seasons after beating Benfica 3–1 on aggregate.
15 April 2012: Chelsea progress to the FA Cup final for the third time in four seasons, courtesy of a 5–1 win against Tottenham Hotspur. Controversy over Chelsea's second goal by Juan Mata adds to calls for goal-line technology.
24 April 2012: Chelsea progress to the Champions League final in spectacular fashion, drawing 2–2 with Barcelona at Camp Nou despite playing with ten men for more than two-thirds of the game. Chelsea win 3–2 on aggregate.
28 April 2012: Chelsea agree personal terms with Werder Bremen's Marko Marin. He is set to join in the summer.
5 May 2012: Chelsea win the FA Cup for the seventh time after beating Liverpool 2–1 in the Final. Didier Drogba scores in his fourth FA Cup Final – a new record.
19 May 2012: Chelsea win their first Champions League title, defeating Bayern Munich on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the Final. In doing so, Chelsea becomes the 22nd club to win the European Cup, the fifth English team and the first team from London to win the trophy.
Club
Coaching staff
Other information
|-
||Chief Executive|| Ron Gourlay
|-
|-
|}
Squads
First team squad
Premier League squad
U21
U21
U21
HG = Home Grown Player
U21 = Under 21 Player
Source: 2011–12 Premier League squad
Reserve team
UEFA Champions League squad
B = List B Player
HG1 = Association-trained player
HG2 = Club-trained player
Source: 2011–12 UEFA Champions League squad
Transfers
In
Summer
Winter
Out
Summer
Winter
Loan out
Overall transfer activity
Spending
Summer: £60 million
Winter: £21.2+ million
Total: £81.2 million
Income
Summer: £20.65 million
Winter: £4.2+ million
Total: £24.85 million
Expenditure
Summer: £39.35 million
Winter: £17 million
Total: £56.35 million
Competitions
Overview
Pre-season and friendlies
Barclays Asia Trophy
Premier League
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Matches
UEFA Champions League
Group stage
Knockout phase
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
League Cup
FA Cup
Statistics
Appearances and goals
As of end of season
|-
|colspan="14"|Players who spent the season/part of the season out on loan, or left the club in January transfer window
|}
Goalscorers
As of end of season.
Clean sheets
As of end of season.
Disciplinary record
As of end of season.
Overall
As of end of season.
References
External links
2011–12
2011–12 Premier League by team
2011–12
2011–12 UEFA Champions League participants seasons |
D.R. Owen was a schooner, leased by W. R. Sutherland, for hauling lumber. She sank on September 8, 1874, and is generally considered the first shipwreck in the Chequamegon Bay area of Lake Superior.
History
During the early part of the 1870s Ashland was a small settlement, surrounded by a heavily wooded wilderness. Seeing the potential to make money in the future logging activity of the area, W.R. Sutherland founded the Ashland Lumber Company, the first sawmill in Ashland. (Note: this company should not be confused with a later business of the same name, of which Sutherland was not involved.) A good portion of Sutherland's business consisted of transporting lumber to Isle Royale, which had no sawmill of its own. The D.R. Owen was leased to transport lumber to the island.
On the morning of Thursday, September 6, 1874, the Owen left the island after delivering a load of lumber. However, an extremely rough storm was soon encountered. Poor visibility, strong winds and rough waters proved to be very difficult for the crew. A leak was discovered in the hull, and the sails were completely wrecked by the violent winds.
The crew attempted to wait out the storm. Friday, September 7, came and went with little change in the stormy conditions. Finally, on Saturday morning, September 8, land appeared on the horizon. The Apostle Islands were spotted, meaning the storm at least had blown the water-logged ship in the right direction. By that afternoon, the ship reached an area east of Ashland, near the mouth of the Bad River, where she sank. The crew survived.
See also
List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes
Apostle Islands
References
Maritime incidents in September 1874
Shipwrecks of the Wisconsin coast
Shipwrecks of Lake Superior
Apostle Islands
Ships sunk with no fatalities |
The Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge once carried the York Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad across the Susquehanna River between Columbia and Wrightsville, Pennsylvania and is therefore considered a Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge. It and its predecessors were a vital commercial and passenger linkage between Philadelphia and Baltimore for over 100 years.
Earlier bridges on the site
Several bridges have been built on the site, with the first wooden covered bridge erected in the early 1830s to replace a nearby smaller toll bridge immediately upriver that had been destroyed by ice. Set on 26 stone piers, the new massive oaken structure was the longest covered bridge in the world (over a mile and a quarter in length). It used timber salvaged from the previous bridge and provided a link for the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad to the Northern Central Railway, as well as for carriages, pedestrians and wagons. A towpath on the southern wall enabled teams of horses or mules to pull boats from the Mainline Canal on the Columbia side to the Tidewater and Susquehanna Canal on the Wrightsville side.
This bridge was burned by state militia under Col. Jacob G. Frick and Maj. Granville O. Haller on June 28, 1863, to block elements of the Confederate States Army under Brig. Gen. John Brown Gordon from crossing into Lancaster County shortly before the Battle of Gettysburg. For the rest of the war, cargo and passengers had to be laboriously ferried across the broad Susquehanna River.
The Columbia Bridge Company constructed another wooden bridge on the same stone piers in the years just after the Civil War, restoring the railroad line. The Pennsylvania Railroad purchased this replacement bridge in 1879, but it was destroyed by a severe windstorm in 1896. These bridges were each known as the "Columbia-Wrightsville Bridge."
Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge
The last bridge on the site was built in 1896, just 29 days after the destruction of the previous wooden bridge. A steel truss bridge made of long prefabricated sections, it carried a single railroad track for the Pennsylvania Railroad, as well as a two-lane roadway. It was designed to be resistant to fire, floods, and ice, elements that had destroyed previous wooden structures. Like the previous bridges, tolls were collected for passage to recover a portion of the half million dollar investment.
As originally envisioned, the new bridge was to have had two decks, the bottom one for trains and the upper for other traffic. The top deck was never added, and freight and passenger trains shared the planked lower deck with carriages, wagons, and [later] with automobiles and trucks crossing the river on the Lincoln Highway.
In 1930, automobile traffic was rerouted to the newly constructed Veterans Memorial Bridge, just downstream. The steel bridge reverted to only being used by the railroad, although usage eventually diminished considerably as commercial truck traffic on the Veterans Memorial Bridge (then part of US 30) increased. The track was removed and the bridge dismantled in 1963. The stone piers are still present in the river. A historical marker now commemorates the history of the bridge.
References
Mingus, Scott L., Flames Beyond Gettysburg: The Gordon Expedition. Columbus, Ohio: Ironclad Publishing, 2009.
Railroad bridges in Pennsylvania
Bridges over the Susquehanna River
Lincoln Highway
Pennsylvania Railroad bridges
U.S. Route 30
Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
Bridges completed in 1896
Demolished bridges in the United States
Bridges in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Bridges in York County, Pennsylvania
Former toll bridges in Pennsylvania
Steel bridges in the United States |
Tylko Rock (Only Rock) was a monthly hobby magazine published in Poland from 1991 until 2003. Focusing exclusively on rock music, Tylko Rock was founded in September 1991, by Wiesław Królikowski and Wiesław Weiss. A total of 134 issues were published over the next dozen years. Some of Poland's leading musicians and music journalists contributed articles during the publication's run. In 2003, Tylko Rock was relaunched as Teraz Rock (Now Rock), with the magazine expanding its coverage to other genres of music when appropriate.
References
1991 establishments in Poland
2003 disestablishments in Poland
Defunct magazines published in Poland
Magazines established in 1991
Magazines disestablished in 2003
Music magazines
Polish-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in Poland |
Irina Belova may refer to:
Irina Belova (heptathlete) (born 1968), Russian heptathlete
Irina Belova (rhythmic gymnast) (born 1980), Russian rhythmic gymnast |
Abre (English: Open) is the eight solo studio album and tenth overall by Argentine singer Fito Páez, released on July 27, 1999, through Warner Music Argentina. It was produced by Phil Ramone.
At the 1st Annual Latin Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Best Rock Album while the song "Al Lado del Camino" was nominated for Song of the Year and won Best Rock Song and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance, Frank Filipetti also received a nomination for Best Engineered Album for his work as engineer and mixer in the album. Additionally, the album was nominated for Best Latin Rock/Alternative Album at the 43rd Annual Grammy Awards, being Páez first Grammy Award nomination, and only until his win for La Conquista del Espacio in 2021 in the same category. Abre was also nominated for Album of the Year at the Premios Gardel in 2000 while Phil Ramone was nominated for Producer of the Year for his work in the album.
The album was certified platinum in Argentina in 2000 after selling over 40,000 copies.
Background
The album was recorded at Circo Beat Studios and was the first solo album by Páez since Circo Beat, released in 1994, prior to Abre, Páez worked in Enemigos Íntimos, a collaborative album with Spanish musician Joaquín Sabina. Abre was premiered at Teatro Maipo in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where Páez performed the songs from the album alongside musicians such as Guillermo Vadalá, Nicolás Ibarburu, Gonzalo Aloras, Claudio Cardone, Emmanuel Cauvet, Carlos Huerta, Juan Larrinaga and Adrián Elizarde. To promote the album, Páez embarked on a tour through Argentina that started on August 21, 1999, in Rosario, Santa Fe, his hometown, and included a concert at Teatro Gran Rex in Buenos Aires.
Critical reception
Iván Adaime from AllMusic gave the album three out of five stars calling it a "sophisticated and lushly arranged pop album", he also highlighted the title track as one of the memorable moments from the album, he finished the review writing that "apart from El Amor Después del Amor and Tercer Mundo, Abre is the best album recorded by Páez in the '90s".
Track listing
All tracks were written by Fito Páez and produced by Phil Ramone.
Credits
Musicians
Fito Páez – composition, arrangements, vocals, piano, keyboards
Claudio Cardone – arrangements (track 3), keyboards
Rob Mounsey – arrangements (tracks 3, 9)
Rob Mathes – arrangements (tracks 4, 5, 10)
Guillermo Vidalá – arrangements (track 5), bass, guitar, keyboards
Lucho González – arrangements (track 6), guitar
Anita Alvarez de Toledo – backing vocals (tracks 1, 8)
Néstor Marconi – bandoneon (track 5)
Shawn Pelton – drums, loop
Gabriel Carambula – guitar
Ulises Butrón – guitar
Ube Reyes – percussion (track 6)
Technical
Phil Ramone – producer
Frank Filipetti – engineer, mixing
Ted Jensen – mastering
Brian Garten – assistant engineer
Marcelo Infante – assistant engineer
Mariano Rodríguez – assistant engineer
Alejandro Ros – design
Eduardo Martí – photography
References
1999 albums
Warner Music Latina albums |
George Tillman Gregory Jr. (1921-2003) was an associate justice and chief justice on the South Carolina Supreme Court. He began practicing law in 1944, served in the 1950s in the South Carolina Statehouse, and became a state trial court judge in 1956. He was sworn in as the chief justice on February 26, 1988. Although his term was to expire in 1994, Gregory gave notice of his retirement in 1991. Gregory died on January 23, 2003, and is buried at the Evergreen Cemetery in Chester, South Carolina.
References
Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court
1921 births
People from York County, South Carolina
2003 deaths
20th-century American judges |
This is a list of notable Dutch politicians who have a research doctorate. This does not include any honorary doctorates.
Current members of cabinet
Current members of the states general
Current and former prime ministers
References
Lists of Dutch politicians |
The 2007 Queensland Cup season was the 12th season of Queensland's top-level statewide rugby league competition run by the Queensland Rugby League. The competition, known as the Queensland Wizard Cup due to sponsorship from Wizard Home Loans featured 11 teams playing a 26-week long season (including finals) from March to September.
The Tweed Heads Seagulls became the first team from outside of Queensland to win the Queensland Cup when they defeated the Redcliffe Dolphins 28–18 at Suncorp Stadium. Tweed Heads' Shannon Walker was named the competition's Player of the Year, winning the Courier Mail Medal.
Teams
11 teams participated in the Queensland Cup again in 2007, with the Aspley Broncos replacing the Toowoomba Clydesdales.
Ladder
Finals series
Grand Final
Reigning premiers Redcliffe, who finished the regular season in 2nd, were the first team to qualify for the Grand Final after defeating Tweed Heads in Week 1 and North Queensland in the major semi final. It would be their nine Grand Final appearance in 12 seasons. After losing to Redcliffe, Tweed Heads faced Ipswich in an elimination final, which they won 40–14. A week later, they scored a major upset over minor premiers North Queensland to progress to their first Queensland Cup Grand Final appearance.
First half
Redcliffe opened their premiership defence strongly when halfback Chris Fox scored in the ninth minute. Tweed Heads hit back in the 18th minute when David Myles latched onto a Tim Maccan grubber to score. The Seagulls moved into the lead for the first time when captain Brad Davis stepped through some soft defence to score under the posts. Tweed Heads extended their lead to 12 just seconds before half time when Davis sent Myles over for his second try of the game.
Second half
The Dolphins got the scoring underway in the second half when centre Nick Emmett dived onto a kick from his winger Alwyn Simpson to get Redcliffe back into the contest. 10 minutes later, Tweed Heads pushed the lead back to 12 when the competition's Player of the Year Shannon Walker backed up a Maccan line break to score. Walker sealed the game for his side just five minutes later when he returned a Dolphins' kick 80 metres to score in the corner. Redcliffe gave themselves a small chance late when winger Rory Bromley crossed in the 74th minute but it wasn't enough as Tweed Heads won their first premiership. They became the first club from outside of Queensland to win the competition.
Seagulls' captain Brad Davis was named Man of the Match and awarded the first ever Duncan Hall Medal, named in honour of the Hall of Famer, who played 24 games for Queensland and 22 Tests for Australia.
The loss in the Grand Final would effectively end the Redcliffe Dolphins dominant run in the Queensland Cup. From 1996 to 2007, the club won five premierships, appeared in nine of 12 Grand Finals and won three minor premierships. They would not qualify for another Grand Final until 2012 and would not win another until 2018.
End-of-season awards
Courier Mail Medal (Best and Fairest): Shannon Walker ( Tweed Heads Seagulls)
QANTAS Player of the Year (Coaches Award): Trent Young ( Easts Tigers)
Coach of the Year: Anthony Griffin ( Redcliffe Dolphins)
Rookie of the Year: Shannon Walker ( Tweed Heads Seagulls)
Representative Player of the Year: Shane Muspratt ( Queensland Residents, North Queensland Young Guns)
See also
Queensland Cup
Queensland Rugby League
References
2007 in Australian rugby league
Queensland Cup |
The Hamilton County Courthouse in Chattanooga, Tennessee, designed by architect R.H. Hunt, was constructed in 1912. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
It is three stories upon a basement.
A statue of Confederate general Alexander P. Stewart was unveiled on the courthouse grounds on April 22, 1919 by the United Daughters of the Confederacy.
References
External links
County courthouses in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Hamilton County, Tennessee
Neoclassical architecture in Tennessee
Government buildings completed in 1912 |
Pulmapilt ("The Wedding") is a 1980 Estonian sci-fi film directed by Raul Tammet.
Awards, nominations, participations:
1983: Soviet Estonia Film Festival (USSR), best male actor: Rein Aren
Plot
An elderly man saves the life of an alien who is capable of time travel. They go back in time to the man's wedding day.
Cast
Rein Aren
Lembit Ulfsak
Ella Rihvk
Paul Laasik
Katrin Püttsepp
References
External links
Pulmapilt, entry in Estonian Film Database (EFIS)
1980 films
Estonian science fiction films
Estonian-language films |
Highways in Bulgaria are dual carriageways, grade separated with controlled-access, designed for high speeds. In 2012, legislation amendments defined two types of highways: motorways (, ) and expressways (, ). The main differences are that motorways have emergency lanes and the maximum allowed speed limit is , while expressways do not and the speed limit is . As of October 2023, a total of 861 kilometers of motorways are in service.
Generally, there are no toll roads in Bulgaria, and instead a vignette is required, except for municipal roads. Two bridges − New Europe Bridge and Danube Bridge are tolled, both at Danube border crossings to Romania. However, introduction of toll system to replace the vignettes is under way as being a more fair form of payment. In April 2016 the road agency launched a tender for implementation of an electronic toll collection system for vehicles heavier than 3.5 tonnes and the contract was signed in January 2018. Since January 2019, the electronic vignette is in charge instead of the sticker. Later, a toll system for vehicles over 3,5 tons got introduced.
Network map
History
The initial plan for construction of motorways dates back to 1973, when the government of Socialist Bulgaria approved a resolution to build a motorway ring, encompassing the country and consisting of three motorways - Trakia, Hemus and Cherno More. By the democratic changes in 1990, a total of 273 km of motorways had been built in Bulgaria. By 2007, the year of accession to the EU, this had increased to approximately 420 km with predominantly state funding. The EU accession of the country in 2007, and the improved in the recent years utilization of the allocated EU funds enabled Bulgaria to speed up the expansion of its highway network. As of December 2018, of motorways are in service, with another being under various stages of construction.
The first fully completed motorway was Lyulin motorway, then designated A6, a short 19 km stretch connecting Sofia with Pernik and further merging with Struma motorway (A3) that continues to Greece at Kulata border crossing, opened in 2011. However, in 2018, the government decided to merge Lyulin motorway into Struma motorway as both are forming an interrupted route from Sofia to Greece.
After 40 years of construction, the first large motorway, spanning 360 km, Trakia (A1) was inaugurated on 15 July 2013, thus connecting the capital Sofia and Burgas, at the Black Sea coast. Two years later, on 29 October 2015, the last remaining section of Maritsa motorway (A4), branching off from A1 nearby Chirpan and connecting with the border of Turkey at Kapitan Andreevo checkpoint, entered in service. Sofia Northern Bypass motorway, an important thoroughfare north of Sofia, was inaugurated in 2015.
List of Motorways in Bulgaria
Expressways
Construction works on the 31.5 km section from Botevgrad to Mezdra and the 12.5 km Mezdra bypass are expected to begin in 2013. Also in 2012, were tendered design works on the section between Mezdra and Vidin.
Other highway projects
In 2012, the Bulgarian government announced talks with Qatar to build a South–North motorway/expressway as a PPP from Svilengrad, at the Turkish/Greek border, to Ruse, at the Romanian border. The route is part of the Pan-European Corridor IX. In October 2012, a tender for a feasibility study was announced.
Future openings
Hemus : Boaza - Dermantsi (16 km) : 2024
Hemus : Dermantsi - Kalenik (19 km) : 2024
Hemus : Kalenik - Pleven (17 km) : 2024
Struma : Blagoevgrad - Simitli (13 km) : 2024
Europe : Slivnitsa - Sofia Bypass (16 km) : 2024
Botevgrad - Lyutidol (19 km) : 2023
Lyutidol - Mezdra (13 km) : 2024
Makresh - Bela (14 km) : 2023
Vidin - Makresh (30 km) : 2024
Bela - Ruzhintsi (11 km) : 2024
In total 168 kms of expressway and highway will be open in 2023 - 2024. With 14 km section between Dragoman - Kalotina(A6) had been opened
Access to highway networks of neighbouring countries
Greece
Struma motorway connects near Kulata with the Greek A25 motorway (Serres – Lagkadas – Egnatia Odos). The route is part of the Pan-European Corridor IV.
Also an intersection on the Maritsa motorway is built near Svilengrad, to connect with the future A21 motorway in Greece.
Romania
Botevgrad–Vidin, Veliko Tarnovo–Ruse and Shumen–Ruse expressways, all branching off from Hemus motorway are planned to connect with Romania. The Botevgrad-Vidin expressway is likely the first to be built. The Romanian PM Victor Ponta made a statement after the inauguration of New Europe Bridge that Romania plans to build a motorway between Craiova and Calafat.
Also, in long terms, Cherno More motorway is planned to connect with the future Romanian A4 motorway to Constanţa (interchange with A2 motorway, leading to Bucharest).
Turkey
Maritsa motorway (A4) connects near Kapitan Andreevo with the Turkish O-3 motorway, heading to Istanbul.
Serbia
A 31.5 km section of the Europe motorway from Sofia to Kalotina was tendered in 2012 and is expected to connect with the Serbian A4 motorway to Niš. The route is part of Pan-European Corridor X.
North Macedonia
Dupnitsa-Kyustendil expressway branching off from Struma motorway is planned to connect with North Macedonia.
Gallery
See also
Transport in Bulgaria
List of bridges in Bulgaria
List of controlled-access highway systems
Evolution of motorway construction in European nations
List of railway lines in Bulgaria
Notes
References
Lists of roads
Geography of Bulgaria
Motorways in Bulgaria
Roads in Bulgaria |
Thomas Sharpe (14 March 1866 – 10 May 1929) was a Canadian politician, the 20th Mayor of Winnipeg from 1904 to 1906.
Sharpe was born in County Sligo, Ireland and worked as a bank clerk in his teens. He moved to Canada in 1885 initially working in Toronto as a pavement contractor, then in 1892 moved to Winnipeg. He was a Winnipeg city alderman since 1899 before becoming mayor.
When a rise in cases of typhoid fever in Winnipeg was discovered in 1904 by the municipal Department of Health, mayor Sharpe responded with an aggressive program to develop and enforce sewage and water services. His work as mayor also led to the establishment of Winnipeg's first Board of Control in 1906.
In March 1906, he responded to a strike by employees of the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company with strikebreakers and then with armed militia, earning the mayor the nickname "Gatling Gun Sharpe". This incident was considered a precursor to the 1919 Winnipeg General Strike.
After 1906, Sharpe did not seek another term as mayor and returned to business interests.
References
1866 births
1929 deaths
Mayors of Winnipeg
Irish emigrants to Canada
Politicians from County Sligo |
Ematheudes persicella is a species of snout moth in the genus Ematheudes. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1961 and is known from Iran.
References
Moths described in 1961
Anerastiini |
The 2011–12 season was Paris Saint-Germain Football Club's 42nd in existence and their 39th in the top-flight of French football. The team competed in Ligue 1, the Coupe de France, the Coupe de la Ligue and the UEFA Europa League.
Players
Players, transfers, appearances and goals - 2011/2012 season.
First-team squad
Out on loan
Transfers in
(free)
(€11 million)
(undisclosed)
(€8 million)
(€7.5 million)
(€7 million)
(€3.895 million)
(€39.8 million)
(€3 million)
(€3.5 million)
(£4.2 million)
(€10 million)
Transfers out
Transfers
In
Total spending: €106.1 million.
Out
Total income: €10.3 million.
Expenditure: €95.8 million.
Squad information
Board and staff
Friendly matches
Paris Saint-Germain went down to defeat in their clash with Swiss side Sion. Antoine Kombouaré's men were three goals down early in the second-half, although they did recover some pride after Siaka Tiéné and Clément Chantôme both scored late on. PSG went down to Benfica in the opening match of the Guadiana International Tournament. Under the watchful eye of new sporting director Leonardo, Paris fell behind to an early Óscar Cardozo goal, but equalized soon after when Clément Chantôme's cushioned through ball was brilliantly lobbed home by Nenê. However, in this rematch of last season's Europa League tie, which Benfica won on aggregate, Franco Jara and Javier Saviola both netted after the restart to give the Lisbon club the win once again. A day after, their second match of the Guadiana International Tournament ended in a draw against Anderlecht. Kevin Gameiro netted his first goal for PSG, only for Lukáš Mareček to equalize for the Belgians. PSG recorded their first pre-season win, beating English second tier club Brighton & Hove Albion with Nenê making the difference, his goal laid on a plate by new signing Kevin Gameiro. Opposed to Wacker Innsbruck and Roma in two halves of 45 minutes, Paris clinched the Innsbruck Cup. PSG narrowly defeated the locals and recorded a comfortable triumph over the Italians. Paris lost to the New York Red Bulls in the Emirates Cup. Salvatore Sirigu lined up in the PSG goal for the first time and he was beaten by a low shot from Joel Lindpere. PSG bounced back with a resounding victory over Boca Juniors. Jean-Eudes Maurice, Guillaume Hoarau and Ceará sealed the victory for the nouveau riche at the Emirates Stadium. Alexandre Pato's fourth-minute goal meant Carlo Ancelotti's reign at PSG started with a loss as Milan beat the capital club in the Dubai Challenge Cup at the Al-Rashid Stadium.
Competitions
Ligue 1
Paris Saint-Germain lost their first game of the season at home to Lorient, going down to a goal from Julien Quercia. Kevin Gameiro's strike had PSG on the brink of their first win of the season at Rennes, but Jonathan Pitroipa salvaged a deserved draw for the hosts. Nenê scored the winning goal from the penalty spot in Paris Saint-Germain's home win over Valenciennes. Javier Pastore supplied two assists as PSG battled back from a goal down to win at Toulouse. A moment of magic from Ligue 1 record signing Javier Pastore ended Brest's unbeaten start to the season at the Parc des Princes. Javier Pastore's stunning goal helped Paris Saint-Germain battle back from two goals down at Evian to earn a point. Kevin Gameiro converted the decisive penalty of three as PSG beat Nice at the Parc des Princes. Paris Saint-Germain were ominously impressive against Montpellier, Javier Pastore scoring twice and Kevin Gameiro once to win at the Stade de la Mosson. A sublime strike from Javier Pastore – and a late volley from Christophe Jallet – won PSG a thrilling victory over closest rivals Lyon, taking the capital club three points clear atop the table. A Kevin Gameiro hat-trick ensured Paris Saint-Germain picked up a win at Ajaccio. Two goals from Brazilian winger Nenê were enough for PSG to clinch a win over a valiant Dijon side. Nenê was the inspiration as league leaders Paris Saint-Germain came from behind to beat Caen and record their sixth straight league win. Mohamed Sissoko gave PSG the lead at Bordeaux, but Yoan Gouffran's goal meant it finished tied. Nancy threw the French title race wide open after stunning leaders Paris Saint-Germain in the capital.
Marseille took the clasico honours to condemn Paris Saint-Germain to a second straight league defeat, leaving Montpellier three points clear at the top. Paris Saint-Germain returned to winning ways beating Auxerre after a thrilling second half at the Parc des Princes. Kevin Gameiro's first goal in seven league matches proved enough for Paris Saint-Germain to beat Sochaux. Paris Saint-Germain and Lille cancelled each other out at the Parc des Princes in a goalless draw. Mathieu Bodmer headed the only goal of the game as Paris Saint-Germain won at Saint-Étienne to move clear at the top of the table once again. Nenê scored twice and Javier Pastore netted his first league goal since October as leaders PSG beat Toulouse at the Parc des Princes to give Carlo Ancelotti the perfect start to his Ligue 1 coaching career. Milan Biševac scored the only goal of the game as Paris Saint-Germain beat Brest. Paris Saint-Germain maintained their winning run under Carlo Ancelotti after strikes from Nenê and Kevin Gameiro brought the Parisians back from a goal down to beat Evian at the Parc des Princes. Carlo Ancelotti's perfect start as coach of Paris Saint-Germain ended after the capital club were held to a goalless draw by an impressive Nice. A late Guillaume Hoarau strike ensured it finished tied between leaders PSG and second-placed Montpellier. Guillaume Hoarau salvaged a draw for Paris Saint-Germain at Lyon in Ligue 1's match of the season with a 94th-minute equalizer as the capital club slipped from top spot. Argentine superstar Javier Pastore marked a return to form with a goal and an assist as Paris Saint-Germain beat Ajaccio to return to the top of the table.
Kevin Gameiro scored a dramatic injury-time winner as ten-man Paris Saint-Germain beat Dijon. Paris Saint-Germain scored through Christophe Jallet after the regulation 90 minutes for the fourth game running to salvage a draw at Caen. Paris Saint-Germain missed the opportunity to go back to the top of the Ligue 1 table when they were held at home by Bordeaux. Paris Saint-Germain suffered a first Ligue 1 defeat in 15 outings as Nancy won over the title pretenders. Paris Saint-Germain centre-half Alex scored the winner as PSG beat Marseille at the Parc des Princes. Anthony Le Tallec scored a late equaliser to secure a draw for Auxerre against Paris Saint-Germain. Inspired by a dazzling performance from Nenê, PSG got back to winning ways in emphatic fashion with a win over relegation-threatened Sochaux. Eden Hazard was once again outstanding as Lille came from behind to beat ten-man Paris Saint-Germain. Paris Saint-Germain moved to within three points of leaders Montpellier as Nenê and Javier Pastore gave the capital club a win over Saint-Étienne. PSG came back from two goals down to beat Valenciennes in a thriller in the north of France. A brilliant hat-trick from Nenê and a magnificent performance from Jérémy Ménez handed Paris Saint-Germain a win against Rennes that keeps them in the title running with a game to spare. PSG came from behind to beat Lorient at the Stade du Moustoir but the win was not enough for them to win the Ligue 1 title.
League table
Results summary
Results by round
Coupe de France
The draw for the Coupe de France's last 64 was held as France's élite joined the competition. Last season's runners-up Paris Saint-Germain fared well, being pitted against fifth-division Locminé. PSG needed a stoppage time strike from Diego Lugano to see off the amateurs from Locminé in what was new coach Carlo Ancelotti's first competitive game in charge. In the draw for the last 32, Paris Saint-Germain were paired against Sablé, another fifth-division team. Nenê and Kevin Gameiro both scored twice as PSG eased into the last 16 of the French Cup with a big win over fifth tier Sablé. But playmaker Javier Pastore went off injured in the first half. Paris Saint-Germain went to Dijon in what was a repeat of the sides' meeting in the Coupe de la Ligue last 16 in October. On that occasion, Dijon came from 2-0 down to win 3-2. PSG had a nervous time as they held off a spirited Dijon side to narrowly win – thanks to a Nenê goal – and reach the quarter-finals. The draw for the last eight of the French Cup produced the stand-out fixture between eight-times winners Paris Saint-Germain and Olympique Lyonnais. Lyon inflicted a first defeat of the Ancelotti era on PSG and reached the last four of the French Cup, where they joined Gazélec Ajaccio, who stunned Montpellier, and Rennes, winners over Valenciennes.
Coupe de la Ligue
The draw for the Coupe de la Ligue's round of 16 pitted Dijon playing host to Paris Saint-Germain days after their Week 11 league clash at the Parc des Princes as Ligue 1's six sides competing in Europe entered into the competition. Dijon, inspired by Brice Jovial, came from two goals down to dump league leaders PSG out of the League Cup thanks to a brilliant win.
UEFA Europa League
Big-spending Paris Saint-Germain had to face Greek outfit Olympiakos Volou in the UEFA Europa League play-offs over two legs for a place in the group stages. Olympiakos Volou, however, were excluded from the Europa League for their involvement in a match-fixing scandal, with UEFA handing the Greek club a three-season ban from continental competition. Differdange from Luxembourg replaced Olympiakos Volou. The UEFA Appeals Body seconded the decision of the Control and Disciplinary Body to exclude Olympiakos Volou from the Europa League competition. Javier Pastore provided two assists in his debut to help Paris Saint-Germain take a commanding lead into the second leg of their UEFA Europa League play-off tie against Differdange. Paris Saint-Germain never looked in danger of squandering their first-leg lead as they claimed a convincing win over Differdange to take the tie 6-0 on aggregate and advance to the group stages. However, it did take Antoine Kombouaré's star-studded side more than an hour to break down the Luxembourgish outfit, but Nenê's spectacular strike from distance was worth the wait. Paris Saint-Germain were top seeds for the draw in Monaco and were placed in a testing Group F alongside Athletic Bilbao, Slovan Bratislava and Red Bull Salzburg.
Paris Saint-Germain produced a classy attacking display to beat Red Bull Salzburg. Nenê, Mathieu Bodmer and Jérémy Ménez all scored to hand their side the perfect Europa League start. PSG fell to a defeat - their first in 11 matches - away to Athletic Bilbao as Mohamed Sissoko saw red in his first start for the club. After being reduced to nine men Paris Saint-Germain hung on to secure a potentially vital point thanks to a scoreless draw against Slovan Bratislava. Javier Pastore's lone strike was enough to secure Paris Saint-Germain a narrow win over a tenacious Slovan Bratislava side at the Parc des Princes and reassert the capital club's claim on a qualifying spot for the knockout rounds of the Europa League. Paris Saint-Germain were outplayed by Red Bull Salzburg and had to win against Athletic Bilbao - and hope that Salzburg didn't beat Slovan Bratislava - if they were to book a place in the Europa League's last 16. Paris Saint-Germain produced a late surge to beat Athletic Bilbao, but their Europa League qualification hopes were dashed after rivals Red Bull Salzburg beat Slovan Bratislava in Slovakia.
Appearances and goals
Only Paris Saint-Germain players with at least one appearance in a competitive match with the first team during the season.
References
External links
Official websites
PSG.fr – Site officiel
Paris Saint-Germain at LFP
Paris Saint-Germain at UEFA
Paris Saint-Germain at FIFA
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. seasons
Paris Saint-Germain
Paris Saint-Germain |
```javascript
Check if an argument is a number
Using the double tilde `~~`
`String.replace`
Truthiness
Avoid using `with`
``` |
```objective-c
/*
*
*/
#pragma once
#include "esp_err.h"
#include "esp_intr_alloc.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
#define DAC_DMA_EOF_INTR 0x01
#define DAC_DMA_TEOF_INTR 0x02
/**
* @brief Initialize DAC DMA peripheral
*
* @param[in] freq_hz DAC data frequency per channel
* @param[in] is_alternate Transmit data alternate between two channels or simultaneously
* @param[in] is_apll Whether use APLL as DAC digital controller clock source
* @return
* - ESP_ERR_NOT_FOUND The DMA peripheral has been occupied
* - ESP_ERR_NO_MEM No memory for the DMA peripheral struct
* - ESP_ERR_INVALID_ARG The frequency is out of range
* - ESP_OK Initialize DAC DMA peripheral success
*/
esp_err_t dac_dma_periph_init(uint32_t freq_hz, bool is_alternate, bool is_apll);
/**
* @brief Deinitialize DAC DMA peripheral
*
* @return
* - ESP_ERR_INVALID_STATE The DAC DMA has been de-initialized already
* or the interrupt has not been de-registered
* - ESP_OK Deinitialize DAC DMA peripheral success
*/
esp_err_t dac_dma_periph_deinit(void);
/**
* @brief Get the DMA interrupt signal id
*
* @return
* - int DMA interrupt signal id
*/
int dac_dma_periph_get_intr_signal(void);
/**
* @brief Enable the DMA and interrupt of the DAC DMA peripheral
*
*/
void dac_dma_periph_enable(void);
/**
* @brief Disable the DMA and interrupt of the DAC DMA peripheral
*
*/
void dac_dma_periph_disable(void);
/**
* @brief Whether the TX_EOF interrupt is triggered
*
* @return
* - uint32_t Mask of the triggered interrupt: DAC_DMA_EOF_INTR, DAC_DMA_EOF_INTR
*/
uint32_t dac_dma_periph_intr_is_triggered(void);
/**
* @brief Get the descriptor that just finished sending data
*
* @return
* - uint32_t The address of the EOF descriptor
*/
uint32_t dac_dma_periph_intr_get_eof_desc(void);
/**
* @brief Start a DMA transaction
* @note DMA transaction will stop when reaches the tail of the descriptor link
*
* @param[in] desc_addr Descriptor address
*/
void dac_dma_periph_dma_trans_start(uint32_t desc_addr);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
``` |
```c++
/*
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 or (at your option)
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
*
* along with this program. If not, see <path_to_url
*/
#include "PasswordEditWidget.h"
#include "ui_KeyComponentWidget.h"
#include "ui_PasswordEditWidget.h"
#include "keys/CompositeKey.h"
#include "keys/PasswordKey.h"
PasswordEditWidget::PasswordEditWidget(QWidget* parent)
: KeyComponentWidget(parent)
, m_compUi(new Ui::PasswordEditWidget())
{
initComponent();
// Explicitly clear password on cancel
connect(this, &PasswordEditWidget::editCanceled, this, [this] { setPassword({}); });
}
PasswordEditWidget::~PasswordEditWidget() = default;
bool PasswordEditWidget::addToCompositeKey(QSharedPointer<CompositeKey> key)
{
QString pw = m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->text();
if (!pw.isEmpty()) {
key->addKey(QSharedPointer<PasswordKey>::create(pw));
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* @param visible changed password visibility state
*/
void PasswordEditWidget::setPasswordVisible(bool visible)
{
m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->setShowPassword(visible);
}
/**
* @return password visibility state
*/
bool PasswordEditWidget::isPasswordVisible() const
{
return m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->isPasswordVisible();
}
bool PasswordEditWidget::isEmpty() const
{
return m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->text().isEmpty();
}
PasswordHealth::Quality PasswordEditWidget::getPasswordQuality() const
{
QString pwd = m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->text();
PasswordHealth passwordHealth(pwd);
return passwordHealth.quality();
}
QWidget* PasswordEditWidget::componentEditWidget()
{
m_compEditWidget = new QWidget();
m_compUi->setupUi(m_compEditWidget);
m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->enablePasswordGenerator();
m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->setRepeatPartner(m_compUi->repeatPasswordEdit);
return m_compEditWidget;
}
void PasswordEditWidget::initComponentEditWidget(QWidget* widget)
{
Q_UNUSED(widget);
Q_ASSERT(m_compEditWidget);
setFocusProxy(m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit);
m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->setQualityVisible(true);
m_compUi->repeatPasswordEdit->setQualityVisible(false);
}
void PasswordEditWidget::initComponent()
{
// These need to be set in total for each credential type for translation purposes
m_ui->groupBox->setTitle(tr("Password"));
m_ui->addButton->setText(tr("Add Password"));
m_ui->changeButton->setText(tr("Change Password"));
m_ui->removeButton->setText(tr("Remove Password"));
m_ui->changeOrRemoveLabel->setText(tr("Password set, click to change or remove"));
m_ui->componentDescription->setText(
tr("<p>A password is the primary method for securing your database.</p>"
"<p>Good passwords are long and unique. KeePassXC can generate one for you.</p>"));
}
bool PasswordEditWidget::validate(QString& errorMessage) const
{
if (m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->text() != m_compUi->repeatPasswordEdit->text()) {
errorMessage = tr("Passwords do not match.");
return false;
}
return true;
}
void PasswordEditWidget::setPassword(const QString& password)
{
Q_ASSERT(m_compEditWidget);
m_compUi->enterPasswordEdit->setText(password);
m_compUi->repeatPasswordEdit->setText(password);
}
``` |
Spectrunculus crassus is a species of cusk-eel native to the Atlantic and eastern Pacific.
References
Ophidiidae
Fish described in 1888 |
Hagre l'Escot was a Scottish mercenary captain during the Hundred Years War.
He fought for Edward III in 1360, and on the Black Prince's expedition to Castile in 1366.
After the Treaty of Brétigny Hagre and his men found themselves unemployed and so become one of the 30 so-called Tard-Venus bandits, that ranged the French country side pillaging towns. This led Avignon Pope Innocent VI to preach a "crusade against the robbers", and French King John II to "pay off" the brigands with gold to go to Italy.
His story is mentioned in the Chronicles of Froissart which holds that: Guin de Batefol: he had on his way well two thousand combatants. There were Talebart Talebardon, Guiot du Pin, Espiote, the Petite Meschin, Batillier, Francois Hennequin, de Bourc Camus, the Bourc of L'Espare, Naudon de Bagerent, Bourc de Bretuel, Lamit, Hagre l'Escot , Albrest Ourri the German, Borduel, Bernart de la Salle, Robert Briquet, Carsuelle, Aymon of Ortinge, Garsiot of Chastel, Guionnet of Paux, Hortingo de la Salle and several others. If these Companies advised, about mid-Lent, that they were trailing towards Avignon and would go to see the pope and the cardinals: if they passed and entered and ran in the county of Mâcon; and they came to the county of Forez for this good country and to Lyon on the Rhone.
There is some debate among modern scholars over whether he is or is not identifiable with Thomas Stewart, 2nd Earl of Angus.
References
People of the Hundred Years' War
French soldiers
Scottish mercenaries
Year of birth unknown
French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War
Hundred Years' War
Medieval mercenaries
14th century in France |
A Frozen Charlotte is a specific form of china or bisque doll made in one solid piece without joints from c. 1850 to c. 1920. They were typically inexpensive, and the name Penny doll is also used, in particular for smallest, most affordable versions. The dolls had substantial popularity during the Victorian era.
History
The name of the doll originates from the American folk ballad Fair Charlotte, based on the poem "A Corpse Going to a Ball" by Seba Smith, which tells of a young girl called Charlotte who refused to wrap up warmly to go on a sleigh ride because she did not want to cover up her pretty dress; she froze to death during the journey.
The Frozen Charlotte doll is made in the form of a standing, naked figure molded as a solid piece. The dolls are also sometimes described as pillar dolls, solid chinas or bathing babies. The dolls ranged in size from under an inch to 18 inches plus. The smallest dolls were sometimes used as charms in Christmas puddings. and smaller sizes were very popular for putting in doll's houses. Occasionally versions are seen with a glazed china front and an unglazed stoneware back. This enabled the doll to float on its back when placed in a bath.
Frozen Charlotte dolls were popular during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States. The dolls were affordable enough that children of the era could buy them with their own pocket money. Smaller versions of the dolls were also known as penny dolls, because they were often sold for a cent. Most were made in Germany.
They are also made in bisque, and can come in white, pink-tinted, or, more rarely, painted black. Some rare examples have moulded chemises. Male dolls (identified by their boyish hairstyles) are called Frozen Charlies.
See also
Pennywoods - inexpensive wooden dolls
Penny toy - inexpensive tin toys
References
Dolls |
Kampong Kulapis is a village in the west of Brunei-Muara District, Brunei, about from the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. It has an area of ; the population was 1,766 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Sengkurong.The postcode is BG2521.
Name
The origin of the village was not fully established despite that several claims were made which the first included where it is another community with a tree-related name is Kampong Kulapis. Once a small community, Kampong Kulapis subsequently united with Kampong Damuan, which was a community named for the Damuan River. The combined village was now known by the name Kulapis, which was derived from the name of a particular kind of wood.
Another claimed that the it originated from the Damuan River which flows from the upper reaches of the Kulapis river to the Kampong Ayer river in Bandar Brunei. The Damuan River was a very popular communication mechanism used by Brunei traders in the 10th century to the middle of the 19th century. Around the middle of the 19th century, the name 'Damuan' was changed to 'Kulapis' and remains until today. Kulapis was taken in conjunction with the name 'son of the fish' which was called by the people of Kampong Damuan at that time. An event had occurred in the upstream of Damuan River where a large group of kulapis fish had already been carried by the salty tidal current to the upstream of Damuan River thus preventing the traders of Kampong Damuan who wanted to go to 'Pangkalan Damuan'. A large group of kulapis fish was found at Dhuha time by some Damuan traders who wanted to go to the business bases. The kelp fish almost covered the surface of the river so that it was difficult for the traders' boats to pass and they had to cancel their wish to go to the two bases of Kampong Damuan for three days.
Geography
The adjacent villages include Kampong Tanjong Nangka to the north, Kampong Mulaut to the north-east, Kampong Bebatik to the east and south-east, Kampong Batong to the south and south-west, and Kampong Katimahar to the west and north-west. The village is hilly, forested, lowland and marshy suitable for farming.
Demography
The total population at this point is about 1,706 people including 99 elderly people and 28 orphans. The ethnicity of Kampong Kulapis is the Kedayan ethnicity and their occupation is mostly farming and breeding. When the fruit season arrives, many residents of Kampong Kulapis set up permanent or temporary huts to be used as a place to sell their fruits. Fruits are picked or collected from privately owned pulau buah (fruit orchards) close to their homes and also from their crops in Bukit Panjang.
Infrastructure
Basic facilities and services such as taxi and public bus transport facilities from Kampong Kulapis to Bandar Seri Begawan run according to schedule every day. Paved roads make it easy for villagers to connect to important places or to their respective workplaces. The children of this village attend Awang Haji Mohammad Yussof Katimahar Primary School and secondary students study at Masin Secondary School and Saiyiddina Hussin Secondary School in Jerudong. Sengkurong Clinic is a health center for the residents of Kampung Kulapis apart from the residents of other villages. Electricity, water supply, and telephone are the most important basic facilities to improve the well-being and standard of living of the people here.
Pehin Khatib Abdullah Mosque is the village mosque; it was inaugurated in May 2017 by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and can accommodate 700 worshippers. The mosque is a waqf by an anonymous donor.
References
External links
Blog of Kampong Kulapis
Kulapis |
Anita Strindberg (born 19 June 1937) is a Swedish former actress who appeared in numerous Italian giallo films in the 1970s.
Strindberg appeared as Anita Edberg in two Swedish films in the late 1950s. She started her career in gialli with Lucio Fulci's A Lizard in a Woman's Skin in 1971 and starred in her first lead role that same year, in the Sergio Martino-directed The Case of the Scorpion's Tail. In 1972, she starred in two more gialli: Aldo Lado's Who Saw Her Die? and Martino's Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key.
After the early 1970s, Strindberg acted in many types of genre films: a women in prison film Women in Cell Block 7 (1973); the Exorcist-like horror film The Antichrist (1974); and the poliziotteschi film Almost Human (1974), directed by Umberto Lenzi. Her last film was Riccardo Freda's Murder Obsession, also known as Fear co-starring Laura Gemser.
Filmography
Blonde in Bondage (1957) - Telephone Operator
Sköna Susanna och gubbarna (1959) - Susanna
Quella chiara notte d'ottobre (1970) - Victim (uncredited)
Una lucertola con la pelle di donna (A Lizard in a Woman's Skin, 1971) - Julia Durer
La coda dello scorpione (Case of the Scorpion's Tail, 1971) - Cléo Dupont
Coartada en disco rojo (The Two Faces of Fear, 1972) - Dr. Paola Lombardi
The Eroticist (1972) - French Ambassador's Wife
Chi l'ha vista morire? (Who Saw Her Die?, 1972) - Elizabeth Serpieri
Il tuo vizio è una stanza chiusa e solo io ne ho la chiave (Your Vice Is a Locked Room and Only I Have the Key, 1972) - Irina
Forza 'G' (Winged Devils, 1972) - Cléo Dupont
Al tropico del cancro (Tropic of Cancer, 1972) - Grace Wright
Partirono preti, tornarono... curati (Halleluja to Vera Cruz, 1973)
Diario segreto da un carcere femminile (Women in Cell Block 7, 1973) - Daughter of Musumeci
Contratto carnale (The African Deal, 1974) - Eva McDougall
La profanazione (1974)
Milano odia: la polizia non può sparare (Almost Human, 1974) - Iona Tucci
L'uomo senza memoria (Puzzle, 1974) - Mary Caine
L'anticristo (The Antichrist, 1974) - Greta
La verginella (1975)
La segretaria privata di mio padre (1976) - Ingrid
L'inconveniente (1976)
The Salamander (1981) - Princess Faubiani
Murder Obsession (1981) - Glenda Stanford (final film role)
References
External links
1937 births
Living people
20th-century Swedish actresses |
Harlem Township may refer to one of the following places in the State of Illinois:
Harlem Township, Stephenson County, Illinois
Harlem Township, Winnebago County, Illinois
See also
Harlem Township (disambiguation)
Illinois township disambiguation pages |
Marjorie Deane (1914 - 2 October 2008) was a British financial journalist and author, who worked for The Economist from 1947 to 1989, and has been called "a pathbreaker for female financial journalists" by Paul Volcker, the former chairman of the US Federal Reserve.
Early life
Marjorie Deane was born in 1914 in Manchester. She was educated there at Withington Girls' School, followed by a degree in mathematics at London University.
Career
During the Second World war, Deane worked as a statistician for the Admiralty, where she reported to the poet John Betjeman, who would become a friend.
Deane worked for The Economist from 1947 to 1989, and in the magazine's obituary of Deane, she was described as "the backbone of The Economists financial coverage". She was initially hired as a statistician, and although The Economist were relatively enlightened employers, this did not extend to equal pay in her earlier years; according to the editor Geoffrey Crowther, "You can hire a first-rate woman for the price of a second-rate man".
Deane retired from The Economist aged 75, but continued working on a consultancy basis for various employers, and published a book aged 80 with the journalist Robert Pringle, entitled, The Central Banks.
Paul Volcker, the former chairman of the US Federal Reserve, has called Deane "a pathbreaker for female financial journalists".
Honours
In 2006, Deane was awarded an MBE, and said to the Queen: "I gather you don't much like us journalists, Ma’am", to which the Queen replied that financial journalists were all right.
Personal life
She died on 2 October 2008, at the age of 94.
Legacy
In 1998, she put £1 million towards establishing up a foundation to encourage young financial journalists, and most of her estate was added to The Marjorie Deane Financial Journalism Foundation.
Selected publications
The Central Banks (with Robert Pringle, 1994)
References
External links
The Marjorie Deane Financial Journalism Foundation
1914 births
2008 deaths
British writers
British women journalists
People educated at Withington Girls' School |
```java
/*
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
*/
package org.apache.pulsar.client.api;
import io.netty.util.HashedWheelTimer;
import lombok.Cleanup;
import org.apache.pulsar.client.impl.PulsarClientImpl;
import org.testng.Assert;
import org.testng.annotations.AfterClass;
import org.testng.annotations.BeforeClass;
import org.testng.annotations.DataProvider;
import org.testng.annotations.Test;
import java.util.UUID;
@Test(groups = "broker-api")
public class ConsumerCleanupTest extends ProducerConsumerBase {
@BeforeClass
@Override
protected void setup() throws Exception {
super.internalSetup();
super.producerBaseSetup();
}
@AfterClass(alwaysRun = true)
@Override
protected void cleanup() throws Exception {
super.internalCleanup();
}
@DataProvider(name = "ackReceiptEnabled")
public Object[][] ackReceiptEnabled() {
return new Object[][] { { true }, { false } };
}
@Test(dataProvider = "ackReceiptEnabled")
public void testAllTimerTaskShouldCanceledAfterConsumerClosed(boolean ackReceiptEnabled)
throws PulsarClientException, InterruptedException {
@Cleanup
PulsarClient pulsarClient = newPulsarClient(lookupUrl.toString(), 1);
Consumer<byte[]> consumer = pulsarClient.newConsumer()
.topic("persistent://public/default/" + UUID.randomUUID().toString())
.subscriptionName("test")
.isAckReceiptEnabled(ackReceiptEnabled)
.subscribe();
consumer.close();
Thread.sleep(2000);
HashedWheelTimer timer = (HashedWheelTimer) ((PulsarClientImpl) pulsarClient).timer();
Assert.assertEquals(timer.pendingTimeouts(), 0);
}
}
``` |
WPRW-FM (107.7 MHz), also known as "Power 107", is a mainstream urban station in the Augusta, Georgia, radio market. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Martinez and has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 24.5 kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center near the I-20/I-520 interchange in Augusta, and the transmitter tower is north of Appling, Georgia.
History
The station signed on as WKBG in 1994 with a country format. In 1996, WKBG was purchased by Wilkes Broadcasting and became WUUS, re-branding itself as "US 107". Wilkes also purchased WGUS-AM-FM and WRXR and housed all three stations in the WGUS building. US-107 hired the former morning talent from Kicks 99 (Jill and Charlie) and the former morning man from WBBQ (Mark Summers) and spent much of the late-1990s going up against established country outlet WKXC-FM, but fared poorly in the ratings. The stations were sold to Cumulus Media in 1998.
In November 1999, the station switched over to urban as WPRW, adopting the "Power 107" handle. This station became the first serious challenger to longtime urban outlet WFXA and both stations have been battling each other in the ratings ever since. At one time WPRW was the syndicated home of the Star and Buc Wild Morning Show; it now carries The Breakfast Club in the mornings.
The station is owned by iHeartMedia and competes with WFXA and WIIZ.
See also
Media in Augusta, Georgia
External links
Power 107 — official website
HD Radio stations
PRW-FM
Mainstream urban radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1994
1994 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
IHeartMedia radio stations |
The Rock Carvings in Tanum () are a collection of petroglyphs near Tanumshede, Bohuslän, Sweden, which were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994 because of their high concentration.
Petroglyphs
In total, there are thousands of images called the Tanum petroglyphs, on about 600 panels within the World Heritage Area. These are concentrated in distinct areas along a 25 km stretch, and covers an area of about 51 hectares (126 acres or 0.5 km²).
While the region was on the coastline when the drawings were made, it is now at an elevation of 25m.
Scandinavian Bronze Age and Iron Age people were sophisticated craftsmen and very competent travelers by water. (Dates for ages vary with the region; in Scandinavia, the Bronze Age is roughly 1800 to 500 BCE) Many of the glyphs depict boats of which some seem to be of the Hjortspring boat type carrying around a dozen passengers. Wagons or carts are also depicted.
Other glyphs depict humans with a bow, spear or axe, and others depict hunting scenes. In all cases the pictures show people performing rituals. There is a human at a plough drawn by two oxen, holding what might be a branch or an ox-goading crop made of a number of strips of hide.
One of the larger rocks of Nordic Bronze Age petroglyphs in Scandinavia (at 22 metres tall and 6 metres wide), the Vitlyckehäll, is located in Tanumshede. It contains nearly 300 carvings of a variety of scenes, people, and objects.
The rock carvings are endangered by erosion due to acid rain and some are thus covered either permanently or during certain times of the year. Some have been painted red to make them more visible for tourists; a practice which has drawn criticism for removing the authenticity and original state of the drawings.
Recent history
The first records of the images inscribed at the site were made in 1627 when Peder Alfsön, a Norwegian doctor and lector, made ink drawings of some of the carvings. The first professional recordings were made in 1792 by Carl Gustaf Gottfried Hilfeling, who was sent by nobleman Pehr Tham to draw the carvings. A number of excavations and recordings took place over the course of the early 19th century, primarily led by Carl Georg Brunius and Axel Emmanuel Holmberg, who published research and debated at length the most likely era of their creation. Strong arguments for the now accepted era were not made until the late 19th century, when Oscar Montelius and Viktor Rydberg presented evidence linking the drawings to the Bronze Age. During the early 20th century, studies began to focus more on the meaning behind the drawings, rather than determining their age, but late 20th century work confirmed that the drawings were likely made during the Bronze Age.
The site was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1994; encompassing approximately 45 km² in total. It is visited by approximately 100,000 people per year, though visitors are not permitted to walk on or touch the drawings.
Gallery
References
External links
UNESCO World Heritage Site listing
Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art, a society working to document the carvings and running the Tanum Museum of Rock Carvings
Luukkonen, Ismo: Scandinavian Rock Art
Numerous photos (comments in russian)
Petroglyphs
Bohuslän
World Heritage Sites in Sweden
Nordic Bronze Age
Germanic archaeological artifacts
Bronze Age art |
Keszőhidegkút is a village in Tolna county, Hungary.
Populated places in Tolna County |
```c
/* tc-mn10300.c -- Assembler code for the Matsushita 10300
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file is part of GAS, the GNU Assembler.
GAS is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
any later version.
GAS is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with GAS; see the file COPYING. If not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include "as.h"
#include "safe-ctype.h"
#include "subsegs.h"
#include "opcode/mn10300.h"
#include "dwarf2dbg.h"
/* Structure to hold information about predefined registers. */
struct reg_name
{
const char *name;
int value;
};
/* Generic assembler global variables which must be defined by all
targets. */
/* Characters which always start a comment. */
const char comment_chars[] = "#";
/* Characters which start a comment at the beginning of a line. */
const char line_comment_chars[] = ";#";
/* Characters which may be used to separate multiple commands on a
single line. */
const char line_separator_chars[] = ";";
/* Characters which are used to indicate an exponent in a floating
point number. */
const char EXP_CHARS[] = "eE";
/* Characters which mean that a number is a floating point constant,
as in 0d1.0. */
const char FLT_CHARS[] = "dD";
const relax_typeS md_relax_table[] = {
/* bCC relaxing */
{0x7f, -0x80, 2, 1},
{0x7fff, -0x8000, 5, 2},
{0x7fffffff, -0x80000000, 7, 0},
/* bCC relaxing (uncommon cases) */
{0x7f, -0x80, 3, 4},
{0x7fff, -0x8000, 6, 5},
{0x7fffffff, -0x80000000, 8, 0},
/* call relaxing */
{0x7fff, -0x8000, 5, 7},
{0x7fffffff, -0x80000000, 7, 0},
/* calls relaxing */
{0x7fff, -0x8000, 4, 9},
{0x7fffffff, -0x80000000, 6, 0},
/* jmp relaxing */
{0x7f, -0x80, 2, 11},
{0x7fff, -0x8000, 3, 12},
{0x7fffffff, -0x80000000, 5, 0},
/* fbCC relaxing */
{0x7f, -0x80, 3, 14},
{0x7fff, -0x8000, 6, 15},
{0x7fffffff, -0x80000000, 8, 0},
};
/* Local functions. */
static void mn10300_insert_operand PARAMS ((unsigned long *, unsigned long *,
const struct mn10300_operand *,
offsetT, char *, unsigned,
unsigned));
static unsigned long check_operand PARAMS ((unsigned long,
const struct mn10300_operand *,
offsetT));
static int reg_name_search PARAMS ((const struct reg_name *, int, const char *));
static bfd_boolean data_register_name PARAMS ((expressionS *expressionP));
static bfd_boolean address_register_name PARAMS ((expressionS *expressionP));
static bfd_boolean other_register_name PARAMS ((expressionS *expressionP));
static bfd_boolean r_register_name PARAMS ((expressionS *expressionP));
static bfd_boolean xr_register_name PARAMS ((expressionS *expressionP));
static void set_arch_mach PARAMS ((int));
/* Set linkrelax here to avoid fixups in most sections. */
int linkrelax = 1;
static int current_machine;
/* Fixups. */
#define MAX_INSN_FIXUPS (5)
struct mn10300_fixup
{
expressionS exp;
int opindex;
bfd_reloc_code_real_type reloc;
};
struct mn10300_fixup fixups[MAX_INSN_FIXUPS];
static int fc;
/* We must store the value of each register operand so that we can
verify that certain registers do not match. */
int mn10300_reg_operands[MN10300_MAX_OPERANDS];
const char *md_shortopts = "";
struct option md_longopts[] = {
{NULL, no_argument, NULL, 0}
};
size_t md_longopts_size = sizeof (md_longopts);
/* The target specific pseudo-ops which we support. */
const pseudo_typeS md_pseudo_table[] =
{
{ "am30", set_arch_mach, AM30 },
{ "am33", set_arch_mach, AM33 },
{ "am33_2", (void (*) PARAMS ((int))) set_arch_mach, AM33_2 },
{ "mn10300", set_arch_mach, MN103 },
{NULL, 0, 0}
};
#define HAVE_AM33_2 (current_machine == AM33_2)
#define HAVE_AM33 (current_machine == AM33 || HAVE_AM33_2)
#define HAVE_AM30 (current_machine == AM30)
/* Opcode hash table. */
static struct hash_control *mn10300_hash;
/* This table is sorted. Suitable for searching by a binary search. */
static const struct reg_name data_registers[] =
{
{ "d0", 0 },
{ "d1", 1 },
{ "d2", 2 },
{ "d3", 3 },
};
#define DATA_REG_NAME_CNT \
(sizeof (data_registers) / sizeof (struct reg_name))
static const struct reg_name address_registers[] =
{
{ "a0", 0 },
{ "a1", 1 },
{ "a2", 2 },
{ "a3", 3 },
};
#define ADDRESS_REG_NAME_CNT \
(sizeof (address_registers) / sizeof (struct reg_name))
static const struct reg_name r_registers[] =
{
{ "a0", 8 },
{ "a1", 9 },
{ "a2", 10 },
{ "a3", 11 },
{ "d0", 12 },
{ "d1", 13 },
{ "d2", 14 },
{ "d3", 15 },
{ "e0", 0 },
{ "e1", 1 },
{ "e10", 10 },
{ "e11", 11 },
{ "e12", 12 },
{ "e13", 13 },
{ "e14", 14 },
{ "e15", 15 },
{ "e2", 2 },
{ "e3", 3 },
{ "e4", 4 },
{ "e5", 5 },
{ "e6", 6 },
{ "e7", 7 },
{ "e8", 8 },
{ "e9", 9 },
{ "r0", 0 },
{ "r1", 1 },
{ "r10", 10 },
{ "r11", 11 },
{ "r12", 12 },
{ "r13", 13 },
{ "r14", 14 },
{ "r15", 15 },
{ "r2", 2 },
{ "r3", 3 },
{ "r4", 4 },
{ "r5", 5 },
{ "r6", 6 },
{ "r7", 7 },
{ "r8", 8 },
{ "r9", 9 },
};
#define R_REG_NAME_CNT \
(sizeof (r_registers) / sizeof (struct reg_name))
static const struct reg_name xr_registers[] =
{
{ "mcrh", 2 },
{ "mcrl", 3 },
{ "mcvf", 4 },
{ "mdrq", 1 },
{ "sp", 0 },
{ "xr0", 0 },
{ "xr1", 1 },
{ "xr10", 10 },
{ "xr11", 11 },
{ "xr12", 12 },
{ "xr13", 13 },
{ "xr14", 14 },
{ "xr15", 15 },
{ "xr2", 2 },
{ "xr3", 3 },
{ "xr4", 4 },
{ "xr5", 5 },
{ "xr6", 6 },
{ "xr7", 7 },
{ "xr8", 8 },
{ "xr9", 9 },
};
#define XR_REG_NAME_CNT \
(sizeof (xr_registers) / sizeof (struct reg_name))
/* We abuse the `value' field, that would be otherwise unused, to
encode the architecture on which (access to) the register was
introduced. FIXME: we should probably warn when we encounter a
register name when assembling for an architecture that doesn't
support it, before parsing it as a symbol name. */
static const struct reg_name other_registers[] =
{
{ "epsw", AM33 },
{ "mdr", 0 },
{ "pc", AM33 },
{ "psw", 0 },
{ "sp", 0 },
};
#define OTHER_REG_NAME_CNT \
(sizeof (other_registers) / sizeof (struct reg_name))
static const struct reg_name float_registers[] =
{
{ "fs0", 0 },
{ "fs1", 1 },
{ "fs10", 10 },
{ "fs11", 11 },
{ "fs12", 12 },
{ "fs13", 13 },
{ "fs14", 14 },
{ "fs15", 15 },
{ "fs16", 16 },
{ "fs17", 17 },
{ "fs18", 18 },
{ "fs19", 19 },
{ "fs2", 2 },
{ "fs20", 20 },
{ "fs21", 21 },
{ "fs22", 22 },
{ "fs23", 23 },
{ "fs24", 24 },
{ "fs25", 25 },
{ "fs26", 26 },
{ "fs27", 27 },
{ "fs28", 28 },
{ "fs29", 29 },
{ "fs3", 3 },
{ "fs30", 30 },
{ "fs31", 31 },
{ "fs4", 4 },
{ "fs5", 5 },
{ "fs6", 6 },
{ "fs7", 7 },
{ "fs8", 8 },
{ "fs9", 9 },
};
#define FLOAT_REG_NAME_CNT \
(sizeof (float_registers) / sizeof (struct reg_name))
static const struct reg_name double_registers[] =
{
{ "fd0", 0 },
{ "fd10", 10 },
{ "fd12", 12 },
{ "fd14", 14 },
{ "fd16", 16 },
{ "fd18", 18 },
{ "fd2", 2 },
{ "fd20", 20 },
{ "fd22", 22 },
{ "fd24", 24 },
{ "fd26", 26 },
{ "fd28", 28 },
{ "fd30", 30 },
{ "fd4", 4 },
{ "fd6", 6 },
{ "fd8", 8 },
};
#define DOUBLE_REG_NAME_CNT \
(sizeof (double_registers) / sizeof (struct reg_name))
/* reg_name_search does a binary search of the given register table
to see if "name" is a valid regiter name. Returns the register
number from the array on success, or -1 on failure. */
static int
reg_name_search (regs, regcount, name)
const struct reg_name *regs;
int regcount;
const char *name;
{
int middle, low, high;
int cmp;
low = 0;
high = regcount - 1;
do
{
middle = (low + high) / 2;
cmp = strcasecmp (name, regs[middle].name);
if (cmp < 0)
high = middle - 1;
else if (cmp > 0)
low = middle + 1;
else
return regs[middle].value;
}
while (low <= high);
return -1;
}
/* Summary of register_name().
*
* in: Input_line_pointer points to 1st char of operand.
*
* out: An expressionS.
* The operand may have been a register: in this case, X_op == O_register,
* X_add_number is set to the register number, and truth is returned.
* Input_line_pointer->(next non-blank) char after operand, or is in
* its original state.
*/
static bfd_boolean
r_register_name (expressionP)
expressionS *expressionP;
{
int reg_number;
char *name;
char *start;
char c;
/* Find the spelling of the operand. */
start = name = input_line_pointer;
c = get_symbol_end ();
reg_number = reg_name_search (r_registers, R_REG_NAME_CNT, name);
/* Put back the delimiting char. */
*input_line_pointer = c;
/* Look to see if it's in the register table. */
if (reg_number >= 0)
{
expressionP->X_op = O_register;
expressionP->X_add_number = reg_number;
/* Make the rest nice. */
expressionP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
expressionP->X_op_symbol = NULL;
return TRUE;
}
/* Reset the line as if we had not done anything. */
input_line_pointer = start;
return FALSE;
}
/* Summary of register_name().
*
* in: Input_line_pointer points to 1st char of operand.
*
* out: An expressionS.
* The operand may have been a register: in this case, X_op == O_register,
* X_add_number is set to the register number, and truth is returned.
* Input_line_pointer->(next non-blank) char after operand, or is in
* its original state.
*/
static bfd_boolean
xr_register_name (expressionP)
expressionS *expressionP;
{
int reg_number;
char *name;
char *start;
char c;
/* Find the spelling of the operand. */
start = name = input_line_pointer;
c = get_symbol_end ();
reg_number = reg_name_search (xr_registers, XR_REG_NAME_CNT, name);
/* Put back the delimiting char. */
*input_line_pointer = c;
/* Look to see if it's in the register table. */
if (reg_number >= 0)
{
expressionP->X_op = O_register;
expressionP->X_add_number = reg_number;
/* Make the rest nice. */
expressionP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
expressionP->X_op_symbol = NULL;
return TRUE;
}
/* Reset the line as if we had not done anything. */
input_line_pointer = start;
return FALSE;
}
/* Summary of register_name().
*
* in: Input_line_pointer points to 1st char of operand.
*
* out: An expressionS.
* The operand may have been a register: in this case, X_op == O_register,
* X_add_number is set to the register number, and truth is returned.
* Input_line_pointer->(next non-blank) char after operand, or is in
* its original state.
*/
static bfd_boolean
data_register_name (expressionP)
expressionS *expressionP;
{
int reg_number;
char *name;
char *start;
char c;
/* Find the spelling of the operand. */
start = name = input_line_pointer;
c = get_symbol_end ();
reg_number = reg_name_search (data_registers, DATA_REG_NAME_CNT, name);
/* Put back the delimiting char. */
*input_line_pointer = c;
/* Look to see if it's in the register table. */
if (reg_number >= 0)
{
expressionP->X_op = O_register;
expressionP->X_add_number = reg_number;
/* Make the rest nice. */
expressionP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
expressionP->X_op_symbol = NULL;
return TRUE;
}
/* Reset the line as if we had not done anything. */
input_line_pointer = start;
return FALSE;
}
/* Summary of register_name().
*
* in: Input_line_pointer points to 1st char of operand.
*
* out: An expressionS.
* The operand may have been a register: in this case, X_op == O_register,
* X_add_number is set to the register number, and truth is returned.
* Input_line_pointer->(next non-blank) char after operand, or is in
* its original state.
*/
static bfd_boolean
address_register_name (expressionP)
expressionS *expressionP;
{
int reg_number;
char *name;
char *start;
char c;
/* Find the spelling of the operand. */
start = name = input_line_pointer;
c = get_symbol_end ();
reg_number = reg_name_search (address_registers, ADDRESS_REG_NAME_CNT, name);
/* Put back the delimiting char. */
*input_line_pointer = c;
/* Look to see if it's in the register table. */
if (reg_number >= 0)
{
expressionP->X_op = O_register;
expressionP->X_add_number = reg_number;
/* Make the rest nice. */
expressionP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
expressionP->X_op_symbol = NULL;
return TRUE;
}
/* Reset the line as if we had not done anything. */
input_line_pointer = start;
return FALSE;
}
/* Summary of register_name().
*
* in: Input_line_pointer points to 1st char of operand.
*
* out: An expressionS.
* The operand may have been a register: in this case, X_op == O_register,
* X_add_number is set to the register number, and truth is returned.
* Input_line_pointer->(next non-blank) char after operand, or is in
* its original state.
*/
static bfd_boolean
other_register_name (expressionP)
expressionS *expressionP;
{
int reg_number;
char *name;
char *start;
char c;
/* Find the spelling of the operand. */
start = name = input_line_pointer;
c = get_symbol_end ();
reg_number = reg_name_search (other_registers, OTHER_REG_NAME_CNT, name);
/* Put back the delimiting char. */
*input_line_pointer = c;
/* Look to see if it's in the register table. */
if (reg_number == 0
|| (reg_number == AM33 && HAVE_AM33))
{
expressionP->X_op = O_register;
expressionP->X_add_number = 0;
/* Make the rest nice. */
expressionP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
expressionP->X_op_symbol = NULL;
return TRUE;
}
/* Reset the line as if we had not done anything. */
input_line_pointer = start;
return FALSE;
}
static bfd_boolean double_register_name PARAMS ((expressionS *));
static bfd_boolean float_register_name PARAMS ((expressionS *));
/* Summary of float_register_name:
in: Input_line_pointer points to 1st char of operand.
out: A expressionS.
The operand may have been a register: in this case, X_op == O_register,
X_add_number is set to the register number, and truth is returned.
Input_line_pointer->(next non-blank) char after operand, or is in
its original state. */
static bfd_boolean
float_register_name (expressionP)
expressionS *expressionP;
{
int reg_number;
char *name;
char *start;
char c;
/* Find the spelling of the operand. */
start = name = input_line_pointer;
c = get_symbol_end ();
reg_number = reg_name_search (float_registers, FLOAT_REG_NAME_CNT, name);
/* Put back the delimiting char. */
* input_line_pointer = c;
/* Look to see if it's in the register table. */
if (reg_number >= 0)
{
expressionP->X_op = O_register;
expressionP->X_add_number = reg_number;
/* Make the rest nice. */
expressionP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
expressionP->X_op_symbol = NULL;
return TRUE;
}
/* Reset the line as if we had not done anything. */
input_line_pointer = start;
return FALSE;
}
/* Summary of double_register_name:
in: Input_line_pointer points to 1st char of operand.
out: A expressionS.
The operand may have been a register: in this case, X_op == O_register,
X_add_number is set to the register number, and truth is returned.
Input_line_pointer->(next non-blank) char after operand, or is in
its original state. */
static bfd_boolean
double_register_name (expressionP)
expressionS *expressionP;
{
int reg_number;
char *name;
char *start;
char c;
/* Find the spelling of the operand. */
start = name = input_line_pointer;
c = get_symbol_end ();
reg_number = reg_name_search (double_registers, DOUBLE_REG_NAME_CNT, name);
/* Put back the delimiting char. */
* input_line_pointer = c;
/* Look to see if it's in the register table. */
if (reg_number >= 0)
{
expressionP->X_op = O_register;
expressionP->X_add_number = reg_number;
/* Make the rest nice. */
expressionP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
expressionP->X_op_symbol = NULL;
return TRUE;
}
/* Reset the line as if we had not done anything. */
input_line_pointer = start;
return FALSE;
}
void
md_show_usage (stream)
FILE *stream;
{
fprintf (stream, _("MN10300 options:\n\
none yet\n"));
}
int
md_parse_option (c, arg)
int c ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
char *arg ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
{
return 0;
}
symbolS *
md_undefined_symbol (name)
char *name ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
{
return 0;
}
char *
md_atof (type, litp, sizep)
int type;
char *litp;
int *sizep;
{
int prec;
LITTLENUM_TYPE words[4];
char *t;
int i;
switch (type)
{
case 'f':
prec = 2;
break;
case 'd':
prec = 4;
break;
default:
*sizep = 0;
return "bad call to md_atof";
}
t = atof_ieee (input_line_pointer, type, words);
if (t)
input_line_pointer = t;
*sizep = prec * 2;
for (i = prec - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
md_number_to_chars (litp, (valueT) words[i], 2);
litp += 2;
}
return NULL;
}
void
md_convert_frag (abfd, sec, fragP)
bfd *abfd ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
asection *sec;
fragS *fragP;
{
static unsigned long label_count = 0;
char buf[40];
subseg_change (sec, 0);
if (fragP->fr_subtype == 0)
{
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 1, 1, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 2;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 1)
{
/* Reverse the condition of the first branch. */
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
int opcode = fragP->fr_literal[offset] & 0xff;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0xc8:
opcode = 0xc9;
break;
case 0xc9:
opcode = 0xc8;
break;
case 0xc0:
opcode = 0xc2;
break;
case 0xc2:
opcode = 0xc0;
break;
case 0xc3:
opcode = 0xc1;
break;
case 0xc1:
opcode = 0xc3;
break;
case 0xc4:
opcode = 0xc6;
break;
case 0xc6:
opcode = 0xc4;
break;
case 0xc7:
opcode = 0xc5;
break;
case 0xc5:
opcode = 0xc7;
break;
default:
abort ();
}
fragP->fr_literal[offset] = opcode;
/* Create a fixup for the reversed conditional branch. */
sprintf (buf, ".%s_%ld", FAKE_LABEL_NAME, label_count++);
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 1, 1,
symbol_new (buf, sec, 0, fragP->fr_next),
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
/* Now create the unconditional branch + fixup to the
final target. */
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 2] = 0xcc;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 3, 2, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 5;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 2)
{
/* Reverse the condition of the first branch. */
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
int opcode = fragP->fr_literal[offset] & 0xff;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0xc8:
opcode = 0xc9;
break;
case 0xc9:
opcode = 0xc8;
break;
case 0xc0:
opcode = 0xc2;
break;
case 0xc2:
opcode = 0xc0;
break;
case 0xc3:
opcode = 0xc1;
break;
case 0xc1:
opcode = 0xc3;
break;
case 0xc4:
opcode = 0xc6;
break;
case 0xc6:
opcode = 0xc4;
break;
case 0xc7:
opcode = 0xc5;
break;
case 0xc5:
opcode = 0xc7;
break;
default:
abort ();
}
fragP->fr_literal[offset] = opcode;
/* Create a fixup for the reversed conditional branch. */
sprintf (buf, ".%s_%ld", FAKE_LABEL_NAME, label_count++);
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 1, 1,
symbol_new (buf, sec, 0, fragP->fr_next),
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
/* Now create the unconditional branch + fixup to the
final target. */
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 2] = 0xdc;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 3, 4, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 7;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 3)
{
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 2, 1, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 2, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 3;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 4)
{
/* Reverse the condition of the first branch. */
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
int opcode = fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] & 0xff;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0xe8:
opcode = 0xe9;
break;
case 0xe9:
opcode = 0xe8;
break;
case 0xea:
opcode = 0xeb;
break;
case 0xeb:
opcode = 0xea;
break;
default:
abort ();
}
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] = opcode;
/* Create a fixup for the reversed conditional branch. */
sprintf (buf, ".%s_%ld", FAKE_LABEL_NAME, label_count++);
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 2, 1,
symbol_new (buf, sec, 0, fragP->fr_next),
fragP->fr_offset + 2, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
/* Now create the unconditional branch + fixup to the
final target. */
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 3] = 0xcc;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 4, 2, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 6;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 5)
{
/* Reverse the condition of the first branch. */
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
int opcode = fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] & 0xff;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0xe8:
opcode = 0xe9;
break;
case 0xea:
opcode = 0xeb;
break;
case 0xeb:
opcode = 0xea;
break;
default:
abort ();
}
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] = opcode;
/* Create a fixup for the reversed conditional branch. */
sprintf (buf, ".%s_%ld", FAKE_LABEL_NAME, label_count++);
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 2, 1,
symbol_new (buf, sec, 0, fragP->fr_next),
fragP->fr_offset + 2, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
/* Now create the unconditional branch + fixup to the
final target. */
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 3] = 0xdc;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 4, 4, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 8;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 6)
{
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
fragP->fr_literal[offset] = 0xcd;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 1, 2, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 5;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 7)
{
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
fragP->fr_literal[offset] = 0xdd;
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 5] = fragP->fr_literal[offset + 3];
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 6] = fragP->fr_literal[offset + 4];
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 1, 4, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 7;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 8)
{
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
fragP->fr_literal[offset] = 0xfa;
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] = 0xff;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 2, 2, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 2, 1, BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 4;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 9)
{
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
fragP->fr_literal[offset] = 0xfc;
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] = 0xff;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 2, 4, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 2, 1, BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 6;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 10)
{
fragP->fr_literal[fragP->fr_fix] = 0xca;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 1, 1, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 2;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 11)
{
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
fragP->fr_literal[offset] = 0xcc;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 1, 4, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 3;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 12)
{
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
fragP->fr_literal[offset] = 0xdc;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 1, 4, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 5;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 13)
{
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 2, 1, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 2, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 3;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 14)
{
/* Reverse the condition of the first branch. */
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
int opcode = fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] & 0xff;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0xd0:
opcode = 0xd1;
break;
case 0xd1:
opcode = 0xd0;
break;
case 0xd2:
opcode = 0xdc;
break;
case 0xd3:
opcode = 0xdb;
break;
case 0xd4:
opcode = 0xda;
break;
case 0xd5:
opcode = 0xd9;
break;
case 0xd6:
opcode = 0xd8;
break;
case 0xd7:
opcode = 0xdd;
break;
case 0xd8:
opcode = 0xd6;
break;
case 0xd9:
opcode = 0xd5;
break;
case 0xda:
opcode = 0xd4;
break;
case 0xdb:
opcode = 0xd3;
break;
case 0xdc:
opcode = 0xd2;
break;
case 0xdd:
opcode = 0xd7;
break;
default:
abort ();
}
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] = opcode;
/* Create a fixup for the reversed conditional branch. */
sprintf (buf, ".%s_%ld", FAKE_LABEL_NAME, label_count++);
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 2, 1,
symbol_new (buf, sec, 0, fragP->fr_next),
fragP->fr_offset + 2, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
/* Now create the unconditional branch + fixup to the
final target. */
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 3] = 0xcc;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 4, 2, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 6;
}
else if (fragP->fr_subtype == 15)
{
/* Reverse the condition of the first branch. */
int offset = fragP->fr_fix;
int opcode = fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] & 0xff;
switch (opcode)
{
case 0xd0:
opcode = 0xd1;
break;
case 0xd1:
opcode = 0xd0;
break;
case 0xd2:
opcode = 0xdc;
break;
case 0xd3:
opcode = 0xdb;
break;
case 0xd4:
opcode = 0xda;
break;
case 0xd5:
opcode = 0xd9;
break;
case 0xd6:
opcode = 0xd8;
break;
case 0xd7:
opcode = 0xdd;
break;
case 0xd8:
opcode = 0xd6;
break;
case 0xd9:
opcode = 0xd5;
break;
case 0xda:
opcode = 0xd4;
break;
case 0xdb:
opcode = 0xd3;
break;
case 0xdc:
opcode = 0xd2;
break;
case 0xdd:
opcode = 0xd7;
break;
default:
abort ();
}
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 1] = opcode;
/* Create a fixup for the reversed conditional branch. */
sprintf (buf, ".%s_%ld", FAKE_LABEL_NAME, label_count++);
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 2, 1,
symbol_new (buf, sec, 0, fragP->fr_next),
fragP->fr_offset + 2, 1, BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
/* Now create the unconditional branch + fixup to the
final target. */
fragP->fr_literal[offset + 3] = 0xdc;
fix_new (fragP, fragP->fr_fix + 4, 4, fragP->fr_symbol,
fragP->fr_offset + 1, 1, BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL);
fragP->fr_var = 0;
fragP->fr_fix += 8;
}
else
abort ();
}
valueT
md_section_align (seg, addr)
asection *seg;
valueT addr;
{
int align = bfd_get_section_alignment (stdoutput, seg);
return ((addr + (1 << align) - 1) & (-1 << align));
}
void
md_begin ()
{
char *prev_name = "";
register const struct mn10300_opcode *op;
mn10300_hash = hash_new ();
/* Insert unique names into hash table. The MN10300 instruction set
has many identical opcode names that have different opcodes based
on the operands. This hash table then provides a quick index to
the first opcode with a particular name in the opcode table. */
op = mn10300_opcodes;
while (op->name)
{
if (strcmp (prev_name, op->name))
{
prev_name = (char *) op->name;
hash_insert (mn10300_hash, op->name, (char *) op);
}
op++;
}
/* Set the default machine type. */
#ifdef TE_LINUX
if (!bfd_set_arch_mach (stdoutput, bfd_arch_mn10300, AM33_2))
as_warn (_("could not set architecture and machine"));
current_machine = AM33_2;
#else
if (!bfd_set_arch_mach (stdoutput, bfd_arch_mn10300, MN103))
as_warn (_("could not set architecture and machine"));
current_machine = MN103;
#endif
}
static symbolS *GOT_symbol;
static inline int mn10300_check_fixup PARAMS ((struct mn10300_fixup *));
static inline int mn10300_PIC_related_p PARAMS ((symbolS *));
static inline int
mn10300_PIC_related_p (sym)
symbolS *sym;
{
expressionS *exp;
if (! sym)
return 0;
if (sym == GOT_symbol)
return 1;
exp = symbol_get_value_expression (sym);
return (exp->X_op == O_PIC_reloc
|| mn10300_PIC_related_p (exp->X_add_symbol)
|| mn10300_PIC_related_p (exp->X_op_symbol));
}
static inline int
mn10300_check_fixup (fixup)
struct mn10300_fixup *fixup;
{
expressionS *exp = &fixup->exp;
repeat:
switch (exp->X_op)
{
case O_add:
case O_subtract: /* If we're sufficiently unlucky that the label
and the expression that references it happen
to end up in different frags, the subtract
won't be simplified within expression(). */
/* The PIC-related operand must be the first operand of a sum. */
if (exp != &fixup->exp || mn10300_PIC_related_p (exp->X_op_symbol))
return 1;
if (exp->X_add_symbol && exp->X_add_symbol == GOT_symbol)
fixup->reloc = BFD_RELOC_32_GOT_PCREL;
exp = symbol_get_value_expression (exp->X_add_symbol);
goto repeat;
case O_symbol:
if (exp->X_add_symbol && exp->X_add_symbol == GOT_symbol)
fixup->reloc = BFD_RELOC_32_GOT_PCREL;
break;
case O_PIC_reloc:
fixup->reloc = exp->X_md;
exp->X_op = O_symbol;
if (fixup->reloc == BFD_RELOC_32_PLT_PCREL
&& fixup->opindex >= 0
&& (mn10300_operands[fixup->opindex].flags
& MN10300_OPERAND_RELAX))
return 1;
break;
default:
return (mn10300_PIC_related_p (exp->X_add_symbol)
|| mn10300_PIC_related_p (exp->X_op_symbol));
}
return 0;
}
void
mn10300_cons_fix_new (frag, off, size, exp)
fragS *frag;
int off, size;
expressionS *exp;
{
struct mn10300_fixup fixup;
fixup.opindex = -1;
fixup.exp = *exp;
fixup.reloc = BFD_RELOC_UNUSED;
mn10300_check_fixup (&fixup);
if (fixup.reloc == BFD_RELOC_MN10300_GOT32)
switch (size)
{
case 2:
fixup.reloc = BFD_RELOC_MN10300_GOT16;
break;
case 3:
fixup.reloc = BFD_RELOC_MN10300_GOT24;
break;
case 4:
break;
default:
goto error;
}
else if (fixup.reloc == BFD_RELOC_UNUSED)
switch (size)
{
case 1:
fixup.reloc = BFD_RELOC_8;
break;
case 2:
fixup.reloc = BFD_RELOC_16;
break;
case 3:
fixup.reloc = BFD_RELOC_24;
break;
case 4:
fixup.reloc = BFD_RELOC_32;
break;
default:
goto error;
}
else if (size != 4)
{
error:
as_bad (_("unsupported BFD relocation size %u"), size);
fixup.reloc = BFD_RELOC_UNUSED;
}
fix_new_exp (frag, off, size, &fixup.exp, 0, fixup.reloc);
}
void
md_assemble (str)
char *str;
{
char *s;
struct mn10300_opcode *opcode;
struct mn10300_opcode *next_opcode;
const unsigned char *opindex_ptr;
int next_opindex, relaxable;
unsigned long insn, extension, size = 0;
char *f;
int i;
int match;
/* Get the opcode. */
for (s = str; *s != '\0' && !ISSPACE (*s); s++)
;
if (*s != '\0')
*s++ = '\0';
/* Find the first opcode with the proper name. */
opcode = (struct mn10300_opcode *) hash_find (mn10300_hash, str);
if (opcode == NULL)
{
as_bad (_("Unrecognized opcode: `%s'"), str);
return;
}
str = s;
while (ISSPACE (*str))
++str;
input_line_pointer = str;
for (;;)
{
const char *errmsg;
int op_idx;
char *hold;
int extra_shift = 0;
errmsg = _("Invalid opcode/operands");
/* Reset the array of register operands. */
memset (mn10300_reg_operands, -1, sizeof (mn10300_reg_operands));
relaxable = 0;
fc = 0;
match = 0;
next_opindex = 0;
insn = opcode->opcode;
extension = 0;
/* If the instruction is not available on the current machine
then it can not possibly match. */
if (opcode->machine
&& !(opcode->machine == AM33_2 && HAVE_AM33_2)
&& !(opcode->machine == AM33 && HAVE_AM33)
&& !(opcode->machine == AM30 && HAVE_AM30))
goto error;
for (op_idx = 1, opindex_ptr = opcode->operands;
*opindex_ptr != 0;
opindex_ptr++, op_idx++)
{
const struct mn10300_operand *operand;
expressionS ex;
if (next_opindex == 0)
{
operand = &mn10300_operands[*opindex_ptr];
}
else
{
operand = &mn10300_operands[next_opindex];
next_opindex = 0;
}
while (*str == ' ' || *str == ',')
++str;
if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_RELAX)
relaxable = 1;
/* Gather the operand. */
hold = input_line_pointer;
input_line_pointer = str;
if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_PAREN)
{
if (*input_line_pointer != ')' && *input_line_pointer != '(')
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
input_line_pointer++;
goto keep_going;
}
/* See if we can match the operands. */
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_DREG)
{
if (!data_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_AREG)
{
if (!address_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_SP)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "sp") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_RREG)
{
if (!r_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_XRREG)
{
if (!xr_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_FSREG)
{
if (!float_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_FDREG)
{
if (!double_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_FPCR)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "fpcr") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_USP)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "usp") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_SSP)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "ssp") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_MSP)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "msp") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_PC)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "pc") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_EPSW)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "epsw") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_PLUS)
{
if (*input_line_pointer != '+')
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
input_line_pointer++;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_PSW)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "psw") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_MDR)
{
char *start = input_line_pointer;
char c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "mdr") != 0)
{
*input_line_pointer = c;
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
*input_line_pointer = c;
goto keep_going;
}
else if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_REG_LIST)
{
unsigned int value = 0;
if (*input_line_pointer != '[')
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
/* Eat the '['. */
input_line_pointer++;
/* We used to reject a null register list here; however,
we accept it now so the compiler can emit "call"
instructions for all calls to named functions.
The linker can then fill in the appropriate bits for the
register list and stack size or change the instruction
into a "calls" if using "call" is not profitable. */
while (*input_line_pointer != ']')
{
char *start;
char c;
if (*input_line_pointer == ',')
input_line_pointer++;
start = input_line_pointer;
c = get_symbol_end ();
if (strcasecmp (start, "d2") == 0)
{
value |= 0x80;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else if (strcasecmp (start, "d3") == 0)
{
value |= 0x40;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else if (strcasecmp (start, "a2") == 0)
{
value |= 0x20;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else if (strcasecmp (start, "a3") == 0)
{
value |= 0x10;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else if (strcasecmp (start, "other") == 0)
{
value |= 0x08;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else if (HAVE_AM33
&& strcasecmp (start, "exreg0") == 0)
{
value |= 0x04;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else if (HAVE_AM33
&& strcasecmp (start, "exreg1") == 0)
{
value |= 0x02;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else if (HAVE_AM33
&& strcasecmp (start, "exother") == 0)
{
value |= 0x01;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else if (HAVE_AM33
&& strcasecmp (start, "all") == 0)
{
value |= 0xff;
*input_line_pointer = c;
}
else
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
}
input_line_pointer++;
mn10300_insert_operand (&insn, &extension, operand,
value, (char *) NULL, 0, 0);
goto keep_going;
}
else if (data_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
else if (address_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
else if (other_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
else if (HAVE_AM33 && r_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
else if (HAVE_AM33 && xr_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
else if (HAVE_AM33_2 && float_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
else if (HAVE_AM33_2 && double_register_name (&ex))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
else if (*str == ')' || *str == '(')
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
else
{
expression (&ex);
}
switch (ex.X_op)
{
case O_illegal:
errmsg = _("illegal operand");
goto error;
case O_absent:
errmsg = _("missing operand");
goto error;
case O_register:
{
int mask;
mask = MN10300_OPERAND_DREG | MN10300_OPERAND_AREG;
if (HAVE_AM33)
mask |= MN10300_OPERAND_RREG | MN10300_OPERAND_XRREG;
if (HAVE_AM33_2)
mask |= MN10300_OPERAND_FSREG | MN10300_OPERAND_FDREG;
if ((operand->flags & mask) == 0)
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
if (opcode->format == FMT_D1 || opcode->format == FMT_S1)
extra_shift = 8;
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D2
|| opcode->format == FMT_D4
|| opcode->format == FMT_S2
|| opcode->format == FMT_S4
|| opcode->format == FMT_S6
|| opcode->format == FMT_D5)
extra_shift = 16;
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D7)
extra_shift = 8;
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D8 || opcode->format == FMT_D9)
extra_shift = 8;
else
extra_shift = 0;
mn10300_insert_operand (&insn, &extension, operand,
ex.X_add_number, (char *) NULL,
0, extra_shift);
/* And note the register number in the register array. */
mn10300_reg_operands[op_idx - 1] = ex.X_add_number;
break;
}
case O_constant:
/* If this operand can be promoted, and it doesn't
fit into the allocated bitfield for this insn,
then promote it (ie this opcode does not match). */
if (operand->flags
& (MN10300_OPERAND_PROMOTE | MN10300_OPERAND_RELAX)
&& !check_operand (insn, operand, ex.X_add_number))
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
mn10300_insert_operand (&insn, &extension, operand,
ex.X_add_number, (char *) NULL,
0, 0);
break;
default:
/* If this operand can be promoted, then this opcode didn't
match since we can't know if it needed promotion! */
if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_PROMOTE)
{
input_line_pointer = hold;
str = hold;
goto error;
}
/* We need to generate a fixup for this expression. */
if (fc >= MAX_INSN_FIXUPS)
as_fatal (_("too many fixups"));
fixups[fc].exp = ex;
fixups[fc].opindex = *opindex_ptr;
fixups[fc].reloc = BFD_RELOC_UNUSED;
if (mn10300_check_fixup (& fixups[fc]))
goto error;
++fc;
break;
}
keep_going:
str = input_line_pointer;
input_line_pointer = hold;
while (*str == ' ' || *str == ',')
++str;
}
/* Make sure we used all the operands! */
if (*str != ',')
match = 1;
/* If this instruction has registers that must not match, verify
that they do indeed not match. */
if (opcode->no_match_operands)
{
int i;
/* Look at each operand to see if it's marked. */
for (i = 0; i < MN10300_MAX_OPERANDS; i++)
{
if ((1 << i) & opcode->no_match_operands)
{
int j;
/* operand I is marked. Check that it does not match any
operands > I which are marked. */
for (j = i + 1; j < MN10300_MAX_OPERANDS; j++)
{
if (((1 << j) & opcode->no_match_operands)
&& mn10300_reg_operands[i] == mn10300_reg_operands[j])
{
errmsg = _("Invalid register specification.");
match = 0;
goto error;
}
}
}
}
}
error:
if (match == 0)
{
next_opcode = opcode + 1;
if (!strcmp (next_opcode->name, opcode->name))
{
opcode = next_opcode;
continue;
}
as_bad ("%s", errmsg);
return;
}
break;
}
while (ISSPACE (*str))
++str;
if (*str != '\0')
as_bad (_("junk at end of line: `%s'"), str);
input_line_pointer = str;
/* Determine the size of the instruction. */
if (opcode->format == FMT_S0)
size = 1;
if (opcode->format == FMT_S1 || opcode->format == FMT_D0)
size = 2;
if (opcode->format == FMT_S2 || opcode->format == FMT_D1)
size = 3;
if (opcode->format == FMT_D6)
size = 3;
if (opcode->format == FMT_D7 || opcode->format == FMT_D10)
size = 4;
if (opcode->format == FMT_D8)
size = 6;
if (opcode->format == FMT_D9)
size = 7;
if (opcode->format == FMT_S4)
size = 5;
if (opcode->format == FMT_S6 || opcode->format == FMT_D5)
size = 7;
if (opcode->format == FMT_D2)
size = 4;
if (opcode->format == FMT_D3)
size = 5;
if (opcode->format == FMT_D4)
size = 6;
if (relaxable && fc > 0)
{
int type;
/* We want to anchor the line info to the previous frag (if
there isn't one, create it), so that, when the insn is
resized, we still get the right address for the beginning of
the region. */
f = frag_more (0);
dwarf2_emit_insn (0);
/* bCC */
if (size == 2)
{
/* Handle bra specially. Basically treat it like jmp so
that we automatically handle 8, 16 and 32 bit offsets
correctly as well as jumps to an undefined address.
It is also important to not treat it like other bCC
instructions since the long forms of bra is different
from other bCC instructions. */
if (opcode->opcode == 0xca00)
type = 10;
else
type = 0;
}
/* call */
else if (size == 5)
type = 6;
/* calls */
else if (size == 4)
type = 8;
/* jmp */
else if (size == 3 && opcode->opcode == 0xcc0000)
type = 10;
else if (size == 3 && (opcode->opcode & 0xfff000) == 0xf8d000)
type = 13;
/* bCC (uncommon cases) */
else
type = 3;
f = frag_var (rs_machine_dependent, 8, 8 - size, type,
fixups[0].exp.X_add_symbol,
fixups[0].exp.X_add_number,
(char *)fixups[0].opindex);
/* This is pretty hokey. We basically just care about the
opcode, so we have to write out the first word big endian.
The exception is "call", which has two operands that we
care about.
The first operand (the register list) happens to be in the
first instruction word, and will be in the right place if
we output the first word in big endian mode.
The second operand (stack size) is in the extension word,
and we want it to appear as the first character in the extension
word (as it appears in memory). Luckily, writing the extension
word in big endian format will do what we want. */
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, insn, size > 4 ? 4 : size);
if (size > 8)
{
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 4, extension, 4);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 8, 0, size - 8);
}
else if (size > 4)
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 4, extension, size - 4);
}
else
{
/* Allocate space for the instruction. */
f = frag_more (size);
/* Fill in bytes for the instruction. Note that opcode fields
are written big-endian, 16 & 32bit immediates are written
little endian. Egad. */
if (opcode->format == FMT_S0
|| opcode->format == FMT_S1
|| opcode->format == FMT_D0
|| opcode->format == FMT_D6
|| opcode->format == FMT_D7
|| opcode->format == FMT_D10
|| opcode->format == FMT_D1)
{
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, insn, size);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_S2
&& opcode->opcode != 0xdf0000
&& opcode->opcode != 0xde0000)
{
/* A format S2 instruction that is _not_ "ret" and "retf". */
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 16) & 0xff, 1);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 1, insn & 0xffff, 2);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_S2)
{
/* This must be a ret or retf, which is written entirely in
big-endian format. */
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, insn, 3);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_S4
&& opcode->opcode != 0xdc000000)
{
/* This must be a format S4 "call" instruction. What a pain. */
unsigned long temp = (insn >> 8) & 0xffff;
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 24) & 0xff, 1);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 1, temp, 2);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 3, insn & 0xff, 1);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 4, extension & 0xff, 1);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_S4)
{
/* This must be a format S4 "jmp" instruction. */
unsigned long temp = ((insn & 0xffffff) << 8) | (extension & 0xff);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 24) & 0xff, 1);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 1, temp, 4);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_S6)
{
unsigned long temp = ((insn & 0xffffff) << 8)
| ((extension >> 16) & 0xff);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 24) & 0xff, 1);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 1, temp, 4);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 5, (extension >> 8) & 0xff, 1);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 6, extension & 0xff, 1);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D2
&& opcode->opcode != 0xfaf80000
&& opcode->opcode != 0xfaf00000
&& opcode->opcode != 0xfaf40000)
{
/* A format D2 instruction where the 16bit immediate is
really a single 16bit value, not two 8bit values. */
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 16) & 0xffff, 2);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 2, insn & 0xffff, 2);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D2)
{
/* A format D2 instruction where the 16bit immediate
is really two 8bit immediates. */
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, insn, 4);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D3)
{
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 16) & 0xffff, 2);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 2, insn & 0xffff, 2);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 4, extension & 0xff, 1);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D4)
{
unsigned long temp = ((insn & 0xffff) << 16) | (extension & 0xffff);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 16) & 0xffff, 2);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 2, temp, 4);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D5)
{
unsigned long temp = (((insn & 0xffff) << 16)
| ((extension >> 8) & 0xffff));
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 16) & 0xffff, 2);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 2, temp, 4);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 6, extension & 0xff, 1);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D8)
{
unsigned long temp = ((insn & 0xff) << 16) | (extension & 0xffff);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 8) & 0xffffff, 3);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f + 3, (temp & 0xff), 1);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 4, temp >> 8, 2);
}
else if (opcode->format == FMT_D9)
{
unsigned long temp = ((insn & 0xff) << 24) | (extension & 0xffffff);
number_to_chars_bigendian (f, (insn >> 8) & 0xffffff, 3);
number_to_chars_littleendian (f + 3, temp, 4);
}
/* Create any fixups. */
for (i = 0; i < fc; i++)
{
const struct mn10300_operand *operand;
operand = &mn10300_operands[fixups[i].opindex];
if (fixups[i].reloc != BFD_RELOC_UNUSED
&& fixups[i].reloc != BFD_RELOC_32_GOT_PCREL
&& fixups[i].reloc != BFD_RELOC_32_GOTOFF
&& fixups[i].reloc != BFD_RELOC_32_PLT_PCREL
&& fixups[i].reloc != BFD_RELOC_MN10300_GOT32)
{
reloc_howto_type *reloc_howto;
int size;
int offset;
fixS *fixP;
reloc_howto = bfd_reloc_type_lookup (stdoutput,
fixups[i].reloc);
if (!reloc_howto)
abort ();
size = bfd_get_reloc_size (reloc_howto);
if (size < 1 || size > 4)
abort ();
offset = 4 - size;
fixP = fix_new_exp (frag_now, f - frag_now->fr_literal + offset,
size, &fixups[i].exp,
reloc_howto->pc_relative,
fixups[i].reloc);
}
else
{
int reloc, pcrel, reloc_size, offset;
fixS *fixP;
reloc = BFD_RELOC_NONE;
if (fixups[i].reloc != BFD_RELOC_UNUSED)
reloc = fixups[i].reloc;
/* How big is the reloc? Remember SPLIT relocs are
implicitly 32bits. */
if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_SPLIT) != 0)
reloc_size = 32;
else if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_24BIT) != 0)
reloc_size = 24;
else
reloc_size = operand->bits;
/* Is the reloc pc-relative? */
pcrel = (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_PCREL) != 0;
if (reloc != BFD_RELOC_NONE)
pcrel = bfd_reloc_type_lookup (stdoutput, reloc)->pc_relative;
offset = size - (reloc_size + operand->shift) / 8;
/* Choose a proper BFD relocation type. */
if (reloc != BFD_RELOC_NONE)
;
else if (pcrel)
{
if (reloc_size == 32)
reloc = BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL;
else if (reloc_size == 16)
reloc = BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL;
else if (reloc_size == 8)
reloc = BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL;
else
abort ();
}
else
{
if (reloc_size == 32)
reloc = BFD_RELOC_32;
else if (reloc_size == 16)
reloc = BFD_RELOC_16;
else if (reloc_size == 8)
reloc = BFD_RELOC_8;
else
abort ();
}
/* Convert the size of the reloc into what fix_new_exp wants. */
reloc_size = reloc_size / 8;
if (reloc_size == 8)
reloc_size = 0;
else if (reloc_size == 16)
reloc_size = 1;
else if (reloc_size == 32)
reloc_size = 2;
fixP = fix_new_exp (frag_now, f - frag_now->fr_literal + offset,
reloc_size, &fixups[i].exp, pcrel,
((bfd_reloc_code_real_type) reloc));
if (pcrel)
fixP->fx_offset += offset;
}
}
dwarf2_emit_insn (size);
}
}
/* If while processing a fixup, a reloc really needs to be created
then it is done here. */
arelent *
tc_gen_reloc (seg, fixp)
asection *seg ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
fixS *fixp;
{
arelent *reloc;
reloc = (arelent *) xmalloc (sizeof (arelent));
reloc->howto = bfd_reloc_type_lookup (stdoutput, fixp->fx_r_type);
if (reloc->howto == (reloc_howto_type *) NULL)
{
as_bad_where (fixp->fx_file, fixp->fx_line,
_("reloc %d not supported by object file format"),
(int) fixp->fx_r_type);
return NULL;
}
reloc->address = fixp->fx_frag->fr_address + fixp->fx_where;
if (fixp->fx_subsy
&& S_GET_SEGMENT (fixp->fx_subsy) == absolute_section)
{
fixp->fx_offset -= S_GET_VALUE (fixp->fx_subsy);
fixp->fx_subsy = 0;
}
if (fixp->fx_addsy && fixp->fx_subsy)
{
reloc->sym_ptr_ptr = NULL;
/* If we got a difference between two symbols, and the
subtracted symbol is in the current section, use a
PC-relative relocation. If both symbols are in the same
section, the difference would have already been simplified
to a constant. */
if (S_GET_SEGMENT (fixp->fx_subsy) == seg)
{
reloc->sym_ptr_ptr = (asymbol **) xmalloc (sizeof (asymbol *));
*reloc->sym_ptr_ptr = symbol_get_bfdsym (fixp->fx_addsy);
reloc->addend = (reloc->address - S_GET_VALUE (fixp->fx_subsy)
+ fixp->fx_offset);
switch (fixp->fx_r_type)
{
case BFD_RELOC_8:
reloc->howto = bfd_reloc_type_lookup (stdoutput,
BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL);
return reloc;
case BFD_RELOC_16:
reloc->howto = bfd_reloc_type_lookup (stdoutput,
BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL);
return reloc;
case BFD_RELOC_24:
reloc->howto = bfd_reloc_type_lookup (stdoutput,
BFD_RELOC_24_PCREL);
return reloc;
case BFD_RELOC_32:
reloc->howto = bfd_reloc_type_lookup (stdoutput,
BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL);
return reloc;
default:
/* Try to compute the absolute value below. */
break;
}
}
if ((S_GET_SEGMENT (fixp->fx_addsy) != S_GET_SEGMENT (fixp->fx_subsy))
|| S_GET_SEGMENT (fixp->fx_addsy) == undefined_section)
{
as_bad_where (fixp->fx_file, fixp->fx_line,
"Difference of symbols in different sections is not supported");
}
else
{
char *fixpos = fixp->fx_where + fixp->fx_frag->fr_literal;
reloc->addend = (S_GET_VALUE (fixp->fx_addsy)
- S_GET_VALUE (fixp->fx_subsy) + fixp->fx_offset);
switch (fixp->fx_r_type)
{
case BFD_RELOC_8:
md_number_to_chars (fixpos, reloc->addend, 1);
break;
case BFD_RELOC_16:
md_number_to_chars (fixpos, reloc->addend, 2);
break;
case BFD_RELOC_24:
md_number_to_chars (fixpos, reloc->addend, 3);
break;
case BFD_RELOC_32:
md_number_to_chars (fixpos, reloc->addend, 4);
break;
default:
reloc->sym_ptr_ptr = (asymbol **) &bfd_abs_symbol;
return reloc;
}
}
if (reloc->sym_ptr_ptr)
free (reloc->sym_ptr_ptr);
free (reloc);
return NULL;
}
else
{
reloc->sym_ptr_ptr = (asymbol **) xmalloc (sizeof (asymbol *));
*reloc->sym_ptr_ptr = symbol_get_bfdsym (fixp->fx_addsy);
reloc->addend = fixp->fx_offset;
}
return reloc;
}
int
md_estimate_size_before_relax (fragp, seg)
fragS *fragp;
asection *seg;
{
if (fragp->fr_subtype == 6
&& (!S_IS_DEFINED (fragp->fr_symbol)
|| seg != S_GET_SEGMENT (fragp->fr_symbol)))
fragp->fr_subtype = 7;
else if (fragp->fr_subtype == 8
&& (!S_IS_DEFINED (fragp->fr_symbol)
|| seg != S_GET_SEGMENT (fragp->fr_symbol)))
fragp->fr_subtype = 9;
else if (fragp->fr_subtype == 10
&& (!S_IS_DEFINED (fragp->fr_symbol)
|| seg != S_GET_SEGMENT (fragp->fr_symbol)))
fragp->fr_subtype = 12;
if (fragp->fr_subtype == 13)
return 3;
if (fragp->fr_subtype >= sizeof (md_relax_table) / sizeof (md_relax_table[0]))
abort ();
return md_relax_table[fragp->fr_subtype].rlx_length;
}
long
md_pcrel_from (fixp)
fixS *fixp;
{
if (fixp->fx_addsy != (symbolS *) NULL && !S_IS_DEFINED (fixp->fx_addsy))
{
/* The symbol is undefined. Let the linker figure it out. */
return 0;
}
return fixp->fx_frag->fr_address + fixp->fx_where;
}
void
md_apply_fix3 (fixP, valP, seg)
fixS * fixP;
valueT * valP;
segT seg;
{
char * fixpos = fixP->fx_where + fixP->fx_frag->fr_literal;
int size = 0;
int value = (int) * valP;
assert (fixP->fx_r_type < BFD_RELOC_UNUSED);
/* This should never happen. */
if (seg->flags & SEC_ALLOC)
abort ();
/* The value we are passed in *valuep includes the symbol values.
Since we are using BFD_ASSEMBLER, if we are doing this relocation
the code in write.c is going to call bfd_install_relocation, which
is also going to use the symbol value. That means that if the
reloc is fully resolved we want to use *valuep since
bfd_install_relocation is not being used.
However, if the reloc is not fully resolved we do not want to use
*valuep, and must use fx_offset instead. However, if the reloc
is PC relative, we do want to use *valuep since it includes the
result of md_pcrel_from. */
if (fixP->fx_addsy != (symbolS *) NULL && ! fixP->fx_pcrel)
value = fixP->fx_offset;
/* If the fix is relative to a symbol which is not defined, or not
in the same segment as the fix, we cannot resolve it here. */
if (fixP->fx_addsy != NULL
&& (! S_IS_DEFINED (fixP->fx_addsy)
|| (S_GET_SEGMENT (fixP->fx_addsy) != seg)))
{
fixP->fx_done = 0;
return;
}
switch (fixP->fx_r_type)
{
case BFD_RELOC_8:
case BFD_RELOC_8_PCREL:
size = 1;
break;
case BFD_RELOC_16:
case BFD_RELOC_16_PCREL:
size = 2;
break;
case BFD_RELOC_32:
case BFD_RELOC_32_PCREL:
size = 4;
break;
case BFD_RELOC_VTABLE_INHERIT:
case BFD_RELOC_VTABLE_ENTRY:
fixP->fx_done = 0;
return;
case BFD_RELOC_NONE:
default:
as_bad_where (fixP->fx_file, fixP->fx_line,
_("Bad relocation fixup type (%d)"), fixP->fx_r_type);
}
md_number_to_chars (fixpos, value, size);
/* If a symbol remains, pass the fixup, as a reloc, onto the linker. */
if (fixP->fx_addsy == NULL)
fixP->fx_done = 1;
}
/* Return zero if the fixup in fixp should be left alone and not
adjusted. */
bfd_boolean
mn10300_fix_adjustable (fixp)
struct fix *fixp;
{
if (! TC_RELOC_RTSYM_LOC_FIXUP (fixp))
return 0;
if (fixp->fx_r_type == BFD_RELOC_VTABLE_INHERIT
|| fixp->fx_r_type == BFD_RELOC_VTABLE_ENTRY)
return 0;
/* Do not adjust relocations involving symbols in code sections,
because it breaks linker relaxations. This could be fixed in the
linker, but this fix is simpler, and it pretty much only affects
object size a little bit. */
if (S_GET_SEGMENT (fixp->fx_addsy)->flags & SEC_CODE)
return 0;
return 1;
}
/* Insert an operand value into an instruction. */
static void
mn10300_insert_operand (insnp, extensionp, operand, val, file, line, shift)
unsigned long *insnp;
unsigned long *extensionp;
const struct mn10300_operand *operand;
offsetT val;
char *file;
unsigned int line;
unsigned int shift;
{
/* No need to check 32bit operands for a bit. Note that
MN10300_OPERAND_SPLIT is an implicit 32bit operand. */
if (operand->bits != 32
&& (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_SPLIT) == 0)
{
long min, max;
offsetT test;
int bits;
bits = operand->bits;
if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_24BIT)
bits = 24;
if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_SIGNED) != 0)
{
max = (1 << (bits - 1)) - 1;
min = - (1 << (bits - 1));
}
else
{
max = (1 << bits) - 1;
min = 0;
}
test = val;
if (test < (offsetT) min || test > (offsetT) max)
{
const char *err =
_("operand out of range (%s not between %ld and %ld)");
char buf[100];
sprint_value (buf, test);
if (file == (char *) NULL)
as_warn (err, buf, min, max);
else
as_warn_where (file, line, err, buf, min, max);
}
}
if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_SPLIT) != 0)
{
*insnp |= (val >> (32 - operand->bits)) & ((1 << operand->bits) - 1);
*extensionp |= ((val & ((1 << (32 - operand->bits)) - 1))
<< operand->shift);
}
else if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_24BIT) != 0)
{
*insnp |= (val >> (24 - operand->bits)) & ((1 << operand->bits) - 1);
*extensionp |= ((val & ((1 << (24 - operand->bits)) - 1))
<< operand->shift);
}
else if ((operand->flags & (MN10300_OPERAND_FSREG | MN10300_OPERAND_FDREG)))
{
/* See devo/opcodes/m10300-opc.c just before #define FSM0 for an
explanation of these variables. Note that FMT-implied shifts
are not taken into account for FP registers. */
unsigned long mask_low, mask_high;
int shl_low, shr_high, shl_high;
switch (operand->bits)
{
case 5:
/* Handle regular FP registers. */
if (operand->shift >= 0)
{
/* This is an `m' register. */
shl_low = operand->shift;
shl_high = 8 + (8 & shl_low) + (shl_low & 4) / 4;
}
else
{
/* This is an `n' register. */
shl_low = -operand->shift;
shl_high = shl_low / 4;
}
mask_low = 0x0f;
mask_high = 0x10;
shr_high = 4;
break;
case 3:
/* Handle accumulators. */
shl_low = -operand->shift;
shl_high = 0;
mask_low = 0x03;
mask_high = 0x04;
shr_high = 2;
break;
default:
abort ();
}
*insnp |= ((((val & mask_high) >> shr_high) << shl_high)
| ((val & mask_low) << shl_low));
}
else if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_EXTENDED) == 0)
{
*insnp |= (((long) val & ((1 << operand->bits) - 1))
<< (operand->shift + shift));
if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_REPEATED) != 0)
*insnp |= (((long) val & ((1 << operand->bits) - 1))
<< (operand->shift + shift + operand->bits));
}
else
{
*extensionp |= (((long) val & ((1 << operand->bits) - 1))
<< (operand->shift + shift));
if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_REPEATED) != 0)
*extensionp |= (((long) val & ((1 << operand->bits) - 1))
<< (operand->shift + shift + operand->bits));
}
}
static unsigned long
check_operand (insn, operand, val)
unsigned long insn ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED;
const struct mn10300_operand *operand;
offsetT val;
{
/* No need to check 32bit operands for a bit. Note that
MN10300_OPERAND_SPLIT is an implicit 32bit operand. */
if (operand->bits != 32
&& (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_SPLIT) == 0)
{
long min, max;
offsetT test;
int bits;
bits = operand->bits;
if (operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_24BIT)
bits = 24;
if ((operand->flags & MN10300_OPERAND_SIGNED) != 0)
{
max = (1 << (bits - 1)) - 1;
min = - (1 << (bits - 1));
}
else
{
max = (1 << bits) - 1;
min = 0;
}
test = val;
if (test < (offsetT) min || test > (offsetT) max)
return 0;
else
return 1;
}
return 1;
}
static void
set_arch_mach (mach)
int mach;
{
if (!bfd_set_arch_mach (stdoutput, bfd_arch_mn10300, mach))
as_warn (_("could not set architecture and machine"));
current_machine = mach;
}
static inline char * mn10300_end_of_match PARAMS ((char *, char *));
static inline char *
mn10300_end_of_match (cont, what)
char *cont, *what;
{
int len = strlen (what);
if (strncmp (cont, what, strlen (what)) == 0
&& ! is_part_of_name (cont[len]))
return cont + len;
return NULL;
}
int
mn10300_parse_name (name, exprP, nextcharP)
char const *name;
expressionS *exprP;
char *nextcharP;
{
char *next = input_line_pointer;
char *next_end;
int reloc_type;
segT segment;
exprP->X_op_symbol = NULL;
if (strcmp (name, GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_NAME) == 0)
{
if (! GOT_symbol)
GOT_symbol = symbol_find_or_make (name);
exprP->X_add_symbol = GOT_symbol;
no_suffix:
/* If we have an absolute symbol or a reg,
then we know its value now. */
segment = S_GET_SEGMENT (exprP->X_add_symbol);
if (segment == absolute_section)
{
exprP->X_op = O_constant;
exprP->X_add_number = S_GET_VALUE (exprP->X_add_symbol);
exprP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
}
else if (segment == reg_section)
{
exprP->X_op = O_register;
exprP->X_add_number = S_GET_VALUE (exprP->X_add_symbol);
exprP->X_add_symbol = NULL;
}
else
{
exprP->X_op = O_symbol;
exprP->X_add_number = 0;
}
return 1;
}
exprP->X_add_symbol = symbol_find_or_make (name);
if (*nextcharP != '@')
goto no_suffix;
else if ((next_end = mn10300_end_of_match (next + 1, "GOTOFF")))
reloc_type = BFD_RELOC_32_GOTOFF;
else if ((next_end = mn10300_end_of_match (next + 1, "GOT")))
reloc_type = BFD_RELOC_MN10300_GOT32;
else if ((next_end = mn10300_end_of_match (next + 1, "PLT")))
reloc_type = BFD_RELOC_32_PLT_PCREL;
else
goto no_suffix;
*input_line_pointer = *nextcharP;
input_line_pointer = next_end;
*nextcharP = *input_line_pointer;
*input_line_pointer = '\0';
exprP->X_op = O_PIC_reloc;
exprP->X_add_number = 0;
exprP->X_md = reloc_type;
return 1;
}
``` |
John Woollam may refer to:
John Woollam (physicist), American physicist
John Woollam (politician) (1927–2006), British politician |
is a river that flows from Minami-ku to Naka-ku in Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
History
Until the early Edo period, the lowland between the Nakamura River and the main stream of the Ōoka River was a bell-shaped cove that connects to the sea near what is now Sakuragicho, and was then reclaimed to become Yoshida Nitta. The Nakamura River (upstream except the Hori River) is a river created at the southern end of Yoshida Nitta. It was connected to several rivers in Shindenuchi, but these rivers were reclaimed from the Meiji era to the postwar period, leaving only the Nakamura River.
The eastern part of Kannai was originally a sandbar extending from the south side. In 1860 (the year after the opening of Port of Yokohama), the current Horikawa was excavated as a canal, and Kannai was separated from the surrounding area by a waterway.
References
External links
Rivers of Kanagawa Prefecture
Rivers of Japan |
Qaleh-e Moradi (, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-e Morādī) is a village in Kheyrgu Rural District, Alamarvdasht District, Lamerd County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 147, in 27 families.
References
Populated places in Lamerd County |
Masoni may refer to:
Monte Masoni, mountain of Lombardy
John Masoni, former NASCAR Grand National Series car owner
See also
Massoni, surname |
The early romantic guitar, the guitar of the Classical and Romantic period, shows remarkable consistency from 1790 to 1830. Guitars had six or more single courses of strings while the Baroque guitar usually had five double courses (though the highest string might be single). The romantic guitar eventually led to Antonio de Torres Jurado's fan-braced Spanish guitars, the immediate precursors of the modern classical guitar.
From the late 18th century the guitar achieved considerable general popularity though, as Ruggero Chiesa stated, subsequent scholars have largely ignored its place in classical music. It was the era of guitarist-composers such as Fernando Sor, Ferdinando Carulli, Mauro Giuliani and Matteo Carcassi. In addition several well-known composers not generally linked with the guitar played or wrote for it: Luigi Boccherini and Franz Schubert wrote for it in several pieces, Hector Berlioz was a proficient guitarist who neither played keyboards nor received an academic education in music, the violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini played guitar informally and Anton Diabelli produced a quantity of guitar compositions (see List of compositions by Anton Diabelli).
History
The first known guitar built to be strung with single strings rather than pairs of strings was built in 1774 by Ferdinando Gagliano in Naples. This guitar, which was displayed in the Heyer Museum, Cologne before that museum was dispersed, showed some important differences from the modern classical guitar. It had 5 single strings, inlaid brass frets, a long neck relative to string length (the fretboard meeting the body at the 11th fret), a pegged bridge and a characteristic figure-8 shaped tuning head. It lacked only a sixth string to make it identical with the early romantic guitar.
The earliest extant six-string guitar was built in 1779 by Gaetano Vinaccia (1759 – after 1831) in Naples, Italy. The Vinaccia family of luthiers is also known for developing the mandolin. This guitar shows no sign of modification from a double-course guitar. The authenticity of guitars before the 1790s is often in question. Moretti's 6-string method appeared in 1792.
Around the same time France also began to produce guitars with six single courses and Spain soon followed. Italian, French, and Spanish six-string guitars differed from the baroque guitar in similar ways. In addition to the advances already mentioned the guitar was gradually given more pronounced curves and a larger body while ornamentation was more restrained, remaining mostly around the edges of the body and the sound hole, which lacked a decorative rose to allow more volume. Frets were no longer of tied gut but fixed strips of some harder material, first ebony or ivory then metal. Wooden pegs were later replaced by metal tuning machines.
Technique
The many instructional books of the time show no standard playing technique but rather a reliance upon earlier traditions. For example, they often recommend that the right hand be supported on the guitar's table although the Spanish guitarist Nicario Juaralde took the modern view, warning against a loss of right-hand freedom. The thumb and first two fingers were mainly used for plucking with, in the 19th century, a free stroke (tirando) more commonly than the rest stroke (apoyando) that was favoured in the 20th century. Unlike most classical guitarists today, players were divided as to whether or not use fingernails. Fernando Sor, for example, did not use them while his compatriot Dionisio Aguado did.
The narrower fretboard of the romantic guitar allowed the left-hand thumb to be used by some guitarists to fret the sixth string although Fernando Sor deprecates this in his method, recommending that the left-hand thumb remain at the rear centre of the neck and noting that the "high" thumb position aids neither bass-string fingering nor support of the guitar. Romantic guitars often had a neck-strap around the player's neck while Dionisio Aguado invented a "tripodion" for holding the instrument. Aguado also advocated a relaxed posture, leaning back in a chair with both feet solidly on the ground rather than using a footstool to achieve the later conventional posture, the edge of the chair being used to keep the guitar from sliding down to the right, bringing the neck upward, closer to the player's torso, rather than projecting to the left.
Composers
Antoine de Lhoyer (1768–1852)
Francesco Molino (1768–1847)
Ferdinando Carulli (1770–1841)
François de Fossa (1775–1849)
Joseph Küffner (1776–1856)
Fernando Sor (1778–1839)
Anton Diabelli (1781–1858)
Mauro Giuliani (1781–1829)
Niccolò Paganini (1782–1840)
Dionisio Aguado (1784–1849)
Carl Blum (1786–1844)
Charles Michael Alexis Sola (1786–1857)
Matteo Carcassi (1792–1853)
Josiah Andrew Hudleston (1799–1865)
Johann Kaspar Mertz (1806–1856)
Napoléon Coste (1805–1883)
Adam Darr (1811–1866)
Eduard Bayer (1822–1908)
Giulio Regondi (1822–1872)
Jacques Bosch (1825–1895)
Julian Arcas (1832–1882)
Francisco Tárrega (1852–1909)
Luthiers
Johann Georg Stauffer
René François Lacôte
Jean Nicolas Grobert
Christian Frederick Martin
Antonio de Torres Jurado
Louis Panormo
Joseph Pons
Etienne Laprevotte
Gennaro Fabricatore
Further reading
Heck, Thomas Fitzsimons: Mauro Giuliani: Virtuoso Guitarist and Composer. 1995.
Heck, Thomas Fitzsimons: The Birth of the Classic Guitar and its Cultivation in Vienna, Reflected in the Career and Compositions of Mauro Giuliani (d. 1829). Yale University. 1970. (Thesis)
Ribouillault-Bibron, Danielle: La Technique de guitare en France dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. 1980. (Thesis) 1
Walter, Adrian Charles: The Early Nineteenth-Century Guitar: An Interpretative Context for the Contemporary Performer, with a Specific Focus on the Compositions of Mauro Giuliani and Fernando Sor. 2008. (Thesis) 1
Frédéric Ben Attar, Frédéric Carpino and Ingrid Riollot: Les Guitares romantiques (Musée de la Lutherie et de l'Archèterie Françaises, Mirecourt) 1
Sinier de Ridder: La Guitare
La Guitare, tome I: Paris 1650–1950 1, 2
La Guitare, tome II: Mirecourt, les provinces françaises 1, 2
Erik Pierre Hofmann, Pascal Mougin, Stefan Hackl: Stauffer & Co. 1
Christof Hanusch: Masterpieces of German Instrument Making – "Weissgerber" Guitars by Richard Jacob 1, 2, 3
James Westbrook: The Century that Shaped the Guitar. 2005.
References
External links
The guitar in the 19th century
The guitar chamber trio from 1780 to 1830: its style and structure Thesis by Robert C Liew
Franz Schubert's Chamber Music with Guitar: A Study of the Guitar's Role in Biedermeier Vienna by Stephen Mattingly
Classical guitar
Romantic music
Acoustic guitars |
Albert Laurence Luce (June 26, 1888 – October 16, 1962) was an American industrialist, entrepreneur, bus designer, and business owner. He is best known for founding the Blue Bird Body Company, a bus and recreational vehicle manufacturer now known as Blue Bird Corporation.
Biography
Early life
Albert Laurence Luce was born on June 26, 1888, in La Grange, Illinois, a village in Cook County, Illinois. His parents were George P. Luce and Jennie Squire Luce. His father managed a lumber yard in La Grange. After completing high school in La Grange, Luce attended Northwestern University, studying science.
Luce moved to El Centro, California in 1913 to become a distributor for Maxwell automobiles (a forerunner of Chrysler). Luce enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1917. He fought in France in 1918, and was returned to the U.S. in 1919. He purchased a Ford franchise in Fort Valley, Georgia; which would become his home for the rest of his life. In 1920, he married Helen Mathews (April 10, 1890 – July 2, 1976), a daughter of a local minister.
1920s: First bus designs
As his business grew, Luce purchased a second Ford franchise in Perry, Georgia, which he named Houston County Motor Company. In 1925, the dealership received an order from a local cement company manufacturer for a Model TT fitted with a bus body to transport company workers. The wooden bus body, supplied from a North Carolina millyard, seemed to Luce not sufficiently durable for the rough Georgia roads; he was concerned the bus would have to be replaced before the owner finished paying for it. To develop a stronger body, he and a blacksmith in his Perry dealership fabricated a steel body.
1930s: Founding of Blue Bird
The Great Depression nearly halted car sales at Luce's outlets. In 1930–1931, sales fell over 95%; while only 7 buses were sold, they constituted the majority of sales for his operations. Luce closed the Fort Valley dealership in late 1931 and sold the Houston County Motor Company in 1932, then started a company specializing in school bus bodies. First using rented facilities, in 1935 he built a 27,000 ft² factory in Fort Valley.
1940s
During World War II, Blue Bird existed as a military supplier, building bus and ambulance bodies for the armed forces.
In 1945, a fire that burned down the Blue Bird factory in Fort Valley nearly killed Luce, as he had become trapped trying to fight the fire with a fire extinguisher, but was rescued by a factory worker shortly before the factory exploded. By mid-1946, a new, larger factory was built in Fort Valley, however, Luce nearly died from a heart attack at the factory shortly after its opening.
Luce and his son George traveled to Europe in 1948. At the 1948 Paris Auto Salon they saw an all-new forward-control bus. Highly interested in its General Motors/Opel chassis, Luce unsuccessfully tried to secure a supply arrangement with GM. After buying the bus outright and importing it into the United States, the chassis was modified and developed for use with a school bus body, becoming the first Blue Bird All American. In production since 1949, the All American is the longest-produced model of school bus in North America.
Later life
Luce retired from Blue Bird in 1950. During a trip to California in October 1962, Luce had a second heart attack, and he died from pneumonia in San Francisco. He was buried in Oaklawn Cemetery, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Pioneers of the yellow school bus industry
Luce is among the early school bus industry pioneers including Perley A. Thomas, who founded Thomas Built Buses, D.H. "Dave" Ward, founder of Ward Body Works (now IC Bus), and the educator Dr. Frank W. Cyr, who, for his persistent work since 1939 to develop school bus safety standards across the country, is widely considered the father of the yellow school bus.
References
School buses
People from Houston County, Georgia
People in bus transport
Blue Bird Corporation
1962 deaths
1888 births |
Acapulco Fútbol Club was a Mexican professional football team based in Acapulco, Mexico that played in Liga de Balompié Mexicano.
History
The team was announced on June 4, 2020 during the celebration of a meeting of teams of the Liga de Balompié Mexicano, becoming the eighth official franchise of the new league At the time of its foundation, the club had orange and black as its official colors. In August, the team had a change in its identity, going to use the colors blue, white and gold. On November 17, 2020 the team was disaffiliated by the LBM due to debts.
Stadium
Unidad Deportiva Acapulco (English:Acapulco Sports Complex) is a sports complex composed of a 13,000-seat soccer and track and field stadium and a baseball stadium which can seat thousands. The soccer/track stadium, which originally seated 8,600, is currently home to the Acapulco F.C. soccer team of the Liga de Balompié Mexicano. The baseball stadium is currently used for amateur and semi-pro baseball, and skateboarding.
Players
First-team squad
References
Association football clubs established in 2020
2020 establishments in Mexico
Acapulco
Football clubs in Guerrero
Liga de Balompié Mexicano Teams
2020 disestablishments in Mexico
Association football clubs disestablished in 2020 |
"Blame It on the Bossa Nova" is a song written by Cynthia Weil (lyrics) and Barry Mann which was a 1963 hit single for Eydie Gormé, reaching number 7 on the Hot 100 in Billboard in March 1963. The song also peaked at number 32 in the UK, whereas "Yes, My Darling Daughter" became the biggest hit for Eydie there, reaching number 10.
Background
Produced by Al Kasha who had been responsible for the 1 hit "Go Away Little Girl" by Gormé's husband Steve Lawrence, "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" featured backing vocals by The Cookies. "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" merges the Brill Building Sound with the Latin music which Gormé had previously specialized in. The song describes a romantic relationship of a couple dancing to the bossa nova, "the dance of love." The bossa nova was a Brazilian music style especially in vogue in the United States in the late 1950s through mid-1960s. Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme told SiriusXM Radio DJ Lou Simon that when Eydie was first pitched this song, she despised it and did not want to record it, but her label forced her to record the song. She claims she deliberately recorded a mediocre vocal performance, going as far as singing an off-pitch note towards the end of the song with the hope that her label would think her performance was so bad that they would never consider releasing her recording as a single. She was wrong. Her recording reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart and was her biggest, and last, solo hit.
"Blame It on the Bossa Nova" was an international hit for Gormé, reaching 1 in Australia, South Africa and Sweden and 2 in Norway. In the UK the single reached 32. Rendered in Spanish by Gormé as "Cúlpale a la bossa nova", the track sold 250,000 units in Spain and Latin America and 100,000 units in Italy.
Gormé consequently recorded several Top 40-oriented releases but "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" would be her last solo Top 40 hit, although partnered with Lawrence as Steve & Eydie she reached 28 and 35 with respectively "I Want To Stay Here" and "I Can't Stop Talking About You" in 1964. Gormé reached 43 with Mann-Weil's "I Want You to Meet My Baby" in September 1964; that track's B-side : "Can't Get Over (the Bossa Nova)", written by Gormé and Lawrence with Marilyn Gins, gained enough attention to chart at 87. Gormé subsequently shifted back to the easy listening musical style of the first phase of her career.
Chart history
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Soundtrack appearances
The song has appeared from time to time in television programs, commercials, and films, often for comic effect. For example, in the TV show The West Wing, White House Assistant Counsel Ainsley Hayes (played by Emily Procter) is dancing joyfully to a recording of the song by Annette Funicello, wearing a bathrobe, and drinking a cocktail to celebrate a successful television appearance when she is shocked to see President Jed Bartlet (Martin Sheen) enter her office to meet her for the first time. Former San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert performs the song karaoke-style in a Visa commercial that aired during the 1990s. Jack Mac Ferland from Will and Grace sings it too when he prepares his "garlic jazz" in season one.
Movie soundtrack appearances for "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" include The Big Picture (1989), Mermaids (1990) and Doubt (2008). "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" is also featured in episode seven of the first season of the HBO program Big Love. It is playing on the car stereo when character Alby Grant solicits a male prostitute.
David Alan Grier's character, Don 'No Soul' Simmons, covered the song in the end credits for Amazon Women on the Moon.
In the 1993 film Needful Things (based on the Stephen King novel of the same name), the lead character says of the havoc he causes in the town of Castle Rock, "Hey, don't blame me. Blame it on the bossa nova."
Cover versions
"Blame It on the Bossa Nova" was also recorded by Annette Funicello for her 1964 album Annette at Bikini Beach, by Edmundo Ros for his 1965 album Latin Melodies Old and New, and by Cliff Richard for his 1966 album Kinda Latin. Nancy Boyd remade "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" for her 1987 album of classic hit songs entitled Let's Hang On (credited to Nancy Boyd & the Cappello's), with the track issued as the B-side of the single "Maybe I Know" which charted at 56 in the Netherlands.
A recording of "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" by Manuela, with lyrics in German as "Schuld war nur der Bossa Nova" written by Georg Buschor, was on the German Charts for 27 weeks (21 weeks Top 10) during the period 27 April - 2 November 1963, peaking at 1 for five weeks. Also in 1963, the comedian Jackie Mason recorded a parody version entitled "Don't Blame the Bossa Nova"
Lola Novaković recorded the Serbian rendering "Bosa Nova" in 1964.
A recording by Anna-Lena Löfgren, with lyrics in Swedish as "Det finns ingenting att hämta" written by Stig Andersson, was at Svensktoppen for 11 weeks during the period 14 May - 23 July 1967, peaking at 3. Another recording of the Swedish language version by Lotta Engbergs in 1997 appeared on the album "Tolv i topp", and as B-side of the 2000 single "En liten stund på Jorden".
British singer Jane McDonald released her version as a single in 2005 and was taken from her album "You Belong To Me" that reached No.21 in the UK album charts.
A Spanish cover by Mexican singer Enrique Guzmán, "Enseñando Bossa Nova", was included in the 1963 LP Celos de ti.
References
External links
1963 singles
Bossa nova
Songs written by Barry Mann
Eydie Gormé songs
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in South Africa
Number-one singles in Sweden
Anna-Lena Löfgren songs
Caterina Valente songs
Songs with lyrics by Cynthia Weil
1963 songs
Columbia Records singles |
ABC Motors Limited ("All British (Engine) Company") of Hersham, Surrey, England was a manufacturer of cars, aircraft, motor scooters, and engines for road and air. Established by Ronald Charteris in Hersham, Surrey in 1912, its chief designer was the young and talented Granville Bradshaw. It was absorbed into Vickers in 1951 and the factory finally closed in the 1970s. Last occupied by Ian Allan Publishing as Hersham's Riverdene Industrial Estate, the factory was demolished around 2017-2018 and redeveloped as a Lidl supermarket (opened February 2019) with flats above.
Products
The ABC radial aero engines of the World War I period were extremely advanced for their time, and were initially thought to be very promising indeed. Unfortunately they were all more or less plagued by problems – and although a number of types for the Royal Air Force were designed around ABC engines (especially the ill-fated Dragonfly) none saw squadron service with the RAF.
ABC also made a large number of engines for electrical generators and other purposes – mostly with a flat twin cylinder layout and unusual exhaust-over-inlet valve configuration. These smaller ABC engine have the distinction of being possibly the first airborne APUs- the Coastal class blimp (first flown in 1916) had a 1.5-horsepower unit installed to provide electricity for the onboard wireless set, whilst a similar engine was used to power the searchlight of the Supermarine Nighthawk 'Zeppelin killer' of 1917.
Aero engines
ABC 6 hp Midge (1951) National Archives Kew (AIR 10/7172)
ABC 8 hp (1923)
ABC 30 hp (1912)
ABC 60 hp (1912)
ABC 100 hp (1912)
ABC Dragonfly (1918)
ABC Gadfly (1920)
ABC Gnat (1916)
ABC Mosquito (1916)
ABC Hornet (1929)
ABC Scorpion (1923)
ABC Wasp (1918)
Aircraft
ABC Robin
Automotive
ABC (1920 automobile)
ABC Supersports
ABC Skootamota
ABC motorcycles
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Lumsden, Alec (1994) 'British Piston Aero Engines and Their Aircraft' (Airlife, Shrewsbury)
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct companies based in Surrey
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1912
1912 establishments in England
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1951
1951 disestablishments in England
1951 mergers and acquisitions
British companies disestablished in 1951
British companies established in 1912 |
Al Voecks (pronounced "vex") was the newsman for the Gerry House and the House Foundation morning show on WSIX-FM in Nashville, Tennessee.
He was born in Waverly, Iowa in 1938 and began his career in Sioux City, Iowa. Voecks came to Nashville in 1963 and worked as a television news anchor, news director and sports and weather presenter for NBC TV affiliate WSM-TV. In the 1970s, he worked for WSM Radio.
He joined the 'House Foundation' show in the early 1980s after hosting a talk show on WSIX-AM, then the sister station of the FM. Voecks does a newscast every half-hour with Duncan Stewart (House's sportscaster); he also plays along the 'Liars Club' and 'You Be The Judge' during the show each morning. House often quips on air that Voecks enjoys sitting in an empty hot tub and there are frequent references to his liquor cabinet. Occasionally on the House Foundation, House plays songs from Voecks' 'pile of music', or 'stacks of wax'.
Voecks has been named Broadcaster of the Year by the Tennessee Associated Press, and he has received recognition from numerous charitable organizations. Voecks has also co-hosted the Tennessee Crossroads on public television station WNPT since it began in 1987. In 2005, Voecks and his House-mates were named Broadcast Personality of the Year in the large market category at the Country Music Association's Broadcast Awards
References
External links
Voecks' bio on WSIX website
Tennessee Crossroads bio of Voecks
American radio personalities
1938 births
Living people
People from Waverly, Iowa |
Steve Brennan (3 September 1958 – 13 August 2015) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder in the Football League for Crystal Palace and Plymouth Argyle before moving into non-league football with Leatherhead.
Playing career
Brennan was born in Mile End, Greater London, and began his youth career at Crystal Palace where he was part of the successful youth squad which won the FA Youth Cup in 1977 and 1978. He signed professional terms in February 1976 and made his senior debut on 31 August 1976, in an away 1–3 defeat to Watford in the League Cup. His first Football League appearance was on 2 March 1977, in an away 2–3 defeat to Lincoln City, when he scored one of Palace's goals. Brennan made only one further appearance that season and one in 1977–8 before signing for Plymouth Argyle on 1 August 1978. At Plymouth, Brennan made only six appearances and moved into non-league football with Leatherhead in 1979.
Brennan died on 13 August 2015, aged 56.
References
External links
Brennan at holmesdale.net
1958 births
Footballers from Mile End
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Leatherhead F.C. players
2015 deaths |
Ashot III () was a king of Armenia, ruling the medieval kingdom of Armenia from 952/53–77. Known as Ashot III the Merciful (Աշոտ Գ Ողորմած) and acknowledged by foreign rulers as the Shahanshah (king of kings) of Mets Hayk' (Greater Armenia), he moved his royal seat of residence to Ani and oversaw its development and of the kingdom as a whole. Armenia reached the height of its golden era during his reign and that of his sons and successors, Smbat II (977–89) and Gagik I (990–1020).
Reign
During the first year of his reign Ashot launched a military assault to free the city of Dvin from Muslim rule, an undertaking that ultimately ended in failure. Despite this setback, he took steps to centralize power in the kingdom, patronizing the Armenian Church in exchange for its support. During his reign Catholicos Anania I Mokats'i moved his patriarchal seat to Argina, near the city of Ani.
In 961 Ani was proclaimed the capital of the kingdom, and Ashot set himself to enriching and expanding the city. Ashot constructed a wall enclosing Ani and that would later take its name after him, and sponsored the building of monasteries, hospitals, schools, and almshouses. His consort, Queen Khosrovanuysh, meanwhile sponsored the construction of the churches in Sanahin and Haghpat.
In the war between the Byzantine emperor John Tzimiskes and the Arabs, Armenia did its best to remain neutral and forced the two battling parties to respect the boundaries of its country. The Byzantine army began to march across the plain of Mush, thinking to strike the decisive blow against the Arabs from Armenia, but when they met with the 30,000-strong army of Ashot III, they altered their plan and left Armenia. Ashot instead provided Tzimiskes with 10,000 soldiers, who accompanied his men in their campaign in Mesopotamia.
Scholars have suggested that he was buried either in Ani or at the nearby Horomos monastic complex.
Sub-kingdoms
A new phenomenon that began under Ashot III's reign and continued under his successors was the establishment of sub-kingdoms throughout Bagratuni Armenia. Ashot III had sent his brother Mushegh I to rule in Kars (Vanand) and had allowed him to use the title of king. The administrative district of Dzoraget near Lake Sevan was given to Ashot's son Gurgen, the progenitor of the Kyurikid line, in 966, who would later assume the title of king. The proliferation of so many kingdoms worked to the benefit of Armenia so long as the king in Ani remained strong and maintained his hegemony over other kings. Otherwise, the kings, as well their respective bishops who would claim the position of catholicos and formulate their own doctrines, would begin to test the limits of their autonomy.
References
Bagratuni dynasty
Kings of Bagratid Armenia
10th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth uncertain
950s births
977 deaths
10th-century Armenian people |
The 1946–47 Maltese First Division was the 32nd season of top-tier football in Malta. It was contested by 8 teams, and Hamrun Spartans F.C. won the championship.
League standings
Results
References
Malta - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Maltese Premier League seasons
Malta
Premier |
Andrzej Walkowiak (born 21 January 1961) is a Polish politician and journalist. He is a member of the Sejm for Poland Comes First, having been a member for Law and Justice from 2005 to 2010.
He was elected to the Sejm on 25 September 2005, getting 5203 votes in 4 Bydgoszcz district, standing for Law and Justice (PiS). He joined Poland Comes First when that party split from PiS in 2010.
See also
Members of Polish Sejm 2005-2007
External links
Andrzej Walkowiak - parliamentary page - includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.
1961 births
Living people
Politicians from Bydgoszcz
Polish journalists
Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007
Poland Comes First politicians
Law and Justice politicians
Members of the Polish Sejm 2007–2011 |
I'll be back is a catchphrase commonly associated with characters played by actor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
I'll Be Back may also refer to one of several songs:
I'll Be Back (song), a song by The Beatles
"I'll Be Back", a 1991 song by Arnee and the Terminaters parodying Schwarzenegger and the "Terminator" character
"I'll Be Back", a song by 2PM from the 2010 album Still 02:00PM
"I'll Be Back", a song by The Who from the 2019 album Who
See also
We'll Be Back (disambiguation) |
```css
Position elements with `position: sticky`
Clearfix for layouts
Controlling cellpadding and cellspacing in CSS
Vertically-center anything
Equal width table cells
``` |
Bertel Strömmer (11 July 1890, Ikaalinen – 18 April 1962, Tampere) was a Finnish architect. Strömmer worked as Tampere City Architect years 1918–53 and most of his work is located in Tampere. Strömmer designed both private and public buildings. Strömmer's most famous works include the Grand Hotel Tammer, the Tampere bus station and the town hall in Kemi.
Bertel Strömmer was the son of a pharmacist Sven Evert Strömmer and his wife Elin Ida Fredrika Fabritius. He graduated in 1908 and graduated as an architect in 1913. In 1914 married Ros-Mari Nordenswan with whom he had eight children.
Works
Grand Hotel Tammer, Tammerfors 1928
Pori Water Tower, 1935
Tampere bus station, 1938
Tempohuset, Tammerfors, 1938
City Hall in Kemi, 1940
Merikoski Power Plant in Oulu, 1941–47
Huberska house, Tampere, 1947–48
References
This article is based on the equivalent article from the Swedish Wikipedia, consulted 5 February 2017.
External links
Bertel Strömmer at Museum of Finnish Architecture website (in Finnish)
Finnish architects
1890 births
1962 deaths
People from Tampere |
Sylvans S.C. is a football club based on the Channel Island of Guernsey. They are affiliated to the Guernsey Football Association and play in the FNB Priaulx League.
History
The club was formed in 1922.
References
External links
Official website
Football clubs in Guernsey |
```yaml
image: Visual Studio 2022
version: 1.0.{build}
configuration:
- Release
before_build:
- nuget restore
- dotnet restore
assembly_info:
patch: false
file: AssemblyInfo.cs
assembly_version: '{version}'
assembly_file_version: '{version}'
build:
project: LiteNetLib.sln
test:
assemblies:
- '**\*.Tests.dll'
artifacts:
- path: LiteNetLib/bin/Release/net471
name: LiteNetLib-$(appveyor_build_version)
type: Zip
- path: LiteNetLib/bin/Release/netstandard2.0
name: LiteNetLibStandard-$(appveyor_build_version)
type: Zip
- path: LiteNetLib/bin/Release/netcoreapp3.1
name: LiteNetLibNetCore-$(appveyor_build_version)
type: Zip
``` |
Into the Great Beyond is the second studio album by Japanese metalcore band Crystal Lake. It was released on 3 November 2010 through Imperium Recordings. It is the first and also the last album to feature their second and longest serving bassist Yasuyuki Kotaka before he left the band in 2015 due to his illness. It also the last album to feature two founding members of the band, vocalist Kentaro Nishimura and drummer Yusuke Ishihara.
Background and promotion
On 27 May 2010, Crystal Lake released free download demo Endeavor on their MySpace page. Crystal Lake also announced through MySpace, Twitter, Facebook and YouTube a new music video "Twisted Fate" from the album.
The songs "Twisted Fate", "Open Water", "Daylight" and "Into the Great Beyond" were re-recorded in 2020 for the album The Voyages, a collection of re-recorded Kentaro-era songs.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Lake
Kentaro Nishimura – lead vocals
Yudai Miyamoto – lead guitar
Shinya Hori – rhythm guitar
Yasuyuki Kotaka – bass
Yusuke Ishihara – drums
References
2010 albums
Crystal Lake (band) albums |
Neapolitan Way (Foaled January 27, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. A son of Barbizon and a grandson to Polynesian, he was out of a Bold Ruler mare named Bold Majesty. Neapolitan Way is best remembered for placing second in the second jewel of the American Triple Crown, the $250,000 grade 1 Preakness Stakes, to Little Current.
Racing career
Neapolitan Way's race history is very sketchy and vague, but he won 14 races during his career. It is also known that he placed in the top three finishers in 43% of his starts, a total of 36 out 84 in-the-money races. At age two, he finished third in the Miami Beach Handicap at Calder Race Course. At age three, he won the grade three Woodlawn Stakes (now renamed the James W. Murphy Stakes) at a mile on the turf at Pimlico Race Course and placed third in the Japan Racing Association Stakes at Laurel Park Racecourse. At age four, he placed third in the grade two Dixie Stakes at Pimlico.
Preakness Stakes
In mid May 1974, Neapolitan Way's trainer Lawrence W. Jennings decided to take a step up in class and run him in the second jewel of the Triple Crown. The Preakness Stakes is run at a mile and three sixteenths on dirt at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. Neapolitan Way was listed as one of the longest shots on the board at 24-1 on the morning line in a field of thirteen colts. The prohibitive favorite was the Kentucky Derby winner, Cannonade, at 2-1. Neapolitan Way broke slowly in tenth place out of thirteen and was outrun early under jockey Herb Hinojosa. Going into Pimlico's famous "Clubhouse Turn," he fell further back into dead last. The fractions were moderate on the front end, with the first quarter in :231/5 and the half in :47 seconds. Going into the final turn, Neapolitan Way lugged in and collided with Hudson County, causing a severe cut high on his left rear leg. After the move inward, Hinojosa applied steady left handed whipping, straightening Neapolitan Way out at the top of the stretch. In the lane, he moved up quickly from 13th to 11th to 7th and then hit another gear. He started picking off horses, including Cannonade. In deep stretch, he moved into second place but was no threat to the winner, Little Current, who finished between seven and 21 lengths in front of the rest of the field. Cannonade finished one length behind Neapolitan Way in third with Jolly Johu three quarters of a length back in fourth. Neapolitan Way took home the 20% runner-up's share of the purse, equalling $30,000.
References
External links
Neapolitan Way's pedigree and partial racing stats
1971 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 12-b
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States |
Boris Slutsky (; 7 May 1919 in Slovyansk, Ukraine – 23 February 1986 in Tula) was a Soviet poet.
Biography
Slutsky was born in Sloviansk in 1919. He grew up in Kharkov. He first attended a lito (literary studio) at the Kharkov Pioneers Palace but left due to pressure from his father, who dismissed Russian poetry as a career. In 1937, he entered the Law Institute of Moscow, and also studied at the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute from 1939 till 1941. He joined a group of young poets including M. Kulchitzki, Pavel Kogan, S. Narovchatov, David Samoilov and others who became acquainted in autumn 1939 at the seminary of Ilya Selvinsky at the State Literary Publishing House, Goslitizdat and called themselves "the Generation of 1940". Slutsky, however, was not exposed to the Shoah poems Selvinsky and his peers was known for until the Khrushchev's Thaw of the late 1950s. This is attributed to way Shoah poets in the 1940s deferred publishing their works until safer times. Slutsky would become the only Russian poet who made the Holocaust a central focus of his writing.
Between 1941–1945 he served in the Red Army as a politruk of an infantry platoon. His war experiences are reflected much in his poetry. After the war, he had the rank of major. By 1946, he was living off a small disability pension and started working for radio station, then as an editor, and translator.
In 1956 Ilya Ehrenburg created a sensation with an article quoting a number of hitherto unpublished poems by Slutsky, and in 1957 Slutsky's first book of poetry, Memory, containing many poems written much earlier, was published. Together with David Samoylov, Slutsky was probably the most important representative of the War generation of Russian poets and, because of the nature of his verse, a crucial figure in the post-Stalin literary revival. His poetry is deliberately coarse and jagged, prosaic and conversational. There is a dry, polemic quality about it that reflects perhaps the poet's early training as a lawyer. Slutsky's search was evidently for a language stripped of poeticisms and ornamentation; he represented the opposite tendency to that of such neo-romantic or neo-futuristic poets as Andrey Voznesensky.
As early as in 1953–1954, prior to the 20th Congress of CPSU, verses condemning the Stalinist regime were attributed to Slutsky. These were circulated in "Samizdat" in the 1950s and in 1961 were published in an anthology in the West (in Munich). He did not confirm nor deny their authorship.
In his works Slutsky also approached Jewish themes, including material from the Jewish tradition, about antisemitism (including in Soviet society), the Holocaust, etc.
He translated to Russian from the Yiddish poetry, e.g., from works of Leib Kvitko, Aron Vergelis, Shmuel Galkin, Asher Shvartsman, and Yakov Sternberg.
He edited The Poets of Israel, a landmark publication considered the first anthology of Israeli poetry. It was published in 1963.
One of his cousins was the Israeli general Meir Amit.
Slutsky died 23 February 1986 in Tula, Russia.
References
External links
Boris Slutsky. Poems
Slutsky, Boris. Jewish Electronic Encyclopedia in Russian
1919 births
1986 deaths
Soviet poets
Jewish poets
Soviet Jews in the military
Ukrainian Jews
Soviet Jews
People from Sloviansk
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni |
David Friesen (born May 6, 1942 in Tacoma, Washington) is an American jazz bassist. He plays double bass and electric upright bass.
Career
Friesen began playing bass while serving in the United States Army in Germany. He played with John Handy and Marian McPartland and following this, with Joe Henderson; in 1975, he toured in Europe with Billy Harper. His first album as a session leader appeared that year. In 1976, he began collaborating with guitarist John Stowell; the pair would work together often. He appeared with Ted Curson at the Monterey Jazz Festival in 1977. Following this, he worked with Ricky Ford, Duke Jordan, Mal Waldron, and Paul Horn. His 1989 album Other Times, Other Places reached No. 11 on the U.S. Billboard Top Jazz Albums chart. He has also played with Chick Corea, Michael Brecker, Stan Getz, Dexter Gordon, Kenny Garrett, and Dizzy Gillespie.
Personal life
Friesen is the younger brother of actress Dyan Cannon, and the uncle of actress Jennifer Grant. He is the son of Ashkenazi Jewish mother Claire (née Portnoy) and Canadian Mennonite father Ben Friesen. He was married to Kirsten Friesen from 1964 until her death in 2022; they had three children. He has since been remarried to Natalie Digtyar, a fashion designer from the Czech Republic.
Discography
As leader
Color Pool (Muse, 1975)
Star Dance (Inner City, 1976)
Waterfall Rainbow (Inner City, 1977)
Through the Listening Glass (Inner City, 1978)
Other Mansions (Inner City, 1979)
Paths Beyond Tracing (SteepleChase, 1980)
Heart to Heart (Golden Flute, 1980)
Storyteller (Muse, 1981)
Yet to Come (with Linc Chamberland) (Muse, 1981)
Voices (Westwind, 1983)
Amber Skies (Palo Alto, 1983)
Encounters with Mal Waldron (Muse, 1984)
Inner Voices (Global Pacific, 1987)
Other Times, Other Places (Global Pacific, 1989)
Departure (Global Pacific, 1990)
Long Trip Home (1992)
Two for the Show (Summit, 1994)
1 2 3 (1994)
Remembering the Moment (Soul Note, 1994)
The Spirit of Christmas (1994)
Returning (1995)
Dancing with the Bass (1995)
Three to Get Ready (Summit, 1995)
Upon the Swing (Shamrock, 1996)
Four to Go (1996)
Facing the Wind (1996)
Still Waters (1997)
Ancient Kings (1998)
Tomorrow's Dream (1998)
Castles and Flags (1999)
Live at Jazz Bakery (1999)
In Concert (Summit, 2000)
Made in Berlin (2000)
With You in Mind (2001)
The Name of a Woman (2002)
Grace (2002)
Midnight Mood: Live in Stockholm (Intuition, 2004)
Connection (Itm, 2006)
Christmas at Woodstock (West Wind, 2006)
Made in Istanbul (2006)
Textures (2014; with Christian Hassenstein, Joost Lijbaart)
Where the Light Falls (Origin, 2014)
Bactrian (Origin, 2015)
Triple Exposure (Origin, 2016)
Structures (Origin, 2017)
Another Time Another Place (Rattle, 2017)
My Faith, My Life (Origin 2018)
Interaction (Origin 2019)
Testimony (Origin 2020)
Passage (Origin 2021)
Day of Rest (Origin 2021)
As sideman
With Ted Curson
Jubilant Power (Inner City, 1976)
Snake Johnson (Chiaroscuro, 1981)
With Kenny Drew
Ruby, My Dear (SteepleChase, 1977)
With Ricky Ford
Manhattan Plaza (Muse, 1978)
With Billy Harper
Black Saint (Black Saint, 1975)
With Duke Jordan
Duke's Artistry (SteepleChase, 1978)
The Great Session (SteepleChase, 1978 [1981])
With Mal Waldron
One Entrance, Many Exits (Palo Alto, 1982)
References
External links
Official Home Page
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
Jewish American musicians
American Mennonites
Mennonite musicians
Musicians from Washington (state)
1942 births
Living people
Muse Records artists
SteepleChase Records artists
Musicians from Tacoma, Washington
Inner City Records artists
Jewish jazz musicians
21st-century double-bassists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Summit Records artists
Origin Records artists
Jazz musicians from Washington (state)
21st-century American Jews |
Norraphat Vilaiphan, also called Bright (ไบร์ท) Norraphat Vilaiphan or Brightnorr, is a Thai actor. Two of his best-known roles include Dok Keao Kalong (ดอกแก้วกาหลง) and Nattaya Thongsen.
Early life
Vilaiphan was born on 22 December 1997 in Bangkok, Thailand. He graduated Suankularb Wittayalai Rangsit School and studied in Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology. As of 2022, he is a student at Bangkok University.
Filmography
Television
MC
Online
20 : On Air YouTube: Brightnorr Channel
He was an MC.
References
External links
Norraphat Vilaiphan
Norraphat Vilaiphan
Living people
1997 births
Norraphat Vilaiphan
Norraphat Vilaiphan
Norraphat Vilaiphan
Norraphat Vilaiphan |
Aysuak (; , Aysıwaq) is a rural locality (a selo) in Yermolayevsky Selsoviet, Kuyurgazinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 1,123 as of 2010. There are 13 streets.
Geography
Aysuak is located 3 km southwest of Yermolayevo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Yermolayevo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kuyurgazinsky District |
Gone to Texas was a phrase in use during the 19th century in the southern United States.
It can also refer to :
Gone to Texas (novel), a 1975 title by Forrest Carter
Gone to Texas (film), a 1986 television movie
Gone to Texas, a 2006 album by American band Jessica's Crime |
is a collection of nine supernatural tales first published in 1776. It is the best known work of Japanese author Ueda Akinari.
Largely adapted from traditional Japanese and Chinese ghost stories, the collection is among the most important works of Edo period (1603–1867) and literature, and is considered a predecessor of the genre. Kenji Mizoguchi's award-winning film (1953), credited with helping popularize Japanese cinema in the West, was adapted from two of the collection's stories.
Title
The word is a compound word; means "rain", while translates to "moon". It derives from a passage in the book's preface describing "a night with a misty moon after the rains", and references a Noh play, also called , which also employs the common contemporary symbols of rain and moon. These images evoked the supernatural and mysterious in East Asian literature; Qu You's (; a story from , one of Ueda's major sources), indicates that a rainy night or a morning moon may presage the coming of supernatural beings.
Use of the term in the title, meaning "story" or "series", connects the book to other significant works of Japanese and Chinese literature by which it was strongly influenced, such as and . The use of this naming convention is particularly notable, because it had become less popular in Ueda's time with the rise of .
Tales of Moonlight and Rain is the most common English translation; other translations include Tales of a Clouded Moon and Tales of Rain and the Moon.
Publication
was first published in a 1776 woodblock edition, although its preface is dated 1768. The nine stories were published in five volumes:
Volume 1: and
Volume 2: and
Volume 3: and
Volume 4:
Volume 5: and
In writing the book, Ueda played with the differences between colloquial and classical language, incorporating double meanings and word play into his text by pairing (Japanese phonetic readings) with classical Chinese words and phrases.
Ueda published under the pen name ; meaning "cut finger" or "pruning" and meaning "eccentric" or "cripple". While he used the name Senshi Kijin just once, this was not the only time Ueda used a pen name that referenced his disability, one finger on each of his hands having been permanently deformed by a severe case of smallpox he had as a child.
Despite being published under a pen name, Takizawa Bakin's later attribution of the work to Ueda is now undisputed.
is considered a predecessor of the genre of Edo-period literature. Its popularity has been enduring and it is still being adapted into new works in the 21st century.
Literary context and influences
Adapted novels
is a . It was part of a new genre of books that had become popular in the 18th century: translations of Chinese stories adapted to fit into Japanese culture and historical settings. The stories in were pulled from various Chinese story collections, including (New Stories After Snuffing the Lamp) and (Clear Words to Illuminate the World). Since these stories had already been adapted by others, Ueda was able to draw, not only from the original stories, but also from the existing adaptations. This was not viewed as plagiarism, as "the notion of the artist prevalent in [his] time defined [literary] practice as one involving an adaptation of the tradition." Rather, his writing was praised for its unique take on the existing stories.
In his reinterpretation of these stories, Ueda recast them as historical tales set in Japan, weaving together elements of the source stories with a rich array of references to historical events, personages, and literary works, as well as Japanese folklore and religion. Notably, Ueda, a devoted scholar, went farther than his contemporaries in changing the source material to remove evidence of its Chinese origins.
scholarship
Ueda's beliefs led him to adapt the stories in ways that were different from, and sometimes counter to, the ways his Confucian and Buddhist peers did. Like other members of the movement, he utilized fiction as a tool to reinvigorate Japan's past, by bringing to life the aesthetics of antiquity in the present. At the same time, he presents in some of the moral views of the school. Ueda's version of is a particularly strong example of this. Discarding Confucian and Buddhist readings of the story, Ueda uses the protagonist as a mouthpiece for his interpretation of the legend of Emperor Sutoku, ascribing the cause of the emperor's tragedy to the infiltration of foreign, and especially Confucian, ideologies.
Borrowed components
draws heavily from other books, borrowing imagery, references, structures, stylistic choices, and more from famous works including , A Garland of Heroes, , , , and . Japanese literature researcher Noriko T. Reider observed that "more than sixty passages in are derived from Chinese literature, while over a hundred are taken from Japanese literature." In particular, Ueda borrowed so heavily from The Tale of Genji that certain sentences in seem to have been directly lifted from it.
Noh theater
Influence from Noh theater can be found woven throughout . Within each story, the characters fit into the traditional and roles of Noh plays and the acts are arranged using the dramatic structure made famous in Noh. In addition, "by subject, [the stories] are arranged according to the order of a single-day's Noh program, in sequence: plays of gods, warriors, women, mad person (or miscellaneous present plays), and demons."
The stories and take their interpretations of the folktales they are based on from specific Noh plays that are adaptations of the same stories.
is one of the best-known and most highly regarded , collections of supernatural or ghost stories that became popular in Japan during the Edo period. It utilizes elements from all three primary types of : adaptations of Chinese stories, Buddhist ghost stories, and Japanese folk-tales. Despite the collection's popularity, these are the only Ueda ever published.
During the Edo period, Japan enjoyed a period of peace and stability after the end of the turbulent Sengoku period and, with the emergence of an increasingly interconnected economy that connected rural and urban areas, experienced a shift "in the direction of entertainment from the overtly religious or didactic". Many Chinese were translated and adapted into Japanese culture during this time and were secularized in the process, including tales from Suzuki Shōsan's (1661) and Asai Ryōi's (1666), which would go on to influence the writing of .
Ueda continued this trend of secularization in , removing certain religious elements from stories such as and . He references his non-didactic approach to fiction writing in the preface of the book, joking that, unlike other well-known authors such as Lo Kuan-chung and Murasaki Shikibu, whom some Confucian and Buddhist scholars of the time believed had received divine punishment for leading readers astray, he was safe from divine punishment because no one was expected to believe his writing to be truthful.
The secularization of was amplified by an interest among intellectuals of the time, especially among Neo-Confucianists, in using logic grounded in Confucian yin-yang theory to find mundane explanations for supernatural phenomena. Ueda, however, rejected mundane explanations for supernatural phenomena, believing that only Japanese folk belief could explain such events. Despite this, he did not remove all the religious elements from the stories; , in particular, follows the tradition of Buddhist storytelling.
Stories
In , a retelling of the legend of Emperor Sutoku through a lens, a monk meets the ghost of Emperor Sutoku at a shrine in Matsuyama. The emperor vents his anger at the imperial family members that deposed him but fails to sway the monk to his side. Instead, the monk criticizes him for having allowed himself to be swayed by foreign doctrine. Enraged, the emperor transforms into a giant bird and flies away. The end of the story summarizes the various historical events that were attributed to Sutoku's vengeful spirit after his death.
The story draws heavily from Noh theater. It was inspired by the play , and closely fits the structure of plays, which feature protagonists who have died but not yet been able to move on to the afterlife. It follows the act arrangement made famous in Noh theatre. The story also shows influence from and A Garland of Heroes.
Prominent Japanese literary scholar Donald Keene argued that the value of lies in its "overpowering beauty of style", which may be difficult to parse when read in translation or without the necessary historical context.
is the name of a mountain on Shikoku, the island where the city of Matsuyama is located.
In , a warrior falls ill while trying to return from a mission on behalf of his lord and becomes dear friends with the man who nurses him back to health. He recovers and leaves for home, promising his friend to return on the day of the Chrysanthemum Festival. Upon arriving home, he discovers that his lord has been killed and his throne overtaken by a rival, to whom everyone, including his own cousin, has now switched their allegiance. Not wanting to serve the new lord, the warrior tries to leave to return to his friend but his cousin holds him prisoner. Rather than break his promise, he kills himself and returns to his friend on the day of the Chrysanthemum Festival as a ghost. Afterward, his friend travels to the warrior's home and lectures the cousin on loyalty before abruptly killing him in revenge for the death of his friend.
The tale was adapted from the Chinese story (Fan Chu-ch'ing: A Meal of Chicken and Millet, A Friendship of Life and Death), from the anthology (Clear Words to Illuminate the World).
In adapting the story, Ueda changed the protagonist from a merchant to a warrior and changed the protagonist's reason for not keeping his promise from forgetting to being held prisoner.
, set in the year 1452, tells the tale of an irresponsible man who leaves his devoted wife behind to try to rebuild his fortune selling silk in the capital. That summer, a war breaks out and the residents of his home village flee. The wife stays at home to wait for her husband despite the danger and is devastated when he does not return in Autumn as he had promised. She stays alone in the abandoned village, desperately trying to fend off bandits, rapists, and starvation. Meanwhile, her husband is robbed on his way back to her and then falls seriously ill, preventing him from returning. He is treated well in the village where he is cared for during his illness and ends up staying there. Seven years later, the man decides to return to his home village to see what became of his wife. His village is mostly abandoned and unrecognizable, except for his home, which is in good repair and where he finds his wife, worn by the years but alive and waiting for him. After a joyful and tearful reunion, the two fall asleep together. When the man awakes the next morning, he discovers that the house is in ruins and all that is left of their marital bedroom is the grave of his long-dead wife, whose ghost he had seen the night before. He finds an old man, the sole resident who had been there since before the war, who tells him the story of his wife's death and compares it to the legend of .
The story is an adaptation of The Tale of Ai-Ching from the 14th century Chinese story collection (New Stories After Snuffing the Lamp), which had previously been adapted by Ueda's predecessor Asai Ryoi in . It was also inspired by a similar story from . It includes a reference to a poem from .
Ueda added more definitive personality traits to the protagonist, made him more personally responsible for the tragedy, and removed the reincarnation aspect, among other changes from the original story.
It is the first of the two stories on which the film is based.
In , a monk who loves painting fish cannot stand to see them killed, so he often pays fishermen to free the fish they have been caught. One day he falls asleep while painting and has a vivid dream of playing with fish in the river. Upon waking, he makes a painting of the fish from his dream and names it A Carp That Appeared in My Dream. Later he gets sick and, while he is unconscious, the god of the sea grants his wish of being reincarnated as a carp, as a reward for having saved so many fish during his lifetime. But, while he is a fish, one of his friends captures and eats him. The monk returns to his human body and confronts the friend who ate him.
In , a man and his son encounter the ghosts of Toyotomi Hidetsugu and his court while camping on Mount Kōya at night. The man is delighted to find that the ghosts share his love of poetry and antiquity studies; they spend the night discussing these things.
Like , the story's main focus is on poetry and discussions of history and literature.
In , an irresponsible man abandons his dutiful wife for a prostitute. His wife kills the prostitute with her vengeful spirit. The wife then dies and continues to pursue her ill-fated husband as a ghost. The remainder of the story chronicles the man's attempts to combat his wife's ghost.
is an adaptation of the story , from the 14th century Chinese ghost story anthology (New Stories After Snuffing the Lamp). Ueda added the love triangle element and, as with , gave his version of the protagonist more distinct personality traits and made him directly responsible for the story's tragedy.
is a bildungsroman in which a dissolute second son, impoverished due to primogeniture, falls in love with a white snake disguised as a beautiful woman. She is an anima of the protagonist's desires and indiscipline, constantly making trouble for him. Intent on saving his family from suffering at her hands, he traps her in an urn and buries her under Leifeng Pagoda.
A major element of the story is that both the protagonist and the reader are repeatedly misled by the snake woman as she manipulates the protagonist's perspective of reality.
takes inspiration from the Chinese folktale Legend of the White Snake and the Noh play . It is the second of the two stories on which the film is based. It is also the basis for a 1960 film, also called , by Japanese director Morihei Magatani.
In , a traveling Buddhist priest visits a village where he learns that the local priest has become a cannibalistic demon, having gone insane after the death of his young male lover and eaten the lover's body. The demon is now terrorizing the village. The priest confronts the demon, placing a blue priest's hood on its head in order to save it through religious salvation.
The story resembles a Buddhist story.
In , a money-obsessed but good-humored samurai rewards a servant he discovers has been stashing money away. That night the spirit of his accumulated gold visits him. They discuss moral issues related to wealth.
is set around the year 1595 and was inspired by a real samurai from that era, who was known for being obsessed with money despite the anti-wealth ideals of . The story is part of a wave of Edo period literature about and for merchants and other townspeople, which reflected Japanese society's changing attitude towards profit-making activities, away from the pre-Edo class structure that viewed the merchant class as parasitic. Notably, Ueda himself was of the merchant class.
In the story, the spirit of gold argues that money is inherently neutral, its benefit or harm depending on the moral character of the person possessing it, with the amount of money a person has not necessarily correlating to their morality. The latter point directly contradicted the Buddhist and Confucian teaching common in Ueda's time that wealth is a reward for good behavior in a past life.
Economist and literature researcher Waldemiro Francisco Sorte Junior argued that is one of the many Edo period stories that used a historical setting to veil criticisms of contemporary society and government that could not be said directly because of the censorship laws of the time.
Translations
The first English translation was published by Wilfred Whitehouse in Monumenta Nipponica in 1938 and 1941 under the title : Tales of a Clouded Moon. Subsequent English translations have been published by Dale Saunders (1966), Kenji Hamada (1972), Leon Zolbrod (1974) and Anthony H. Chambers (2006).
Derivative works
: 1953 film based on and , directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. Winner of the Silver Lion Award at the 1953 Venice Film Festival.
: 1921 film directed by Thomas Kurihara and adapted by Jun'ichirō Tanizaki.
Takarazuka Revue : 1926 play by Harumichi Ono.
: 1960 film by Japanese director Morihei Magatani.
: 2006 novel adaptation by Shinji Aoyama.
: 2009 novel adaptation by Shimako Iwai.
See also
Takizawa Bakin
Asai Ryōi
The Tale of Genji
The Tales of Ise
Notes
References
Hamada, Kengi. "About the Author." In Tales of Moonlight and Rain. New York: Columbia University Press.
Katō, Shūichi. A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times. Tr. Don Sanderson. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Keene, Donald. 1976. World within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600-1867. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Keene, Donald (1993). The Pleasures of Japanese Literature. Columbia University Press. .
Noriko Reider, "The Emergence of Kaidan-shu: The Collection of Tales of the Strange and Mysterious in the Edo Period." Asian Folklore Studies 60 (2001): 79-99.
Reider, Noriko T. 2002. Tales of the Supernatural in Early Modern Japan: Kaidan, Akinari, Ugetsu Monogatari. Edwin Mellen Press.
Shirane, Haruo, ed. "Early Yomihon: History, Romance, and the Supernatural." In Early Modern Japanese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Takata Mamoru. "Ugetsu Monogatari: A Critical Interpretation." In Tales of Moonlight and Rain: Japanese Gothic Tales. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.
Thacker, Eugene. "Defining J-Horror: Early Encounters with the Unhuman." The Japan Times (5 November 2016).
Ueda Akinari, Anthony H. Chambers (trans.) 2009. Tales of Moonlight and Rain. Columbia University Press.
Ueda Akinari, Wilfrid Whitehouse (trans.), "Ugetsu Monogatari: Tales of a Clouded Moon, by Ueda Akinari (1739-1809)". Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan., 1941), pp. 166–191.
Ueda Akinari. 1974. Ugetsu Monogatari: Tales of Moonlight and Rain Trans. by Leon M. Zolbrod. George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
Washburn, Dennis. "Ghostwriters and Literary Haunts: Subordinating Art to Ethics in Ugetsu Monogatari." Monumenta Nipponica 45.1 (1990) 39–74.
1776 short story collections
Edo-period works
Japanese folklore
Japanese horror fiction
Emperor Sutoku
Horror short story collections
Ghost stories |
is a traditional Japanese children's game. The game is similar to the game Red Rover in the Western world, and is often played in kindergartens and elementary schools.
The name "Hana Ichi Monme" means "a flower is one monme", where a monme is a historical (Edo period) Japanese coin with a value of 3.75 grams of silver.
Other traditional Japanese children's games include Kagome Kagome and Dahrumasan ga Koronda. Many games have songs that go with them.
Play
Players split into two groups, and the members of each group hold hands, so that the teams face each other in two lines. One group steps toward the other in the rhythm of a song that is used only for the game, and the other steps back so that the team lines remain parallel. In each phrase of the song, the team that is stepping back changes, and the team creates a move that associates a swing.
Each time the song ends, the team leaders step forward and do janken, a Japanese version of rock paper scissors. The winner goes back to his team, and they discuss who the team wants to add from the other team. After they have decided, they sing another song doing the same movement and announce the person they want. The game ends when one team loses all of its members.
Variant
In this variant, the two teams sing alternate lines from a song when advancing. As the word monme is sung, that team kicks into the air as if to kick the dirt into the opponents' faces.
The children then huddle to choose a person from the opposing team and return in line to call out:-
The two named children then step forward to . The loser joins the winning team's line. The game ends the same way.
References
Children's games |
Frank Octavius Mancuso (May 23, 1918 – August 4, 2007) was an American professional baseball player and, served as a Houston City Council member for 30 years after his sports career had ended. He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball from to , most notably as a member of the only St. Louis Browns team to win an American League pennant in . Listed at , 195 lb., Mancuso batted and threw right-handed.
Baseball career
Born in Houston, Texas, Mancuso began playing baseball in 1937 in the minor league system of the New York Giants. After hitting .417 for Fort Smith in 1938, the Giants moved him up to their major league roster for the entire 1939 season as a third string catcher, but he did not get into a single game during the regular season. That disappointment was offset by the opportunity he had to warm up pitcher Carl Hubbell, and sharing the company of other great Giants like OF Mel Ott and manager Bill Terry. He was sent back to the minors before the 1940 season.
After hitting .300 or more in three minor league seasons, Mancuso entered the U.S. Army as a paratrooper at Fort Benning, Georgia in December 1942 and was on his way to an accident that forever altered the course of his baseball career. In 1943, he suffered a broken back and leg when his chute opened late and improperly. He almost died from his injuries and was subsequently discharged from the service for medical reasons. A part of his injury was an unfortunate condition for a catcher, where in looking straight up caused him to lose the flow of oxygen to the brain, and he would pass out. As a result, he never regained all of his mobility after the parachute jump and was never responsible for catching pop-ups.
Mancuso spent the rest of his life with back and legs pains, but he worked himself back into shape and returned to baseball in 1944 as one of two catchers for the only St. Louis Browns club to ever win an American League pennant. He shared duties with Red Hayworth, hitting .205 with a home run and 24 RBI in 88 games. The Browns lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1944 World Series in six games, but Mancuso hit .667 (2-for-3) and collected one RBI in injury-limited pinch-hitting duty. His most productive season came in 1945, when he posted career-numbers in games (119), batting average (.268), RBI (38) and runs (39). In 1946 he hit .240 with a career-high three home runs in 87 games. He played his last major-league season with the Washington Senators in 1947 at the age of 29.
From 1948 to 1955, Mancuso earned further respect as a catcher for top minor league clubs like Toledo and Beaumont, among others, and with the 1953 Houston Buffs, a minors club that preceded the Colt .45s / Astros. He also played winter baseball in the Venezuelan League during the 1950–51 and 1951–52 seasons. In his first season, he hit .407 with 49 RBI and also became the first player in the league to hit 10 home runs in a 42-game schedule.
In a four-year major league career, Mancuso played in 337 games, accumulating 241 hits in 1,002 at bats for a .241 career batting average along with 5 home runs, 98 runs batted in and a .314 on-base percentage. He posted a .987 fielding percentage as a catcher. In his 17-year minor league career, he played in 1,267 games, accumulating 1,087 hits in 3,936 at bats for a .276 career batting average along with 128 home runs.
Political career
After baseball retirement, Mancuso served for 30 consecutive years (1963–93) on the Houston City Council. In the late 1990s, Harris County built the Frank Mancuso Sports Complex, a facility that strategically reaches out to the needs of inner city kids, in his honor. The Mancuso Neighborhood Library is also named after him. His 2003 induction into the Texas Baseball Hall of Fame reunited him with his older brother, Gus Mancuso (1905–1984), as the second member of the family to be inducted.
Mancuso died in Pasadena, Texas at the age of 89. His older brother, Gus Mancuso, also played in Major League Baseball as a catcher.
References
Baseball Almanac
Frank Mancuso - Baseballbiography.com
Baseball Reference
Houston Press
Houston & Texas News
Retrosheet
St. Louis Cardinals Scout
Texas Baseball Hall of Fame
Gutiérrez, Daniel. Enciclopedia del Béisbol en Venezuela – 1895–2006 . Caracas, Venezuela: Impresión Arte, C.A., 2007
Veteran hopeful Elliott challenging Mancuso – Houston Chronicle – October 24, 1989
1918 births
2007 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people of Italian descent
Ardmore Cardinals players
Baltimore Orioles (International League) players
Baseball players from Houston
Beaumont Roughnecks players
Carthage Browns players
Fort Smith Giants players
Houston Buffaloes players
Houston City Council members
Major League Baseball catchers
Omaha Cardinals players
St. Joseph Ponies players
St. Joseph Saints players
St. Louis Browns players
San Antonio Missions players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Wichita Falls Spudders players
20th-century American politicians
United States Army soldiers
Paratroopers |
David Paul Fry (born 5 January 1960) is an English former professional football goalkeeper. Born in Bournemouth, he began his career at Weymouth as an amateur and in January 1977 signed for Crystal Palace. Fry was initially understudy to firstly, John Burridge and then Paul Barron but in the second half of the 1982–83 season, became first-choice goalkeeper after Barron left the club. In July 1983, however, he was transferred to Gillingham and later went on to play for Torquay United.
After that, he moved into non-league football, playing for Cheltenham Town, Fisher Athletic and Yeovil Town in the Football Conference. In April 1991, he scored with a wind assisted drop kick for Yeovil in a 7–2 win in a league game against Slough Town.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Gillingham F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
Fisher Athletic F.C. players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Footballers from Bournemouth
English Football League players
Men's association football goalkeepers |
Burlington Council may be:
Burlington Council (Iowa)
Burlington Council (New Jersey)
Burlington Council (Vermont)
Burlington County Council (New Jersey) |
The Yutaje Falls is the third-highest waterfall in Venezuela. It is 2,200 ft (671 m) in height. It is a system of two identical cascades which are located in northern Amazonas state.
References
External links
Travel guide including a visit to the falls
Photos of the falls and the surrounding jungle
Waterfalls of Venezuela
Natural monuments of Venezuela |
Batoni () is a Georgian word for "lord", or "master". It is derived from patroni (პატრონი), the earlier term of similar meaning, and appears in common usage in the 15th century.
In Georgian feudal hierarchy, "batoni" may denote the supreme suzerain (i.e., monarch), seigneur, or any secular or clerical who owned qma, i.e., "slave" or "serf". The word sometimes appears as a part of the royal and nobiliary titulature. For example, the title of the Princes of Mukhrani was batoni (Mukhran-batoni), and the early kings of Kakheti were likewise referred to by that title in some Georgian sources.
In modern usage, batoni is an honorific used for a man, an equivalent of both Mr. and sir. The equivalent female title is k'albatoni (ქალბატონი). It can be used with the full name as well as either the last or first name. When addressing someone directly, the word is used in a vocative case (k'al)batono ([ქალ]ბატონო), and precedes either the first name (more commonly) or the last name, but it can also be used by itself in direct address.
See also
Batonishvili
References
Honorifics
Noble titles of Georgia (country)
Georgian words and phrases |
Keo Nakama (May 21, 1920 – September 8, 2011) was an American swimmer.
Nakama was born in the town of Puʻunene, Hawaii, on the island of Maui.
He was one of a group taught by Soichi Sakamoto at the Puʻunene School
His swimming career included a world record 20:29 in the mile swim, Big Ten Conference titles at Ohio State, and numerous national and international victories. The outbreak of World War II prevented his competing in an Olympic Games: Nakama was at his peak from 1940 to 1944. He was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1975.
Nakama is best known for swimming from the island of Molokai to Oahu in Hawaii, at 40 years of age. In September 1961, he crossed the dangerous 27-mile Ka Iwi Channel in 15 ½ hours; he was the first person to verifiably accomplish this feat.
Nakama was later elected to the Hawaii State House of Representatives, where he served for five terms until 1974. He died in Honolulu at the age of 91.
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
References
External links
Honolulu Star-Bulletin: "They don't make them like Keo no more"
Honolulu Advertiser: "Nakama ruled in the pool, shined on the baseball diamond"
http://www.swimnews.com/news/view/8901
1920 births
2011 deaths
American athlete-politicians
American male swimmers
Hawaii politicians of Japanese descent
Members of the Hawaii House of Representatives
Ohio State Buckeyes baseball players
American sportspeople of Japanese descent
Swimmers from Hawaii |
The Ohio Fair School Funding Plan is bipartisan legislation introduced in the Ohio House of Representatives as House Bill 1 (“HB 1”) by Republican Rep. Jamie Callender and Democratic Rep. Bride Rose Sweeney. The bill creates a new school financing system for K-12 education in the State of Ohio, overhauling the state's school funding system that the Ohio Supreme Court found unconstitutional four times beginning with the original DeRolph decision in 1997. HB 1 was signed into law on July 1, 2021 as a part of the biennial state operating budget.
Background
In recent decades, Ohio’s Supreme Court has ruled four different times that Ohio’s method of funding schools violates the state constitution. As a result of those rulings, Ohio’s legislators have made several attempts to reform Ohio’s school funding system. The Ohio Fair School Funding Plan and its predecessors from prior legislative sessions are the first major attempts at a large-scale overhaul in Ohio in decades.
Currently, the state’s education funding law is an attempt to “equalize education for all Ohio children, regardless of how rich or poor their community is,” according to the Cleveland Plain-Dealer. Most school districts are in one of two categories: districts where local property taxes are not sufficient to pay for school funding, and districts with higher property values that have a cap placed on how much state funding they get.
According to Ohio Senate President Matt Huffman, decades ago Ohio spent half of all education funding on teacher’s salaries. Presently, it is only 30 percent. In his proposed biennial state budget released in February 2021, Ohio Governor Mike DeWine did not include any changes to the state’s funding formula.
In 2021, the base cost per pupil that the state pays to local schools is at $6,020. Proponents of the legislation argue that it is a broken formula that arrives at that dollar amount, as it “has no tether to actual costs or qualify.”
Legislation
Overview
Reps. Callender and Sweeney introduced the Ohio Fair School Funding Plan (“HB 1”) in early 2021. HB 1 creates a new funding formula for the state’s primary and secondary education system. The bill and its provisions are the outcome of a legislative coalition called the Fair School Funding Workgroup, which was tasked in 2019 with studying the state’s education funding formula and returning with ideas on how to improve and modernize it.
Under the legislation, state funding for K-12 education would be made as direct payments to schools, rather than bundled funding to school districts. The bill would use not only property values but also the incomes of local residents when determining how much the state will give to school districts and how much districts will have to raise on their own.
The bill also creates new categories of state education funding, including special education, gifted education, English as a second language (ESL), and transportation. It also includes a boost for schools in economically disadvantaged areas. Career technical education funding also is increased under the provisions in the legislation.
To fully implement the bill, the state would need to add approximately $2 billion onto the existing $8 billion it currently spends. Ohio’s Legislative Service Commission estimated that statewide cost per pupil under the bill, if signed into law, would be $7,202 per year.
Legislative history and activity
The legislation was originally introduced during the 2019-2020 session of the Ohio legislature as HB 305, known as the Cupp-Patterson Fair School Funding Plan. During that session, the Ohio House voted almost unanimously in favor of the bill by a vote of 87-9 in December 2020. The Ohio Senate, however, rejected the legislation. By and large, senators favored education reform but wanted to see changes to the bill. The 2019 bill was known as the. It had 72 co-sponsors and passed the house in December 2020 by a vote of 87-9.
After HB 1 was introduced in 2021, it was referred to the House Finance Committee which held a hearing on the bill on February 11. The main sponsors, Reps. Callender and Sweeney, testified in favor of their bill. During their testimony, they spoke about the underlying need for reform and recapped how the bill’s reforms came to fruition. They said:“In the fall of 2017, then Representative, now Speaker Bob Cupp and State Representative John Patterson decided that something had to be done. They immediately embarked upon an effort to comprehensively remake Ohio’s school funding system utilizing the experience and expertise of Ohio educators to craft its many provisions. Their instructions to the sixteen members of the Workgroup were simple: every provision must address a verifiable need, be based upon objective criteria, and reflect acknowledged research, established best practices, their own personal professional experience, and be based on Ohio data.” In 2021, the two primary sponsors of the bill, Rep. Jamie Callender and Rep. Bride Rose Sweeney testified before the House Finance Committee during a hearing on the bill.
Support, opposition, and concerns
Over the course of three years, school district representatives approached legislators with feedback on the state’s school funding formulas, which had been referred to by Rep. Callender as “years of patchwork state spending.” The Ohio Federation of Teachers, the state’s teacher’s union, supports HB 1. The union’s support for the state constitutional mandate of fair fully funded local schools is one reason they support the bill.
One of the more contentious sections of the bill is relative to charter schools. Under the bill, the state would make direct payments for students’ use of the EdChoice private school voucher program. Under current law, deductions are taken from the public school district where the student receiving the voucher resides. Some charter school advocates have expressed concern with the legislation, saying it is unfair to charter schools.
The Buckeye Institute, a conservative Ohio think tank, expressed some concern on the cost of the bill, saying that overhaul will end up costing more than legislators think, under the reasoning that the bill uses teacher salaries from two years ago as its basis for the spending amounts, which distorts costs.
See also
Education in the United States
No Child Left Behind Act
Ohio Department of Education
References
External links
"Plan to overhaul Ohio school funding formula in limbo." ABC 13 WTGV. May 21, 2021.
"Testimony on the Fair School Funding Plan." Policy Matters Ohio. April 12, 2021.
"‘Fair School Funding’ praised in education budget, other parts in need of second look." Ohio Capital Journal. April 26, 2021.
United States education law |
Peter J. Lambert is a retired United States Air Force major general who last served as the Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance of the U.S. Air Force. Previously, he was the Deputy Director for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Operations of the Joint Staff.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
United States Air Force generals |
Audacy, previously known as Radio.com, is a free broadcast and Internet radio platform owned by the namesake company Audacy, Inc. (formerly known as Entercom). The Audacy platform functions as a music recommender system and is the national umbrella brand for the company’s radio network aggregating its over 235 local radio stations across the United States. In addition, the service includes thousands of podcasts, created for the platform, hosted elsewhere, or station programming on demand. It was originally created by CBS Radio and was acquired by the former Entercom as part of the company's takeover of CBS Radio. The service's main competitors are rival station group iHeartMedia's iHeartRadio, and TuneIn. Audacy is available online, via mobile devices, and devices such as Chromecast and Amazon Fire TV.
History
The radio.com domain was formerly owned by CNET Networks, which purchased it and tv.com from the nonprofit Internet Multicasting Service for $30,000 in 1996. CNET, and in turn the radio.com domain, was acquired by CBS Corporation (the parent company of CBS Radio at the time) in 2008.
Radio.com launched on July 16, 2010, under CBS Radio. It was originally launched as a central website to stream all of CBS's then 130 radio stations, Last.fm and other CBS properties. Among the original features were currently playing information, song history, station and genre searches, presets, blogs, newsfeeds, and social media tools. Later that year the service launched its first app for iOS. In addition the service added custom channels and music from AOL Radio and Yahoo Music. In 2015, the service added a music video streaming option. These deals eventually ended quietly, especially after AOL and Yahoo's mergers into Oath.
Entercom acquired CBS Radio, including Radio.com, on November 17, 2017.
Throughout early and mid-2018, disparate individual mobile apps and sites for Entercom's legacy stations (sometimes developed outside Entercom by local third parties for individual stations, and often not being hosted universally by one provider) were withdrawn from the iTunes Store and Google Play, uniting all of Entercom's web and mobile efforts for their properties solely under the Radio.com app and website. The CBS Radio stations, which were part of "CBS Local" sites with their former sister television stations, also saw their main web presences moved to sub-domains of Radio.com. Some of the former CBS Local domains in markets where CBS only had radio stations remained online until late 2021 despite no longer hosting local radio content, instead carrying content from the nearest CBS-owned television station.
On June 25, 2018, Entercom announced that Radio.com would become the exclusive streaming provider for all of its stations, ending its relationship with the third-party service TuneIn. Stations previously owned by Entercom pre-merger were removed on July 6, and former CBS Radio stations were removed on August 1. At that time, Entercom's stations would also begin promoting the service, in particular, suffixing "a Radio.com station" after their legal station identifications at the top of each hour. Smart speaker integration of the service was launched within the same period.
In October 2019, the app debuted a feature called "Rewind", where a number of Entercom's spoken word content stations maintain a 24-hour on-demand buffer of programming that can be accessed through rewind, fast-forward and skip back/forward controls.
On March 30, 2021, Entercom rebranded both the company itself and Radio.com as Audacy. The end tag of Audacy's station identifications was then changed to identify them as "an Audacy station", along with a seven-note sounder whose tone varies with a station's format (such as a guitar playing it for a rock station, or a softer sound for a 'Mix'-like station). The end tag for all Audacy's stations was changed once again in July 2022 to "Always live on the free Audacy app." Audacy, Inc. put the Radio.com domain up for auction on December 29, 2022, with a minimum required bid of $2.5 million (USD); by June 1, 2023, the auction had closed without a winner.
On July 19, 2022, Audacy announced a redesign of their player on their website and their app to include enhanced features such as "Enhanced Rewind" allowing listeners to rewind spoken-word programming, curated discovery of content, seamless cross-device functionality, and enriched podcast listening.
Content partnerships
On February 7, 2019, Entercom launched stations for CNN, CNN International, HLN, Bloomberg Radio and Bloomberg Television on Radio.com along with podcasts from Turner Podcast Network via deals with Bloomberg L.P. and Turner Broadcasting. Two weeks later, Radio.com reached deals to add Bonneville International and Cox Media Group stations and podcasts to the platform.
On September 25, 2019, Salem Media Group and Alpha Media stations were made available on the service. Beasley Broadcast Group stations joined the service on November 11, 2020.
On November 25, 2019, Disney Channels Worldwide agreed to terms to feature Radio Disney and Radio Disney Country's streams on the service; they were removed in January 2021 as Disney wound down their American radio operations, excluding ESPN Radio. Disney-branded music stations returned to the Audacy app in a new deal in August 2022.
On August 17, 2021, Audacy announced a content distribution partnership with Urban One to add its stations to Audacy. On September 15, 2021, Audacy announced that Cumulus Media-owned radio stations and podcasts would be added.
On May 23, 2023, Audacy signed a deal with Allen Media Group's The Weather Channel to carry the audio of the cable network, along with the streams of the Pattrn and Weather Channel en Español FAST channels.
After a five-year absence, Audacy's stations returned to TuneIn at the end of June 2023 as part of a new content partnership with the latter.
Availability and supported devices
In addition to traditional desktop availability, the service is available via iOS/WatchOS and Android mobile and tablet devices, along with Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant-compatible smart speakers and other devices.
Streaming of Audacy content is geo-restricted to the United States. In addition, local advertising from the advertisers of the nearest Audacy cluster of stations to a listener is substituted over a station's own advertising, along with traditional national advertising, public service announcements, and Audacy features such as music news, trivia, and other minutia. Professional sports play-by-play are also geo-restricted to within the station's broadcast area, with either alternate/regular programming or a disclaimer airing instead online outside its market area.
See also
AccuRadio
Channel Q, an LGBTQ radio network
iHeartRadio – main competitor
TuneIn
References
External links
Audacy, Inc.
Internet properties established in 2010
Internet radio in the United States
CBS Radio
American music websites
Former CBS Interactive websites
Podcasting companies
Universal Windows Platform apps |
is an Australian–Japanese speed skater who competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Japan.
He competed in the 5000 metres, where he finished 26th out of 26.
Williamson made his World Cup debut in November 2013. As of September 2014, Williamson's best World Cup finish is 11th, in a 5000 m B race in 2013–14. His best overall finish in the World Cup is 46th, in the 2013–14 5000 and 10000 m.
He is a member of the Nidec Sankyo speed skating team.
References
External links
1995 births
Japanese male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic speed skaters for Japan
Speed skaters from Hokkaido
Living people
Japanese people of Australian descent
Asian Games medalists in speed skating
Speed skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists |
Valikan (, also Romanized as Valīkan) is a village in Firuzjah Rural District, Bandpey-ye Sharqi District, Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 24, in 8 families.
References
Populated places in Babol County |
Ust'-Kamo (Russian: Усть-Камо) is a remote, abandoned village in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia situated next to the Podkamennaya Tunguska river with a continental climate. The village was abolished from the administrative jurisdiction of the former Evenk Autonomous Okrug in 2002, from 2002 to 2010, the village was abandoned due to the extreme weather, then repopulated between 2010 and 2016, then abandoned again in 2016 and it became abolished as a census location due to its lack of population, it mainly consisted of Evenk and Russian demographics identifying of Animist and Orthodox beliefs. The village was municipally part of a rural settlement named Kuyumba, after merging as a village, until 2011.
The abandoned village still has a functioning meteorological station where observations started on January 6, 1933, 178 meters above sea level.
References
Former populated places in Russia
Krasnoyarsk Krai |
Thomas M. Doerflinger (1952–2015) was an American historian.
Life
He is the son of William Main Doerflinger.
He was a MCEAS Dissertation Fellow, at Harvard University in 1978-1979.
He trained as a historian at Princeton and Harvard.
He died on August 23, 2015.
Awards
1987 Bancroft Prize
1980 Bowdoin Prize for Graduate Essays
Works
"How to Succeed in Business: An Exchange", The New York Review of Books, July 11, 1996
"Rural Capitalism in Iron Country: Staffing a Forest Factory, 1808–1815", William & Mary Quarterly, January 2002
"The Antilles Trade of the Old Regime: A Statistical Overview", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Winter 1976
References
21st-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Historians of the American Revolution
1952 births
Princeton University alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
2015 deaths
Bancroft Prize winners
21st-century American male writers |
Frank Chapman Sharp (July 30, 1866 – May 4, 1943) was an American philosopher who specialized in ethics, including business ethics and the ethical conduct of war.
Career
He received his BA from Amherst College in 1887 and his Ph.D. at the Konigliche-Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Berlin in 1892. His thesis, The Aesthetic Element in Morality and Its Place in a Utilitarian Theory of Morals, was published in book form in both English and German in 1893. His entire teaching career was spent on the philosophy faculty at the University of Wisconsin, where he was promoted to full professor in 1905. He served as President of the Western Division of the American Philosophical Society during the 1907-1908 term. Among Sharp's other publications are Shakespeare's Portrayal of the Moral Life (1902); A Study of the Influence of Custom on Moral Judgment (1908); A Course in Moral Instruction for the High School (1909); Syllabus on Moral Instruction (with Frederic James Gould, 1911); Ethics (1928); Business Ethics: Studies in Fair Competition (1937); Problems in Business Ethics (1937); and Good Will and Ill Will: A Study in Moral Judgments (1950), the last of which was published posthumously.
Philosophy
Sharp was among the first philosophers to focus on business ethics, in which he discussed the fair treatment of employees, consumers, and competitors. His Syllabus on Moral Instruction was, for a time, used by the United States military for troop instruction. Sharp was also among the first philosophers to perform empirical studies of moral intuitions, conducting surveys at the University of Wisconsin, both of highly educated liberal arts students and of agricultural students who had had limited formal education. Sharp believed that these studies confirmed his utilitarian ethical positions. He is credited with being the first moral philosopher to use a variant of the now famous trolley problem in which a switchman must choose between saving many strangers or his own daughter from a runaway train. A brief summary of Sharp's philosophy may be found in Richard Brandt's review of Sharp's Good Will and Ill Will.
Frank Chapman Sharp Memorial Prize
The Frank Chapman Sharp Memorial Prize was established by the American Philosophical Society in 1990 to honor Sharp's memory. It is awarded every other year to the best unpublished essay or monograph on the philosophy of war and peace.
References
1866 births
1943 deaths
Amherst College alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Philosophers from Wisconsin
American moral psychologists |
Sunningdale Barrow is the site of three Bronze Age round barrows, including one bowl barrow near Sunningdale railway station, Sunningdale (), now in Berkshire but formerly in Surrey. Excavations on one barrow located cremations, mainly inurned.
External links
S'dale Barrows, www.chobham.info
Sunningdale Barrow, www.themodernantiquarian.com
Sunningdale Barrow, www.megalithic.co.uk
Barrows in the United Kingdom
Archaeological sites in Berkshire
Bronze Age sites in Berkshire
Archaeological sites in Surrey |
The Uniform Congressional District Act is a redistricting bill that requires that all members of the United States House of Representatives in the 91st United States Congress and every subsequent Congress be elected from a single member constituency unless a state had elected all of its previous representatives at large, where this requirement commenced for the 92nd United States Congress.
Historical context
Since 1929
Since the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in that the previous requirements contained within the Apportionment Act of 1911 in relation to congressional districting and the manner of how representatives were to be elected were no longer in force since the enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929, there were no requirements imposed upon the states by Congress as to how representatives were to be elected to the United States House of Representatives. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 did not contain any requirements on how representatives were to be elected, including any requirements on how districts were to be drawn (if the state legislature chose to use districts), due to the presumption by Congress that the requirements enacted by the Apportionment Act of 1911 were still in force since Congress never repealed those requirements. Due to Wood, Missouri (13 seats), Kentucky (9), Virginia (9), Minnesota (9), and North Dakota (2), all elected their representatives at large while Texas elected 3 of their 21 seats at large; New York, Illinois, and Ohio each elected 2 of their seats at large; and Oklahoma, Connecticut, and Florida each elected 1 of their seats at large in the 1932 United States House of Representatives elections. All the states that elected some of their representatives at large (except Illinois) had gained seats from reapportionment but continued to use their previous congressional district boundaries while electing their new representatives at large. Arizona would continue to elect their representatives at large until 1946, even after gaining a second seat in 1943, and New Mexico and Hawaii would continue to elect all their representatives at large from their admission into the union until 1968 and 1970 respectively. Alabama also elected all eight of its representatives at large in 1962. Meanwhile, those states that elected representatives from single-member districts often elected representatives from districts that were not compact, contiguous, or roughly equal in population.
Colegrove era
In 1946, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in a 4-3 decision Colegrove v. Green that the federal courts do not have jurisdiction to interfere with malapportioned congressional districts, with Congress having the sole authority to interfere with the same. For the next fifteen years, both congressional districts and state legislative districts would often have large population imbalances. The imbalance in the population of different congressional districts could have been fixed by an act of Congress but Congress failed to enact any standards and requirements concerning congressional districts and elections. Due to congressional inaction and new justices on the Supreme Court, the courts intervened in 1962 in the case Baker v. Carr which required that all state legislative districts be of roughly equal population. The court used the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution to justify its ruling (specifically the Equal Protection Clause). Wesberry v. Sanders extended Baker to the districts of the United States House of Representatives.
Legislative history
The act was enacted by Congress in 1967 primarily due to two reasons: the fear that the courts would force elections to be conducted at large if congressional districts were not compliant with federal jurisprudence or law and that southern states may have dissolved their districts so that racial minorities would not be able to elect representatives that are from a minority race, particularly after the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In general, the requirement that all members of the House of Representatives be elected from single-member districts was widely supported by Congress, with Representative Gerald Ford stating, "I happen to feel that at-large elections are completely the wrong way for the election of Members of this body." The only real contention to this bill was whether there should be an exemption for Hawaii and New Mexico since they had always elected their representatives at large, with Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii stating that "because of geographical reasons, it is not very simple to district the State of Hawaii With the adoption of the amendment, an orderly transition will be possible for our State," along with Senator Clinton Anderson of New Mexico arguing that his state "has not been redistricted and it would cause a lot of trouble at this late hour to redistrict." However, there were members of Congress opposed to this exemption, with Senator Roman Hruska of Nebraska arguing that "The proposal before us will apply to every State in the Union except two. That is not good legislation. It certainly is not good principle," while Senator Gordon Allott of Colorado was opposed due to selfish reasons, arguing that "If under a decree of court one State could be required to be redistricted, there is no excuse for one State, two States, or 20 States to be excepted from that which others had to do."
Due to the widespread support of the members of Congress that there was a pressing need to ban elections at large, both the House and the Senate passed the bill with a voice vote, although the bill did allow for Hawaii and New Mexico to elect their representatives from single-member districts two years later than all other states due to their need to draw congressional districts for the first time in their histories.
Impact
Due to this act, elections to the House of Representatives are very similar to elections to the House of Commons of Canada and the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, except that United States congressional districts are far larger in terms of population than constituencies of the Houses of Commons. Because there are, almost always, only two major parties on the ticket for an election to Congress in the United States, Congressional districts are different to districts or constituencies in Canada and the United Kingdom since the winning candidate in the United States typically wins by a majority or close to a majority while those countries that regularly have more than two candidates on the ballot typically win only by a plurality due to all three of these countries employing first-past-the-post electoral rules, making elections in United States districts arguably more representative. On the other hand, districts in the United States are inherently less representative than those in other countries that employ mixed-member proportional representation such as Germany or New Zealand since each district in the United States only has one winner, therefore making competitive districts in particular less representative than safe districts since close to half of all votes in a competitive race go to a losing candidate, therefore leaving those voters without representation, while in multi-member proportional districts the proportion of the vote won by a political party results in them winning the same or similar proportion of seats in a multi-member district, especially when overhang seats and leveling seats are part of the electoral system.
See also
Representation of the People Act 1884
Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
Representation of the People Act 1948
Royal Assent by Commission Act 1541, an example of an act that contains two unrelated or distantly related subjects within the same act.
Notes
References
External links
Towards Proportional Representation for the U.S. House – Amending the Uniform Congressional District Act
90th United States Congress |
The 1871 Orán earthquake that took place in the Province of Salta, in the Republic of Argentina, on Tuesday, 9 October 1871 at 02:15. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.4 . The earthquake was located at a depth of .
Damage and casualties
The destructive force of the 1871 Orán earthquake was measured at VIII on the Mercalli intensity scale. It completely destroyed the former city of Orán (now San Ramón de la Nueva Orán), towards the northern parts of the province of Salta. It caused 20 deaths as well as injuries.
Aftermath
As a result of the destruction of the original city of Orán, it was later reestablished under the name of San Ramón de la Nueva Orán.
See also
List of earthquakes in Argentina
List of historical earthquakes
References
1871
1871
1871
1871 disasters in Argentina |
This is the list of episodes for The Late Late Show with James Corden in 2019.
2019
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
References
External links
James Corden on Twitter
The Late Late Show with James Corden at CBS
The Late Late Show with James Corden on Twitter
The Late Late Show with James Corden on Facebook
Lists of variety television series episodes
2019-related lists |
The Computation and Neural Systems (CNS) program was established at the California Institute of Technology in 1986 with the goal of training Ph.D. students interested in exploring the relationship between the structure of neuron-like circuits/networks and the computations performed in such systems, whether natural or synthetic. The program was designed to foster the exchange of ideas and collaboration among engineers, neuroscientists, and theoreticians.
History
In the early 1980s, having laid out the foundations of VLSI, Carver Mead became interested in exploring the similarities between computation done in the brain and the type of computations that could be carried out in analog silicon electronic circuits. Mead joined with John Hopfield, who was studying the theoretical foundations of neural computation, to expand his study. Mead and Hopfield's first joint course in this area was entitled “Physics of Computation”; Hopfield teaching about his work in neural networks and Mead about his work in the area of replicating neuronal structures in highly integrated electronic circuits. Given the interest among both students and faculty, they decided to expand upon these themes in the following year. Richard Feynman joined them and three separate courses resulted: Hopfield's on neural networks, Mead's on neuromorphic analog circuits, and Feynman's course on the physics of computation. At this point, Mead and Hopfield realized that a new field was emerging with neural scientists and the people doing the computer models and circuits all talking to each other.
In the fall of 1986, John Hopfield championed forming an interdisciplinary Ph.D. program to give birth to a scholarly community studying questions arising at the interface between neurobiology and electrical engineering, computer science and physics. It was called Computation and Neural Systems (CNS). The unifying theme of the program was the relationship between the physical structure of a computational system (physical or biological hardware), the dynamics of its operation and the computational problems that it can efficiently solve. The creation of this multidisciplinary program stems largely from progress on several previously unrelated fronts: the analysis of complex neural systems at both the single-cell and the network levels
using a variety of techniques (in particular, patch clamp recordings, intracellular and extra-cellular single and multi-unit electrophysiology in the awake animal and functional brain imaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)), the theoretical analysis of nervous structures (computational neuroscience) and the modeling of artificial neural networks for engineering purposes. The program started out with a small number of existing faculty in the various divisions. Amongst the early founding faculty were Carver Mead, John Hopfield, David Van Essen, Geoffrey Fox, James Bower, Mark Konishi, John Allman, Ed Posner and Demetri Psaltis. In that year, the first external professor, Christof Koch, was hired.
Since 1990, about 110 graduate students have been awarded a PhD in CNS and 14 a MS in CNS. About two-thirds of CNS graduates pursued an academic career, with the remaining CNS graduates founding and/or joining start-up companies. Over this time, the average duration of PhD has been 5.6 years.
During this time, the executive officers of the CNS Program were John Hopfield, Demetri Psaltis, Christof Koch and Pietro Perona.
Related conferences and workshops
CNS faculty founded and co-founded a number of conferences and workshops:
Snowbird Meeting on Neural Networks for Computing, in 1984.
Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) in 1987.
Methods in Computational Neuroscience at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, in 1988.
The Telluride Summer School in Neuromorphic Systems Engineering, in 1993.
Related academic programs
Institute of Neuroinformatics in Zürich, Switzerland
The Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel
Notable alumni
David J. C. MacKay – Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge and chief scientific adviser to the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC).
Bruno Olshausen – Director, Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley.
Kwabena Boahen – Professor of Bioengineering, Stanford University.
Misha Mahowald
Erik Winfree – Professor, California Institute of Technology.
Laurent Itti – Professor, University of Southern California.
Tobias Delbruck – Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich.
Shih-Chii Liu – Professor at the University of Zürich and co-leader of the Sensors Group at the Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zürich.
References
Further reading
Shirley K. Cohen, Interview with Carver Mead. Archives of the California Institute of Technology. (PDF)
External links
Web site of the CNS program at Caltech
Graduates of the CNS program
Faculty of the CNS program
California Institute of Technology
Neural engineering |
This is the list of awards and nominations Julie Anne San Jose has received during her career.
Music
Aliw Awards
|-
|2011 || Herself || Best Teen Performer ||
|-
|2013 || Its My Time Concert || Best Female Performance In A Concert ||
|-
|2018 || #Julie || Best Female Performance In A Concert ||
|-
|2019 || Julie Sings The Diva || Best Major Concert (Female) ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2020 || Better || Best Rhythm and Blues/Jazz Artist ||
|-
|| Performer || Entertainer Of The Year ||
Awit Awards
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2013 || I'll Be There || Best Performance by a Female Recording Artist ||
|-
|| I'll Be There || Best Performance by a New Female Recording Artist ||
|-
|| I'll Be There || Best Ballad Recording ||
|-
|| Enough || Best R&B Recording ||
|-
|| Julie Anne San Jose || Album of the Year ||
|-
| 2014 || Pagbangon || Best Inspirational/Religious Recording ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2015 || Dedma || Best Rap Recording with Abra ||
|-
|| Deper || Best Selling Album of the Year ||
|-
|| "Ikaw, Ako at Siya" || Best Song Written for Movie/TV/Stage Play with Janno Gibbs and Jaya ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2017 || Chasing The Light || Best Performance by a Female Recording Artist for "Chasing The Light" ||
|-
|| Magic Ng Pasko || Best Christmas Recording ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019 || Breakthrough || People's Voice Favorite Album Of The Year ||
|-
|| Down For Me || People's Voice Favorite Collaboration with Fern. ||
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2020 || Try Love Again || Best Global Recording ||
|-
|| Bahaghari with Gloc9 || Best Collaboration Performance ||
|-
|| Isang Gabi with Rico Blanco || Best Music Video ||
|-
|| Better || Best Pop Recording ||
Myx Music Awards
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2013 || I'll Be There || Favorite Mellow Video ||
|-
|| Herself || Favorite Celebrity Vj ||
|-
|rowspan="6" | 2015 || Right Where You Belong|| Favorite Mellow Video ||
|-
PMPC Star Awards For Music
|-
|rowspan="4"|2013||Herself || New Female Recording Artist of the Year ||
|-
|| Herself || Female Pop Artist of the Year ||
|-
|| Julie Anne San Jose Album || Pop Album of the Year ||
|-
|| Bakit Ngayon || Song of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015|| Deeper || Album of the Year ||
|-
|| Deeper || Pop Album of the Year ||
|-
|| Herself || Female Pop Artist of the Year ||
|-
|| Herself || Female Concert Performer of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="7"|2017 || Herself || Female Recording Artist of the Year ||
|-
|| Naririnig Mo Ba? || Music Video of the Year ||
|-
|| Chasing The Light || Album of the Year ||
|-
||Chasing The Lights || Song of the Year ||
|-
|| Chasing The Light || Pop Album Of The Year of the Year ||
|-
|| Herself || Female Artist Of The Year ||
|-
|| Herself || Female Pop Artist of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018 || Breathrough || Pop Album Of The Year ||
|-
|| Herself || Female Pop Artist Of The Year ||
|-
|rowspan="5"|2019 || Regrets || Music Video Of The Year ||
|-
|| Herself || Female Recording Artist Of The Year ||
|-
|| Breakthrough || Album Of The Year ||
|-
|| Regrets || Female Pop Artist Of The Year ||
|-
|| Down For Me feat. Fern || Collaboration Of The Year ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021 || Herself || Female Recording Artist of the Year ||
|-
| Nobela || Revival Recording of the Year with Gloc9||
|-
| Herself || Female Pop Artist of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022 || Herself || Female Recording Artist of the Year ||
|-
| Herself || Collaboration Artist of the Year with Gloc9||
|-
| Herself || Female Pop Artist of the Year ||
Wish Music Awards
|-
| 2017 || Naririnig Mo Ba || Wish Original Song Of The Year By A Female Artist||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || Your Song || Bronze Wishclusive Elite Circle Award ||
|-
| Down For Me (feat. Fern) || Urban Song Of The Year ||
|-
| Nothing Left || Wishclusive Pop Performance of the Year ||
|-
| Your Song || Wishclusive Ballad Performance of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || Your Song || Silver Wishclusive Elite Circle Award ||
|-
| Your Song || Wishers' Choice Artist Of The Year||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021 || Better || Wish R&B Song of the Year ||
|-
| Nobela || Wishclusive Contemporary R&B Performance of the Year ||
International recognition
Seoul International Drama Awards
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Nominee/Work
!Award
!Result
!Host Country
|-
|2023
| Herself/Maria Clara At Ibarra
| Outstanding Asian Star
|
|| Seoul South Korea
International Song Contest: The Global Sound
2022
Shorty Awards
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Recipient/Nominated Work
!Award
!Result
!Host Country
|-
|2018
| Herself
| YouTube Star
|
|| United States of America
Top10 Asia Awards
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Nominee/Work
!Award
!Result
!Host Country
|-
|2019
| Singer/Performer
| Asia Music Icon Award
|
|| Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Asian Television Awards
{| class="wikitable"
|Year
!Nominee/Work
!Nominee
!Result
!Host Country
|-
|2020
| Vicky - Brgy 143 (Voice)
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
|
|| Singapore
|-
|2022
| Laura Ramirez - Viu Still Series
| Best Leading Female Performance-Digital
|
|| Singapore
Asian Academy Creative Awards
{| class="wikitable"
|Year
!Nominee/Work
!Nominee
!Result
!Host Country
|-
|2023
| Babaguhin Ang Buong Mundo
| Best Theme Song or Title Theme (OST)
| [National Winner]
|| Singapore
New York Festivals TV and Film Awards
{| class="wikitable"
|Year
!Nominee/Work
!Nominee
!Result
!Host Country
|-
|2022
| Limitless Musical Trilogy - Breathe
| Entertainment-Variety Special Category Silver Award
|
|| United States of America
Entertaintment Awards
Gandingan Awards
|-
| rowspan="4"|2023 || Performer/Limitless || Gandingan Ng Kababaihan ||
|-
| Limitless Musical Trilogy - Breathe (Tayong Dalawa) || Most Development-Oriented TV Plug ||
|-
| Limitless Musical Trilogy - Breathe || Most Development-Oriented Musical Segment/Program ||
|-
| Limitless Musical Trilogy - Breathe || Most Development-Oriented Online Video ||
National Customer's Choice Achievement Awards
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Recipient/Nominated Work
!Award
!Result
|-
|2023
|Performer/Singer
|Remarkable Female Concert and Multimedia Performing Artist
|
Northwest Samar State University Students' Choice Awards for Radio and Television
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Recipient/Nominated Work
!Award
!Result
|-
|2023
|The Clash
| Best Musical Reality Show Host
|
Philippine Pop Awards
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Recipient/Nominated Work
!Award
!Result
|-
|2019
|Herself
| Female Pop Artist of the Year
|
FAMAS Awards
|-
| 2012 || Herself || German Moreno Youth Achievement Award || style="background: orange" |Recipient
|-
| 2018 || Herself || German Moreno Youth Achievement Award || style="background: orange" |Recipient
PMPC Star Awards for Television
|-
| 2015 || Day Off || Best Reality Show Host with Dasuri Choi, Maey Bautista, Mike ‘Pekto’ Nacua, Boobay ||
|-
| 2023 || The Clash || Best Talent Search Program Host with Rayver Cruz ||
|-
Golden Screen TV Awards
|-
|2011 || Andres de Saya || Outstanding Breakthrough Performance by an Actress ||
|-
Guillermo Mendoza Memorial Scholarship Foundation Box Office Entertainment Awards
|-
| 2011 || Herself || Most Promising Loveteam of 2011 with Elmo Magalona ||
|-
| 2012 || Julie Anne San Jose (Debut Album) || Most Promising Singer ||
|-
EdukCircle Awards
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2019 || Studio 7 || Best Female Variety Show Host ||
|-
|Herself || Best Musical Artist Of The Year ||
|-
| The Sweetheart and The Balladeer || Three Most influential Concert Performs of The Year (with Christian Bautista) ||
|-
TAG Awards
|-
| 2022 || Maria Clara at Ibarra || Best Supporting Actress ||
|-
Gawad Lasallianeta
|-
| 2022 || Maria Clara at Ibarra || Most Outstanding Actress in a Drama series ||
|-
| 2022 || The Clash || Most Outstanding Female Entertainment Show Host ||
|-
| 2022 || Maria Clara at Ibarra || Most Outstanding Teleserye ||
Philippine Walk Of Fame
|-
| 2015 || Herself || Walk Of Fame Star Awardee || style="background: orange" |Recipient
|-
YouTube Creator Awards
|-
| 2019 || 100,000 YouTube Subscribers (Aybutchikik) || The Silver Creator Award ||
|-
Inside Showbiz Awards
|-
| 2019 || BreakThrough Album || Favorite Album ||
|-
USTv Awards
|-
| 2012 || I'll Be There || Best Local Video Artist ||
|-
| 2016 || Herself || Social Media Personality ||
|-
Yahoo Philippines OMG! Award
|-
| 2012 || Herself || Female Performer of the Year ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || Herself || Female Performer of the Year ||
|-
| Julielmo || Fan Club of the Year with Elmo Magalona ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || Herself || Female Performer of the Year ||
|-
| Bakit Ngayon || Song of the Year ||
The Philippine Quill Awards
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || Herself || What A Wonderful World Music Video ||
|-
| Herself || The Philippine Student Quill Merit Awardee ||
|-
Globe Tatt Awards
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2012 || Herself || ThoughtMover ||
|-
|Herself || Trending Personality ||
|-
| Herself || People Choice Award ||
|-
Spinnr Hitlist Award
|-
| 2014 || Herself || Best Indie Artist ||
UE Gawad Lualhati Awards
|-
| 2014 || Herself || Inspiring Artist Of The Year ||
|-
Catholic Mass Media Awards
|-
| 2014 || Pagbangon || Best Secular Song ||
|-
| 2022 || Limitless || Best Digital Add - Public Service ||
PEP List Choice Awards
|-
| 2014 || Herself || Female Teen Star of the Year ||
|-
MEG Top Choice Awards
|-
| 2012 || Herself || Twitter Trendsetter of the Year ||
|-
Candy Mag Style Awards
|-
| 2012 || Herself || Most Stylish Awards ||
|-
GMAAC Workshop Recognition
|-
| 2012 || Herself || The Host Of the Most Award ||
|-
SAS Stand Out Awards
|-
| 2012 || Herself || Viewer Choice Best Artist ||
|-
Organisasyon ng Pilipinong Mang-aawit (OPM)
|-
| 2013 || Herself || Junior Ambassador || style="background: orange" |Recipient
|-
ASEAN Excellence Achievers Awards
|-
| 2022 || Herself ||Versatile Actress of the Year||
|-
Rawr Awards
|-
| 2022 || Herself || Favorite Performer || style="background: orange" |TBA
|-
| 2022 || Maria Clara At Ibarra || Bet na Bet na Teleserye || style="background: orange" |TBA
|-
ASAP Recognition
|-
| 2012 || ASAP 24k Gold Award ||Female Artist Awardee ||
|-
| 2013 || ASAP Platinum Circle Award ||Female Artist Awardee ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ASAP 24k Gold Award ||Female Artist Awardee ||
|-
|| ASAP 24k Platinum Circle Award ||Female Artist Awardee ||
|-
YES! Magazine
|-
| 2012 || @MyJaps (Twitter Inc.) || Most Influential Celebrity On Social Media ||
|-
| 2012 || Newbie || 100 Most Beautiful Stars ||
|-
| 2013 || Breakthrough || 100 Most Beautiful Stars ||
|-
| 2014 || Groovers || 100 Most Beautiful Stars ||
|-
| 2015 || Multihyphenate || 100 Most Beautiful Stars ||
|-
| 2016 || Multihyphenate || 100 Most Beautiful Stars ||
|-
| 2017 || Network Bets || 100 Most Beautiful Stars ||
|-
| 2018 || Network Bets || 100 Most Beautiful Stars ||
|-
References
Lists of awards received by Filipino musician |
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