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Wattipally is a remote village in Telkapalle mandal, Nagar Kurnool Revenue division of Nagarkurnool district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
References
Villages in Nagarkurnool district |
Pharah is the call sign of Fareeha Amari, a character who first appears in the 2016 video game Overwatch, a Blizzard Entertainment–developed first-person shooter, later appearing in related literary media and the game's sequel, Overwatch 2. An Egyptian woman trying to follow in her mother's footsteps, she enlists in a military unit and helps defend her local community, later joining the restored peace-keeping force Overwatch alongside her mother and childhood friend. In a 2023 short story by Blizzard, the character was revealed to be a lesbian.
She was one of the first characters added to Overwatch during its development, after complications arose when trying to implement a different character. Conceived by Geoff Goodman as a male character with a rocket launcher and a Jetpack, the character was originally named "Rocket Dude" and went through multiple iterations and names during development, before Blizzard decided to make the character female instead, utilizing a design by Justin Thavirat as a guide to develop her look.
Video game media and academic writers have mixed feelings on Pharah's characterization, with the portrayal of her various ethnic backgrounds and representation of women being considerably discussed. Depicted as half-Egyptian and half-Indigenous Canadian, some have viewed Pharah's portrayal through a white voice actress and Indigenous-themed skins in-game as unfavorable. Blizzard's lack of development in the way of Pharah's official narrative elements has also been lamented, while many fan-generated depictions of the character have meanwhile emerged and been discussed by various media outlets.
Conception and development
One of the original characters made for Overwatch earliest version, Overwatch project lead Geoff Goodman started with a gameplay concept of a character with a jetpack and a rocket launcher. At this point in development, the overall tone for the game and its characters were not fully defined. According to Overwatch game director Jeff Kaplan in the earliest versions of Overwatch the character was originally named "Mercy". However playtesters were confused when told to switch to Mercy, instead selecting the angel-themed character "Angelica". To fix this issue, Angelica was renamed Mercy, while the other character's name was changed to "Rocket Dude". Originally the character was not included in the earliest builds, and the character Reinhardt was focused on instead. However, after running into difficulties with Reinhardt's melee-centric gameplay, Goodman offered his character, which at this point was just a male character model armed with a rocket launcher and a jetpack. The developers however found Rocket Dude incredibly fun to play, and development on them progressed.
While early on they defined a playstyle and Egyptian heritage as integral to the character, multitude of concepts were considered ranging from armored dragons, heavy armored mech suits, and stylized male fighter pilots. In particular the developers noted that the fighter pilots did not capture the "fantasy" the team was trying to display in Overwatch, while the heavy armor felt too "tank-like". Artist Justin Thavirat submitted a design consisting of black armor suit with a large mag fed rocket launcher that was well received by the development team, and even included in the original pitch meeting for the game. However Art Director Arnold Tsang felt the design was "a little too high concept" and they started over with the concept of a man with a rocket jetpack. Thavirat's design was later revisited however, and slowly congealed into the finalized look for her character.
Upon the decision to make the character female, their name was changed to "Rocket Queen", in reference to the Guns & Roses song of the same name. Rocket Queen persisted as her internal codename during development, even after her name was changed to Pharah, which itself was another much-earlier name for the game's angel-themed character. The character's personality also went through several concepts, before settling on her being altruistic with the developers joking that she has a "'Captain America' kind of vibe where she is all about justice and order and trying to make the world a better place and just kinda bring order to the chaos." Working on her Pharah assisted the development team with establishing the game's visual style, as well as providing a guide to the overall look for its future playable characters.
Design
Standing approximately 1.8m (5' 11") tall, Pharah is an Egyptian woman of color with black hair extending to her neck with gold beaded braids in the front, and an Eye of Horus tattoo under her right eye. She wears a full body blue and black combat suit with gold highlights dubbed the "Raptora Mark VI", that features independently posable wings with thrusters that allow for short-term flight. Her design also features a blue removable helmet that features grey decorative wings extending from the sides and a transparent, beak-like visor extending the front that overlays over the top of her face. Her primary weapon is a blunderbuss-esque black rocket launcher fed through a top loaded magazine, while additional rockets can be fired from her lower arms and shoulder compartments. For Overwatch 2, Pharah's visual look underwent subtle changes, including the lower half of her armor being made to include white in addition to its already-present blue color, and increased transparency for her visor.
Like other Overwatch characters, Pharah received skins, unlockable cosmetic items to change her in-game appearance. Various skins like "Mechaqueen" and "Mechatron" lean into a mecha anime aesthetic and emphasize a mecha appearance for her combat suit. Two notable skins include "Thunderbird" and "Raindancer", which are based on Indigenous imagery, specifically the art motifs of Pacific Northwest cultures. When asked about these skins in an interview with Kotaku, Kaplan stated the development team was impressed upon seeing the concept art for the skins and after some internal questioning they opted to implement them into the game. While Kaplan stated the development team was open to removing the skin if fans felt a line was crossed, the skin ultimately remained in the game and Pharah was confirmed to be half-Indigenous Canadian through her father.
Appearances
Fareeha Amari is an Egyptian woman introduced in the 2016 first-person shooter Overwatch, voiced by Jen Cohn. Her mother, Ana, was a member of the global peace-keeping force "Overwatch", before vanishing. Aspiring to follow in her footsteps, she enlisted in and rose up through the officer ranks of the Egyptian army. Before being able to join Overwatch, the organization disbanded, and she instead become an officer at a private security firm. Under the call sign "Pharah", she is tasked with defending an artificial intelligence research facility. She later returns in the game's sequel, Overwatch 2.
Her story is further fleshed out in the digital comic book series, first appearing in Pharah: Mission Statement, the fifth issue of the 2016 Overwatch tie-in comic book series. In it, an aggressive artificial intelligence called "Anubis" at the facility breaches containment, and proceeds to take control of surrounding robots to attack everyone including Pharah and her team. When her team captain is killed in the attack, she rallies the remaining members to attack and destroy Anubis, and through its use of a hive mind traps it in a feedback loop. Afterwards, the team promotes her to their new captain. Later she appears in the second issue of Overwatchs New Blood comic miniseries, protecting a community from the terrorist group Talon, when she is approached by her childhood friend Cassidy and later her estranged mother. Though they asks her to join a restored Overwatch group, she declines stating that she is needed in her home more. After Talon attacks again, they work together to fight them off, and while Pharah decides to remain where she is she is willing to revisit the idea of joining them at a later date. In issue 5 of New Blood, Pharah is shown to have joined the group between chapters, helping to defend the city of Busan from attack.
As part of the 2023 Pride event for Overwatch 2 Blizzard released several short stories which included As You Are, a story featuring Pharah. In it when asked if she has any romantic interest in Cassidy, she laughs and responds no, stating that she is a lesbian.
Gameplay
In Overwatch, Pharah is classified as a "Damage" class character, designed to provide a more offensive role in team compositions. Her short term flight ability makes her one of most mobile characters in the game, able to reach any point on a map and far more height. By holding the jump button, she can utilize her passive "Hover Jets" ability to gain upward momentum slowly until the button is released. Pharah's main form of attack, her rocket launcher, fires a long range projectile that will explode in splash damage hitting enemies caught in the radius but can also damage her, with a direct hit doing significantly more damage. Additionally in Overwatch 2, Pharah gains a short term boost to her reload and movement speed after killing an enemy, due to a new passive ability given to all "Damage" class characters. In a Reddit "ask me anything" thread with the Overwatch developers, Geoff Goodman compared Pharah's gameplay to that of another first-person shooter, Tribes.
Pharah also has several abilities that require activation, though the first two have a "cooldown" period after use and are unable to be used again during that duration. "Jump Jet" gives a burst of upward acceleration, at a much higher pace than "Hover Jets" and can enable her to reach vertical areas more quickly. Alternatively Pharah's "Concussive Blast" fires a projectile that pushes away any characters caught in its blast radius, including Pharah, but will not damage her allowing it to be used for mobility. Lastly her 'ultimate' ability, called "Barrage", requires to be charged before use. The ability charges slowly during the course of gameplay, and can be charged faster through damage dealt to the enemy team. Once full the ability can be activated to fire a stream of rockets for a short duration, however she is unable to move during this time. During development, they considered adding a giant transparent eagle head appearing behind her as a visual component of the ability. However the felt this did not fit her character or level of technology, and chose instead to simplify the move visually.
Promotion and reception
To promote Overwatch and the character, she was one of twelve heroes showcased in a playable build of the game at the 2014 BlizzCon convention, and later featured among a series of life-size boxed "action figures" to promote the game's release, with Pharah's showcased in Busan, South Korea. Additional material included a cosplay guide, and promotional images themed around holidays. The Good Smile Company released a Figma-line figurine of Pharah in December 2018, while Hasbro released a figure of their own packaged with fellow character Mercy in 2019. In 2023 for Pride Month, they released a series of cosmetics for the character to celebrate her as a part of the LGBT community.
Known for her considerable damage output, Pharah is a popular choice among players who opt for DPS (damage per second) characters. Sources such as Kotaku and the book The Costumes of Burlesque have noted her as a frequent subject of cosplay, with particularly elaborate results.
Early in the first two years of Overwatchs release, players would often select her alongside another player utilizing Mercy, due to their shared flight abilities meshing well. Community reaction to this cohesion led to the pairing being dubbed "PharMercy" by players and media outlets, with a large amount fan art and fan fiction demonstrating them being romantically involved with each other following suit. Ana Valens in an article for The Mary Sue praised her as one of the best female characters introduced in the series, citing the character's "themes of intergenerational conflict, duty, and coping with life's twists and turns". She additionally praised the portrayal of motherhood through her relationship with Ana, noting it as something few games illustrated well, if all. However, some such as Joseph Knoop of The Daily Dot lamented how little Pharah was developed in the story itself, stating Blizzard did "surprisingly little" with her as a character. He further added that while supplemental material to the games tried to provide her portrayal with some emotional payoff, "just like Pharah's sky-high leaps, it seems like she'll always be out of reach."
Biologist and Paleontologist Rodrigo B. Salvador cited Pharah's design as heavily influenced by her nationality in a paper for The Journal of Geek Studies, noting that her armor and tattoo took heavy inspiration from the Egyptian god Horus and the significance of those elements in her design, specifically the lancer falcon which he felt was implied both by the suit's name but it's bird-shaped helmet. He further conflated her role and character in Overwatch to that of a pharaoh whose duty is to uphold "truth, harmony, morality and justice" due to her name, personality and portrayal. He was however critical of the comic's statement that her tattoo was intended to represent her desire to protect others when it's connotation was meant to protect the wearer, but felt that was a minor slipup in her backstory. He closed by praising her design as a whole and how well it tied to her heritage, making her one of his favorite characters in the title.
Pharah's representation as a woman and an Egyptian in the series have been heavily discussed, as the character is noted as one of only two playable females in Overwatch that "do not have expressively supportive functions as part of their skillset", though her flying from a distance was seen as an example of the "smaller, weaker, and faster" archetype for female characters in video games. The book Gender and the Super Hero Narrative noted that Pharah was positive representation as a female heroine, her design focusing less on physical attractiveness as a defining trait and more on "skill sets and abilities typically reserved for male hero counterparts." However the book Cooperative Gaming: Diversity in the Games Industry and How to Cultivate Inclusion drew issue with her character being portrayed by a white voice actress, citing it as an example of digital blackface they felt negated the impact of her representation within the series. Amr Al-Aaser of Waypoint was particularly critical of her design, feeling that the use of Egyptian imagery "the existence of an entire people to easily recognizable images", while also denouncing the choice of a white voice actress for her character. Alya Arthur of The Daily Dot also criticized her design, stating that while on the surface she looked impressive it followed a trend of giving female video game characters "swimsuit-esque body morph suits" to emphasize their bodies instead of visible muscle and bulk.
Pharah's "Thunderbird" and "Raindancer" skins drew criticism from fans online, who argued the skins were culturally appropriating Indigenous imagery. Fans also questioned why the skins were based on Indigenous imagery, when Pharah had long been detailed as of Egyptian origin. Shahryar Rizvi of Kill Screen commented that despite the skins being designed with Pacific Northwest Coastal cultures in mind, that the "face paint is most likely influenced by the Mohawk people in Ontario, Quebec, and upstate New York". After the Reflections issue, featuring Pharah having dinner with her Indigenous father, Cecilia D'Anastasio of Kotaku reflected on the controversy about her outfit, asking "was Pharah's somewhat obtuse lore added to quell players' accusations of cultural appropriation? It's hard to say," while citing a "strongly-worded Medium post by a Dia Lacina, a Native woman," that "questioned whether Pharah's father is the 'Convenient Indian.'" Lacina also opined that "corporate interests and fandom demands aligned so they can make those skins 'acceptable' while getting bonus points for finally having a Native in Overwatchs lore." Al-Aaser, in his previous critique of the character, viewed Blizzard's response harshly, stating it would have been better to have simply apologized and by using canon from outside the game to justify their response, it "felt like Blizzard had personally spat" at him.
See also
List of video games with LGBT characters: 2010s
References
Comics characters introduced in 2016
Female characters in comics
Female characters in video games
Female soldier and warrior characters in video games
Fictional characters introduced in 2014
Fictional Egyptian people
Fictional First Nations people
Fictional female gunfighters
Fictional female lieutenants
Fictional lesbians
Fictional military captains
Fictional private military members
LGBT characters in comics
LGBT characters in video games
Overwatch characters
Race-related controversies in video games
Video game characters introduced in 2016 |
Charles Kay Paye (3 October 1886 – 26 June 1966) was an Irish Gaelic footballer who played as a forward for the Cork senior team.
Paye made his first appearance for the team during the delayed 1905 championship and was a regular member of the starting fifteen until the completion of the 1911 championship. During that time he won one All-Ireland medal and two Munster medals.
At club level Paye was a double county championship medalist with Fermoy.
References
1886 births
1966 deaths
Fermoy Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Winners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football) |
```shell
Proxifying `ssh` connections
How to clear `iptables` rules
Find services running on your host
Disable `IPv6`
Get real network statistics with `slurm`
``` |
The Howard County Center of African American Culture is located in Columbia, Maryland. The museum host exhibitions and event about African American history.
History
The museum was founded by Wylene and Olger Burch in 1987. The museum was first housed in the Howard County Community College, it was relocated to the Howard County Historical Society building in Ellicott City, then the Columbia branch of the Howard County Public Library. The Rouse Company and developer Donald Mannekin provided temporary space for the facility. The museum is currently housed in an outbuilding next to the Oakland Manor slave plantation house.
Website
Official website
References
Columbia, Maryland
History museums in Maryland
African-American museums in Maryland
African-American history of Howard County, Maryland |
Nokha is a nagar panchayat town and corresponding community development block in Rohtas district in the Indian state of Bihar. As of 2011, the population of the town of Nokha was 27,302 in 4,381 households. The rural population of Nokha block was 146,025, thus bringing the total block population 173,327. The economic situation of this region is mainly dependent on parboiled rice processed by number of rice mills in this area.
Geography
The entire block of Nokha is situated on the Sasaram Plain. Nokha block contains 15,267 hectares, of which 90.22% is cultivable; of the cultivable area, 83.85% is irrigated. The total area of the town of Nokha is 13.45 square kilometers.
Demographics
, the town of Nokha had a population of 27,302. The total population of Nokha block, including urban and rural population, was 173,327.
Population history
The 1991 Indian census recorded a population of 16,350 for Nokha town. In 2001, the population was 22,354, representing a 36.7% increase in the last decade. In 2011, the population of 27,302 marked a ten-year growth rate of 22.1%.
The rural population of Nokha block was 123,408 in 2001. This increased to 146,025 as of the 2011 Census, representing an 18.3% increase. For the block as a whole, rural and urban, the population increased from 145,762 in 2011 to 173,327 in 2011, an 18.9% increase.
Sex ratio
The sex ratio of the town of Nokha was 897 females to every 1000 males. In rural parts of Nokha block, the sex ratio was higher, with 917 females to every 1000 males; the overall sex ratio of Nokha block was 914. All three ratios were about average for their respective category in Rohtas district. In the 0-6 age bracket, the sex ratios were more equal: Nokha town's was 899, while the ratio among rural villages was 945, bringing the overall block ratio to 938. The rural 0-6 sex ratio was somewhat higher than the district average of 933, but the urban ratio was lower than the district average of 914.
Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes membership
The total scheduled castes population of Nokha district was 31,787 (18.34% of the total population), with 3,453 of them living in Nokha town (12.65%). The percentage of the population belonging to scheduled castes was roughly average for Rohtas district. Scheduled tribes population was substantially lower: only 174 people belonged to scheduled tribes in the entire district, with 5 of them residing in Nokha town.
Literacy
The literacy rate of Nokha town was 75.69% in 2011, which was roughly average among Rohtas district's towns. Literacy was higher in men than in women: 84.33% of men but only 66.04% of women could read and write, the corresponding gender gap of 18.29% was slightly higher than the urban average of 13.33% for Rohtas. Literacy was lower in rural areas, with 72.37% of the rural population of Nokha block literate; overall, the block's literacy rate was 72.9%.
Employment
In Nokha block, 22.01% of the workforce was employed as cultivators who owned or leased their own land. 45.87% were agricultural labourers, who worked someone else's land for money. 4.41% were household industry workers, and the remaining 27.71% were classed as other workers. These proportions were all roughly average for Rohtas district. In the town of Nokha, however, most of the workforce was engaged in non-agricultural work, with only 10.73% being cultivators and 17.83% being agricultural labourers. 8.75% was engaged in household industries, and 62.69% were other workers.
Economy
The 2011 census listed the three most important commodities in Nokha town as rice, furniture, and bricks.
Nokha is small city in Rohtas district of Bihar. It is famous in Bihar as a major centre for production of parboiled rice through the number of rice mills. Rice mills used to be major part in its economy. People living here are totally dependent on agriculture for bread and butter. There are multiple schools and colleges, still the level of education is not that much. Students have to migrate to other cities (mainly Patna) to get quality education.
Climate
The climate of the region is sub-tropical and typical of the plains of Northern India, with hot dry summers and cool winters with cold nighttime temperatures. The monsoon is vital for the district as the economy is mainly based on agriculture.
Deforestation has led to climate change and has had an environmental impact, with drought becoming more frequent and temperatures becoming warmer. As recently as the early 1990s, nighttime frost used to be common in the winter, however deforestation in the Kaimur hills has had a negative impact.
Transport
Nokha is well connected with railway and road. This place is well connected with the road, SH-12 passes through Nokha.
Education
As of 2011, the town of Nokha was home to 8 primary schools, 5 middle schools, 5 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, and 1 college.
Villages
Nokha block contains 87 villages (81 inhabited and 6 uninhabited), not counting Nokha itself.
References
Cities and towns in Rohtas district |
The Kidluit Formation is a geologic formation in Nunavut. It preserves fossils.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Nunavut
References
Geologic formations of Nunavut |
```c
/* $Id: tif_fax3.c,v 1.74 2012-06-21 02:01:31 fwarmerdam Exp $ */
/*
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and
* its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided
* that (i) the above copyright notices and this permission notice appear in
* all copies of the software and related documentation, and (ii) the names of
* Sam Leffler and Silicon Graphics may not be used in any advertising or
* publicity relating to the software without the specific, prior written
* permission of Sam Leffler and Silicon Graphics.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS-IS" AND WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
* EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY
* WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
*
* IN NO EVENT SHALL SAM LEFFLER OR SILICON GRAPHICS BE LIABLE FOR
* ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY KIND,
* OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
* WHETHER OR NOT ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF DAMAGE, AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*/
#include "tiffiop.h"
#ifdef CCITT_SUPPORT
/*
* TIFF Library.
*
* CCITT Group 3 (T.4) and Group 4 (T.6) Compression Support.
*
* This file contains support for decoding and encoding TIFF
* compression algorithms 2, 3, 4, and 32771.
*
* Decoder support is derived, with permission, from the code
* in Frank Cringle's viewfax program;
*/
#include "tif_fax3.h"
#define G3CODES
#include "t4.h"
#include <stdio.h>
/*
* Compression+decompression state blocks are
* derived from this ``base state'' block.
*/
typedef struct {
int rw_mode; /* O_RDONLY for decode, else encode */
int mode; /* operating mode */
tmsize_t rowbytes; /* bytes in a decoded scanline */
uint32 rowpixels; /* pixels in a scanline */
uint16 cleanfaxdata; /* CleanFaxData tag */
uint32 badfaxrun; /* BadFaxRun tag */
uint32 badfaxlines; /* BadFaxLines tag */
uint32 groupoptions; /* Group 3/4 options tag */
TIFFVGetMethod vgetparent; /* super-class method */
TIFFVSetMethod vsetparent; /* super-class method */
TIFFPrintMethod printdir; /* super-class method */
} Fax3BaseState;
#define Fax3State(tif) ((Fax3BaseState*) (tif)->tif_data)
typedef enum { G3_1D, G3_2D } Ttag;
typedef struct {
Fax3BaseState b;
/* Decoder state info */
const unsigned char* bitmap; /* bit reversal table */
uint32 data; /* current i/o byte/word */
int bit; /* current i/o bit in byte */
int EOLcnt; /* count of EOL codes recognized */
TIFFFaxFillFunc fill; /* fill routine */
uint32* runs; /* b&w runs for current/previous row */
uint32* refruns; /* runs for reference line */
uint32* curruns; /* runs for current line */
/* Encoder state info */
Ttag tag; /* encoding state */
unsigned char* refline; /* reference line for 2d decoding */
int k; /* #rows left that can be 2d encoded */
int maxk; /* max #rows that can be 2d encoded */
int line;
} Fax3CodecState;
#define DecoderState(tif) ((Fax3CodecState*) Fax3State(tif))
#define EncoderState(tif) ((Fax3CodecState*) Fax3State(tif))
#define is2DEncoding(sp) (sp->b.groupoptions & GROUP3OPT_2DENCODING)
#define isAligned(p,t) ((((size_t)(p)) & (sizeof (t)-1)) == 0)
/*
* Group 3 and Group 4 Decoding.
*/
/*
* These macros glue the TIFF library state to
* the state expected by Frank's decoder.
*/
#define DECLARE_STATE(tif, sp, mod) \
static const char module[] = mod; \
Fax3CodecState* sp = DecoderState(tif); \
int a0; /* reference element */ \
int lastx = sp->b.rowpixels; /* last element in row */ \
uint32 BitAcc; /* bit accumulator */ \
int BitsAvail; /* # valid bits in BitAcc */ \
int RunLength; /* length of current run */ \
unsigned char* cp; /* next byte of input data */ \
unsigned char* ep; /* end of input data */ \
uint32* pa; /* place to stuff next run */ \
uint32* thisrun; /* current row's run array */ \
int EOLcnt; /* # EOL codes recognized */ \
const unsigned char* bitmap = sp->bitmap; /* input data bit reverser */ \
const TIFFFaxTabEnt* TabEnt
#define DECLARE_STATE_2D(tif, sp, mod) \
DECLARE_STATE(tif, sp, mod); \
int b1; /* next change on prev line */ \
uint32* pb /* next run in reference line */\
/*
* Load any state that may be changed during decoding.
*/
#define CACHE_STATE(tif, sp) do { \
BitAcc = sp->data; \
BitsAvail = sp->bit; \
EOLcnt = sp->EOLcnt; \
cp = (unsigned char*) tif->tif_rawcp; \
ep = cp + tif->tif_rawcc; \
} while (0)
/*
* Save state possibly changed during decoding.
*/
#define UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp) do { \
sp->bit = BitsAvail; \
sp->data = BitAcc; \
sp->EOLcnt = EOLcnt; \
tif->tif_rawcc -= (tmsize_t)((uint8*) cp - tif->tif_rawcp); \
tif->tif_rawcp = (uint8*) cp; \
} while (0)
/*
* Setup state for decoding a strip.
*/
static int
Fax3PreDecode(TIFF* tif, uint16 s)
{
Fax3CodecState* sp = DecoderState(tif);
(void) s;
assert(sp != NULL);
sp->bit = 0; /* force initial read */
sp->data = 0;
sp->EOLcnt = 0; /* force initial scan for EOL */
/*
* Decoder assumes lsb-to-msb bit order. Note that we select
* this here rather than in Fax3SetupState so that viewers can
* hold the image open, fiddle with the FillOrder tag value,
* and then re-decode the image. Otherwise they'd need to close
* and open the image to get the state reset.
*/
sp->bitmap =
TIFFGetBitRevTable(tif->tif_dir.td_fillorder != FILLORDER_LSB2MSB);
if (sp->refruns) { /* init reference line to white */
sp->refruns[0] = (uint32) sp->b.rowpixels;
sp->refruns[1] = 0;
}
sp->line = 0;
return (1);
}
/*
* Routine for handling various errors/conditions.
* Note how they are "glued into the decoder" by
* overriding the definitions used by the decoder.
*/
static void
Fax3Unexpected(const char* module, TIFF* tif, uint32 line, uint32 a0)
{
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "Bad code word at line %u of %s %u (x %u)",
line, isTiled(tif) ? "tile" : "strip",
(isTiled(tif) ? tif->tif_curtile : tif->tif_curstrip),
a0);
}
#define unexpected(table, a0) Fax3Unexpected(module, tif, sp->line, a0)
static void
Fax3Extension(const char* module, TIFF* tif, uint32 line, uint32 a0)
{
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module,
"Uncompressed data (not supported) at line %u of %s %u (x %u)",
line, isTiled(tif) ? "tile" : "strip",
(isTiled(tif) ? tif->tif_curtile : tif->tif_curstrip),
a0);
}
#define extension(a0) Fax3Extension(module, tif, sp->line, a0)
static void
Fax3BadLength(const char* module, TIFF* tif, uint32 line, uint32 a0, uint32 lastx)
{
TIFFWarningExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "%s at line %u of %s %u (got %u, expected %u)",
a0 < lastx ? "Premature EOL" : "Line length mismatch",
line, isTiled(tif) ? "tile" : "strip",
(isTiled(tif) ? tif->tif_curtile : tif->tif_curstrip),
a0, lastx);
}
#define badlength(a0,lastx) Fax3BadLength(module, tif, sp->line, a0, lastx)
static void
Fax3PrematureEOF(const char* module, TIFF* tif, uint32 line, uint32 a0)
{
TIFFWarningExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "Premature EOF at line %u of %s %u (x %u)",
line, isTiled(tif) ? "tile" : "strip",
(isTiled(tif) ? tif->tif_curtile : tif->tif_curstrip),
a0);
}
#define prematureEOF(a0) Fax3PrematureEOF(module, tif, sp->line, a0)
#define Nop
/*
* Decode the requested amount of G3 1D-encoded data.
*/
static int
Fax3Decode1D(TIFF* tif, uint8* buf, tmsize_t occ, uint16 s)
{
DECLARE_STATE(tif, sp, "Fax3Decode1D");
(void) s;
if (occ % sp->b.rowbytes)
{
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "Fractional scanlines cannot be read");
return (-1);
}
CACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
thisrun = sp->curruns;
while (occ > 0) {
a0 = 0;
RunLength = 0;
pa = thisrun;
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
printf("\nBitAcc=%08X, BitsAvail = %d\n", BitAcc, BitsAvail);
printf("-------------------- %d\n", tif->tif_row);
fflush(stdout);
#endif
SYNC_EOL(EOF1D);
EXPAND1D(EOF1Da);
(*sp->fill)(buf, thisrun, pa, lastx);
buf += sp->b.rowbytes;
occ -= sp->b.rowbytes;
sp->line++;
continue;
EOF1D: /* premature EOF */
CLEANUP_RUNS();
EOF1Da: /* premature EOF */
(*sp->fill)(buf, thisrun, pa, lastx);
UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
return (-1);
}
UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
return (1);
}
#define SWAP(t,a,b) { t x; x = (a); (a) = (b); (b) = x; }
/*
* Decode the requested amount of G3 2D-encoded data.
*/
static int
Fax3Decode2D(TIFF* tif, uint8* buf, tmsize_t occ, uint16 s)
{
DECLARE_STATE_2D(tif, sp, "Fax3Decode2D");
int is1D; /* current line is 1d/2d-encoded */
(void) s;
if (occ % sp->b.rowbytes)
{
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "Fractional scanlines cannot be read");
return (-1);
}
CACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
while (occ > 0) {
a0 = 0;
RunLength = 0;
pa = thisrun = sp->curruns;
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
printf("\nBitAcc=%08X, BitsAvail = %d EOLcnt = %d",
BitAcc, BitsAvail, EOLcnt);
#endif
SYNC_EOL(EOF2D);
NeedBits8(1, EOF2D);
is1D = GetBits(1); /* 1D/2D-encoding tag bit */
ClrBits(1);
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
printf(" %s\n-------------------- %d\n",
is1D ? "1D" : "2D", tif->tif_row);
fflush(stdout);
#endif
pb = sp->refruns;
b1 = *pb++;
if (is1D)
EXPAND1D(EOF2Da);
else
EXPAND2D(EOF2Da);
(*sp->fill)(buf, thisrun, pa, lastx);
SETVALUE(0); /* imaginary change for reference */
SWAP(uint32*, sp->curruns, sp->refruns);
buf += sp->b.rowbytes;
occ -= sp->b.rowbytes;
sp->line++;
continue;
EOF2D: /* premature EOF */
CLEANUP_RUNS();
EOF2Da: /* premature EOF */
(*sp->fill)(buf, thisrun, pa, lastx);
UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
return (-1);
}
UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
return (1);
}
#undef SWAP
/*
* The ZERO & FILL macros must handle spans < 2*sizeof(long) bytes.
* For machines with 64-bit longs this is <16 bytes; otherwise
* this is <8 bytes. We optimize the code here to reflect the
* machine characteristics.
*/
#if SIZEOF_UNSIGNED_LONG == 8
# define FILL(n, cp) \
switch (n) { \
case 15:(cp)[14] = 0xff; case 14:(cp)[13] = 0xff; case 13: (cp)[12] = 0xff;\
case 12:(cp)[11] = 0xff; case 11:(cp)[10] = 0xff; case 10: (cp)[9] = 0xff;\
case 9: (cp)[8] = 0xff; case 8: (cp)[7] = 0xff; case 7: (cp)[6] = 0xff;\
case 6: (cp)[5] = 0xff; case 5: (cp)[4] = 0xff; case 4: (cp)[3] = 0xff;\
case 3: (cp)[2] = 0xff; case 2: (cp)[1] = 0xff; \
case 1: (cp)[0] = 0xff; (cp) += (n); case 0: ; \
}
# define ZERO(n, cp) \
switch (n) { \
case 15:(cp)[14] = 0; case 14:(cp)[13] = 0; case 13: (cp)[12] = 0; \
case 12:(cp)[11] = 0; case 11:(cp)[10] = 0; case 10: (cp)[9] = 0; \
case 9: (cp)[8] = 0; case 8: (cp)[7] = 0; case 7: (cp)[6] = 0; \
case 6: (cp)[5] = 0; case 5: (cp)[4] = 0; case 4: (cp)[3] = 0; \
case 3: (cp)[2] = 0; case 2: (cp)[1] = 0; \
case 1: (cp)[0] = 0; (cp) += (n); case 0: ; \
}
#else
# define FILL(n, cp) \
switch (n) { \
case 7: (cp)[6] = 0xff; case 6: (cp)[5] = 0xff; case 5: (cp)[4] = 0xff; \
case 4: (cp)[3] = 0xff; case 3: (cp)[2] = 0xff; case 2: (cp)[1] = 0xff; \
case 1: (cp)[0] = 0xff; (cp) += (n); case 0: ; \
}
# define ZERO(n, cp) \
switch (n) { \
case 7: (cp)[6] = 0; case 6: (cp)[5] = 0; case 5: (cp)[4] = 0; \
case 4: (cp)[3] = 0; case 3: (cp)[2] = 0; case 2: (cp)[1] = 0; \
case 1: (cp)[0] = 0; (cp) += (n); case 0: ; \
}
#endif
/*
* Bit-fill a row according to the white/black
* runs generated during G3/G4 decoding.
*/
void
_TIFFFax3fillruns(unsigned char* buf, uint32* runs, uint32* erun, uint32 lastx)
{
static const unsigned char _fillmasks[] =
{ 0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0xfe, 0xff };
unsigned char* cp;
uint32 x, bx, run;
int32 n, nw;
long* lp;
if ((erun-runs)&1)
*erun++ = 0;
x = 0;
for (; runs < erun; runs += 2) {
run = runs[0];
if (x+run > lastx || run > lastx )
run = runs[0] = (uint32) (lastx - x);
if (run) {
cp = buf + (x>>3);
bx = x&7;
if (run > 8-bx) {
if (bx) { /* align to byte boundary */
*cp++ &= 0xff << (8-bx);
run -= 8-bx;
}
if( (n = run >> 3) != 0 ) { /* multiple bytes to fill */
if ((n/sizeof (long)) > 1) {
/*
* Align to longword boundary and fill.
*/
for (; n && !isAligned(cp, long); n--)
*cp++ = 0x00;
lp = (long*) cp;
nw = (int32)(n / sizeof (long));
n -= nw * sizeof (long);
do {
*lp++ = 0L;
} while (--nw);
cp = (unsigned char*) lp;
}
ZERO(n, cp);
run &= 7;
}
if (run)
cp[0] &= 0xff >> run;
} else
cp[0] &= ~(_fillmasks[run]>>bx);
x += runs[0];
}
run = runs[1];
if (x+run > lastx || run > lastx )
run = runs[1] = lastx - x;
if (run) {
cp = buf + (x>>3);
bx = x&7;
if (run > 8-bx) {
if (bx) { /* align to byte boundary */
*cp++ |= 0xff >> bx;
run -= 8-bx;
}
if( (n = run>>3) != 0 ) { /* multiple bytes to fill */
if ((n/sizeof (long)) > 1) {
/*
* Align to longword boundary and fill.
*/
for (; n && !isAligned(cp, long); n--)
*cp++ = 0xff;
lp = (long*) cp;
nw = (int32)(n / sizeof (long));
n -= nw * sizeof (long);
do {
*lp++ = -1L;
} while (--nw);
cp = (unsigned char*) lp;
}
FILL(n, cp);
run &= 7;
}
if (run)
cp[0] |= 0xff00 >> run;
} else
cp[0] |= _fillmasks[run]>>bx;
x += runs[1];
}
}
assert(x == lastx);
}
#undef ZERO
#undef FILL
static int
Fax3FixupTags(TIFF* tif)
{
(void) tif;
return (1);
}
/*
* Setup G3/G4-related compression/decompression state
* before data is processed. This routine is called once
* per image -- it sets up different state based on whether
* or not decoding or encoding is being done and whether
* 1D- or 2D-encoded data is involved.
*/
static int
Fax3SetupState(TIFF* tif)
{
static const char module[] = "Fax3SetupState";
TIFFDirectory* td = &tif->tif_dir;
Fax3BaseState* sp = Fax3State(tif);
int needsRefLine;
Fax3CodecState* dsp = (Fax3CodecState*) Fax3State(tif);
tmsize_t rowbytes;
uint32 rowpixels, nruns;
if (td->td_bitspersample != 1) {
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module,
"Bits/sample must be 1 for Group 3/4 encoding/decoding");
return (0);
}
/*
* Calculate the scanline/tile widths.
*/
if (isTiled(tif)) {
rowbytes = TIFFTileRowSize(tif);
rowpixels = td->td_tilewidth;
} else {
rowbytes = TIFFScanlineSize(tif);
rowpixels = td->td_imagewidth;
}
sp->rowbytes = rowbytes;
sp->rowpixels = rowpixels;
/*
* Allocate any additional space required for decoding/encoding.
*/
needsRefLine = (
(sp->groupoptions & GROUP3OPT_2DENCODING) ||
td->td_compression == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4
);
/*
Assure that allocation computations do not overflow.
TIFFroundup and TIFFSafeMultiply return zero on integer overflow
*/
dsp->runs=(uint32*) NULL;
nruns = TIFFroundup_32(rowpixels,32);
if (needsRefLine) {
nruns = TIFFSafeMultiply(uint32,nruns,2);
}
if ((nruns == 0) || (TIFFSafeMultiply(uint32,nruns,2) == 0)) {
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, tif->tif_name,
"Row pixels integer overflow (rowpixels %u)",
rowpixels);
return (0);
}
dsp->runs = (uint32*) _TIFFCheckMalloc(tif,
TIFFSafeMultiply(uint32,nruns,2),
sizeof (uint32),
"for Group 3/4 run arrays");
if (dsp->runs == NULL)
return (0);
memset( dsp->runs, 0, TIFFSafeMultiply(uint32,nruns,2)*sizeof(uint32));
dsp->curruns = dsp->runs;
if (needsRefLine)
dsp->refruns = dsp->runs + nruns;
else
dsp->refruns = NULL;
if (td->td_compression == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3
&& is2DEncoding(dsp)) { /* NB: default is 1D routine */
tif->tif_decoderow = Fax3Decode2D;
tif->tif_decodestrip = Fax3Decode2D;
tif->tif_decodetile = Fax3Decode2D;
}
if (needsRefLine) { /* 2d encoding */
Fax3CodecState* esp = EncoderState(tif);
/*
* 2d encoding requires a scanline
* buffer for the ``reference line''; the
* scanline against which delta encoding
* is referenced. The reference line must
* be initialized to be ``white'' (done elsewhere).
*/
esp->refline = (unsigned char*) _TIFFmalloc(rowbytes);
if (esp->refline == NULL) {
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module,
"No space for Group 3/4 reference line");
return (0);
}
} else /* 1d encoding */
EncoderState(tif)->refline = NULL;
return (1);
}
/*
* CCITT Group 3 FAX Encoding.
*/
#define Fax3FlushBits(tif, sp) { \
if ((tif)->tif_rawcc >= (tif)->tif_rawdatasize) \
(void) TIFFFlushData1(tif); \
*(tif)->tif_rawcp++ = (uint8) (sp)->data; \
(tif)->tif_rawcc++; \
(sp)->data = 0, (sp)->bit = 8; \
}
#define _FlushBits(tif) { \
if ((tif)->tif_rawcc >= (tif)->tif_rawdatasize) \
(void) TIFFFlushData1(tif); \
*(tif)->tif_rawcp++ = (uint8) data; \
(tif)->tif_rawcc++; \
data = 0, bit = 8; \
}
static const int _msbmask[9] =
{ 0x00, 0x01, 0x03, 0x07, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x3f, 0x7f, 0xff };
#define _PutBits(tif, bits, length) { \
while (length > bit) { \
data |= bits >> (length - bit); \
length -= bit; \
_FlushBits(tif); \
} \
assert( length < 9 ); \
data |= (bits & _msbmask[length]) << (bit - length); \
bit -= length; \
if (bit == 0) \
_FlushBits(tif); \
}
/*
* Write a variable-length bit-value to
* the output stream. Values are
* assumed to be at most 16 bits.
*/
static void
Fax3PutBits(TIFF* tif, unsigned int bits, unsigned int length)
{
Fax3CodecState* sp = EncoderState(tif);
unsigned int bit = sp->bit;
int data = sp->data;
_PutBits(tif, bits, length);
sp->data = data;
sp->bit = bit;
}
/*
* Write a code to the output stream.
*/
#define putcode(tif, te) Fax3PutBits(tif, (te)->code, (te)->length)
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
#define DEBUG_COLOR(w) (tab == TIFFFaxWhiteCodes ? w "W" : w "B")
#define DEBUG_PRINT(what,len) { \
int t; \
printf("%08X/%-2d: %s%5d\t", data, bit, DEBUG_COLOR(what), len); \
for (t = length-1; t >= 0; t--) \
putchar(code & (1<<t) ? '1' : '0'); \
putchar('\n'); \
}
#endif
/*
* Write the sequence of codes that describes
* the specified span of zero's or one's. The
* appropriate table that holds the make-up and
* terminating codes is supplied.
*/
static void
putspan(TIFF* tif, int32 span, const tableentry* tab)
{
Fax3CodecState* sp = EncoderState(tif);
unsigned int bit = sp->bit;
int data = sp->data;
unsigned int code, length;
while (span >= 2624) {
const tableentry* te = &tab[63 + (2560>>6)];
code = te->code, length = te->length;
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
DEBUG_PRINT("MakeUp", te->runlen);
#endif
_PutBits(tif, code, length);
span -= te->runlen;
}
if (span >= 64) {
const tableentry* te = &tab[63 + (span>>6)];
assert(te->runlen == 64*(span>>6));
code = te->code, length = te->length;
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
DEBUG_PRINT("MakeUp", te->runlen);
#endif
_PutBits(tif, code, length);
span -= te->runlen;
}
code = tab[span].code, length = tab[span].length;
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
DEBUG_PRINT(" Term", tab[span].runlen);
#endif
_PutBits(tif, code, length);
sp->data = data;
sp->bit = bit;
}
/*
* Write an EOL code to the output stream. The zero-fill
* logic for byte-aligning encoded scanlines is handled
* here. We also handle writing the tag bit for the next
* scanline when doing 2d encoding.
*/
static void
Fax3PutEOL(TIFF* tif)
{
Fax3CodecState* sp = EncoderState(tif);
unsigned int bit = sp->bit;
int data = sp->data;
unsigned int code, length, tparm;
if (sp->b.groupoptions & GROUP3OPT_FILLBITS) {
/*
* Force bit alignment so EOL will terminate on
* a byte boundary. That is, force the bit alignment
* to 16-12 = 4 before putting out the EOL code.
*/
int align = 8 - 4;
if (align != sp->bit) {
if (align > sp->bit)
align = sp->bit + (8 - align);
else
align = sp->bit - align;
code = 0;
tparm=align;
_PutBits(tif, 0, tparm);
}
}
code = EOL, length = 12;
if (is2DEncoding(sp))
code = (code<<1) | (sp->tag == G3_1D), length++;
_PutBits(tif, code, length);
sp->data = data;
sp->bit = bit;
}
/*
* Reset encoding state at the start of a strip.
*/
static int
Fax3PreEncode(TIFF* tif, uint16 s)
{
Fax3CodecState* sp = EncoderState(tif);
(void) s;
assert(sp != NULL);
sp->bit = 8;
sp->data = 0;
sp->tag = G3_1D;
/*
* This is necessary for Group 4; otherwise it isn't
* needed because the first scanline of each strip ends
* up being copied into the refline.
*/
if (sp->refline)
_TIFFmemset(sp->refline, 0x00, sp->b.rowbytes);
if (is2DEncoding(sp)) {
float res = tif->tif_dir.td_yresolution;
/*
* The CCITT spec says that when doing 2d encoding, you
* should only do it on K consecutive scanlines, where K
* depends on the resolution of the image being encoded
* (2 for <= 200 lpi, 4 for > 200 lpi). Since the directory
* code initializes td_yresolution to 0, this code will
* select a K of 2 unless the YResolution tag is set
* appropriately. (Note also that we fudge a little here
* and use 150 lpi to avoid problems with units conversion.)
*/
if (tif->tif_dir.td_resolutionunit == RESUNIT_CENTIMETER)
res *= 2.54f; /* convert to inches */
sp->maxk = (res > 150 ? 4 : 2);
sp->k = sp->maxk-1;
} else
sp->k = sp->maxk = 0;
sp->line = 0;
return (1);
}
static const unsigned char zeroruns[256] = {
8, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, /* 0x00 - 0x0f */
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, /* 0x10 - 0x1f */
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, /* 0x20 - 0x2f */
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, /* 0x30 - 0x3f */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 0x40 - 0x4f */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 0x50 - 0x5f */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 0x60 - 0x6f */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 0x70 - 0x7f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x80 - 0x8f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x90 - 0x9f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0xa0 - 0xaf */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0xb0 - 0xbf */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0xc0 - 0xcf */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0xd0 - 0xdf */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0xe0 - 0xef */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0xf0 - 0xff */
};
static const unsigned char oneruns[256] = {
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x00 - 0x0f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x10 - 0x1f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x20 - 0x2f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x30 - 0x3f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x40 - 0x4f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x50 - 0x5f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x60 - 0x6f */
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, /* 0x70 - 0x7f */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 0x80 - 0x8f */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 0x90 - 0x9f */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 0xa0 - 0xaf */
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* 0xb0 - 0xbf */
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, /* 0xc0 - 0xcf */
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, /* 0xd0 - 0xdf */
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, /* 0xe0 - 0xef */
4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, /* 0xf0 - 0xff */
};
/*
* On certain systems it pays to inline
* the routines that find pixel spans.
*/
#ifdef VAXC
static int32 find0span(unsigned char*, int32, int32);
static int32 find1span(unsigned char*, int32, int32);
#pragma inline(find0span,find1span)
#endif
/*
* Find a span of ones or zeros using the supplied
* table. The ``base'' of the bit string is supplied
* along with the start+end bit indices.
*/
inline static int32
find0span(unsigned char* bp, int32 bs, int32 be)
{
int32 bits = be - bs;
int32 n, span;
bp += bs>>3;
/*
* Check partial byte on lhs.
*/
if (bits > 0 && (n = (bs & 7))) {
span = zeroruns[(*bp << n) & 0xff];
if (span > 8-n) /* table value too generous */
span = 8-n;
if (span > bits) /* constrain span to bit range */
span = bits;
if (n+span < 8) /* doesn't extend to edge of byte */
return (span);
bits -= span;
bp++;
} else
span = 0;
if (bits >= (int32)(2 * 8 * sizeof(long))) {
long* lp;
/*
* Align to longword boundary and check longwords.
*/
while (!isAligned(bp, long)) {
if (*bp != 0x00)
return (span + zeroruns[*bp]);
span += 8, bits -= 8;
bp++;
}
lp = (long*) bp;
while ((bits >= (int32)(8 * sizeof(long))) && (0 == *lp)) {
span += 8*sizeof (long), bits -= 8*sizeof (long);
lp++;
}
bp = (unsigned char*) lp;
}
/*
* Scan full bytes for all 0's.
*/
while (bits >= 8) {
if (*bp != 0x00) /* end of run */
return (span + zeroruns[*bp]);
span += 8, bits -= 8;
bp++;
}
/*
* Check partial byte on rhs.
*/
if (bits > 0) {
n = zeroruns[*bp];
span += (n > bits ? bits : n);
}
return (span);
}
inline static int32
find1span(unsigned char* bp, int32 bs, int32 be)
{
int32 bits = be - bs;
int32 n, span;
bp += bs>>3;
/*
* Check partial byte on lhs.
*/
if (bits > 0 && (n = (bs & 7))) {
span = oneruns[(*bp << n) & 0xff];
if (span > 8-n) /* table value too generous */
span = 8-n;
if (span > bits) /* constrain span to bit range */
span = bits;
if (n+span < 8) /* doesn't extend to edge of byte */
return (span);
bits -= span;
bp++;
} else
span = 0;
if (bits >= (int32)(2 * 8 * sizeof(long))) {
long* lp;
/*
* Align to longword boundary and check longwords.
*/
while (!isAligned(bp, long)) {
if (*bp != 0xff)
return (span + oneruns[*bp]);
span += 8, bits -= 8;
bp++;
}
lp = (long*) bp;
while ((bits >= (int32)(8 * sizeof(long))) && (~0 == *lp)) {
span += 8*sizeof (long), bits -= 8*sizeof (long);
lp++;
}
bp = (unsigned char*) lp;
}
/*
* Scan full bytes for all 1's.
*/
while (bits >= 8) {
if (*bp != 0xff) /* end of run */
return (span + oneruns[*bp]);
span += 8, bits -= 8;
bp++;
}
/*
* Check partial byte on rhs.
*/
if (bits > 0) {
n = oneruns[*bp];
span += (n > bits ? bits : n);
}
return (span);
}
/*
* Return the offset of the next bit in the range
* [bs..be] that is different from the specified
* color. The end, be, is returned if no such bit
* exists.
*/
#define finddiff(_cp, _bs, _be, _color) \
(_bs + (_color ? find1span(_cp,_bs,_be) : find0span(_cp,_bs,_be)))
/*
* Like finddiff, but also check the starting bit
* against the end in case start > end.
*/
#define finddiff2(_cp, _bs, _be, _color) \
(_bs < _be ? finddiff(_cp,_bs,_be,_color) : _be)
/*
* 1d-encode a row of pixels. The encoding is
* a sequence of all-white or all-black spans
* of pixels encoded with Huffman codes.
*/
static int
Fax3Encode1DRow(TIFF* tif, unsigned char* bp, uint32 bits)
{
Fax3CodecState* sp = EncoderState(tif);
int32 span;
uint32 bs = 0;
for (;;) {
span = find0span(bp, bs, bits); /* white span */
putspan(tif, span, TIFFFaxWhiteCodes);
bs += span;
if (bs >= bits)
break;
span = find1span(bp, bs, bits); /* black span */
putspan(tif, span, TIFFFaxBlackCodes);
bs += span;
if (bs >= bits)
break;
}
if (sp->b.mode & (FAXMODE_BYTEALIGN|FAXMODE_WORDALIGN)) {
if (sp->bit != 8) /* byte-align */
Fax3FlushBits(tif, sp);
if ((sp->b.mode&FAXMODE_WORDALIGN) &&
!isAligned(tif->tif_rawcp, uint16))
Fax3FlushBits(tif, sp);
}
return (1);
}
static const tableentry horizcode =
{ 3, 0x1, 0 }; /* 001 */
static const tableentry passcode =
{ 4, 0x1, 0 }; /* 0001 */
static const tableentry vcodes[7] = {
{ 7, 0x03, 0 }, /* 0000 011 */
{ 6, 0x03, 0 }, /* 0000 11 */
{ 3, 0x03, 0 }, /* 011 */
{ 1, 0x1, 0 }, /* 1 */
{ 3, 0x2, 0 }, /* 010 */
{ 6, 0x02, 0 }, /* 0000 10 */
{ 7, 0x02, 0 } /* 0000 010 */
};
/*
* 2d-encode a row of pixels. Consult the CCITT
* documentation for the algorithm.
*/
static int
Fax3Encode2DRow(TIFF* tif, unsigned char* bp, unsigned char* rp, uint32 bits)
{
#define PIXEL(buf,ix) ((((buf)[(ix)>>3]) >> (7-((ix)&7))) & 1)
uint32 a0 = 0;
uint32 a1 = (PIXEL(bp, 0) != 0 ? 0 : finddiff(bp, 0, bits, 0));
uint32 b1 = (PIXEL(rp, 0) != 0 ? 0 : finddiff(rp, 0, bits, 0));
uint32 a2, b2;
for (;;) {
b2 = finddiff2(rp, b1, bits, PIXEL(rp,b1));
if (b2 >= a1) {
int32 d = b1 - a1;
if (!(-3 <= d && d <= 3)) { /* horizontal mode */
a2 = finddiff2(bp, a1, bits, PIXEL(bp,a1));
putcode(tif, &horizcode);
if (a0+a1 == 0 || PIXEL(bp, a0) == 0) {
putspan(tif, a1-a0, TIFFFaxWhiteCodes);
putspan(tif, a2-a1, TIFFFaxBlackCodes);
} else {
putspan(tif, a1-a0, TIFFFaxBlackCodes);
putspan(tif, a2-a1, TIFFFaxWhiteCodes);
}
a0 = a2;
} else { /* vertical mode */
putcode(tif, &vcodes[d+3]);
a0 = a1;
}
} else { /* pass mode */
putcode(tif, &passcode);
a0 = b2;
}
if (a0 >= bits)
break;
a1 = finddiff(bp, a0, bits, PIXEL(bp,a0));
b1 = finddiff(rp, a0, bits, !PIXEL(bp,a0));
b1 = finddiff(rp, b1, bits, PIXEL(bp,a0));
}
return (1);
#undef PIXEL
}
/*
* Encode a buffer of pixels.
*/
static int
Fax3Encode(TIFF* tif, uint8* bp, tmsize_t cc, uint16 s)
{
static const char module[] = "Fax3Encode";
Fax3CodecState* sp = EncoderState(tif);
(void) s;
if (cc % sp->b.rowbytes)
{
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "Fractional scanlines cannot be written");
return (0);
}
while (cc > 0) {
if ((sp->b.mode & FAXMODE_NOEOL) == 0)
Fax3PutEOL(tif);
if (is2DEncoding(sp)) {
if (sp->tag == G3_1D) {
if (!Fax3Encode1DRow(tif, bp, sp->b.rowpixels))
return (0);
sp->tag = G3_2D;
} else {
if (!Fax3Encode2DRow(tif, bp, sp->refline,
sp->b.rowpixels))
return (0);
sp->k--;
}
if (sp->k == 0) {
sp->tag = G3_1D;
sp->k = sp->maxk-1;
} else
_TIFFmemcpy(sp->refline, bp, sp->b.rowbytes);
} else {
if (!Fax3Encode1DRow(tif, bp, sp->b.rowpixels))
return (0);
}
bp += sp->b.rowbytes;
cc -= sp->b.rowbytes;
}
return (1);
}
static int
Fax3PostEncode(TIFF* tif)
{
Fax3CodecState* sp = EncoderState(tif);
if (sp->bit != 8)
Fax3FlushBits(tif, sp);
return (1);
}
static void
Fax3Close(TIFF* tif)
{
if ((Fax3State(tif)->mode & FAXMODE_NORTC) == 0) {
Fax3CodecState* sp = EncoderState(tif);
unsigned int code = EOL;
unsigned int length = 12;
int i;
if (is2DEncoding(sp))
code = (code<<1) | (sp->tag == G3_1D), length++;
for (i = 0; i < 6; i++)
Fax3PutBits(tif, code, length);
Fax3FlushBits(tif, sp);
}
}
static void
Fax3Cleanup(TIFF* tif)
{
Fax3CodecState* sp = DecoderState(tif);
assert(sp != 0);
tif->tif_tagmethods.vgetfield = sp->b.vgetparent;
tif->tif_tagmethods.vsetfield = sp->b.vsetparent;
tif->tif_tagmethods.printdir = sp->b.printdir;
if (sp->runs)
_TIFFfree(sp->runs);
if (sp->refline)
_TIFFfree(sp->refline);
_TIFFfree(tif->tif_data);
tif->tif_data = NULL;
_TIFFSetDefaultCompressionState(tif);
}
#define FIELD_BADFAXLINES (FIELD_CODEC+0)
#define FIELD_CLEANFAXDATA (FIELD_CODEC+1)
#define FIELD_BADFAXRUN (FIELD_CODEC+2)
#define FIELD_OPTIONS (FIELD_CODEC+7)
static const TIFFField faxFields[] = {
{ TIFFTAG_FAXMODE, 0, 0, TIFF_ANY, 0, TIFF_SETGET_INT, TIFF_SETGET_UNDEFINED, FIELD_PSEUDO, FALSE, FALSE, "FaxMode", NULL },
{ TIFFTAG_FAXFILLFUNC, 0, 0, TIFF_ANY, 0, TIFF_SETGET_OTHER, TIFF_SETGET_UNDEFINED, FIELD_PSEUDO, FALSE, FALSE, "FaxFillFunc", NULL },
{ TIFFTAG_BADFAXLINES, 1, 1, TIFF_LONG, 0, TIFF_SETGET_UINT32, TIFF_SETGET_UINT32, FIELD_BADFAXLINES, TRUE, FALSE, "BadFaxLines", NULL },
{ TIFFTAG_CLEANFAXDATA, 1, 1, TIFF_SHORT, 0, TIFF_SETGET_UINT16, TIFF_SETGET_UINT16, FIELD_CLEANFAXDATA, TRUE, FALSE, "CleanFaxData", NULL },
{ TIFFTAG_CONSECUTIVEBADFAXLINES, 1, 1, TIFF_LONG, 0, TIFF_SETGET_UINT32, TIFF_SETGET_UINT32, FIELD_BADFAXRUN, TRUE, FALSE, "ConsecutiveBadFaxLines", NULL }};
static const TIFFField fax3Fields[] = {
{ TIFFTAG_GROUP3OPTIONS, 1, 1, TIFF_LONG, 0, TIFF_SETGET_UINT32, TIFF_SETGET_UINT32, FIELD_OPTIONS, FALSE, FALSE, "Group3Options", NULL },
};
static const TIFFField fax4Fields[] = {
{ TIFFTAG_GROUP4OPTIONS, 1, 1, TIFF_LONG, 0, TIFF_SETGET_UINT32, TIFF_SETGET_UINT32, FIELD_OPTIONS, FALSE, FALSE, "Group4Options", NULL },
};
static int
Fax3VSetField(TIFF* tif, uint32 tag, va_list ap)
{
Fax3BaseState* sp = Fax3State(tif);
const TIFFField* fip;
assert(sp != 0);
assert(sp->vsetparent != 0);
switch (tag) {
case TIFFTAG_FAXMODE:
sp->mode = (int) va_arg(ap, int);
return 1; /* NB: pseudo tag */
case TIFFTAG_FAXFILLFUNC:
DecoderState(tif)->fill = va_arg(ap, TIFFFaxFillFunc);
return 1; /* NB: pseudo tag */
case TIFFTAG_GROUP3OPTIONS:
/* XXX: avoid reading options if compression mismatches. */
if (tif->tif_dir.td_compression == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX3)
sp->groupoptions = (uint32) va_arg(ap, uint32);
break;
case TIFFTAG_GROUP4OPTIONS:
/* XXX: avoid reading options if compression mismatches. */
if (tif->tif_dir.td_compression == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4)
sp->groupoptions = (uint32) va_arg(ap, uint32);
break;
case TIFFTAG_BADFAXLINES:
sp->badfaxlines = (uint32) va_arg(ap, uint32);
break;
case TIFFTAG_CLEANFAXDATA:
sp->cleanfaxdata = (uint16) va_arg(ap, uint16_vap);
break;
case TIFFTAG_CONSECUTIVEBADFAXLINES:
sp->badfaxrun = (uint32) va_arg(ap, uint32);
break;
default:
return (*sp->vsetparent)(tif, tag, ap);
}
if ((fip = TIFFFieldWithTag(tif, tag)))
TIFFSetFieldBit(tif, fip->field_bit);
else
return 0;
tif->tif_flags |= TIFF_DIRTYDIRECT;
return 1;
}
static int
Fax3VGetField(TIFF* tif, uint32 tag, va_list ap)
{
Fax3BaseState* sp = Fax3State(tif);
assert(sp != 0);
switch (tag) {
case TIFFTAG_FAXMODE:
*va_arg(ap, int*) = sp->mode;
break;
case TIFFTAG_FAXFILLFUNC:
*va_arg(ap, TIFFFaxFillFunc*) = DecoderState(tif)->fill;
break;
case TIFFTAG_GROUP3OPTIONS:
case TIFFTAG_GROUP4OPTIONS:
*va_arg(ap, uint32*) = sp->groupoptions;
break;
case TIFFTAG_BADFAXLINES:
*va_arg(ap, uint32*) = sp->badfaxlines;
break;
case TIFFTAG_CLEANFAXDATA:
*va_arg(ap, uint16*) = sp->cleanfaxdata;
break;
case TIFFTAG_CONSECUTIVEBADFAXLINES:
*va_arg(ap, uint32*) = sp->badfaxrun;
break;
default:
return (*sp->vgetparent)(tif, tag, ap);
}
return (1);
}
static void
Fax3PrintDir(TIFF* tif, FILE* fd, long flags)
{
Fax3BaseState* sp = Fax3State(tif);
assert(sp != 0);
(void) flags;
if (TIFFFieldSet(tif,FIELD_OPTIONS)) {
const char* sep = " ";
if (tif->tif_dir.td_compression == COMPRESSION_CCITTFAX4) {
fprintf(fd, " Group 4 Options:");
if (sp->groupoptions & GROUP4OPT_UNCOMPRESSED)
fprintf(fd, "%suncompressed data", sep);
} else {
fprintf(fd, " Group 3 Options:");
if (sp->groupoptions & GROUP3OPT_2DENCODING)
fprintf(fd, "%s2-d encoding", sep), sep = "+";
if (sp->groupoptions & GROUP3OPT_FILLBITS)
fprintf(fd, "%sEOL padding", sep), sep = "+";
if (sp->groupoptions & GROUP3OPT_UNCOMPRESSED)
fprintf(fd, "%suncompressed data", sep);
}
fprintf(fd, " (%lu = 0x%lx)\n",
(unsigned long) sp->groupoptions,
(unsigned long) sp->groupoptions);
}
if (TIFFFieldSet(tif,FIELD_CLEANFAXDATA)) {
fprintf(fd, " Fax Data:");
switch (sp->cleanfaxdata) {
case CLEANFAXDATA_CLEAN:
fprintf(fd, " clean");
break;
case CLEANFAXDATA_REGENERATED:
fprintf(fd, " receiver regenerated");
break;
case CLEANFAXDATA_UNCLEAN:
fprintf(fd, " uncorrected errors");
break;
}
fprintf(fd, " (%u = 0x%x)\n",
sp->cleanfaxdata, sp->cleanfaxdata);
}
if (TIFFFieldSet(tif,FIELD_BADFAXLINES))
fprintf(fd, " Bad Fax Lines: %lu\n",
(unsigned long) sp->badfaxlines);
if (TIFFFieldSet(tif,FIELD_BADFAXRUN))
fprintf(fd, " Consecutive Bad Fax Lines: %lu\n",
(unsigned long) sp->badfaxrun);
if (sp->printdir)
(*sp->printdir)(tif, fd, flags);
}
static int
InitCCITTFax3(TIFF* tif)
{
static const char module[] = "InitCCITTFax3";
Fax3BaseState* sp;
/*
* Merge codec-specific tag information.
*/
if (!_TIFFMergeFields(tif, faxFields, TIFFArrayCount(faxFields))) {
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, "InitCCITTFax3",
"Merging common CCITT Fax codec-specific tags failed");
return 0;
}
/*
* Allocate state block so tag methods have storage to record values.
*/
tif->tif_data = (uint8*)
_TIFFmalloc(sizeof (Fax3CodecState));
if (tif->tif_data == NULL) {
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module,
"No space for state block");
return (0);
}
sp = Fax3State(tif);
sp->rw_mode = tif->tif_mode;
/*
* Override parent get/set field methods.
*/
sp->vgetparent = tif->tif_tagmethods.vgetfield;
tif->tif_tagmethods.vgetfield = Fax3VGetField; /* hook for codec tags */
sp->vsetparent = tif->tif_tagmethods.vsetfield;
tif->tif_tagmethods.vsetfield = Fax3VSetField; /* hook for codec tags */
sp->printdir = tif->tif_tagmethods.printdir;
tif->tif_tagmethods.printdir = Fax3PrintDir; /* hook for codec tags */
sp->groupoptions = 0;
if (sp->rw_mode == O_RDONLY) /* FIXME: improve for in place update */
tif->tif_flags |= TIFF_NOBITREV; /* decoder does bit reversal */
DecoderState(tif)->runs = NULL;
TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_FAXFILLFUNC, _TIFFFax3fillruns);
EncoderState(tif)->refline = NULL;
/*
* Install codec methods.
*/
tif->tif_fixuptags = Fax3FixupTags;
tif->tif_setupdecode = Fax3SetupState;
tif->tif_predecode = Fax3PreDecode;
tif->tif_decoderow = Fax3Decode1D;
tif->tif_decodestrip = Fax3Decode1D;
tif->tif_decodetile = Fax3Decode1D;
tif->tif_setupencode = Fax3SetupState;
tif->tif_preencode = Fax3PreEncode;
tif->tif_postencode = Fax3PostEncode;
tif->tif_encoderow = Fax3Encode;
tif->tif_encodestrip = Fax3Encode;
tif->tif_encodetile = Fax3Encode;
tif->tif_close = Fax3Close;
tif->tif_cleanup = Fax3Cleanup;
return (1);
}
int
TIFFInitCCITTFax3(TIFF* tif, int scheme)
{
(void) scheme;
if (InitCCITTFax3(tif)) {
/*
* Merge codec-specific tag information.
*/
if (!_TIFFMergeFields(tif, fax3Fields,
TIFFArrayCount(fax3Fields))) {
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, "TIFFInitCCITTFax3",
"Merging CCITT Fax 3 codec-specific tags failed");
return 0;
}
/*
* The default format is Class/F-style w/o RTC.
*/
return TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_FAXMODE, FAXMODE_CLASSF);
} else
return 01;
}
/*
* CCITT Group 4 (T.6) Facsimile-compatible
* Compression Scheme Support.
*/
#define SWAP(t,a,b) { t x; x = (a); (a) = (b); (b) = x; }
/*
* Decode the requested amount of G4-encoded data.
*/
static int
Fax4Decode(TIFF* tif, uint8* buf, tmsize_t occ, uint16 s)
{
DECLARE_STATE_2D(tif, sp, "Fax4Decode");
(void) s;
if (occ % sp->b.rowbytes)
{
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "Fractional scanlines cannot be read");
return (-1);
}
CACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
while (occ > 0) {
a0 = 0;
RunLength = 0;
pa = thisrun = sp->curruns;
pb = sp->refruns;
b1 = *pb++;
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
printf("\nBitAcc=%08X, BitsAvail = %d\n", BitAcc, BitsAvail);
printf("-------------------- %d\n", tif->tif_row);
fflush(stdout);
#endif
EXPAND2D(EOFG4);
if (EOLcnt)
goto EOFG4;
(*sp->fill)(buf, thisrun, pa, lastx);
SETVALUE(0); /* imaginary change for reference */
SWAP(uint32*, sp->curruns, sp->refruns);
buf += sp->b.rowbytes;
occ -= sp->b.rowbytes;
sp->line++;
continue;
EOFG4:
NeedBits16( 13, BADG4 );
BADG4:
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
if( GetBits(13) != 0x1001 )
fputs( "Bad EOFB\n", stderr );
#endif
ClrBits( 13 );
(*sp->fill)(buf, thisrun, pa, lastx);
UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
return ( sp->line ? 1 : -1); /* don't error on badly-terminated strips */
}
UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
return (1);
}
#undef SWAP
/*
* Encode the requested amount of data.
*/
static int
Fax4Encode(TIFF* tif, uint8* bp, tmsize_t cc, uint16 s)
{
static const char module[] = "Fax4Encode";
Fax3CodecState *sp = EncoderState(tif);
(void) s;
if (cc % sp->b.rowbytes)
{
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "Fractional scanlines cannot be written");
return (0);
}
while (cc > 0) {
if (!Fax3Encode2DRow(tif, bp, sp->refline, sp->b.rowpixels))
return (0);
_TIFFmemcpy(sp->refline, bp, sp->b.rowbytes);
bp += sp->b.rowbytes;
cc -= sp->b.rowbytes;
}
return (1);
}
static int
Fax4PostEncode(TIFF* tif)
{
Fax3CodecState *sp = EncoderState(tif);
/* terminate strip w/ EOFB */
Fax3PutBits(tif, EOL, 12);
Fax3PutBits(tif, EOL, 12);
if (sp->bit != 8)
Fax3FlushBits(tif, sp);
return (1);
}
int
TIFFInitCCITTFax4(TIFF* tif, int scheme)
{
(void) scheme;
if (InitCCITTFax3(tif)) { /* reuse G3 support */
/*
* Merge codec-specific tag information.
*/
if (!_TIFFMergeFields(tif, fax4Fields,
TIFFArrayCount(fax4Fields))) {
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, "TIFFInitCCITTFax4",
"Merging CCITT Fax 4 codec-specific tags failed");
return 0;
}
tif->tif_decoderow = Fax4Decode;
tif->tif_decodestrip = Fax4Decode;
tif->tif_decodetile = Fax4Decode;
tif->tif_encoderow = Fax4Encode;
tif->tif_encodestrip = Fax4Encode;
tif->tif_encodetile = Fax4Encode;
tif->tif_postencode = Fax4PostEncode;
/*
* Suppress RTC at the end of each strip.
*/
return TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_FAXMODE, FAXMODE_NORTC);
} else
return (0);
}
/*
* CCITT Group 3 1-D Modified Huffman RLE Compression Support.
* (Compression algorithms 2 and 32771)
*/
/*
* Decode the requested amount of RLE-encoded data.
*/
static int
Fax3DecodeRLE(TIFF* tif, uint8* buf, tmsize_t occ, uint16 s)
{
DECLARE_STATE(tif, sp, "Fax3DecodeRLE");
int mode = sp->b.mode;
(void) s;
if (occ % sp->b.rowbytes)
{
TIFFErrorExt(tif->tif_clientdata, module, "Fractional scanlines cannot be read");
return (-1);
}
CACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
thisrun = sp->curruns;
while (occ > 0) {
a0 = 0;
RunLength = 0;
pa = thisrun;
#ifdef FAX3_DEBUG
printf("\nBitAcc=%08X, BitsAvail = %d\n", BitAcc, BitsAvail);
printf("-------------------- %d\n", tif->tif_row);
fflush(stdout);
#endif
EXPAND1D(EOFRLE);
(*sp->fill)(buf, thisrun, pa, lastx);
/*
* Cleanup at the end of the row.
*/
if (mode & FAXMODE_BYTEALIGN) {
int n = BitsAvail - (BitsAvail &~ 7);
ClrBits(n);
} else if (mode & FAXMODE_WORDALIGN) {
int n = BitsAvail - (BitsAvail &~ 15);
ClrBits(n);
if (BitsAvail == 0 && !isAligned(cp, uint16))
cp++;
}
buf += sp->b.rowbytes;
occ -= sp->b.rowbytes;
sp->line++;
continue;
EOFRLE: /* premature EOF */
(*sp->fill)(buf, thisrun, pa, lastx);
UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
return (-1);
}
UNCACHE_STATE(tif, sp);
return (1);
}
int
TIFFInitCCITTRLE(TIFF* tif, int scheme)
{
(void) scheme;
if (InitCCITTFax3(tif)) { /* reuse G3 support */
tif->tif_decoderow = Fax3DecodeRLE;
tif->tif_decodestrip = Fax3DecodeRLE;
tif->tif_decodetile = Fax3DecodeRLE;
/*
* Suppress RTC+EOLs when encoding and byte-align data.
*/
return TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_FAXMODE,
FAXMODE_NORTC|FAXMODE_NOEOL|FAXMODE_BYTEALIGN);
} else
return (0);
}
int
TIFFInitCCITTRLEW(TIFF* tif, int scheme)
{
(void) scheme;
if (InitCCITTFax3(tif)) { /* reuse G3 support */
tif->tif_decoderow = Fax3DecodeRLE;
tif->tif_decodestrip = Fax3DecodeRLE;
tif->tif_decodetile = Fax3DecodeRLE;
/*
* Suppress RTC+EOLs when encoding and word-align data.
*/
return TIFFSetField(tif, TIFFTAG_FAXMODE,
FAXMODE_NORTC|FAXMODE_NOEOL|FAXMODE_WORDALIGN);
} else
return (0);
}
#endif /* CCITT_SUPPORT */
/* vim: set ts=8 sts=8 sw=8 noet: */
/*
* Local Variables:
* mode: c
* c-basic-offset: 8
* fill-column: 78
* End:
*/
``` |
The Triple-A Alliance was an interleague partnership between the American Association (AA) and International League (IL) Triple-A leagues of Minor League Baseball from 1988 to 1991. The two leagues played an interlocking schedule consisting of 40 to 44 interleague games per team. At the end of each season, an Alliance champion was determined in the Triple-A Classic, a best-of-seven postseason series.
History
The Triple-A Alliance, with Harold Cooper as its commissioner, was formed on October 1, 1987, at the annual Triple-A fall meeting in Hollywood, Florida. Under the partnership, the 8 teams of the American Association and the 8 teams of the International League would play each other 5 times for a total of 40 interleague games in their 142-game schedules in 1988. The Triple-A Pacific Coast League, located primarily in the Western United States, chose not to participate due to the difficulties and high costs associated with travel to cities in the other leagues.
The AA and IL were each organized into two four-team divisions, East and West. At the end of the season, each league determined its own champion in a best-of-five series between division winners. The leagues' champions then met to determine an Alliance champion in the Triple-A Classic, a best-of-seven series. In the 1988 Classic, the AA's Indianapolis Indians defeated the IL's Rochester Red Wings, 4–2. Over the course of the season, the AA led with 187 interleague wins to the IL's 131 wins.
Both leagues reported increases in regular and postseason attendance during the Alliance's first year. The partnership was subsequently extended through 1991. In order to cut down on the amount of travel required by the two-day series often scheduled in the 1988 season, the 1989 slate was expanded to 146 games with 44 interleague games per team, increasing most interleague series to three games. The Indianapolis Indians repeated as Alliance champions, defeating the IL's Richmond Braves, 4–0, in the 1989 Triple-A Classic. The IL narrowly won the regular interleague series, 178–170. Each league set new attendance records with over five million people visiting Alliance ballparks. Commissioner Harold Cooper retired after the season and was succeeded by Randy Mobley who had served as administrator of the Alliance and the International League for the past two seasons.
In 1990, the Alliance was operated under the same 146-game schedule with 44 interleague contests per team. At the 1990 Triple-A Classic, the AA's Omaha Royals defeated the IL's Rochester Red Wings, 4–1. The AA won the regular season with 181 wins to the IL's 170.
Facing the possibility of increased costs to be incurred under a new Professional Baseball Agreement between Major and Minor League Baseball teams, the Alliance voted at the 1990 Winter Meetings to contract its interleague schedule to save on travel expenses. The 144-game 1991 schedule eliminated games between the AA West and IL East.
On July 9, 1991, at the Triple-A All-Star Game, International League team owners voted, 5–3, to discontinue interleague play with the American Association after the season. Despite an overall increase in attendance—a minor-league record 4,093,525 for the AA and an IL-record 2,958,482—six of eight IL teams had below-average attendances when hosting interleague teams. The combination of poor attendance, travel costs, and difficulty in drawing up season schedules were all factors in their decision to end the partnership. The final Triple-A Classic was won by the AA's Denver Zephyrs, 4–1, versus the Columbus Clippers. The IL bested their AA opponents, 139–99, in the regular season. After four years of interleague competition, the American Association's record stood at 637–618.
Teams
American Association
Buffalo Bisons (1988–1991)
Denver Zephyrs (1988–1991)
Indianapolis Indians (1988–1991)
Iowa Cubs (1988–1991)
Louisville Redbirds (1988–1991)
Nashville Sounds (1988–1991)
Oklahoma City 89ers (1988–1991)
Omaha Royals (1988–1991)
International League
Columbus Clippers (1988–1991)
Maine Phillies (1988)
Pawtucket Red Sox (1988–1991)
Richmond Braves (1988–1991)
Rochester Red Wings (1988–1991)
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons (1989–1991)
Syracuse Chiefs (1988–1991)
Tidewater Tides (1988–1991)
Toledo Mud Hens (1988–1991)
Season-by-season results
Over the all-time interleague series, American Association teams won 637 games, 19 more than the International League's 618 wins. The AA won the 1988 and 1990 regular season series, while the IL won the 1989 and 1991 series.
Championship
At the end of the season, the first-place team in each league's divisions faced off against one another in a best-of-five series to determine a league champion. The league champions went on to compete in a best-of-seven series, the Triple-A Classic, to determine an overall champion. All four Triple-A Classics were won by American Association teams, including two by the Indianapolis Indians.
References
Interleague play
American Association (1902–1997)
International League |
Jorge Aravena Llanca (born 1 May 1936) is a Chilean photographer, writer, researcher and singer-songwriter from Pichilemu. Aravena Llanca currently resides in Berlin, Germany, and is a professor at the Free University of Berlin.
Biography
In the 1970s, Aravena Llanca recorded the Cueca songs "Quiero Volver a Pichilemu" (song considered anthem of Pichilemu), "Invierno Cruel", and "Tonada al Macaya". He released the album "Cantando a mi tierra" in 1995 featuring these songs, in collaboration with Voces Costinas and Caucahue.
Jorge Aravena Llanca was named "Illustrious Son of Pichilemu" by the Municipality of Pichilemu.
As a photographer, he has exhibited photographs of Pablo Neruda, Jorge Luis Borges, Nicanor Parra, among others, in the National Library of Chile.
Aravena is a collaborator of El Marino, and writes a section named "Memorias de un Hijo Ilustre" (Memoirs of an Illustrious Son).
References
1936 births
Living people
Chilean photographers
Chilean male writers
20th-century Chilean male singers
Chilean male singer-songwriters
Chilean singer-songwriters
Chilean expatriates in Germany
People from Pichilemu
Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin
20th-century Chilean male artists |
Lubricate Your Living Room (subtitled on some editions as Background Music for Now People) is the debut studio album by Scottish post-punk band The Fire Engines. It was released in 1981, through record label Pop Aural.
Background
The album was conceived by Bob Last, with the Fire Enginers "playing the role of willing accomplice" in the words of Innes Reekie of Louder Than War, who describe the album's concept as "music to go out to, to put you in the mood for 'action and fun'." Indeed, the album's subtitle is Background Music for Action People.
Several members of the band, their manager Angus Whyte and several of their art school friends (including Paul Steen, who helped the band issue their first single), regularly visited Last's Edinburgh flat and became regulars at the nearby Tap O'Louriston pub. It was in the pub and at Last's flat that the gathered people exchanged ideas which ultimately provided the impetus for a chain of Fire Engines releases which were released in sleeves featuring household objects and titled in parody to the langue of modern advertising, namely Lubricate Your Living Room and "Get Up and Use Me" and "New Things in Cartoons" singles.
Music
Containing eight tracks, Lubricate Your Living Room is a discordant, un-melodic, harsh and rhythmic album, combining angular funk guitar riffs and funk rhythms with manic repetition. The album is almost entirely instrumental, with most tracks containing no vocals, and those that do, such as "Discord", only featuring Henderson's yelps and screams buried under a "barbed-wire tangle" of guitar, bass and drums. James Robert of Rough Guides described the album's musical style as "noise-funk," while Reekie described the music as "improvised pieces of music/muzak. Speaking to the NME in 1981, Davy Henderson said:
James felt that the album combined the "manic repetition, angularity and speed drive" of the New York City scene from several years earlier, as opposed to the British punk scene. Reekie, meanwhile, felt the album had more in common with contemporaneous, instrumental dub albums from Kingston, Jamaica, and the instrumental, extended disco remixes that were emerging from nightclubs including Danceteria in Downtown Manhattan, than it did any other music at the time.
Opening track "Plastic Gift" features an intro of guitar notes which phase in and out of conventional guitar tunings, a sound which breaks the track's bass and drums foundation.
"Discord", the longest track on the album, is based around a riff which progresses through the unusual combination of B-natural, E-flat and F-sharp notes, which are repeatedly played in a rigidly-defined cadence that makes them danceable.
"Hungry Beat" was described by Kelly as "mostly an extended argument between drums and bass," with snapping snare drums, thundering bass and screeching, wailing guitars.
Reception
Colin Larkin called the album a "barrage of awkward, angular funk guitar riffs."
Reekie felt that, upon release, the album "sounded like nothing else; Fire Engines were then occupying a completely different hemisphere to that of their contemporaries." Robert James of Rough Guides wrote that the album "was discordant, harsh, rhythmic noise-funk" and "against the grain."
Release
Lubricate Your Living Room was released in January 1981.
Track listing
Personnel
Fire Engines
Graham Main – bass guitar
Russell Burn – drums
Murray Slade – guitar
David Henderson – guitar, vocals
Technical
Bob Last – production
References
External links
1981 debut albums
The Fire Engines albums |
The UruCup is a rugby union competition that was first held in 2015 (from 8–14 March) at the Estadio Charrúa in Montevideo with Charrúas XV, Argentina Jaguars, South American XV, Chile, Uruguay U20 and Argentina U20 taking part.
Argentina Jaguars are the actual champions.
It is a regional tournament supported by the World Rugby which tries to bring the best players in the region. One big objective is that every year the competition upgrades and can invite teams from other continents.
Both Argentina U20 and Uruguay U20 played the tournament as a preparation for the 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championship and the 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Trophy respectively.
Format
It has a similar format with tournaments like the IRB Nations Cup in Romania or the IRB Tbilisi Cup in Georgia. The championship will be played in three days, in which there will be three matches per days.
Teams
Current teams (2015)
Argentina Jaguars
Argentina U20
Chile
Charrúas XV
Uruguay U20
South American XV
See also
Americas Rugby Championship
South American Rugby Championship
References
External links
UruCup Official Twitter site
2015 rugby union tournaments for national teams
International rugby union competitions hosted by Uruguay
2015 in Argentine rugby union
2015 in Chilean sport
2015 in Uruguayan sport
2015 in South American rugby union |
The Faux Namti Bridge () (alt. Nami-ti), also known as Wujiazhai Railway Bridge (五家寨铁路桥), or as the Inverted V Bridge (, rén zì qiáo, referring to the shape of the character 人), is a single-span railway bridge located in Wantang Township (湾塘乡) of Pingbian County, in the Nanxi River valley region in the Chinese province of Yunnan. The bridge spans a gorge above the Sicha River (), a tributary of the Nanxi. It is located at kilometer 111 of the Kunming–Hekou Railway, the Chinese portion of part of the Kunming–Haiphong railway. Construction of the bridge was carried out by the French Batignolles Construction Company (Société de Construction des Batignolles), beginning in March 1907 and ending in December 1908.
On either side of the bridge are two tunnels carved out of mountains on either side of the gorge, with a single span of (measured between the heels of the supporting trusses) stretching between them. The bridge's total length from end to end is . The bridge is supported by a three-hinged metal arch, consisting of two triangular trusses arranged similarly to the leaves of a bascule bridge, with the appearance of a widely opened, inverted letter V—hence the name "Inverted V bridge". The two trusses are joined at the centre and riveted together, forming one solid span across the gorge. The heel of each truss rests on a ball joint anchored to a notch cut into the cliff face. The bridge's construction was exceptionally difficult and costly, requiring the development of novel construction methods to deal with the difficult physical conditions of the site.
Background
At the turn of the 19th century, French Indochina was in the midst of an explosion of railway construction sponsored by its colonial government. A railway from Indochina reaching toward Yunnan was first conceived by Jean Marie de Lanessan, Governor-General of French Indochina from 1891 to 1894. De Lanessan had been convinced of the necessity of building railways to connect the different parts of Indochina, and had identified, among others, a route connecting Hanoi and Lào Cai that should be built as a matter of priority. His recommendations were seized upon by Paul Doumer, Governor-General from 1897 to 1902, who expected that the establishment of a railway line leading into resource-rich Yunnan would permit France to gain a foothold there and to gain privileged access to the Chinese market. His proposal to the French government, submitted soon after his appointment in 1897, included plans for a railway connecting Hai Phong to Kunming. This railway, approved in 1898, was the only railway line proposed by Doumer to be accepted in its entirety.
Construction of the first two legs of the railway began in Haiphong, Vietnam in 1900 and continued until 1906, when tracks finally reached Lào Cai, on the Chinese border. Construction of the Hekou–Kunming leg began in 1906 and continued until 1910. This section opened on April 1, 1910. The Faux-Namti bridge was constructed across the Sicha River, which lay in the path of the railway, from 1907 to 1908.
Construction
The bridge's construction, carried out by the Batignolles Construction Company, was particularly difficult and expensive. Its position over one hundred metres above the Sicha River required the development of novel construction methods, and its remoteness from large population centres, which complicating transportation of materials to and from the site. By the time it was complete, initial cost estimates for the railway had been revised from the equivalent of 19.2 million USD to US$33.1 million.
Construction crews initially broke through to the gorge at kilometre 111.860 on March 10, 1907. Having eliminated a masonry bridge as a possibility, company engineers turned to metal beams as structural units. A cantilever bridge was found to be out of the question, as was erection by falsework. Engineer Paul Bodin devised the solution, which consisted of two triangular trusses, arranged similarly to the leaves of a bascule bridge, supporting a set of beams that would form the span of the bridge. The trusses would be anchored into notches cut further down the cliff.
Initial masonry work began on February 1, 1908, beginning with the excavation of shelves in each cliff face at the requisite height to carry the anchorages below the tunnel mouths on either side of the gorge. Installation of the anchorages was completed on May 3, 1908. The top members of each of the triangular trusses were riveted up, laid vertically flat against the cliff faces, and secured firmly with lashes. From this foundation each truss was completed. As the construction of the trusses progressed, niches were cut out from the cliff face above the tunnels to create platforms, upon which powerful winches were installed. Each of these carried heavy chains measuring in length, which were transported by coolies up the mountain face, a walking distance of around . The chains were passed around the winches and the outer ends were attached to the tops of the trusses. Construction of the trusses was completed on June 2, 1908, at which point each one was pinned firmly to its anchorage and the lashes were released, leaving the trusses to be held in place by the chains above.
Installation of the trusses was completed on July 16, 1908. The winches, manually operated by groups of labourers, were used to lower the trusses steadily and evenly towards each other until the two arms met in the middle. Labourers then crossed into the gap from either side and rapidly drove in the pins and rivets which secured the two trusses firmly in position. The whole task of lowering and securing the trusses took only four hours, which was considered a noteworthy achievement. Two short steel towers were then erected on the central part of each truss to support the straight steel deck of the bridge, the members of which were brought up to the mouth of the tunnel and launched by being pulled out over rollers. Installation of the straight beam was finished on November 30, 1908. One week later, on December 6, 1908, the bridge was opened and the first train crossed over the gorge.
See also
List of bridges in China
References
Notes
References
Le patronat français des travaux publics et les réseaux ferroviaires dans l’empire français : l’exemple du Chemin de fer du Yunnan (1898-1913). Rang Ri Park-Barjot, docteure de l’Université de Paris 4-Sorbonne.
Railway bridges in China
Rail transport in Yunnan
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Yunnan
Bridges completed in 1908
Buildings and structures in Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture |
{{Infobox boxing match
| fight date = April 13, 2013
| Fight Name = Nonito Donaire vs. Guillermo Rigondeaux
| image =
| location = Radio City Music Hall, New York, New York, U.S.
| fighter1 = Nonito Donaire
| nickname1 = The Filipino Flash
| record1 = 31–1 (20 KO)
| hometown1 = Talibon, Bohol, Philippines
| height1 = 5 ft 5+1/2 in
| weight1 = 121+1/2 lb
| style1 = Orthodox
| recognition1 = WBO and The Ring super bantamweight champion[[The Ring (magazine)|The Ring]] No. 5 ranked pound-for-pound fighter3-division world champion
| fighter2 = Guillermo Rigondeaux
| nickname2 = El Chacal
| record2 = 11–0 (8 KO)
| hometown2 = Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| height2 = 5 ft 4+1/2 in
| weight2 = 121+1/2 lb
| style2 = Southpaw
| recognition2 = WBA (Super) super bantamweight champion
| titles = WBA (Super), WBO, and The Ring super bantamweight titles
| result = Rigondeaux wins via 12-round unanimous decision (114-113, 115-112, 116-111)
}}
Nonito Donaire vs. Guillermo Rigondeaux was a super bantamweight professional boxing match contested between WBO and The Ring champion Nonito Donaire and WBA (Super) champion Guillermo Rigondeaux. The bout took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on April 13, 2013 and was televised on HBO. Entering the bout, Donaire had a record of 31–1 and had made three successful defenses of the WBO title he had won by defeating Wilfredo Vazquez, Jr. Rigondeaux, meanwhile, was undefeated in his eleven fights and was fighting for the fourth time as champion; he won the WBA interim title by defeating Ricardo Cordoba in November 2010 and defeated Rico Ramos to become official champion in January 2012.
Rigondeaux defeated Donaire by unanimous decision to remain undefeated. Donaire had not lost since his second professional fight.
Background
Donaire
Donaire entered the fight on a 30-bout winning streak and had recently knocked out Jorge Arce to retain both the WBO (His third defense of the title) and The Ring'' Super Bantamweight championships.
Rigondeaux
Rigondeaux entered the fight undefeated in his professional career on an 11-bout winning streak. He had recently defeated Roberto Marroquin to retain the WBA Super World Super Bantamweight championship, his second defense of the title. Out of all his 11 victories, he had won 8 of them by knockout.
Undercard
Televised
Super Bantamweight Unified Championship bout: Nonito Donaire (c) vs. Guillermo Rigondeaux (c)
Rigondeaux defeated Donaire via Unanimous Decision (116-111, 115-112, 114-113).
Preliminary card
Welterweight bout: Mikaël Zewski vs. Daniel Sostre
Zewski defeated Sostre via KO at 0:49 of the second round.
Light Heavyweight bout: Sean Monaghan vs. Dion Stanley
Monaghan defeated Stanley via TKO at 1:51 of the first round.
Super Welterweight bout: Glen Tapia vs. Joseph De los Santos
Tapia defeated los Santos via Unanimous Decision (80-72. 80-72, 80-72).
Super Middleweight bout: Jesse Hart vs. Marlon Farr
Hart defeated Farr via TKO at 1:33 of the third round.
Super Featherweight bout: Félix Verdejo vs. Steve Gutierrez
Verdejo defeated Gutierrez via TKO at 1:51 of the first round.
Super Featherweight bout: Toka Kahn Clary vs. Gadiel Andaluz
Clary defeated Andaluz via TKO at 1:32 of the first round.
Welterweight bout: Dario Socci vs. Tyler Canning
Canning defeated Socci via Split Decision (39-37, 37-39, 39-37).
Super Featherweight bout: Erick De Leon vs. Diamond Baier
De Leon defeated Baier via Unanimous Decision (40-36, 40-34, 40-36).
Reported fight earnings
Nonito Donaire $1,320,000 vs. Guillermo Rigondeaux $750,000
International Broadcasting
Notes
See also
2013 in boxing
2013 in sports in New York City
2010s in Manhattan
April 2013 sports events in the United States
Boxing matches in New York City
Boxing matches
Boxing on HBO
Radio City Music Hall
Sports competitions in New York City
Sports in Manhattan |
Elizabeth Wanless (born November 18, 1981) is an American shot putter who competed at the 2005 World Championships without reaching the final round.
Her personal best throw is , achieved in June 2009 in Marietta, Georgia.
References
Elizabeth Wanless at USA Track & Field
1981 births
Living people
American female shot putters
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
21st-century American women |
The Croatian Discount Bank () was a significant bank headquartered in Zagreb, which was conceived in 1864 and started opetrations on . It merged in 1928 with the Croatian-Slavonian Land Mortgage Bank (, est. 1892) to form the Yugoslav United Bank (, also Union banka). The latter was rebranded Croatian United Bank () under the Independent State of Croatia in 1941. Its liquidation by the Communist authorities was initiated in late 1945 and completed in 1949.
History
At its creation in 1868, the Croatian Discount Bank was the second large modern bank founded in what is now Croatia, following the establishment of the First Croatian Savings Bank in 1846. The Discount Bank had mostly local shareholders and was thus viewed as more straightforwardly aligned with Croatian interests than the First Croatian Savings Bank at that time. was instrumental in the creation of the new bank, which was later chaired by the brothers Petar Dragan Turković and Milan Turković. By 1924, it had branches in Dubrovnik, Križevci, Osijek, Petrinja, Sušak, and Vinkovci.
The Croatian-Slavonian Land Mortgage Bank was founded in Zagreb in 1892 with participation from the Hungarian Mortgage Credit Bank, the Hungarian Discount and Exchange Bank, and Vienna's Unionbank. It was granted a monopoly over mortgage operations and, by an act of the Croatian Parliament in 1894, the management of funds of all autonomous administrative bodies, which gave it a significant competitive advantage. In the 1920s, it was recapitalized by new domestic and foreign investors including Belgium's Solvay Group, the Berlin-based Disconto-Gesellschaft, Vienna-based Ephrussi and Company, and London-based Lazard Brothers.
In 1928, the two banks merged into an entity that was first named Croatian Discount and Mortgage Bank, then acquired two other banks, the Bosnian Bank () in Belgrade and the Agrarian and Commercial Bank () in Sarajevo, at which time the name was changed to Yugoslav United Bank (sometimes also translated Yugoslav Union Bank). Following the merger, the principal shareholder of the Yugoslav United Bank was the Anglo-International Bank, with additional participations of Solvay and to a lesser extent of Banca Commerciale Italiana. The bank commissioned a modern Belgrade head office from architect Hugo Ehrlich, which was completed in 1930 and represents a significant landmark of architectural modernism in Yugoslavia; its executive management, however, remained in Zagreb. The bank, however, suffered heavily from the European banking crisis of 1931, similarly as the First Croatian Savings Bank, and was subsequently placed under moratorium.
In 1940, equity control of the Yugoslav United Bank was acquired by a group of Croatian investors. Following the German invasion of Yugoslavia, it retained its ownership structure but had to transfer its Belgrade branch to the German-controlled . It was eventually liquidated in 1945 together with the entire Yugoslavian commercial banking sector.
See also
First Croatian Savings Bank
Jugoslavenska Banka
Serbian Bank in Zagreb
Slavenska Banka
City Savings Bank of Zagreb
Notes
Banks established in 1868
Defunct banks of Yugoslavia
Defunct banks of Croatia |
Henry Riley Bradbury (20 September 1829 Wingrove Place, Clerkenwell – 2 September 1860) was an English writer on printing.
Works
Bradbury is known for his book The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland with author Thomas Moore and editor John Lindley published in 1855. It used the innovative technique of nature printing invented by Alois Auer and Andreas Worring in 1852 and improved by Bradbury. The technique consisted of pressing a leafy specimen onto a thin, soft lead plate, leaving an intaglio impression with very fine detail.
Life
He was the oldest son of five children of a printer, William Bradbury (1799–1869) and his wife, Sarah, and brother of William Hardwick Bradbury with whom he went into business in publishing. From 1856 he took an interest in the security aspects of banknote printing, and set up the business Bradbury & Wilkinson.
Bradbury had studied Auer's discovery in Vienna and had patented his own version in London. After being accused of plagiarism by Auer, Bradbury took his own life by drinking acid.
Notes
External links
Images from Nature-Printed British Ferns
George Glazer Gallery
Scientific illustrators
1829 births
1860 deaths
Botanical illustrators
1860s suicides
Suicides by poison
Suicides in the United Kingdom |
```xml
/** @jsx jsx */
import { Node } from 'slate'
import { jsx } from 'slate-hyperscript'
export const input = (
<editor>
<element>
<text key="a" />
<text key="b" />
<text key="c" />
<text key="d" />
</element>
</editor>
)
export const test = value => {
return Array.from(
Node.descendants(value, {
from: [0, 1],
to: [0, 2],
})
)
}
export const output = [
[
<element>
<text key="a" />
<text key="b" />
<text key="c" />
<text key="d" />
</element>,
[0],
],
[<text key="b" />, [0, 1]],
[<text key="c" />, [0, 2]],
]
``` |
```python
from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
import numpy as np
import numpy.matlib
from numpy.testing import assert_array_equal, assert_, run_module_suite
def test_empty():
x = numpy.matlib.empty((2,))
assert_(isinstance(x, np.matrix))
assert_(x.shape, (1, 2))
def test_ones():
assert_array_equal(numpy.matlib.ones((2, 3)),
np.matrix([[ 1., 1., 1.],
[ 1., 1., 1.]]))
assert_array_equal(numpy.matlib.ones(2), np.matrix([[ 1., 1.]]))
def test_zeros():
assert_array_equal(numpy.matlib.zeros((2, 3)),
np.matrix([[ 0., 0., 0.],
[ 0., 0., 0.]]))
assert_array_equal(numpy.matlib.zeros(2), np.matrix([[ 0., 0.]]))
def test_identity():
x = numpy.matlib.identity(2, dtype=np.int)
assert_array_equal(x, np.matrix([[1, 0], [0, 1]]))
def test_eye():
x = numpy.matlib.eye(3, k=1, dtype=int)
assert_array_equal(x, np.matrix([[ 0, 1, 0],
[ 0, 0, 1],
[ 0, 0, 0]]))
def test_rand():
x = numpy.matlib.rand(3)
# check matrix type, array would have shape (3,)
assert_(x.ndim == 2)
def test_randn():
x = np.matlib.randn(3)
# check matrix type, array would have shape (3,)
assert_(x.ndim == 2)
def test_repmat():
a1 = np.arange(4)
x = numpy.matlib.repmat(a1, 2, 2)
y = np.array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3],
[0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 1, 2, 3]])
assert_array_equal(x, y)
if __name__ == "__main__":
run_module_suite()
``` |
Pieter Van Brugh (1666 – July 1740) was the Mayor of Albany, New York from 1699 to 1700 and from 1721 to 1723.
Early life and family
Pieter Van Brugh was a member of the Dutch aristocracy of Albany. Pieter Van Brugh was the oldest son of Johannes Pieterse Van Brugh and Catharina Roeloffs (sometimes shown as Trijntje Roeloffs). His father, Johannes Pieterse van Brugh, had made a fortune by migrating from the Netherlands to New Netherland and exporting furs and other natural resources from Manhattan. Pieter's maternal grandparents were from Norway. Roeliff Jansen (1602–1637) was born in Marstrandsön, a small island situated in Bohuslän province in Norway, today a part of Kungälv Municipality, Västra Götaland County, Sweden. Anneke Jans (later Anneke Jantz Bogardus) (1605–1663) was born on Flekkerøy, an island situated outside the town of Kristiansand, Vest-Agder county, Norway.
His sister, Catharina, married Hendrick van Rensselaer, the son of Rensselaerswyck patroon, Jeremias van Rensselaer.
Career
After serving time as a militia lieutenant in New York City, Van Brugh entered the family business and lived with his wife's family in Albany. He became a constable in 1692 followed by several other public duties in the following years. In 1697, he inherited the Cuyler's home.
In 1699, Van Brugh's prominence led to his appointment as Mayor of Albany which he held until the following year. In September 1700, he was part of an expedition that traveled west into the Iroquois country in an attempt to establish a fort among the Onondaga. In the following decades, he became one of the wealthiest businessmen in Albany and was named mayor for a second time from 1721 to 1723.
Personal life
In November 1688, Van Brugh married Sara Cuyler. Uncharacteristic for the era, the couple had only one child:
Catharina Van Brugh (born in 1689), who married Philip Livingston (1686–1749), the second lord of Livingston Manor.
By the time he died in 1740, Van Brugh and his wife had twelve grandchildren and had raised several orphaned nieces but had no sons thereby ending the Van Brugh family name in Albany. Van Brugh was one of the last people to be interred beneath Albany Dutch Reformed Church.
Descendants
Pieter was the great-granduncle of American Revolutionary War soldier, Peter Gansevoort.
See also
History of Albany, New York
References
Notes
Sources
Pieter Van Brugh - Biography written by Stefan Bielinski at New York State Museum web site.
Sara Cuyler Van Brugh - Biography written by Stefan Bielinski at New York State Museum web site.
Johannes Pieterse Van Brugh and Trijntje Roeloffs - The Genealogy of Walter Gilbert
Roelof (Roeloffse) Jansen Scandinavian Immigrants In New York 1630 - 1674 by John O. Evjen
Related Reading
Bowers, Virginia (1997) Mayors of Albany, 1686-1997 : biographical sketches (Albany, NY: City Club of Albany)
Zabriskie, George Olin, The Founding Families of New Netherland—The Roelofs and Bogardus Families (de Halve Maen, vol. 48, no. 2, July, 1973, Part IV, p. 9.)
1666 births
1740 deaths
18th-century American businesspeople
18th-century American politicians
American people of Dutch descent
American people of Norwegian descent
Businesspeople from Albany, New York
Cuyler family
Mayors of Albany, New York
Members of the New York General Assembly
Military personnel from New York City
Politicians from New York City
Van Brugh family |
The 2004–05 UPC-ligaen was the 66th season of Norway's premier ice hockey league, Eliteserien, which as of this season became known as the UPC-ligaen after UPC had acquired the naming rights for five years. Vålerenga won both the League Championship and the Norwegian Championship, completing their nineteenth "double". A total of ten teams contested the league, including newcomers Comet who competed at the highest level for the first time.
The regular season commenced on 19 September 2004 and concluded on 20 February 2005. Vålerenga clinched their twenty-fifth league title after winning 3–2 in overtime against the Sparta Warriors on 17 February. This left them with an unassailable lead of seven points over the Trondheim Black Panthers, with only one round left to play. The result also confirmed Trondheim as runners-up ahead of the Storhamar Dragons.
The playoffs to determine the 2005 Norwegian Ice Hockey Champions were contested from 22 February to 20 March 2005. Vålerenga were crowned champions for the twenty-third time after defeating Trondheim by 4 games to 1 in the best-of-seven Final.
Regular season
Final standings
GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTW = Overtime Wins; OTL = Overtime losses; SOW = Shootout Wins; SOL = Shootout losses; PCT = Percent of possible points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points; C = ChampionsSource: hockey.no
Statistics
Scoring leaders
The following players led the league in points at the conclusion of the regular season.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutes
Leading goaltenders
The following goaltenders led the league in goals against average at the conclusion of the regular season.
GP = Games played; TOI = Time on ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average
Attendance
For the 2004–05 season, the league attendance totaled 292,711 spectators for an average of 1,394. This was a 9.3% increase from the previous season's total of 267,707 spectators and average of 1,275.
Playoffs
Bracket
Source: hockey.no
Qualifying for UPC-ligaen 2005–06
Final standings
GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTW = Overtime Wins; OTL = Overtime losses; SOW = Shootout Wins; SOL = Shootout losses; PCT = Percentage of possible points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PIM = Penalties in minutes; Pts = Points; Q = QualifiedSource: speaker.no
Game log
|Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Round 5
Round 6
Awards
All-Star team
The following players were selected to the 2004–05 UPC-ligaen All-Star team:
Goaltender: Chris Mason (Vålerenga)
Defenceman: Duane Harmer (Trondheim)
Defenceman: Anders Myrvold (Vålerenga)
Center: Ilya Dubkov (Trondheim)
Winger: Lars Erik Spets (Trondheim)
Winger: Nick Smith (Trondheim)
Other
Coach of the year: Tommy Sandlin (Trondheim)
References
2004–05
GET
Norway |
Autodromo di Modena (or Aerautodromo di Modena) was a race track on the edge of Modena in Italy. The track had a length of . It was opened in 1950 and the circuit was crossed by an airstrip of about in length which was used by the local flying club.
The track hosted nine editions of the Modena Grand Prix for Formula One and Formula Two racing cars, the last one in 1961. The circuit continued to host other racing events (sportcars, grand touring, Formula Junior, motorcycles) until 1975.
In the 1960s and 1970s the track also served as a test track for Ferrari and Maserati during the morning or afternoon (but not both) on week days. At other times of day it was used by residents of the adjacent military camp for driver training while maintaining its original function of airport for private flights. Ferrari driver Mike Parkes, an accomplished pilot, used to fly in regularly from England on his own craft. Despite the expansion of nearby Modena, which involved a proliferation of apartment blocks and electricity pylons, the airstrip continued to be a favoured venue for a number of local aerobatics enthusiasts until 1974.
In the early 1970s, Enzo Ferrari, aided and abetted by Maserati and Automobili Stanguellini, demanded an upgrade from the Modena Town Council and Automobile Club d'Italia, the reasoning being that the race track lacked basic safety requirements and was inadequate to test modern racing cars. The proposal was initially discussed with interest, but eventually stalled due to lack of political will. Frustrated by the lack of progress in the negotiations, Ferrari then proceeded to buy the land adjacent to his factory and build the Fiorano Circuit, a long track still in use these days to test Ferrari racing and road cars. In 1972 Automobile Club d'Italia decided to invest in the nearby semi-permanent Imola circuit, effectively ending Modena's prospects of holding a modern Formula One race.
The circuit was subsequently demolished, and the site redeveloped as a public park to honour Enzo Ferrari in 1991.
In 2011 a new Modena Autodrome opened in the Marzaglia area close to Via Aemilia. The track is long and is mostly used for local competitions.
Modena Grand Prix
The first two editions of the Modena Grand Prix took place on a 12 km-long road track around the area where the autodrome would be eventually built. Enzo Ferrari won on both occasions. The race was then discontinued until 1938, when it took place on a shorter permutation of the circuit known as Circuito del Parco or Anello dei Viali. Tazio Nuvolari won three times. In 1947, following a serious accident that resulted in the death of five spectators, the race track was the subject of a significant number of upgrades, and the Modena Grand Prix was re-introduced in 1950. The last race was held on 3 September 1961 and was won by Stirling Moss in a Lotus 18/21.
Winners of the Modena Grand Prix
References
Defunct motorsport venues in Italy
Modena |
David Lynn (born July 13, 1983) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s. He played as a forward at representative level for Scotland, and at club level for the Edinburgh Eagles.
International honours
David Lynn won caps for Scotland while at Edinburgh Eagles 2007 1-cap + 1-cap (sub).
References
1983 births
Living people
Edinburgh Eagles players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league second-rows
Scotland national rugby league team players |
```c++
//
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
//
// entry_points_gles_2_0_ext.cpp : Implements the GLES 2.0 extension entry points.
#include "libGLESv2/entry_points_gles_2_0_ext.h"
#include "libGLESv2/global_state.h"
#include "libANGLE/Buffer.h"
#include "libANGLE/Context.h"
#include "libANGLE/Error.h"
#include "libANGLE/Fence.h"
#include "libANGLE/Framebuffer.h"
#include "libANGLE/Shader.h"
#include "libANGLE/Query.h"
#include "libANGLE/validationES.h"
#include "libANGLE/validationES2.h"
#include "libANGLE/validationES3.h"
#include "common/debug.h"
#include "common/utilities.h"
namespace gl
{
void GL_APIENTRY BeginQueryEXT(GLenum target, GLuint id)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLuint %d)", target, id);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateBeginQuery(context, target, id))
{
return;
}
Error error = context->beginQuery(target, id);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DeleteFencesNV(GLsizei n, const GLuint* fences)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, const GLuint* fences = 0x%0.8p)", n, fences);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (n < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
context->deleteFenceNV(fences[i]);
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DeleteQueriesEXT(GLsizei n, const GLuint *ids)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, const GLuint *ids = 0x%0.8p)", n, ids);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (n < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
context->deleteQuery(ids[i]);
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DrawArraysInstancedANGLE(GLenum mode, GLint first, GLsizei count, GLsizei primcount)
{
EVENT("(GLenum mode = 0x%X, GLint first = %d, GLsizei count = %d, GLsizei primcount = %d)", mode, first, count, primcount);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateDrawArraysInstancedANGLE(context, mode, first, count, primcount))
{
return;
}
Error error = context->drawArraysInstanced(mode, first, count, primcount);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DrawElementsInstancedANGLE(GLenum mode, GLsizei count, GLenum type, const GLvoid *indices, GLsizei primcount)
{
EVENT("(GLenum mode = 0x%X, GLsizei count = %d, GLenum type = 0x%X, const GLvoid* indices = 0x%0.8p, GLsizei primcount = %d)",
mode, count, type, indices, primcount);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
IndexRange indexRange;
if (!ValidateDrawElementsInstancedANGLE(context, mode, count, type, indices, primcount, &indexRange))
{
return;
}
Error error =
context->drawElementsInstanced(mode, count, type, indices, primcount, indexRange);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY EndQueryEXT(GLenum target)
{
EVENT("GLenum target = 0x%X)", target);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateEndQuery(context, target))
{
return;
}
Error error = context->endQuery(target);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY FinishFenceNV(GLuint fence)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d)", fence);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (fenceObject->isSet() != GL_TRUE)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
fenceObject->finish();
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GenFencesNV(GLsizei n, GLuint* fences)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, GLuint* fences = 0x%0.8p)", n, fences);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (n < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
fences[i] = context->createFenceNV();
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GenQueriesEXT(GLsizei n, GLuint* ids)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, GLuint* ids = 0x%0.8p)", n, ids);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (n < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
for (GLsizei i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
ids[i] = context->createQuery();
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetFenceivNV(GLuint fence, GLenum pname, GLint *params)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d, GLenum pname = 0x%X, GLint *params = 0x%0.8p)", fence, pname, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (fenceObject->isSet() != GL_TRUE)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
switch (pname)
{
case GL_FENCE_STATUS_NV:
{
// GL_NV_fence spec:
// Once the status of a fence has been finished (via FinishFenceNV) or tested and the returned status is TRUE (via either TestFenceNV
// or GetFenceivNV querying the FENCE_STATUS_NV), the status remains TRUE until the next SetFenceNV of the fence.
GLboolean status = GL_TRUE;
if (fenceObject->getStatus() != GL_TRUE)
{
Error error = fenceObject->test(&status);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
*params = status;
break;
}
case GL_FENCE_CONDITION_NV:
{
*params = static_cast<GLint>(fenceObject->getCondition());
break;
}
default:
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
}
}
}
GLenum GL_APIENTRY GetGraphicsResetStatusEXT(void)
{
EVENT("()");
Context *context = GetGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
return context->getResetStatus();
}
return GL_NO_ERROR;
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetQueryivEXT(GLenum target, GLenum pname, GLint *params)
{
EVENT("GLenum target = 0x%X, GLenum pname = 0x%X, GLint *params = 0x%0.8p)", target, pname, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidQueryType(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
switch (pname)
{
case GL_CURRENT_QUERY_EXT:
params[0] = context->getState().getActiveQueryId(target);
break;
default:
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetQueryObjectuivEXT(GLuint id, GLenum pname, GLuint *params)
{
EVENT("(GLuint id = %d, GLenum pname = 0x%X, GLuint *params = 0x%0.8p)", id, pname, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
Query *queryObject = context->getQuery(id, false, GL_NONE);
if (!queryObject)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (context->getState().getActiveQueryId(queryObject->getType()) == id)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
switch(pname)
{
case GL_QUERY_RESULT_EXT:
{
Error error = queryObject->getResult(params);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
break;
case GL_QUERY_RESULT_AVAILABLE_EXT:
{
Error error = queryObject->isResultAvailable(params);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
break;
default:
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetTranslatedShaderSourceANGLE(GLuint shader, GLsizei bufsize, GLsizei* length, GLchar* source)
{
EVENT("(GLuint shader = %d, GLsizei bufsize = %d, GLsizei* length = 0x%0.8p, GLchar* source = 0x%0.8p)",
shader, bufsize, length, source);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (bufsize < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
Shader *shaderObject = context->getShader(shader);
if (!shaderObject)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
// Only returns extra info if ANGLE_GENERATE_SHADER_DEBUG_INFO is defined
shaderObject->getTranslatedSourceWithDebugInfo(bufsize, length, source);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetnUniformfvEXT(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLfloat* params)
{
EVENT("(GLuint program = %d, GLint location = %d, GLsizei bufSize = %d, GLfloat* params = 0x%0.8p)",
program, location, bufSize, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateGetnUniformfvEXT(context, program, location, bufSize, params))
{
return;
}
Program *programObject = context->getProgram(program);
ASSERT(programObject);
programObject->getUniformfv(location, params);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetnUniformivEXT(GLuint program, GLint location, GLsizei bufSize, GLint* params)
{
EVENT("(GLuint program = %d, GLint location = %d, GLsizei bufSize = %d, GLint* params = 0x%0.8p)",
program, location, bufSize, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateGetnUniformivEXT(context, program, location, bufSize, params))
{
return;
}
Program *programObject = context->getProgram(program);
ASSERT(programObject);
programObject->getUniformiv(location, params);
}
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY IsFenceNV(GLuint fence)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d)", fence);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
return GL_FALSE;
}
// GL_NV_fence spec:
// A name returned by GenFencesNV, but not yet set via SetFenceNV, is not the name of an existing fence.
return fenceObject->isSet();
}
return GL_FALSE;
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY IsQueryEXT(GLuint id)
{
EVENT("(GLuint id = %d)", id);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
return (context->getQuery(id, false, GL_NONE) != NULL) ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE;
}
return GL_FALSE;
}
void GL_APIENTRY ReadnPixelsEXT(GLint x, GLint y, GLsizei width, GLsizei height,
GLenum format, GLenum type, GLsizei bufSize,
GLvoid *data)
{
EVENT("(GLint x = %d, GLint y = %d, GLsizei width = %d, GLsizei height = %d, "
"GLenum format = 0x%X, GLenum type = 0x%X, GLsizei bufSize = 0x%d, GLvoid *data = 0x%0.8p)",
x, y, width, height, format, type, bufSize, data);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (width < 0 || height < 0 || bufSize < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
if (!ValidateReadPixelsParameters(context, x, y, width, height,
format, type, &bufSize, data))
{
return;
}
Framebuffer *framebufferObject = context->getState().getReadFramebuffer();
ASSERT(framebufferObject);
Rectangle area(x, y, width, height);
Error error = framebufferObject->readPixels(context, area, format, type, data);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY RenderbufferStorageMultisampleANGLE(GLenum target, GLsizei samples, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLsizei samples = %d, GLenum internalformat = 0x%X, GLsizei width = %d, GLsizei height = %d)",
target, samples, internalformat, width, height);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateRenderbufferStorageParametersANGLE(context, target, samples, internalformat,
width, height))
{
return;
}
Renderbuffer *renderbuffer = context->getState().getCurrentRenderbuffer();
Error error = renderbuffer->setStorageMultisample(samples, internalformat, width, height);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY SetFenceNV(GLuint fence, GLenum condition)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d, GLenum condition = 0x%X)", fence, condition);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (condition != GL_ALL_COMPLETED_NV)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
Error error = fenceObject->set(condition);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY TestFenceNV(GLuint fence)
{
EVENT("(GLuint fence = %d)", fence);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
FenceNV *fenceObject = context->getFenceNV(fence);
if (fenceObject == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return GL_TRUE;
}
if (fenceObject->isSet() != GL_TRUE)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return GL_TRUE;
}
GLboolean result;
Error error = fenceObject->test(&result);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return GL_TRUE;
}
return result;
}
return GL_TRUE;
}
void GL_APIENTRY TexStorage2DEXT(GLenum target, GLsizei levels, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLsizei levels = %d, GLenum internalformat = 0x%X, GLsizei width = %d, GLsizei height = %d)",
target, levels, internalformat, width, height);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().textureStorage)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (context->getClientVersion() < 3 &&
!ValidateES2TexStorageParameters(context, target, levels, internalformat, width, height))
{
return;
}
if (context->getClientVersion() >= 3 &&
!ValidateES3TexStorageParameters(context, target, levels, internalformat, width, height, 1))
{
return;
}
Extents size(width, height, 1);
Texture *texture = context->getTargetTexture(target);
Error error = texture->setStorage(target, levels, internalformat, size);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY VertexAttribDivisorANGLE(GLuint index, GLuint divisor)
{
EVENT("(GLuint index = %d, GLuint divisor = %d)", index, divisor);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (index >= MAX_VERTEX_ATTRIBS)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
if (context->getLimitations().attributeZeroRequiresZeroDivisorInEXT)
{
if (index == 0 && divisor != 0)
{
const char *errorMessage = "The current context doesn't support setting a non-zero divisor on the attribute with index zero. "
"Please reorder the attributes in your vertex shader so that attribute zero can have a zero divisor.";
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, errorMessage));
// We also output an error message to the debugger window if tracing is active, so that developers can see the error message.
ERR("%s", errorMessage);
return;
}
}
context->setVertexAttribDivisor(index, divisor);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY BlitFramebufferANGLE(GLint srcX0, GLint srcY0, GLint srcX1, GLint srcY1, GLint dstX0, GLint dstY0, GLint dstX1, GLint dstY1,
GLbitfield mask, GLenum filter)
{
EVENT("(GLint srcX0 = %d, GLint srcY0 = %d, GLint srcX1 = %d, GLint srcY1 = %d, "
"GLint dstX0 = %d, GLint dstY0 = %d, GLint dstX1 = %d, GLint dstY1 = %d, "
"GLbitfield mask = 0x%X, GLenum filter = 0x%X)",
srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcX1, dstX0, dstY0, dstX1, dstY1, mask, filter);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateBlitFramebufferParameters(context, srcX0, srcY0, srcX1, srcY1,
dstX0, dstY0, dstX1, dstY1, mask, filter,
true))
{
return;
}
Framebuffer *readFramebuffer = context->getState().getReadFramebuffer();
ASSERT(readFramebuffer);
Framebuffer *drawFramebuffer = context->getState().getDrawFramebuffer();
ASSERT(drawFramebuffer);
Rectangle srcArea(srcX0, srcY0, srcX1 - srcX0, srcY1 - srcY0);
Rectangle dstArea(dstX0, dstY0, dstX1 - dstX0, dstY1 - dstY0);
Error error =
drawFramebuffer->blit(context, srcArea, dstArea, mask, filter, readFramebuffer);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DiscardFramebufferEXT(GLenum target, GLsizei numAttachments, const GLenum *attachments)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLsizei numAttachments = %d, attachments = 0x%0.8p)", target, numAttachments, attachments);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().discardFramebuffer)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, "Extension not enabled"));
return;
}
if (!ValidateDiscardFramebufferEXT(context, target, numAttachments, attachments))
{
return;
}
Framebuffer *framebuffer = context->getState().getTargetFramebuffer(target);
ASSERT(framebuffer);
// The specification isn't clear what should be done when the framebuffer isn't complete.
// We leave it up to the framebuffer implementation to decide what to do.
Error error = framebuffer->discard(numAttachments, attachments);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY TexImage3DOES(GLenum target, GLint level, GLenum internalformat, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLsizei depth,
GLint border, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid* pixels)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLint level = %d, GLenum internalformat = 0x%X, "
"GLsizei width = %d, GLsizei height = %d, GLsizei depth = %d, GLint border = %d, "
"GLenum format = 0x%X, GLenum type = 0x%x, const GLvoid* pixels = 0x%0.8p)",
target, level, internalformat, width, height, depth, border, format, type, pixels);
UNIMPLEMENTED(); // FIXME
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetProgramBinaryOES(GLuint program, GLsizei bufSize, GLsizei *length, GLenum *binaryFormat, void *binary)
{
EVENT("(GLenum program = 0x%X, bufSize = %d, length = 0x%0.8p, binaryFormat = 0x%0.8p, binary = 0x%0.8p)",
program, bufSize, length, binaryFormat, binary);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
Program *programObject = context->getProgram(program);
if (!programObject || !programObject->isLinked())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
Error error = programObject->saveBinary(binaryFormat, binary, bufSize, length);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY ProgramBinaryOES(GLuint program, GLenum binaryFormat, const void *binary, GLint length)
{
EVENT("(GLenum program = 0x%X, binaryFormat = 0x%x, binary = 0x%0.8p, length = %d)",
program, binaryFormat, binary, length);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
const std::vector<GLenum> &programBinaryFormats = context->getCaps().programBinaryFormats;
if (std::find(programBinaryFormats.begin(), programBinaryFormats.end(), binaryFormat) == programBinaryFormats.end())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
Program *programObject = context->getProgram(program);
if (!programObject)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
Error error = programObject->loadBinary(binaryFormat, binary, length);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DrawBuffersEXT(GLsizei n, const GLenum *bufs)
{
EVENT("(GLenum n = %d, bufs = 0x%0.8p)", n, bufs);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateDrawBuffers(context, n, bufs))
{
return;
}
Framebuffer *framebuffer = context->getState().getDrawFramebuffer();
ASSERT(framebuffer);
framebuffer->setDrawBuffers(n, bufs);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GetBufferPointervOES(GLenum target, GLenum pname, void** params)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLenum pname = 0x%X, GLvoid** params = 0x%0.8p)", target, pname, params);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
if (pname != GL_BUFFER_MAP_POINTER)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (!buffer || !buffer->isMapped())
{
*params = NULL;
}
else
{
*params = buffer->getMapPointer();
}
}
}
void *GL_APIENTRY MapBufferOES(GLenum target, GLenum access)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLbitfield access = 0x%X)", target, access);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return NULL;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (buffer == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
if (access != GL_WRITE_ONLY_OES)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return NULL;
}
if (buffer->isMapped())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
Error error = buffer->map(access);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return NULL;
}
return buffer->getMapPointer();
}
return NULL;
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY UnmapBufferOES(GLenum target)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X)", target);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return GL_FALSE;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (buffer == NULL || !buffer->isMapped())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return GL_FALSE;
}
GLboolean result;
Error error = buffer->unmap(&result);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return GL_FALSE;
}
return result;
}
return GL_FALSE;
}
void *GL_APIENTRY MapBufferRangeEXT(GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length, GLbitfield access)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLintptr offset = %d, GLsizeiptr length = %d, GLbitfield access = 0x%X)",
target, offset, length, access);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return NULL;
}
if (offset < 0 || length < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return NULL;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (buffer == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
// Check for buffer overflow
size_t offsetSize = static_cast<size_t>(offset);
size_t lengthSize = static_cast<size_t>(length);
if (!rx::IsUnsignedAdditionSafe(offsetSize, lengthSize) ||
offsetSize + lengthSize > static_cast<size_t>(buffer->getSize()))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return NULL;
}
// Check for invalid bits in the mask
GLbitfield allAccessBits = GL_MAP_READ_BIT |
GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT |
GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_RANGE_BIT |
GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_BUFFER_BIT |
GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT |
GL_MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT;
if (access & ~(allAccessBits))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return NULL;
}
if (length == 0 || buffer->isMapped())
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
// Check for invalid bit combinations
if ((access & (GL_MAP_READ_BIT | GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT)) == 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
GLbitfield writeOnlyBits = GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_RANGE_BIT |
GL_MAP_INVALIDATE_BUFFER_BIT |
GL_MAP_UNSYNCHRONIZED_BIT;
if ((access & GL_MAP_READ_BIT) != 0 && (access & writeOnlyBits) != 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
if ((access & GL_MAP_WRITE_BIT) == 0 && (access & GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT) != 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return NULL;
}
Error error = buffer->mapRange(offset, length, access);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return NULL;
}
return buffer->getMapPointer();
}
return NULL;
}
void GL_APIENTRY FlushMappedBufferRangeEXT(GLenum target, GLintptr offset, GLsizeiptr length)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLintptr offset = %d, GLsizeiptr length = %d)", target, offset, length);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (offset < 0 || length < 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
if (!ValidBufferTarget(context, target))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_ENUM));
return;
}
Buffer *buffer = context->getState().getTargetBuffer(target);
if (buffer == NULL)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
if (!buffer->isMapped() || (buffer->getAccessFlags() & GL_MAP_FLUSH_EXPLICIT_BIT) == 0)
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION));
return;
}
// Check for buffer overflow
size_t offsetSize = static_cast<size_t>(offset);
size_t lengthSize = static_cast<size_t>(length);
if (!rx::IsUnsignedAdditionSafe(offsetSize, lengthSize) ||
offsetSize + lengthSize > static_cast<size_t>(buffer->getMapLength()))
{
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_VALUE));
return;
}
// We do not currently support a non-trivial implementation of FlushMappedBufferRange
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY InsertEventMarkerEXT(GLsizei length, const char *marker)
{
// Don't run an EVENT() macro on the EXT_debug_marker entry points.
// It can interfere with the debug events being set by the caller.
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().debugMarker)
{
// The debug marker calls should not set error state
// However, it seems reasonable to set an error state if the extension is not enabled
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, "Extension not enabled"));
return;
}
if (!ValidateInsertEventMarkerEXT(context, length, marker))
{
return;
}
context->insertEventMarker(length, marker);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY PushGroupMarkerEXT(GLsizei length, const char *marker)
{
// Don't run an EVENT() macro on the EXT_debug_marker entry points.
// It can interfere with the debug events being set by the caller.
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().debugMarker)
{
// The debug marker calls should not set error state
// However, it seems reasonable to set an error state if the extension is not enabled
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, "Extension not enabled"));
return;
}
if (!ValidatePushGroupMarkerEXT(context, length, marker))
{
return;
}
if (marker == nullptr)
{
// From the EXT_debug_marker spec,
// "If <marker> is null then an empty string is pushed on the stack."
context->pushGroupMarker(length, "");
}
else
{
context->pushGroupMarker(length, marker);
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY PopGroupMarkerEXT()
{
// Don't run an EVENT() macro on the EXT_debug_marker entry points.
// It can interfere with the debug events being set by the caller.
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!context->getExtensions().debugMarker)
{
// The debug marker calls should not set error state
// However, it seems reasonable to set an error state if the extension is not enabled
context->recordError(Error(GL_INVALID_OPERATION, "Extension not enabled"));
return;
}
context->popGroupMarker();
}
}
ANGLE_EXPORT void GL_APIENTRY EGLImageTargetTexture2DOES(GLenum target, GLeglImageOES image)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLeglImageOES image = 0x%0.8p)", target, image);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
egl::Display *display = egl::GetGlobalDisplay();
egl::Image *imageObject = reinterpret_cast<egl::Image *>(image);
if (!ValidateEGLImageTargetTexture2DOES(context, display, target, imageObject))
{
return;
}
Texture *texture = context->getTargetTexture(target);
Error error = texture->setEGLImageTarget(target, imageObject);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
ANGLE_EXPORT void GL_APIENTRY EGLImageTargetRenderbufferStorageOES(GLenum target,
GLeglImageOES image)
{
EVENT("(GLenum target = 0x%X, GLeglImageOES image = 0x%0.8p)", target, image);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
egl::Display *display = egl::GetGlobalDisplay();
egl::Image *imageObject = reinterpret_cast<egl::Image *>(image);
if (!ValidateEGLImageTargetRenderbufferStorageOES(context, display, target, imageObject))
{
return;
}
Renderbuffer *renderbuffer = context->getState().getCurrentRenderbuffer();
Error error = renderbuffer->setStorageEGLImageTarget(imageObject);
if (error.isError())
{
context->recordError(error);
return;
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY BindVertexArrayOES(GLuint array)
{
EVENT("(GLuint array = %u)", array);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateBindVertexArrayOES(context, array))
{
return;
}
context->bindVertexArray(array);
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY DeleteVertexArraysOES(GLsizei n, const GLuint *arrays)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, const GLuint* arrays = 0x%0.8p)", n, arrays);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateDeleteVertexArraysOES(context, n))
{
return;
}
for (int arrayIndex = 0; arrayIndex < n; arrayIndex++)
{
if (arrays[arrayIndex] != 0)
{
context->deleteVertexArray(arrays[arrayIndex]);
}
}
}
}
void GL_APIENTRY GenVertexArraysOES(GLsizei n, GLuint *arrays)
{
EVENT("(GLsizei n = %d, GLuint* arrays = 0x%0.8p)", n, arrays);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateGenVertexArraysOES(context, n))
{
return;
}
for (int arrayIndex = 0; arrayIndex < n; arrayIndex++)
{
arrays[arrayIndex] = context->createVertexArray();
}
}
}
GLboolean GL_APIENTRY IsVertexArrayOES(GLuint array)
{
EVENT("(GLuint array = %u)", array);
Context *context = GetValidGlobalContext();
if (context)
{
if (!ValidateIsVertexArrayOES(context))
{
return GL_FALSE;
}
if (array == 0)
{
return GL_FALSE;
}
VertexArray *vao = context->getVertexArray(array);
return (vao != nullptr ? GL_TRUE : GL_FALSE);
}
return GL_FALSE;
}
}
``` |
Central River is the largest of the five administrative divisions of the Gambia. Its capital is Janjanbureh (formerly Georgetown), on MacCarthy Island. The largest settlement is Bansang, with an estimated population in 2008 of 8,381.
Until 1995 the division was known as MacCarthy Island Division, which had been established as one of five administrative areas of Gambia Protectorate in the early 20th century. It is located on both sides of the Gambia River, and its total population according to the 2013 census is 226,018. The total number of households is 17,399 as of 2003. As of 2003, the total area of the region is 2894.3 km2.
Geography
The Gambia is the smallest country in Africa and the width of the strip like structure never exceeding . It is bordered by Atlantic Ocean to the West, and otherwise surrounded by Senegal. The Gambia River flows throughout the country and is the principal source of water and transport medium. The banks of the river has swampy beaches, while it has alluvial soil in all other parts, which is conducive for the growth of rice. Peanuts is the major cashcrop. The weather is usually warm and dry. The elevation of the country reaches to a maximum of above the mean sea level. There are vast segments of sedimentary sandstone and claystone in the valleys of the rivers and the regions surrounding it. The river flows from Guinea and has an east-west axis. The shallow water in the coastline are important sources of fishing. There are mangrove and banto forests along the coastline. Over the river segment of , there are numerous creeks, which are locally called boloons. The months from June to September experience a wet season, while the remaining seven months are dry. The average annual rainfall is around in the south east, while it is in the northwest. Experts have assessed that the overall rainfall during the century period between 1886 and 1992, there has been a reduction in rainfall of around 15-20 per cent and the wet season has been shortened.
Demographics
Per 2013 census, the region had a population of 226,018 with a population density of 078. The total number of households is 17,399 as of 2003. As of 2003, the total area of the region is 2894.3 km2. The infant mortality rate is 92 for every thousand births and the under-five mortality is 138 per every thousand births. The poverty gap ratio is 36.45 per cent as of 2003. The literacy rate of the province is 56 compared to a national average of 62.9 per cent. The net enrollment ratio in primary education is 53 per cent, children entering first grade of primary school reaching last grade of primary education is per cent and the ratios of boys against girls in primary, secondary and tertiary education is as of 2007.
Districts
The Gambia along with modern-day Senegal were colonies of French and British until 1894 when it became a British colony. Both the countries got independence in 1965 and operated in a federation called Senegambia from 1982. During 1989, the confederation collapsed. In a bloodless coup, Lieutenant Yahya Jamme in 1994 and went on to win multi party elections in three subsequent elections. He has also defeated coups successfully and unlike the West African countries, the Gambia has a relative stable governance. The Local Govemment Act passed in 2002 superseded the previous local government acts like Local Government Act (Amended 1984), Local
Government (City of Banjul) Act (Amended 1988), The Kanifing Municipal Council Act 1991 and the Provinces Act. There were seven local governments defined each subdivided into districts and wards. The Mayor who is the chairperson of the council and the council members of each council is elected by people of the area. The legislations indicating the roles were not clearly defined, but the council is responsible for finance, services and planning for each sector under it. Around 25 per cent of the budget is provisioned by the central government. The council also has a Alkalo or Seyfo representative, a Chief representative, a youth nominee, a woman nominee and other nominated members of local interest groups.
Central River is divided into 10 districts, namely, Fulladu West, Janjanbureh, Lower Saloum, Niamina Dankunku, Niamina East, Niamina West, Niani, Nianija, Sami and Upper Saloum. It has subsequently been divided into two Local Government Areas (Janjanbureh in the east and Kuntaur in the west), each containing five of the above districts. The city and area council elections were held during April 2002, when M.F.S. Malang Saibo Camara, an APRC candidate became the Mayor, winning 70.2 per cent votes. The council was led by Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction (APRC), which won 9 out of the 12 seats, National Reconciliation Party (NRP) won one seat and two seats were won by independents.
See also
Districts of the Gambia
References
External links
The Atlas of the Gambia
Divisions of the Gambia |
Boris Ivanovich Cheranovsky (, alternatively romanized as Chyeranovskii; 1 (13) July 1896 – 17 December 1960) was a Soviet aircraft designer, notable for creating aircraft with a characteristic tailless parabolic wing. — the BICh-1 and BICh-2 gliders from 1924, and the powered BICh-3 later.
B. I. Cheranovsky was born on either 1 or 13 July 1896 in Pavlovychi, Volhynian Governorate, Russia. By profession he was painter and sculptor, but in 1920 became interested in aviation. In 1921, for the first time, he proposed a project of a "flying wing" type of aircraft. Colleagues of the aircraft designer did not believe in the possibility of implementing the idea. In two years, the specialist managed to complete the relevant works and presented prototypes of the technology. Tests at the airfield began on April 1, 1923. It was then that BICh-1 was tested. From 1924 to 1927 he studied at the Air Force Academy. From 1922 on he engaged in the design and construction of airframes and aircraft of the flying wing configuration. For his services to the aviation industry, Cheranovsky was awarded the Order of the Red Star. He died in Moscow, Soviet Union, on 17 December 1960.
See also
:Category:Chyeranovskii aircraft
References
1896 births
1960 deaths
Soviet engineers
Aircraft designers |
```c++
/*
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
*/
#include <ndb_global.h>
#include <ndb_opts.h>
#include <NdbOut.hpp>
#include <NdbApi.hpp>
#include <NDBT.hpp>
static const char* _dbname = "TEST_DB";
const char *load_default_groups[]= { "mysql_cluster",0 };
static struct my_option my_long_options[] =
{
NDB_STD_OPTS("ndb_desc"),
{ "database", 'd', "Name of database table is in",
(uchar**) &_dbname, (uchar**) &_dbname, 0,
GET_STR, REQUIRED_ARG, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 },
{ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, GET_NO_ARG, NO_ARG, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
};
static void short_usage_sub(void)
{
ndb_short_usage_sub(NULL);
}
static void usage()
{
ndb_usage(short_usage_sub, load_default_groups, my_long_options);
}
int main(int argc, char** argv){
NDB_INIT(argv[0]);
ndb_opt_set_usage_funcs(short_usage_sub, usage);
load_defaults("my",load_default_groups,&argc,&argv);
int ho_error;
if ((ho_error=handle_options(&argc, &argv, my_long_options,
ndb_std_get_one_option)))
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_WRONGARGS);
if (argc < 1) {
usage();
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_WRONGARGS);
}
Ndb_cluster_connection con(opt_ndb_connectstring, opt_ndb_nodeid);
con.set_name("ndb_drop_table");
if(con.connect(12, 5, 1) != 0)
{
ndbout << "Unable to connect to management server." << endl;
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_FAILED);
}
if (con.wait_until_ready(30,3) < 0)
{
ndbout << "Cluster nodes not ready in 30 seconds." << endl;
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_FAILED);
}
Ndb MyNdb(&con, _dbname );
if(MyNdb.init() != 0){
ERR(MyNdb.getNdbError());
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_FAILED);
}
int res = 0;
for(int i = 0; i<argc; i++){
ndbout << "Dropping table " << argv[i] << "...";
int tmp;
if((tmp = MyNdb.getDictionary()->dropTable(argv[i])) != 0){
ndbout << endl << MyNdb.getDictionary()->getNdbError() << endl;
res = tmp;
} else {
ndbout << "OK" << endl;
}
}
if(res != 0){
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_FAILED);
}
return NDBT_ProgramExit(NDBT_OK);
}
``` |
Alucita xanthozona is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It was described by Alexey Diakonoff in 1954. It is found in New Guinea.
References
Moths described in 1954
Alucitidae
Moths of New Guinea
Taxa named by Alexey Diakonoff |
David A. Legwand (born August 17, 1980) is an American former professional ice hockey forward who played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was the first player ever drafted by the Nashville Predators, with whom he spent 12 full seasons and set several franchise records. He finished the final three seasons of his career split between the Predators, Detroit Red Wings, Ottawa Senators and Buffalo Sabres.
Playing career
Amateur
Legwand attended Grosse Pointe North High School. As a youth, he played in the 1993 and 1994 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with the Detroit Little Caesars minor ice hockey team.
He played his junior career with the Plymouth Whalers of the OHL. In the season before he was drafted, he scored 54 goals along with 51 assists, totaling 105 points. He also won the Red Tilson Award as the most outstanding player in the league.
Nashville Predators
Prior to the 1998 NHL Entry Draft, Nashville Predators general manager David Poile dealt their first- and second-round picks to the San Jose Sharks for the second and 85th pick. As a result, he was able to draft Legwand second overall behind Vincent Lecavalier. Poile had previously been in discussions with the Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames, and the New York Rangers before San Jose accepted their deal at the last minute. After suffering from mononucleosis during training camp, Legwand returned to the Plymouth Whalers for the 1998–99 OHL season. He missed further time during the season after the death of a family member and the World Juniors. He finished third on the team with 31 goals and 49 assists for 80 points through 55 games. Once the Whalers were eliminated from the OHL playoffs, he signed a three-year contract with the Predators worth $8.925 million and made his NHL debut against the New Jersey Devils.
Prior to the start of the 1999–00 season, Legwand was encouraged to put on more weight after he experienced a small growth spurt. As such, he worked with the team's strength and conditioning coach and added between 5 and 10 pounds. Despite improving physically, he failed to impress head coach Barry Trotz with his skills at the start of training camp. He still made the Predators opening night roster and tallied his first career NHL goal in a 4–2 win over the Toronto Maple Leafs. Through the month of December, Legwand accumulated three goals and five assists for eight points through 10 games. By the end of March, he had tallied 28 points and led all rookies with 13 goals through 67 games.
Legwand returned to the Predators for his sophomore season but failed to make an immediate impact on the team. After causing several turnovers leading to goals during a late October game against the Vancouver Canucks, Legwand sat as a healthy scratch for the first time in his NHL career. On December 23, 2000, during a game against the New York Rangers, Legwand became the first NHL player to score on a penalty shot in overtime. As the Predators failed to qualify for the 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs, Legwand competed for Team USA at the 2001 IIHF World Championship.
During the NHL 2004–05 lockout season, Legwand played for the Swiss team EHC Basel.
After several first round playoff exits, Legwand and the Predators advanced to the second round for the first time in franchise history and his career in 2011. The Predators were defeated by the eventual Western Conference Champions Vancouver Canucks in six games.
In early November 2005, Legwand suffered a knee injury. Prior to rejoining the Predators once his knee recovered, Legwand played two games in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Milwaukee Admirals. He made his AHL debut on February 23, 2006, while playing on a line with Scottie Upshall and Jordin Tootoo.
On March 5, 2014, in the final year of his contract with the Predators and out of playoff contention, Legwand was traded to the Detroit Red Wings for Patrick Eaves, Calle Järnkrok, and a conditional 2014 draft pick, ending his 15-year career in Nashville. He left Nashville as the franchise's all-time leader in all offensive categories and games played, with 956 appearances.
Later years
On July 4, 2014, Legwand signed a two-year, $6 million free agent contract with the Ottawa Senators. The move came after the Senators traded star center Jason Spezza to the Dallas Stars. In his only season in Ottawa in 2014-15 season, Legwand added a veteran presence in helping return the Senators to the playoffs, however suffered a decline in production with 9 goals and 27 points in 80 games.
On June 26, 2015, Legwand was traded to the Buffalo Sabres along with Senators teammate Robin Lehner in exchange for the New York Islanders' 1st-round pick in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft.
Legwand announced his retirement from professional hockey on December 22, 2016.
Personal life
Legwand and his wife, Lindsey, have two children, with the firstborn being a son born on November 21, 2009.
In January 2015, Legwand, along with former NHL player Derian Hatcher, entered an agreement to purchase the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). The transfer of ownership was approved by the OHL Board of Governors and completed on March 4, 2015.
Records and milestones
Nashville Predators record for most games played (956)
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey centers
EHC Basel players
Buffalo Sabres players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Detroit
Milwaukee Admirals players
Nashville Predators draft picks
Nashville Predators players
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Ottawa Senators players
Plymouth Whalers players |
"Moon Hop" is a 1969 single by Derrick Morgan. Backed with the Reggaeites' "Harris Wheel", it reached #49 on the UK Singles Chart. The British Afro-Caribbean ska and reggae band Symarip covered "Moon Hop" as "Skinhead Moonstomp"; whilst unsuccessful on first release, in the wake of the 2 Tone revolution it was re-issued and charted at #54.
Background
"Moon Hop" was written to commemorate the July 20, 1969 landing of the Apollo Lunar Module on the moon. Symarip's version was released shortly afterwards and many see a strong similarity between the two. The Symarip version includes a vocal introduction: "I want all you skinheads to get up on your feet/Put your braces together and your boots on your feet/And give me some of that old moonstomping" which was based on Sam & Dave's "I Thank You.” The screeching guitar and lyrics were intended to appeal to skinheads. When released for the first time, Moonstomp sold 5,000 copies, and Symarip named their album after it.
Chart performance
"Moon Hop" was the first version to chart on the UK Singles Chart; backed with the Reggaeites' "Harris Wheel", it spent a week at #49 in January 1970. Although Symarip's version didn't chart on first release, it was re-released ten years later in 1980 in the wake of the 2 Tone revolution, and spent three weeks on the UK Singles Chart in 1980.
References
1969 singles
1980 singles
1969 songs
The Specials songs |
```java
/*
* DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
*
* This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
* particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
* by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
*
* This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
* accompanied this code).
*
* 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
* Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
* Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
* or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
* questions.
*/
package org.graalvm.visualvm.pluginimporter;
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.jar.JarFile;
import java.util.jar.Manifest;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import org.netbeans.api.autoupdate.UpdateUnitProvider;
import org.netbeans.api.autoupdate.UpdateUnitProvider.CATEGORY;
import org.netbeans.spi.autoupdate.UpdateItem;
import org.netbeans.spi.autoupdate.UpdateProvider;
import org.openide.util.NbBundle;
import org.openide.util.lookup.ServiceProvider;
import org.openide.xml.EntityCatalog;
import org.openide.xml.XMLUtil;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
/**
*
* @author Jiri Rechtacek
*/
@ServiceProvider(service=UpdateProvider.class)
public class ClusterUpdateProvider implements UpdateProvider {
private static File cluster = null;
private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger (ClusterUpdateProvider.class.getName ());
private static final String ELEMENT_MODULE = "module"; // NOI18N
public ClusterUpdateProvider () {}
public static void attachCluster (File newCluster) {
if (newCluster == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException ("Cluster cannot be null!"); // NOI18N
}
cluster = newCluster;
}
public String getName () {
return Installer.CODE_NAME;
}
public String getDisplayName () {
if (cluster == null) {
return NbBundle.getMessage(ClusterUpdateProvider.class, "ClusterUpdateProvider_DisplayName_disabled");
}
return NbBundle.getMessage (ClusterUpdateProvider.class, "ClusterUpdateProvider_DisplayName", cluster); // NOI18N
}
public String getDescription () {
return NbBundle.getMessage (ClusterUpdateProvider.class, "ClusterUpdateProvider_Description"); // NOI18N
}
public CATEGORY getCategory () {
return UpdateUnitProvider.CATEGORY.STANDARD;
}
public Map<String, UpdateItem> getUpdateItems () throws IOException {
Map<String, UpdateItem> res = new HashMap<> ();
for (File cf: readModules (cluster)) {
String cnb = (cf.getName ().substring (0, cf.getName ().length () - ".xml".length ())).replaceAll ("-", "."); // NOI18N
Map<String, String> attr = new HashMap<> (7);
readConfigFile (cf, attr);
String jarName = attr.get ("jar");
if(jarName == null) {
LOG.info ("Can`t get jar file name for " + cnb + ", skip checking.");
continue;
}
File jarFile = new File (cluster, jarName); // NOI18N
if (! jarFile.exists ()) {
LOG.info ("Jar file " + jarFile + " doesn't exists. Skip checking " + cnb);
continue;
}
File updateTrackingFile = new File(cluster, "update_tracking" + File.separator + cf.getName());
if (! updateTrackingFile.exists ()) {
LOG.info ("Update tracking file " + updateTrackingFile + " doesn't exists. Skip checking " + cnb);
continue;
}
Manifest mf = new JarFile (jarFile).getManifest ();
UpdateItem item = UpdateItem.createModule (
cnb,
attr.get ("specversion"), // NOI18N
null,
cluster.getName (), // XXX: to identify such items later
"0", // NOI18N
"",
"",
"",
mf,
Boolean.valueOf (attr.get ("eager")), // NOI18N
Boolean.valueOf (attr.get ("autoload")), // NOI18N
null,
null,
"",
res.put (cnb + '_' + attr.get ("specversion"), item); // NOI18N
}
return res;
}
public boolean refresh (boolean force) throws IOException {
return true;
}
private static Collection<File> readModules (File cluster) {
if (cluster == null || ! cluster.exists ()) {
return Collections.emptySet ();
}
Collection<File> res = new HashSet<> ();
File config = new File (new File (cluster, "config"), "Modules"); // NOI18N
if (config.listFiles () == null) {
return Collections.emptySet ();
}
for (File cf : config.listFiles ()) {
if(cf.getName ().endsWith(".xml_hidden")) {
//158204
continue;
}
if (cf.getName ().endsWith (".xml")) { // NOI18N
if(cf.length() > 0) {
res.add (cf);
} else {
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Found zero-sized xml file in config/Modules, ignoring: " + cf);
}
} else {
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Found non-xml file in config/Modules, ignoring: " + cf);
}
}
return res;
}
private static void readConfigFile (File cf, Map<String, String> attr) {
Document document = null;
InputStream is = null;
try {
is = new BufferedInputStream (new FileInputStream (cf));
InputSource xmlInputSource = new InputSource (is);
document = XMLUtil.parse (xmlInputSource, false, false, null, EntityCatalog.getDefault ());
} catch (SAXException saxe) {
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Error while reading " + cf);
LOG.log(Level.INFO, saxe.getLocalizedMessage (), saxe);
return;
} catch (IOException ioe) {
LOG.log(Level.INFO, "Error while reading " + cf);
LOG.log(Level.WARNING, ioe.getLocalizedMessage (), ioe);
} finally {
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close ();
} catch (IOException e){
//ignore
}
}
}
assert document.getDocumentElement () != null : "File " + cf + " must contain document element.";
Element element = document.getDocumentElement ();
assert ELEMENT_MODULE.equals (element.getTagName ()) : "The root element is: " + ELEMENT_MODULE + " but was: " + element.getTagName ();
NodeList children = element.getChildNodes ();
for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength (); i++) {
Node n = children.item (i);
if (Node.ELEMENT_NODE != n.getNodeType()) {
continue;
}
Element e = (Element) n;
String name = e.getAttributes ().getNamedItem ("name").getNodeValue (); // NOI18N
String value = e.getChildNodes ().item (0).getNodeValue ();
attr.put (name, value);
}
}
}
``` |
Costapex joliveti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.
Description
Vexillum joliveti is a small, underwater sea snail, with a shell size of between 14–18 mm.
Distribution
This species occurs in the following locations:
Bismarck Sea
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
East China Sea.
References
Poppe G.T. & Tagaro S.P. (2006) New Mitridae and Costellariidae from the Philippines and the East China Sea. Visaya 1(6): 76-89.
External links
Fedosov A.E., Puillandre N., Herrmann M., Dgebuadze P. & Bouchet P. (2017). Phylogeny, systematics, and evolution of the family Costellariidae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179(3): 541-626
Costellariidae |
```xml
<vector xmlns:android="path_to_url"
xmlns:tools="path_to_url"
android:width="640dp"
android:height="512dp"
android:viewportWidth="640.0"
android:viewportHeight="512.0"
tools:keep="@drawable/fa_vnv">
<path
android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
android:pathData="M104.9,352c-34.1,0 -46.4,-30.4 -46.4,-30.4L2.6,210.1S-7.8,192 13,192h32.8c10.4,0 13.2,8.7 18.8,18.1l36.7,74.5s5.2,13.1 21.1,13.1 21.1,-13.1 21.1,-13.1l36.7,-74.5c5.6,-9.5 8.4,-18.1 18.8,-18.1h32.8c20.8,0 10.4,18.1 10.4,18.1l-55.8,111.5S174.2,352 140,352h-35.1zM499.9,352c-34.1,0 -46.4,-30.4 -46.4,-30.4l-55.9,-111.5S387.2,192 408,192h32.8c10.4,0 13.2,8.7 18.8,18.1l36.7,74.5s5.2,13.1 21.1,13.1 21.1,-13.1 21.1,-13.1l36.8,-74.5c5.6,-9.5 8.4,-18.1 18.8,-18.1L627,192c20.8,0 10.4,18.1 10.4,18.1l-55.9,111.5S569.3,352 535.1,352h-35.2zM337.6,192c34.1,0 46.4,30.4 46.4,30.4l55.9,111.5s10.4,18.1 -10.4,18.1h-32.8c-10.4,0 -13.2,-8.7 -18.8,-18.1l-36.7,-74.5s-5.2,-13.1 -21.1,-13.1c-15.9,0 -21.1,13.1 -21.1,13.1l-36.7,74.5c-5.6,9.4 -8.4,18.1 -18.8,18.1h-32.9c-20.8,0 -10.4,-18.1 -10.4,-18.1l55.9,-111.5s12.2,-30.4 46.4,-30.4h35.1z"/>
</vector>
``` |
"Lump in My Throat" is a song from The Departure's debut album, Dirty Words. It was released as the lead single from that album on 4 April 2005, and reached #30 in the UK Singles Chart.
Track listing
7" R6659
"Lump in My Throat" – 3:20
"The City Blurs Your Eyes"
CD CDR6659
"Lump in My Throat" – 3:20
"Under the Stairs"
Maxi-CD CDRS6659
"Lump in My Throat" – 3:20
"Lump in My Throat" (James Ford remix)
"Be My Enemy" (Lamacq Live session)
"Lump in My Throat" (video)
External links
Video link
2005 singles
The Departure songs
2004 songs
Parlophone singles |
Stephen Mitchell Bingham (born April 23, 1942) is an American legal services and civil rights attorney who was tried and acquitted in 1986 for his alleged role in Black Panther George Jackson's attempted escape fifteen years earlier from San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, California, in 1971.
Early life and education
Stephen Bingham, the son of Alfred Mitchell Bingham and Sylvia Doughty Knox Bingham, was raised in Salem, Connecticut where he grew up among the state's wealthy class. His father was an author, attorney, and activist who was elected to the Connecticut State Senate as a New Deal Democrat in 1940 and served one term; he was also the editor and a founder of the left-leaning Common Sense. His grandfather, Hiram Bingham III was a governor and a U.S. Senator from Connecticut as well as the discoverer of the Machu Picchu ruins in Peru.
Bingham graduated from Milton Academy in 1960, where he was captain of the track team. He attended Yale University, where he participated on the freshman track and the varsity cross country teams. Bingham became involved in politics during his sophomore year, and was reportedly influenced by Allard Lowenstein. He was a member of the Yale Young Democrats and the Student Advisor Board, as well as the executive editor of the Yale Daily News. In 1964, he graduated from Yale with honors, and spent two months in Mileston, Mississippi as a volunteer in the Freedom Summer civil rights project.
Bingham decided to pursue a career in law and attended the University of California, Berkeley School of Law. During his first year, after a six-month relationship, he married Gretchen Spreckels, the granddaughter of Adolph B. Spreckels and whose family founded the Spreckels Sugar Company. The couple joined the Peace Corps and were assigned to Sierra Leone. After spending two years in West Africa with the Peace Corps, they returned to Berkeley in the fall of 1967 where Bingham resumed the study of law. In 1969, he received a J.D. degree from Berkeley. He was admitted to the California bar in January 1970. The couple divorced in May, 1969.
He marched for Cesar Chavez as well as with the Congress of Racial Equality in Mississippi, he was an intern in the United States Congress and the United States Department of Justice, and he worked for Berkeley Neighborhood Legal Services. Bingham worked as part of a San Francisco Bay Area group that provided legal help to inmates. Bingham worked on Robert F. Kennedy's presidential campaign in 1968.
Defendant in San Quentin case
Bingham was accused of concealing a pistol in a tape recorder and smuggling it to Jackson in San Quentin's Adjustment Center. On August 21, 1971, Jackson used a pistol, an Astra 9-mm semi-automatic, to take over his tier in the Adjustment Center. In the failed escape attempt, six people were killed, including Jackson, two fellow inmates and three prison guards.
Following the incident, Bingham fled the country and lived in Europe for 13 years. He was reported to have traveled to France at least twice. In 1974, Bingham was interviewed for The New York Times in an unknown Canadian city by a law school classmate. Afterwards, the FBI worked with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in an attempt to locate him. In 1984, he returned to the United States and surrendered in San Francisco. He claimed that he was framed due to his activism in prison reform. He was reported to have "lived quietly in San Jose, California for six months" prior to surrendering.
On July 5, 1984, Bingham's attorney, Paul A. Harris, announced that Bingham would surrender "within a week". He surrendered on July 9 with the help of former United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark. According to Harris, government authorities set up Bingham as a scapegoat to deter other attorneys assisting the "black radical movement". Bingham's father suggested that a woman who went with Bingham to San Quentin that day, but was never arrested or indicted, may have been involved in a plot to smuggle a weapon into the prison.
Georgia State Senator Julian Bond and writer Jessica Mitford were among those noted to have contributed financial or moral support to Bingham. Prior to the trial, he was defended by Leonard Weinglass.
Opening arguments in the trial were scheduled to begin on April 7, 1986.
As Time Magazine wrote at the time, "During a ten-week trial, Marin County prosecutors argued that Bingham's flight was proof of his guilt. Defense attorneys contended that prison guards had slipped Jackson the gun, hoping that the incendiary black militant would be killed. Bingham, they said, fled to save his life. 'To understand this case,' declared Bingham's lawyer M. Gerald Schwartzbach, 'you have to understand 1971 . . . We're talking about a time when students were murdered at Kent State and Jackson State.'" A Marin County, California jury eventually acquitted him of murder and conspiracy charges at trial in 1986.
Later life
While in Paris, Bingham met Francoise Blusseau whom he married after his surrender and before his trial. In April 1987, the couple had a daughter, Sylvia, who in 2009 was struck and killed by a truck while riding her bicycle to work in Cleveland.
Bingham was reported to have retained his "political activism" after the trial. After his release, he worked for an Oakland law firm handling pension litigation, was a member of Jesse Jackson's Rainbow Coalition, and supported a campaign to free Black Panther Elmer Pratt, who claimed he was also framed by the FBI.
Bingham worked at Bay Area Legal Aid in California, where he was a staff attorney in its San Francisco regional office specializing in welfare law issues.
Bingham became an inactive member of the State Bar of California on January 15, 2015.
References
External links
Interview
1942 births
Living people
American civil rights lawyers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Fugitives wanted by the United States
Yale University alumni
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni |
Benoit Laporte (born June 14, 1960) is a Canadian-French professional ice hockey coach and a former professional ice hockey player. He last served as head coach of the 3L de Rivière-du-Loup.
Playing career
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Laporte played junior in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. Laporte played professionally in the AHL, EHL, CHL, UHL and ACHL in the early and mid 1980s. In 1987, he signed with the Diables Rouges de Briançon in France. He left the club after two years, but stayed in the country, joining the Dragons de Rouen, where he would spend the remainder of his playing career. He left Rouen as the club's all-time leader in points. Laporte announced his retirement in 1997.
National team
After receiving a French passport, Laporte represented the French national team internationally. He played in the 1992 and 1994 Olympic Games and in five World Championships. He won a total of 138 caps for the French national team during his career.
Coaching career
In his last season with the Dragons de Rouen (1996–97), Laporte served as a player-coach. After he put an end to his playing career in 1997, he took over Lausanne HC, a member of the Swiss second-tier NLB, as head coach and spent three years at the helm.
In 2000, he embarked on a three-year stint with Hockey Club Asiago of the Italian elite league Serie A, guiding the team to the Italian championship his first year, to the playoff semifinals his second and a runner-up finish his third year. He left Asiago in 2003 to sign with the Augsburger Panther of the German top-flight Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He remained in that position until the end of the 2004-05 campaign, in which he had guided the team to a DEL playoff appearance.
Laporte was named head coach at fellow DEL side Nürnberg Ice Tigers for the 2006-07 season. In his first season behind the Nürnberg bench, Laporte led the team to a third-place finish in the DEL regular season and to the playoff finals where the Ice Tigers were swept (0-3) by Adler Mannheim. In 2007-08, the Ice Tigers won the DEL regular season championship, Laporte was named DEL Coach of the Year. The Ice Tigers fell short in the playoff quarterfinals against Düsseldorfer EG that year.
In April 2008, Laporte was hired as head coach by Swiss NLA side EHC Basel to guide the team through the play-out round, but did not manage to save the team from relegation to the NLB.
He signed with another German first-division team, ERC Ingolstadt, for the 2008-09 season, but was released in late November 2008 after a 1-5 loss to Köln. In 2009, Laporte put pen to paper on a two-year deal with HC Ambrì-Piotta of the Swiss NLA. He was sacked in October 2010. Two months later, Laporte assumed head-coaching duties with the Hamburg Freezers of the German top-flight Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Under Laporte's guidance, the Freezers qualified for the DEL playoffs three straight seasons. In 2013-14, he coached the Hamburg team to winning the DEL regular season championship and guided the Freezers to the playoff semifinals. He was released in September 2014 after the Freezers had lost the opening four games of the 2014-15 DEL season and also remained winless in five straight games of the Champions Hockey League.
Laporte signed with the Schlittschuh Club Langnau Tigers of the Swiss elite league NLA for the 2015-16 season. After a run of three straight losses and only one win out of the last seven games, Laporte was sacked on March 14, 2016. In August 2016, Laporte was named head coach of Alba Volán Székesfehérvár. The Hungarian side is a member of the Austrian Hockey League. He was relieved of his duties in November 2017 due to a series of bad results.
Starting in October 2019, Laporte served as head coach of the 3L de Rivière-du-Loup in the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey and stayed on the job until the end of the 2019-20 campaign.
External links
http://www.eliteprospects.com/staff.php?staff=748
https://fr.linkedin.com/in/benoit-laporte-97865670?trk=pub-pbmap
References
1960 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Diables Rouges de Briançon players
Dragons de Rouen players
Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for France
Ice hockey people from Montreal |
Annachlamys is a genus of scallops, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Pectinidae.
Species
The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species:
Annachlamys flabellata (Lamarck, 1819)
Annachlamys iredalei (Powell, 1958)
Annachlamys kuhnholtzi (Bernardi, 1860)
Annachlamys leopardu Iredale, 1939
Annachlamys reevei (Adams in Adams & Reeve, 1850)
Annachlamys striatula (Linnaeus, 1758)
References
Pectinidae
Bivalve genera |
Bheemavarappadu is a small village in Kondapuram mandalam of Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
References
Villages in Nellore district |
Culver Depot, also called Culver Terminal or Culver Plaza, was a railroad and streetcar terminal in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City, United States, located on the northern side of Surf Avenue near West 5th Street. It was just north of the boardwalk, near the former Luna Park amusement complex, and across from the current New York Aquarium. Originally built by the Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad for the Culver surface line, it later became a major terminal for the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT).
Layout
The terminal was located at grade-level, at the north side of Surf Avenue. On the east side of the terminal, there were four tracks and five high-level platforms for BRT elevated trains from the Culver and Brighton lines. The two outer platforms were side platforms, while the three inner platforms were island platforms, similar to the former layout of Chambers Street. The outer side platforms and center island platform were for the unloading of passengers, while the western and eastern island platforms were used by outbound passengers, in a Spanish solution layout.
The easternmost two tracks were used by Brighton trains. The westernmost pair were used by Culver trains, which continued north along the Fifth Avenue elevated towards Downtown Brooklyn and City Hall in Manhattan. At the south end of the platforms, gates were present to further segregate inbound and outbound passengers. Passengers were required to purchase tickets before boarding (unlike at other stations, where fares were collected on trains), via ticket booths in the passenger concourse designed to resemble an elevated car cab. At the north end of the elevated station was a dispatchers office, connected to the western outer platform. Further north was a signal and switch tower. On the west side of the depot, there were five balloon loops for terminating streetcars. Additional storage tracks for both elevated trains and streetcars were at the north end of the depot.
Transfers and attractions
Surface trolley lines which served the depot included the Culver Line, Coney Island Plank Road Line, Smith Street Line, Vanderbilt Avenue Line, Court Street Line, Reid Avenue Line, and Union Street Line.
Across from the station on the south side of Surf Avenue was Culver Plaza, illuminated by gas lights, and lined with grass and flower gardens. It featured several attractions and amenities including a carousel, the Ocean View and Prospect Hotels, and the Iron Tower or Observation Tower acquired from the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition.
The terminal and plaza were located in close proximity to several Coney Island attractions, most notably the Luna Park and Dreamland amusement parks, the latter of which was located adjacent and south of Culver Plaza on the current New York Aquarium site.
History
The depot was opened on July 27, 1875, to serve trains on the Prospect Park and Coney Island Railroad, a surface railroad popularly known as the Culver Line after its founder and long-time president, Andrew Culver. After the introduction of electric trolley cars on the Culver Line in 1890, trolleys and elevated railway trains both used the station. It originally had only ground-level loading and unloading areas for passengers, shared by both rapid transit and streetcars.
In 1903, following the integration of the Culver line into the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company's operations, the Brighton Beach Line extended its tracks to access Culver Depot from Brighton Beach to the east. In early 1904, the terminal underwent extensive renovations to increase passenger capacity and speed operations. This included creating separate loading areas for elevated trains and streetcars. Switch and signal upgrades were performed by Union Switch & Signal. Brighton trains left the station in 1919 to use the new elevated terminal at the Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station, while stopping at the nearby West Eighth Street station. On May 1, 1920, now-elevated Culver trains began using the new terminal, while Culver Depot continued in use only for streetcars and freight from the South Brooklyn Railway. The terminal was razed in January 1923. Plans for new developments on the site included a theater, a stadium, and a commercial block.
The Culver Depot was replaced by the adjacent Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad depot, which served Culver streetcars until October 30, 1956. This facility was later used by the New York City Transit Authority as a bus depot until it closed on July 27, 1960. The site of Culver Depot is now occupied by some housing projects, specifically the Brightwater Towers and Trump Village West.
References
External links
CULVER’S TRAVELS. The demolition of a Brooklyn elevated link (Forgotten New York)
Culver Terminal (Arrt's Arrchive)
Coney Island
Defunct Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation stations
Railway stations in Brooklyn
Streetcar lines in Brooklyn
Buildings and structures demolished in 1923 |
The 1981 Green Bay Packers season was their 63rd season overall and their 61st in the National Football League. The team posted an 8–8 record under coach Bart Starr, earning them a third-place finish in the NFC Central division. Led by the defense the Packers were number one in turnovers forced and number 9th overall. The offense did improve but still finished in the bottom half of the league. Needing a Giants loss or an Eagles win during the final week of the regular season (due to tiebreakers), the Packers gained control of their destiny at earning the final Wild Card spot by winning in their last regular season game but were defeated by the Jets 28–3. The Packers managed only 84 total yards against the Jets.
Offseason
NFL draft
Undrafted free agents
Personnel
Staff
Roster
Regular season
Schedule
Game summaries
Week 1
Week 2: vs. Atlanta Falcons
Week 7: vs. San Francisco 49ers
Week 9: vs. Seattle Seahawks
Week 11
Standings
References
Green Bay Packers seasons
Green Bay Packers
Green Bay |
The Fountain Fox Beattie House, the home of Greenville Woman's Club from 1950 to 2014, is a historic house in Greenville, South Carolina. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
History
The house was built c. 1834 on East North Street by merchant and banker Fountain Fox Beattie for his bride, Emily Edgeworth. Originally the house had a simple design, two rooms on each floor with a separate kitchen behind the house. Beattie prospered even during Reconstruction, and generations of his family continued to live in the house well into the 20th century. Probably in the 1880s, the Beatties added one-story wings and an elaborately columned porch with Italianate brackets. After the death of Mrs. John Beattie in 1938, the family rented out the house. In 1946, when the house stood in the way of street widening and was slated for demolition, Greenville club women asked the city to buy and preserve the house as their meeting place. The house was moved to a new street, named Beattie Place, and rented to the Woman's Club for a dollar a year. When Beattie Place also became a busy thoroughfare, the house was moved once again in 1983 to a site off Bennett Street.
In 2014, citing declining membership, the Greenville Woman's Club disbanded, and ownership of the historic house reverted to the city of Greenville. The city negotiated with Black Knight International, a development group owned by Marc Player, son of professional golfer Gary Player, which planned to repurpose the building into office space. After Black Knight declined to buy the house, the city agreed to sell the house (with a preservation easement) to Greenvillians Ryan and Jori Magg, who reconvert meeting and event space back into living area.
Architecture
The two-story structure has one-story wings. The roof on the central portion is flat except for a small central gable. The wings have a flat, balustraded roof. There is a one-story piazza supported by six pairs of columns. These form three large and two smaller arches. The main entrance is a set of double doors.
References
Italianate architecture in South Carolina
Houses completed in 1940
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
Houses in Greenville, South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Greenville, South Carolina |
The Boy with a Moon on his Forehead is a Bengali folktale collected by Maive Stokes and Lal Behari Day.
These tales are classified in the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children". These tales refer to stories where a girl promises a king she will bear a child or children with wonderful attributes, but her jealous relatives or the king's wives plot against the babies and their mother. Many variants of the tale type are registered in India, although they comprise specific cycles in this country.
Summary
Stokes's version
In Maive Stokes's version, later republished by folklorist Joseph Jacobs, titled The Boy who had a Moon on his Forehead and a Star on his Chin, a gardener's daughter says out loud, to her friends' mockery, that when she marries the will give birth to a boy with a moon on the forehead and a star on the chin. Her friends think she is only jesting, but her words draw the king's attention, who makes her his fifth cowife.
A year later, the king's other four queens convince the newly crowned one that the king may give her a kettle drum to inform the time of labour is approaching. The fifth queen sounds the kettle-drum three times to see if the king comes to her. He does on the first two occasions, but on the third he is absent, which creates a window of opportunity for the other queens to replace her son for a stone and deliver the baby to a nurse to kill him.
The nurse takes the boy in a box and buries it in the jungle, but the king's royal hound, named Shankar, goes to the hole and swallows the boy (but does not eat him). The dog takes the boy and rears him for a time. His master, the king's dogkeeper, sees the boy after the dog spits him out and marvels at the boy's beauty. The four queens learn that the boy is still alive and demand the dog to be killed come morning. The dog, however, saves the boy by giving him to the king's cow Suri, who swallows the boy in its belly.
The four queens once again learn of the boy's survival and order the cow to be sacrificed, but the boy is saved by the cow, who delivers him to the king's horse, Katar. The news of his survival reach the four queens' ears, who beg the king to sacrifice the horse. When a cadre of the king's sepoys surround the barn, the horse tells the prince to get some princely clothes, a bridle, a saddle, a sword and a gun from the stable, and ride it to escape execution.
The boy and Katar reach another country and exchange their clothes for common disguises, and the horse becomes a donkey. The prince with a moon takes up a job as a grain merchant's apprentice. On one hot day, the boy begins to sing to pass the time, and the local king's seventh daughter listens to the song. The princess goes to the royal garden, located neat the grain merchant's shop, and inquires the youth about his origins. He evades her questions. The princess insists on knowing about him, and this time he answers he is only a poor boy.
Some time later, the princess tells her father she wants to get married, and she must choose her husband. The king gathers a royal assemblage in the royal gardens, where the princess is to select her betrothed by placing a golden necklace around their neck, and she chooses the grain merchant's apprentice. The princes and rajás protest her choice, but the king accepts his new son-in-law
After their marriage, the princess feels a bit saddened that her intended does not join with her sisters' husbands in hunting game around the palace. The prince consults with the magic horse Katar (shaped like a donkey), and they transform back into a gallant prince and a horse. The duo hunt birds and deer, and stop to rest under a tree. The other six brothers-in-law come and see him in the guise of the prince with a moon and a star, and beg him for food and drink. The prince agrees, so long as the six other men suffer a red-hot iron scar on their backs.
The prince returns to the palace in his true form, to everyone's surprise. He tells the truth to his wife, who accepts him as her husband. Some time later, the prince tells Katar he wants to return to his own country to check on his father and mother. The youth and the princess visit his father's kingdom.
After the couple arrive and pitch their tents, the king pays him a visit. The youth introduces himself as a foreign prince, who wants to hold a grand banquet for the king and the whole kingdom is to be invited. Everyone comes to the celebration, except his mother, the gardener's daughter. The youth insists she is to be present too at the event. The youth greets her as a queen, to the other queens's anger.
Some days after, the prince asks the king if he has any sons. The prince reveals the whole truth to his father, and shows him the magic horse Katar, who has helped the prince so far. The king asks his son to live with him in the palace, but he will only consent if his father kills the other four queens. The king does, and restores his former queen to her proper place.
Day's version
In another Bengali folk tale collected by Lal Behari Dey in his Folk-Tales of Bengal with the title The Boy with the Moon on his forehead, a king has not yet fathered a son, even though he has six cowives. So he decides to marry a seventh queen. In his wanderings, he finds a cow-dung seller's beautiful daughter. In a conversation with other girls (daughter of the king's minister, daughter of a wealthy merchant, and the daughter of the royal priest), she tells them that to whoever marries her, she will bear him a boy and a girl (the girl "divinely fair"; the boy with "the moon on his forehead and stars on the palms of his hands").
The king decides to marry the girl who promises the wonder children, to her mother's surprise and to the anger and jealousy of the other six queens. The king gives her a bell and tells her he will be travelling for the next six months. The other queens convince the girl to ring the bell to prove that the king will return to her side. After three times, the king grows impatient and will not returns after a fourth ringing.
The six queens take the seventh queen and a midwife to a hut in the stables, replace the twins for puppies and give them to be disposed by the midwife. She puts both babies in an earthenware pot and takes the vessel to a poor potter's wheel, so that he burns all vessels clays the next morning along with the infants. However, the potter and his wife wake up the next morning and discover the clay vessels have been prepared overnight. The couple also find the twins "of unearthly beauty" and raises them as their own children.
After the potter and his wife die, the twin children move to the king's city. When they enter a bazaar, the whole place illuminates all of a sudden. Fascinated by their beauty, the men at the bazaar promise to build a house for them, which they do. The boy hires a horse and hunts game in the nearby forests. One day, the king, also on a hunt, sees the mysterious boy. The youth shoots an arrow at a deer, but the force of the maneuver lets loose his turban, and the king can see his lunar birthmark.
The king returns to the six queens and tells them the incident, thinking about the son he might have had. The queens notice the youth is the boy they tried to kill in the past, and send the midwife to talk to both twins. The youth's sister is paid a visit by the midwife, who tells her her house need the kataki flower, guarded by 700 rakshasas.
The boy travels far across the ocean and finds a maiden named Pushpavati sleeping in a death-like state controlled by a golden and a silver baton. The maidens bids him to hide, as a rakshasa comes to wake up the girl. Pushpavati asks the demoness what may happen when she dies, and the creature answer that fate ordained that only the man with a moon on his forehead and stars on his palms can get a wooden box in a deep tank of water which contains the death of all rakshasas.
The boy follows the rakshasas' instructions, gets the wooden box, crushes the two bees that were inside and kill the demons. He takes a bunch of kataki flowers to his sister, along with the maiden. They return home safe and sound. One day, the youth invites the king to his house, where the whole truth is revealed by Lady Pushpavati. The king buries the six queens in the ground and reinstates the twins' mother to her rightful place.
Analysis
Tale type
Both tales are classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".
Late 19-century and early 20th-century scholarship noted the great similarities between the Bengali tales and European fairy tales with a similar narrative. Scholar Francis Hindes Groome already saw a parallel between this tale with the Romani tale he collected, and Brothers Grimm's The Three Little Birds.
In their commentaries to the Grimm's fairy tales, folklorists Johannes Bolte and Jiří Polívka listed the Indian tales as related to the German tale The Three Little Birds.
According to Stith Thompson' and Jonas Balys's index of Indian tales, the tale type ATU 707 shows 44 variants across Indian sources. Stuart Blackburn also studied Tamilian variants of the tale type, which he claimed was "one of the most frequently told Tamil tales". As for Stokes's version, it is also classified as type AaTh 532, "The Helpful Horse", in Stith Thompson and Warren Roberts's Types of Indic Oral Tales.
Motifs
Folklorist Christine Goldberg, in the entry of the tale type in Enzyklopädie des Märchens, noted that in Indian variants of tale type 707, the children may entice their father to the truth by trying to feed a wooden horse. In others, the children die and are reborn as plants, and only their mother may pluck fruits or flowers from the trees. Likewise, researcher Noriko Mayeda and Indologist W. Norman Brown divided Indian variants of type 707 in five groups: (1) quest for wonderful items; (2) reincarnation into flowers; (3) use of wooden horses; (4) children sing a song; (5) miscellaneous.
Dutch author Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje noted that the motif of the hero branding his brothers-in-law (or other suitors) also occurs in Indonesian literature, namely, in Banta Ali or Banta Peureudan ("Prince Ape"), and in the Hikayat Indra Bangsawan.
Variants
India
Quest for objects
In a Gujarati variant collected by Putlibai Wadia with the title Súrya and Chandra, a disguised raja wanders about his kingdom and reaches a tree near a well, where a group of young women were talking. Two of them boast about their skills, and a third, from a Brahman family, says she is destined to bear the Sun and the Moon. The king, interested in fathering both luminaries, marries the girl as his fourth wife. The woman bears twins: the Sun, a "divinely handsome boy", and the Moon, a "bewitchingly lovely girl". The other wives replace them for a log of wood and a broom and cast them in the sea. The queen is imprisoned and the twins are saved by a poor devotee, who named the boy Súrya and the girl Chandra. Years later, the girl is convinced to send her brothers for the sandalwood tree that lies at the bottom of the well of Chandan Pari, and the world-renowned Pari of Unchhatra, who petrifies people. Súrya brings home the sandalwood tree, and marries both Chandan Pari and Unchhatra. Unchhatra is the one to arrange for the truth of their parentage to be discovered.
In a variant from Rajasthan, The Pomegranate Princess, a childless king marries a seventh wife, a woman named Usha, to the jealousy of the other six queens. Now queen, Usha gives birth to a boy, a girl and another boy (as three consecutive births), but the jealous queens bribe the midwife to put rocks in their cribs and throw the children in the ocean. However, they are saved each time by a sadhu, who names them, respectively, Gokul, Kalama and Kalyan. Some time later, the sadhu dies, but leaves the children "the ashes of the fire", which are imbued with magic. The three decide to move from the sadhu's hut to the city, and Kamala, using the magic ashes, creates a fine mansion for them. The barber and the king's minister see Kamala and find a matchmaker. She takes a job as the sibling's housekeeper and tells the girl the house will be even more beautiful if one of her brothers finds a pomegranate that "shines like a bright star in a far away tree". Her brother Gokul uses the ashes on his horse, rides it to the tree and takes the pomegranate home. That night, the fruit cracks open and a princess comes out of it. The next time, the matchmaker convinces the sister to send her brothers for the golden bird. As usual, the brothers fail and are turned into stone, but their sister gets the bird and rescues them. Now back home, the golden bird convinces the siblings to invite the king, the queens and everyone for a banquet. The bird reveals the intrigue to the king, who orders for the former queen to be brought to his presence.
Ethnologist Verrier Elwin collected a Baiga story from the Mandla district, titled The Brave Children: the fourth queen gives birth to a boy and a girl, but the three jealous co-wives of the king cast them in the water. They are found by a Sadhu, who gives them two sticks with a magical command. Years later, the jealous queens send the boy on a quest for a lotus flower and Pathari Kaniya (The Stone Maiden) as his wife.
James Hinton Knowles collected three variants from Kashmir, grouped under the title "The Wicked Queens". In the first, the number of siblings is 4 (three boys, one girl), the third son is the hero and he goes on a quest for a bird that speaks and sings. In another, there is only one son who quests for a tree and its covering (lacking the quest for a magical water and a magical bird, from other variants).
In a tale collected from the Lapcha people in Sikhim, The Golden Knife and the Silver Knife, King Lyang-bar-ung-bar-pono goes on a hunt with his two dogs. The dogs follow two stags. The animals turn into she-devils and kill the dogs. The king discovers their corpses and follow a trail into a second realm, Lung-da. He goes to the king's palace and meets two fairies: Se-lamen and Tung-lamen. Se-lamen spends a night with the king and promises to feed the entire palace with a grain of rice. Tung-lamen spends the next night with him and promises that she can clothe the king down to the poorest person with only one roll of cloth. The king Lyang-bar meets Ramit-pandi, the daughter of the king of Lung-da, who promises to give birth to a golden knife and a silver knife. They marry and Ramit-pandi gives birth to twins, who are replaced for puppies by the fairies. The evil fairies put the twins in an earthen pot and bury it deep in the ground at a crossroads. The twins' mother is killed, but her corpse floats upstream. The boys are found by a poor old couple. Years later, king Lyang-bar summons the twins to his presence to inquire them about their origins, and the evil fairies convince the king to send them after the golden and silver flutes of the demon Chenchhyo-byung-pono. The twins steal the flute and a pair of tusks and make peace with the demon, returning soon after to their father's kingdom to reveal the whole truth and to resuscitate their mother.
Cycle of reincarnations
Bengali folklorist Saratchandra Mitra published a tale from the Ho people, "of the wicked queens type": a raja is married to 7 ranis, but has not yet fathered a son. A bramahna tells him to take a stick and beat a tree for 7 mangoes and to give the fruits to his 7 wives. They eat the fruit, but the seventh eats a partly eaten fruit and gives birth to a "beautiful boy with the face of a mongoose". The other queens replace the boy for a stone and a broom, and later in the story his six half-brothers kill and bury him. A bamboo and a shrub with a beautiful flower sprout. The raja plucks the flower and cuts down the bamboo, and his son reappears.
Indian ethnographer Sarat Chandra Roy collected and a published a tale from the Birhor people. In this tale, titled How the dead and buried children of the Raja were restored to life, a childless rajah is married to seven ranis, but has no son. A Brahman advises him to strike a mango tree with his sword, get as many mangoes as he can and give to his seven wives. He does that, but manages to get one. Six of the ranis eat the fruit and leave the rind to the seventh. The ones that ate the fruit bear no son, while the seventh becomes pregnant. The king gives her two drums to announce the child's birth: golden for a boy, silver for a girl. She gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl, who are replaced for a broom and a piece of burnt firewood. The twins are thrown in a pit and found by pot-makers, who raise them as their children. Years later, the six ranis notice that the children are alive and give them poisoned bread. The twins eat, die and are buried by the potmakers in the jungle. From the boy's grave, a plantain tree sprouts, and from the girl's a pinjār tree. One day, a king's woodsman tries to pluck a flower from the pinjar tree, but both it and the plantain extend their trunks. The woodsman reports to the king, who goes to the trees and tries to pluck the flower. The same event happens. The king summons his six queens, who also fail to get the flower. The rajah summons the seventh queen, who tries to get the flower and both trees return to human form. The rajah learns of the co-wives' deceit and buries them alive in a hole.
In another tale from the Ho people, published by Sukumar Haidar with the title The Trials of a Rani, a childless Raja with three wives is visited by a Brahman, who advises him to get a mango from a mango tree and give it to his three wives. Two of them eat the fruit, while the third rani eats the skin and the stone. The latter is the only one to bear a son to the king. The other two ranis, jealous of the luck of the other co-wive and replace the boy for a piece of wood, while dropping the boy in a clay pit next to a lake from where potters take clay from. The Raja sees the piece of wood and banishes his third queen. Meanwhile, the third queen's son crawls out of the pit and falls into the lake, becoming a lotus flower (Kamal-bā). The gardener's wife sees the lotus flowers and tries to get it, but it floats away in the lake. Some time later, the ranis try to get the lotus, but the flower questions them about their misdeed. The Raja himself tries next, but the lotus flower floats away. Lastly, the banished queen goes to retrieve the flower. Jets of milk escape from her breasts and shoot at the flower, which moves closer and closer to the shore of the lake. The lotus flower turns back into a human boy and the Raja discovers the ruse.
In a tale collected by Alice Elizabeth Dracott from Simla, The Real Mother, a Rajah has seven wives, six who dwell in the palace and the seventh who dwells in a poor mud hut, but has no son. The Rajah meets a fakir, who orders him to shake up a tree, gather however many mangoes fall, and give them to his ranees. The rajah follows the instructions and give the fruits to the six ranees, but forgets his seventh wife. The poor ranee asks a servant to bring her the mango husks, eats them and becomes pregnant. She gives birth to six sons and one daughter, but the other ranees blindfold her eyes, take the children and cast them in a potter's field to die. The potter finds the children and raises them. The six ranees learn of this and send an old midwife to give the children chapatis laced with poison. The children eat the chapatis and die, but the Fakir resurrects them with his own blood. The six ranees send the midwife again to poison the children. They die again, and the Fakir orders the potter to dig eight graves, for the children and him. After they are buried, a mango tree sprouts on each brother's grave, a rose tree on the girl's and a chumpa tree on the Fakir. One day, the Rajah's servants try to pluck the roses from the tree, but a voice from the fakir's grave warns that it is only for their mother. The Rajah goes to the graves and tries to pluck the flowers, and the same voice warns hem. He brings the six ranees to try to pluck them, but to no avail. Lastly, the poor ranee is brought to the trees, and the rose branches spread to cover her with flowers. The Fakir rises from his grave with the seven children and tells their story.
Verrier Elwin collected a tale titled The Jealous Queens, from a Dora-Kurk source in Kaknar, Bastar State. In this tale, a Rani has three children, a son and two daughters. The boy proclaims he wants to marry his sisters. To avoid such a wedding, their mother arranges the boy's marriage to another woman. Even so, he insists he will marry his sisters. Both girls escape to the woods. They beg to a sarai tree to lower its branches for them to climb, then to lead them to a nearby lake to drink water. However, the lake has dried up, so the younger of the two sisters throws her ring in the lake to fill it with water. She then asks her elder sister to get the ring for her. The elder sister dives into the lake and bring the ring to her, but drowns in the process. The girl is now all alone. Some time later, a Raja goes to the lake to shoot some birds and finds the girl atop a mango tree. The Raja takes her as his seventh Rani, since his other six wives haven't born him a son. The seventh queen becomes pregnant and the Rajah gives her a flute of sorrow and a flute of joy to announce the birth of the royal heir. The six cowives blindfold the girl, take the boy as soon as he is born and throw him with cord and placenta in the lake, and announce she gave birth to a broom. Deep in the lake, the boy is rescued by his mother's elder sisters, and his placenta becomes a flower on the surface of the lake. A Brahmin sees the flower and tries to get it, but it retreats to the middle of the lake. The Brahmin tells the Raja. The Raja Saheb, Kuar Saheb and Diwan Saheb go to the lake to get the flower. The boy asks his aunt underwater, who tells him to only give the flower to his mother. The six ranies come and try to get it. Lastly, the seventh rani, who was expelled from the palace, is bathed and brought to the lake. She asks the boy to give her the chapa flower, the dondera flower. The boy comes with the flowers and sits on the rani's lap. The Raja begs for an explanation and the boy reveals she is his mother, the Raja is his father and the six cowives have tried to get rid of him. The Raja asks the boy to come live with him. The boy declines, so the Raja kills the six ranis.
In a Dogri tale titled A Fragrant Flower, a king has seven queens, the youngest of which he favours the best, and still no son, so he prays and worships. One day, his pleas are answered, and the youngest queen is pregnant, to the dismay of the other co-wives. The king gives the queen a drum for her to beat whenever she needs something. However, the jealous co-queens trick their rival into beating the drum many times to annoy their husband and leave her on her own at labour. When the time comes, the seventh queen gives birth to twins, a prince and a princess, who are replaced by rats, hidden in an earthen pot and buried under a pot of dung. The king returns and, seeing the animals, banishes the young queen to the menial position of scaring crows. Meanwhile, on the dung heap, two trees sprout: a mango tree (representing the boy) and a bush of chameli flowers (representing the girl). Sometime later, the king's sepoys see beautiful chameli flowers on the bush and try to pluck them, but, on the advice of the mango tree, the bush rises its height. The sepoys inform the old vizier, who comes to the dunghill to try and pluck the flowers, but the same thing happens. Next, the king himself comes to take the chameli flowers, but the tree rises even higher. Finally, the disgraced junior queen comes to the trees; they embrace the woman and ask her to be dug out of the dunghill. The twins are rescued from the dunghill, still alive; the king then restores the junior queen to her rightful place.
In a Kol tale titled Die Zwillinge ("The Twins"), a king has seven wives. One day, the seventh wife gives birth to a boy and a girl, who are taken by the jealous co-queens and cast in a clay pit, while they replace them for a stone and a broom. A clay potter finds the children and raises them. Years later, he fashions a clay horse for the boy and a clay bird for the girl. The children play with their toys next to a pool where the co-queens are bathing and try to have their toys drink water. The co-queens tease the twins about their strange play, and they retort so is strange for a woman to give birth to a stone and a broom. The co-queens realize the children are their rival's twins, and, feigning illness, ask for their blood. The king then kills the children and bury them; from their graves, a vine sprouts with beautiful flowers. Some time later, the co-queens try to pluck the flowers, but the vine rises its height. Next, the king tries to pluck them, and the children come out alive of the vine and sit on the king's lap.
In a tale collected by author Prafulla Mohanti with the title The Seven Sisters, a Brahmin lives in poverty with his wife and their seven daughters, and begs for alms for a living. One day, the Brahmin's wife prepares cakes for her and him, but their daughters eat the food. That same night, the Brahmin and his wife decide to abandon the girls in the forest since they can afford to support a family of nine. With an excuse to take the girls to their maternal uncle's house, the Brahmin takes them through the woods and gives each of them a bag of rice. After the girls are distracted, the man makes his way back home, and leaves the girls to their fates. Realizing they have been abandoned by their parents and that there isn't much food in the bags, the girls take refuge on a treetop. Some time later, a passing king feels a drop of water falling from the tree and look up; he notices the seven girls and orders them to climb down the tree. He inquires each about their skills: the first promises to feed the whole court with a pot of rice; the other that they can make delicious cakes and curry; finally, the seventh promises to bear "seven handsome sons and a beautiful daughter". The king chooses the seventh sister as his wife and marries her. When she is pregnant, he gives her a flute to blow if there is something she needs; on her sisters' goading, she blows on the flute many times, which irritates the king. She then gives birth to her promised eight children, whom are taken from her by her sisters and replaced for wooden dolls. The sisters bury the children in a dung heap, but they are found by a dog and taken to a lake where a Goddess of Waters live. The goddess raises the children and gives them wooden horses to play with. They then play before the king's gardener, trying to make them drink water, and the latter questions the purpose of their playtime, since a wooden being cannot drink. The children retort that so is a human woman giving birth to wooden images. Later, the Goddess of Water turns the boys into seven trees and the girl into a flower bush. The gardener, the king's minister and the king himself try to pluck their flowers, but the trees rise their branches out of their reach. Lastly, when the disgraced queen, banished to the stables, come to fetch the flowers. The trees approach the queen and the children come out of it. The king learns of his sisters-in-law's ruse and punishes them.
Birth of multiple children
Another Indian tale, Truth's Triumph or Der Sieg der Wahrheit, follows a family saga, being a tale of certain complexity and extension. In the first part of the tale, a childless Rajah with twelve co-wives sees a bringal tree with no leaves but with 101 bringal fruits. His Wuzeer interprets the sight as a portent: whoever marries the daughter of the Malee who tends the garden, shall father 100 sons and a daughter. The rajah marries the Malee's daughter, Guzra Bai. The girl's humble origins spark the jealousy of the twelve co-wives, who take the 101 children and abandon them in the wilderness. In the second part of the tale, the youngest child, a girl, witnesses her brothers' transformation into crows, but she is eventually found and marries a Rajah of a neighboring region. Her child, the prince, learns of his family history and ventures on a quest to reverse his uncles' transformation. At the climax of the story, the boy invites his grandfather and his co-wives and reveals the whole plot, as the family reunites.
In a tale collected from the Muria people in Kanhargaon, Bastar State, by Verrier Elwin with the title The Nine Scores and One Babies, a Raja with seven wives hasn't fathered a son. One day, a beggar and his wife appear at the palace to beg for alms. The Raja dismisses the man, but lets the beggar woman stay. After some months, the woman is pregnant with child, and the Raja gives her a flute of sorrow and a flute of joy, to blow if she ever need his presence. The beggar woman blows on both flutes to test it, but the Raja becomes annoyed and promises not to get back to her. The other queens seize the opportunity to blindfold the beggar woman while she delivers her children: nine scores of boys and a girl. The queens replace them for a grindstone and cast them with the buffaloes, which suckle the children. The seven queens go to the buffalo shed and notice that the children still live, so they get the children and throw them in the bottom of a well in a Marar's garden. The Marar couple finds the children and adopt them. Years later, when the children grow up, the seven queens look for them to give them a cursed piece of bread, which turns them into monkeys. The boys' sister goes with them to live in the jungle. One day, a hunter finds the girl in the jungle and wants to marry her. The girl refuses, but the hunter promises to turn the brothers back into humans. The hunter fulfills his promise and marries the girl, while her brothers, now back into humans, decide to seek employment elsewhere. They steal for a living, which attracts the attention of the Raja, their father. They are arrested and confront the Raja with the truth of their story. The Raja orders the beggar woman to be brought to them, and for a screen to be put between the beggar woman and the boys. Jets of stream flow from her breasts to the boys' mouths, confirming their parentage.
Scholar P. Goswami summarized a tale from Assam with the translated title The tale of the hundred sons and the golden-nosed daughter. In this tale, a king has two wives and no children, until a sage appears and gives them a fruit. The elder co-wife eats the pulp, leaving only the seeds and peeling and becomes pregnant. When she is ready to give birth, the elder co-wife covers the younger's eyes with a blindfold, takes the children (a hundred boys and a girl) as soon as they are born and thrown in the river, and replaces them with wooden dolls. The 101 siblings are rescued by an old couple, who raises them. Years later, after some adventures, they return home and the king punishes his elder co-wife.
Other variants
Indian scholar A. K. Ramanujan demonstrated the existence of two markedly different modes of storytelling regarding a South Indian variant of the tale type. One way of narration (which he called "domestic") skips the preamble and is more basic and to the point; the second mode ("bardic") is accompanied by instruments and offers a more elaborate tale: the story about king Chadurangaraja who, despite being married to five queens, never had a son, so he goes on a journey in search of a new queen, and finds a maiden named Kadasiddamma in a temple.
In a variant from Salsette Island, Bapkhadî, the Salsette Cinderella, in the second part of the tale, after Bapkhadî marries the prince, she announces that a miraculous event shall happen when she gives birth: if to a boy, "a shower of gold" [golden water] shall appear; if to a girl, "a shower of silver" [silver water]. Everytime she gives birth (to two boys and a girl), the events happen and the king, on a trip, returns home to see his newborn children, but the queen's sisters have taken the children and replace them with animals. The princess Bapkhadi is taken to the dungeon. The siblings are rescued by "the hand of the Almighty God" and grow up. They survive by begging and chanting their story, introducing themselves as Brothers Saya from under the saya tree, Brother Ansa from under the ansa tree and Sister Denku from the Church. One day, the prince - their father - and their aunts pass by them and their aunts give their alms, but the children refuse. The prince is puzzled at the children's behaviour, and they explain that, after they take Bapkhadi out of the dungeon and prepare seven thick curtains, the truth will be revealed. The prince follows with the instructions: behind the heavy curtains, jets of milk stream from Bapkhadi's breasts and into the children's mouth, thus proving their biological connection.
Elwin collected a tale from the Pando people, in the Korba Zamindari, with the title The Raja of Kakarpur: the raja of Kakarpur is already married to six wives, but has yet to father a son. One day, he goes near a tank of water where the princess of Mahuapurgarh and six companion arrive to bathe. The seven girls play in the water and comment with one another what is prophesied for each of them: the princess, the seventh to speak, tells the others her fate is to be the seventh wife to a man and bear him "a son who would shine as brightly as the rays of the sun". He takes the princess by force to his kingdom and marries her. When the fabled boy is born to her, with skin shining as the light, the six other queens become very angry and refuse to talk to their husband unless he banishes the seventh queen from the palace with her son. The boy and his mother are banished to the jungle; the boy eventually separates from his mother and is reared by a sow, a she-dog and a mare. The six queens notice the boy is alive and, to torture him, feign illness and lie to the king that they need the liver of the sow and the she-dog. The mare escapes with the boy to the city of Bhuiharra, where he finds work as a potter's apprentice. During the Ekti festival, the princess and her twenty handmaidens try to buy some red coloured pots from the boy, now a youth, but he says they are not ready. So he paints the 21 pots with a red paint made with red earth and his urine. The 21 girls drink water from the pot and become pregnant and give birth to a son each. The princess's father organizes a paternity test wherein the sons are to identify their father from all men in the realm. The children indicate the potter as their father, and he tells his life story to the king of Bhuiharra.
In a tale collected from the Santal people, Raj ar eae go̯ṭẹn rạni reaṅ ("A King and his Seven Wives"), a king marries seven wives, wanting to have a child, but no such luck. Then, "Father Isor of Heaven", under the guise of a "Gosse", instructs him to go to his own mango grove and find a tree with seven mangoes and give them to his wives, with the promise that the king give him, the Gosse, his firstborn. The first six wives eat their mangoes and the fruit reserved to the youngest wife. However, she gets the mango rind and eats, becoming pregnant before the other wives. The king arranges the preparations for the birth of his child: the queen shall ring a deep-sounding bell for a boy, and a tiny-sounding bell for a girl. The queen gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl (both bells were sounded), but the other jealous co-wives, out of envy, replace the children for two worn-out brooms. The twins are found and raised by a potter and his wife. The truth is revealed when the Gosse goes to the palace to cash in his promise and tells the king none of the children of the other six queens are his firstborn. The tale later continues with the adventures of the seven half-brothers.
In a Gujarati tale published by author Tara Bose with the title The Story of the Twins, king Vijaypal of Gujarat has six wives, but no child yet. His ministers recommend he marries a poor, but beautiful woman named Suman as his seventh wife. Suman becomes pregnant and gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl, who are taken by the other six queens and replaced for pups. The twins are cast in a wooden box in the Shetrunji River and are saved by a hermit. The hermit names the boy Dilaram and the girl Chandrika and raises them as his children. On his deathbed, the hermit gives the twins a magical pot and two rubies. After their adoptive father dies, they rub the rubies against each other and two fairies appear. They wish for the fairies to take them to the land of their birth, Paran. Once there, they build a palace for themselves and Dilaram invites the king and every citizen in the realm for a feast. After the feast, the king takes an interest in the twins' past and orders his ministers to ask around. The ministers find a former midwife named Champa, who looked after queen Suman until the twins' delivery. The king learns the truth, embraces Dilaram as his heir and reinstates Suman as his queen.
In a Tamil tale from Madurai district, a raja is despondent for not having a son, so he remarries four times. His newest wife is pregnant, and he goes away on a hunt. She gives birth to seven children, the eldest a girl, but the other cowives replace them with insects and cockroaches, and abandoned in a garbage heap. The children are raised by a rat, who tells them to find some food in the palace. The cowives see them and order the rat to be killed. The rat takes the children to the temple of Kali and resigns to her death. The goddess Kali raises the children, until the cowives order Kali to be killed and her blood used to cure her headaches. Kali delivers the children to a snake foster mother named Nagamma. Later, Nagamma takes the children to a Gasnesa temple and they are raised there until they are ten years old. At the climax of the tale, the eldest sister decides to return home and confront her father and the cowives. She summons a panchayat and presents her case as a story in front of the assembly of people.
In a tale from the Kota people, translated by to Russian with the title "Дети в барсучьей норе" ("Children in the Badger's Hole"), an old man named Angarain lives in Kolmel with his elder wife. Wanting to have a child, he prays to his gods, to no avail. One day, he goes to the village of Porgar and meets a young woman there, who he marries and takes to his house in Kolmel to be his co-wife, working in tandem with the elder one. The elder wife pretends to accept the man's decision, and secretly plots to get rid of her rival. After a while, the second wife becomes pregnant and is taken to a hut in the backyard (the story explains it is an old custom for pregnant woman to be taken to another hut to give birth and blindfolded). The elder wife blindfolds the second wife so she cannot see her child. A son is born to her, but the elder wife takes the child and buries him in the badger's barrow near a garbage heap, while placing an old broom to trick their husband. The badger's mate, in its barrow, has just given birth to their brood, and the male badger brings the human boy to live with them. This repeats with Angarain's second son (who is replaced by a wooden mallet) and third son (who is replaced by a hair roller with cat's hair). The three boys are raised by the animal family in the badger's hole. Six years later, the elder wife goes outside and sees the three boys rushing to hide inside the badger's barrow, and realizes they are the second wife's children, who are still alive. She goes home and pretends to be ill, and asks Angarain for some fresh badger blood to smear on her forehead. The man goes to sharpen his axe, and badger overhears some villagers talking about it, then goes to warn his mate about it. The animals decide to take the children to the forest of Teloinar, where Angarain grazes his cow. After they meet the cow, the badgers deliver the children to be reared and fed by the cow, and depart. Back to Angarain, he goes to the badger's barrow and does not find anything, save for some human children's footsteps, and returns home empty-handed. Later, the elder wife goes to the forest and sees the cow nursing their children, then returns home to repeat the ploy of feigning illness, this time asking for the sew made of cow's brain. Angarain decides to fulfill her request, but, suspecting something, kills a pig and gives its meat to his wife, who eats it with relish. Some time later, her has a dream: an old man tells him he was deceived, and urges him to bathe and go to the forest, where he will find his children. Angarain follows the vision's instructions and finds three boys in the forest, who he recognizes as his sons and takes home. The elder wife is punished by the village elders by hanging, and they decide that, from now on, whenever a woman is ready to give birth, people are to go to her house.
In a tale from Tripura with the title The Khumpai flower (Khumpai Bāruru), in a village in Tripura, an Acai (priest) has two daughters. Both daughters go to the jum field and eat food at noon. One day, the sky becomes overcast with storm clouds. Fearing for their lives, the elder sister promises to marry whoever helps them. A snake appears and builds them a shelter, then vanishes into the jungle. The two sisters take shelter and wait for the storm to pass, then return home. The next day, the elder sister chooses to remain true to her word, and her younger sister invites the snake to share their food. This goes on for some time, until their parents notice the girls looking slimmer and discover the incident. The father goes with the younger sister and kills the snake. The next time both sisters go to meet the snake, the elder finds out that the snake was killed and follows its usual path to a precipice. She finds the head of the dead snake and a Khumpai flower nearby. As she stands near the flower, a gush of water begins to flood a waterfall and drowns the elder sister - forming the Gomati river. As the elder sister drowns, she tells her younger sister not to cry over her, since the snake was a god; and she advises her to wander to a crossing of seven paths, climb a banyan tree with a loom on top, and proclaims she will become queen. The younger sister goes to the seven paths, finds a golden loom inside and earns her living by spinning, weaving and selling her exquisite designs. One day, Raja Subrai of Tripura announces he will marry the girl whose clothe will be judged excellent. Many candidates try, but in the end the king chooses the "lady of the tree" (the younger sister) as his new queen. The girl cries tears of joy and creates the Haora river. Raja Subrai is already married to other queens. When the newest queen gives birth to their children (in seven consecutive pregnancies), the co-queens replace the children for animals (the first son for a toad) and cast them in the Gomati river. Raja Subrai, tricked by the jealous queens, exiles her from the palace. As for the children, the seven brothers are rescued by their aunt and raised in the river. After some time, the seven brothers decide to take revenge on the queens: they go to a ghàt and break the jars of the queens' maidservants. As soon as he situation escalates, the king and a crowd assemble to solve the altercation. The exiled queen is brought to them and the seven brothers leave the river castle to embrace their parents, and the co-queens are executed.
In another tale sourced from the Rupinis of Tripura with the title Chibuksane (The Snake), an ojha (witch-doctor) has many houses and two daughters that work in the jhum fields. On one hot day, the elder sister wants to have a protection from the sun (a tong ghar) and will marry anyone that can make it, even a snake. While the younger sister goes to make water and returns, she sees a snake next to her sister and despairs, but the elder sister explains the animal is her kumoi (brother-in-law) who made her the tong ghar. The younger sister goes back home and tells her father about the marriage with the snake. The ojha goes to meet the snake son-in-law, kills it with a dao and throws the remains in a cherra (streamlet). The elder sister goes to look for her snake husband, when a little bird sings that Kumoi is dead. She follows the bird to the streamlet and finds a bed of khumpoi flowers nearby, whose root she pulls up and discovers the snake's remains. In her grief, she wishes for the streamlet to become a lake and the flowers spread as a tribute to the snake. It happens thus, and the elder sister drowns. Back to the younger sister, the girl discovers her elder dies and mourns for her loss, when the elder sister's voice tells her to climb up a tree with seven branches where seven roads meet; up there she will find a Charkha (spinning wheel), which she is to use for she will marry the king, she predicts. The younger sister follows her elder's instructions, climbs up the tree and spins on the wheel, while singing that she wants to marry the king and bear him seven boys. The king learns of this and takes the ojha's younger daughter as his wife. In time, she becomes pregnant with seven boys, and, while the king is away, she cannot find a place to give birth to her children. Eventually, she goes to the edge of the lake and gives birth to her seven children. The boys fall in the water and are saved by their aunt, who is living in the lake with her husband. The girl returns to the palace and places stones in her children's place to trick the king, but he discovers he ruse and punishes his wife. Back to the children, they are alive and grow up in the lake. One day, they sail boats to their father's ghat to sing verses about their mother, then dive back into the lake. The king is told about the event and goes to confront the seven boys, asking them about their mother. The boys reply they will tell him after the king brings them their mother. Every woman is brought to the lake, but none is their mother. Finally, their mother appears and drops seven drops of her breastmilk on the water. On this, the boys come out of the water.
In an untitled etiological tale collected by author John Shakespear from the Lushei people, Tui-chongi and her younger sister Nuengi walk through the forest on a hot day, and the elder, to provide water for her sister, transforms herself into a river (the Tui-chong river, tributary of the Kurnaphuli) to sate the latter's thirst. The stream, however, flows to the country of the Bengalis with a mighty force it draws the attention of the Bengali king, who sends people to find its origin. The forerunners trace its upstream origin and finds Nuengi, who they bring to their king. The monarch of Chittagong marries Nuengi, and makes her the youngest queen of his harem. In time, she gives birth to a son, who the elder co-queen replaces with a puppy and throws in the river. The Tui-chong river, who was still Tui-chongi, rescues the boy and raises him in the river. Nuengi gives birth to six other sons who share their elder brother's fate and are thrown in the river. Years later, their aunt, Tui-chongi, reveals her nephews their origins and bids them go and dance on the roof of their father's palace. It happens thus: annoyed at the disturbance, the king goes to check on its source, and sees the seven boys. The seven boys explain to the king they are his sons; the king reinstates Nuengi and punishes the elder co-queen.
Nepal
In a Nepalese tale collected by Russian orientalist with the title "Сказка о мальчике, у которого на правом плече - солнце, а на левом - луна" ("Tale of a Boy with the Sun on his right shoulder and the Moon on his left"), translated into German with the title Von dem Jungen, der Sonne und Mond auf der Schultern trug ("About the boy with the Sun and the moon on his shoulders"), a king named Subahu lives in his kingdom. The gods have given him wealth and glory, but he lacks an heir, so he devotes himself to pilrimages and prayers, even marrying six women in succession, to no avail yet. One night, he goes with his minister to spy on two beautiful women taking a midnight bath in the sea. After the women get out of the sea, first some servants, then two women who comment to each other about their wishes for a son. The elder girl, who is the elder sister, says she will give birth to a boy fearless ("formidable") as death god Mahakala, and the youngest that she will bear a boy with the Sun and the moon on his shoulders. The king learns of this and takes the younger sister as his newest wife, for he has six co-wives from previous marriages. Before the seventh wife gives birth to her promised wonder son, the six co-queens bribe the court astrologers to predict the newborn will be a monster and bring disaster to the kingdom. It happens thus. When it time for the youngest queen's labour, she gives birth to her fabled son, but the co-queens bribe the midwife to replace the baby for a piece of wood and throw him in a pond to drown. The king falls for the deception and banishes the seventh co-queen to the barnyard to herd the cattle. As for the boy, a giant fish swallows him and protects him in its belly. One night, when the fish goes to eat and the boy is on the shore, the queens see the baby's birthmarks shining in the distance and realize he is alive, so they feign illness and ask for the fish to cure their ailment. The fish learns of its imminent death and gives the boy to the king's winged steed for protection: the horse swallows the boy and only eats at night, after every animal has fed. This situation draws the king's attention, who tries to feed it himself but the horse denies him. The co-queens, who were alerted of the steed's strange behaviour, accompany the king with the executioner to the stables, but the steed opens its wings and flees to another kingdom, where it raises the prince in seclusion. It also warns the boy to hide his astral birthmarks with a cape. Years later, when the boy is a youth, the local rajah summons his three daughters to ask them about their marriage wishes: the elder to a king, the middle to a king's son, and the youngest to the destitute boy that rides the winged horse around their kingdom. The rajah reiterates the question to the youngest princess, and she insists on marrying the poor boy. Thus, their marriages are celebrated: the elder two to noble men and the youngest to the poor youth, who then moves out to a humble hut. Later, war erupts and the rajah's enemies are at the gate. The rajah convenes with his generals, and the third princess offers to send her husband to the frontlines. Her suggestion is carried out: the boy with the sun and moon on his shoulders, riding on the winged steed, finishes off the enemy armies. News of his prowess reach the first king's ears, who ponders that the youth looks like the boy his wife promised to bear, so he goes to the rajah's kingdom. After the king arrives, the rajah asks his son-in-law why he never talked about his parents, and the youth answers that his horse was his only companion. The king goes to embrace the boy with the sun and moon on his shoulders, realizing he is his son, and promises to take him back to their kingdom. But first - the youth requests -, the king has to right the wrongs the co-queens have wrought against them. Thus, the co-queens become servants to the youngest queen, who is restored to her proper place.
Adaptations
The folktale was adapted into a graphic novel by Indian publisher Amar Chitra Katha, in 1979, with the name Chandralalat, the Prince with a moon on his forehead.
See also
Fire Boy (Japanese folktale)
The Magician's Horse
Thakurmar Jhuli, collection of Bengali folktales
The Turtle Prince (folktale)
Footnotes
References
Indian fairy tales
Fictional princes
Indian literature
Bengali folklore
ATU 700-749 |
Windermere is a locality in central Victoria, Australia. The locality is in the City of Ballarat local government area, west of the state capital, Melbourne.
At the , Windermere had a population of 96.
References
External links
Towns in Victoria (state) |
Jisk'a Kunturiri (Aymara jisk'a little, kunturi condor, -ri a suffix, Kunturiri the name of a neighboring mountain, "little Kunturiri", Hispanicized spelling Jiskha Condoriri) is a mountain in the Andes of Bolivia which rises up to . It is situated in the Oruro Department, Sajama Province, Curahuara de Carangas Municipality, Sajama Canton, north-west of the extinct Sajama volcano. Kunturi lies south-west of the mountains Jach'a Kunturiri ("big Kunturiri") and Pumuta, north-east of Patilla Pata and the small lake named Ch'iyar Quta and east of the mountain Kunturiri.
The Kunturiri River originates east of the mountain. It flows to the south and then to the east as a tributary of the Sajama River.
See also
Sajama National Park
List of mountains in the Andes
References
Mountains of Oruro Department |
The 2022–23 Moldovan Women Top League was the 23rd season of the highest women's football league in Moldova. The competition started on 11 September 2022 and ended on 28 May 2023.
Teams
Format
The six clubs will play each other three times for a total of 15 matches per team.
League table
Results
Matches 1–10
Teams play each other twice (once home, once away).
Matches 11–15
Teams play every other team once (either at home or away).
Top goalscorers
References
External links
Women Top League – Moldova – Results, fixtures, tables – FMF
Moldovan Women Top League 2022–23
Moldovan Women Top League seasons
Moldova |
```kotlin
/*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
package com.drakeet.multitype.sample.communication
import android.os.Bundle
import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
import com.drakeet.multitype.MultiTypeAdapter
import com.drakeet.multitype.sample.MenuBaseActivity
import com.drakeet.multitype.sample.R
import com.drakeet.multitype.sample.normal.TextItem
import java.util.*
/**
* @author Drakeet Xu
*/
class CommunicateWithBinderActivity : MenuBaseActivity() {
private val aFieldValue = "aFieldValue of SimpleActivity"
private var adapter: MultiTypeAdapter = MultiTypeAdapter()
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_list)
val recyclerView = findViewById<RecyclerView>(R.id.list)
val items = ArrayList<Any>()
adapter.register(TextItemWithOutsizeDataViewBinder(aFieldValue))
recyclerView.adapter = adapter
for (i in 0..19) {
items.add(TextItem(i.toString()))
}
adapter.items = items
adapter.notifyDataSetChanged()
}
}
``` |
Caridad de la Luz (born January 21, 1977), a.k.a. "La Bruja" (The "Good" Witch), is a Nuyorican (a New York-born Puerto Rican) poet, playwright, actress and activist. She is considered one of the leading spoken word poets in the world. In 2005, El Diario La Prensa, the largest Spanish-language newspaper in New York City, named De la Luz as one of the "Fifty Most Distinguished Latinas in the United States".
Early years
De la Luz's parents moved to New York City from Puerto Rico. She was born, raised, and received her primary and secondary education in the South Bronx. As a child she was surrounded and influenced by the sounds of salsa music. The Bronx where she was raised is known as El Condado de la Salsa (Salsa County).
De la Luz started writing poems when she was three years old. Her great-grandmother, Adelaida Cataquet Montalvo, "the original poet" of the family, served as an influential factor in De la Luz's literature aspirations. On Thanksgiving and Christmas days, Adelaida would share with De la Luz a poem – then ask her to recite it back to the entire family.
De la Luz would often prepare shows for her family, imitating her favorite salsa singers Celia Cruz and Celina Gonzalez. She also enjoyed writing, especially poetry, and graduated with honors from Murry Bergtraum High School. She then studied literature and theater arts at SUNY Binghamton.
In 1992, while in college, De la Luz became a sister of the Omega Phi Beta Society and a chartering member of its Delta Chapter in SUNY Binghamton.
From 1996 to 1998, De la Luz worked as a community organizer in the Hunts Point section of the Bronx: focusing on issues like drug abuse, dropout prevention, teenage pregnancy and AIDS. During those years, initially in poetic form, she began to formulate the characters who now inhabit her work.
Debut: Boogie Rican Blvd.
De la Luz made her debut as an artist in 1996, when she first took the microphone at the Nuyorican Poets Café and received a standing ovation. The Nuyorican is a New York City art space: where some poets, writers and performance artists have gotten their first exposure to major live audiences.
Among those who have performed there are: Miguel Piñero, Pedro Pietri and Edwin Torres.
For several years at the Nuyorican Café, De la Luz developed and refined the many characters that ultimately gave life to her first theatrical production, Boogie Rican Blvd. The play traced the life of the multi-faceted Puerto Rican persona from the Bronx to Puerto Rico, as De la Luz blended her characters, poetry, photography and music into a dense, multi-layered, yet seamless narrative.
In October 2001, Boogie Rican Blvd. had its Off-Broadway debut at The Producers Club, and the show was a success. After the Producers Club, Boogie Rican Blvd. sold out an eight-week run at the LATEA Theater in New York, was featured prominently in the Nuyorican Poet's Cafe, and made a four-week run in the Puerto Rican Traveling Theater (PRTT) in 2009.
In its review of the PRTT production, The New York Times announced that De la Luz "is a juggernaut". In a second article, The Times noted that throughout the show, De la Luz portrayed seven different characterstwo of them maleas well as singing, rapping and dancing. Backstage described De La Luz as "an actor whose power of impersonation recalls that of Whoopi Goldberg at her best. De La Luz, who is also the playwright, portrays six characters, each a different stereotype—the eccentric bodega owner, the Long Island wannabe, the hip-hop gangster—with a comic sensibility that is both affectionate and cutting."
In a press interview, the theater and film veteran Míriam Colón, who was also the founder and executive director of the Puerto Rican Traveling Theater, said this about De la Luz: "I was flabbergasted when I saw her performance...That is a gigantic undertaking that only the most skillful and experienced actresses dare to do...She interprets these very recognizable barrio types with a lot of compassion and tenderness."
De la Luz also toured internationally, presenting Boogie Rican Blvd. in cities throughout the United States, Europe and Latin America.
The casting and crew of Boogie Rican Blvd. reinforced the show's in-depth exploration of family relationships: since De La Luz's daughter played a leading role as "Papo," and De La Luz's son Kelson worked as a production assistant. Both Kelson and Carina are cast members of De La Luz's current show "Bru-Ha-Ha."
Film and theater
De la Luz was a dancer in the 1998 movie Dance with Me, starring Vanessa Williams and Chayanne.
De La Luz's other theater performances include Ubu Unchained, El Spanglish Language Sandwich by Pedro Pietri, and Women Like This, and a hip hop festival held in Switzerland.
In 2000, she made her feature film debut as "Cuca" in Spike Lee's Bamboozled.
In 2004, she played the role of "Lucy" in the film Down to the Bone. In 2005, she played a relentless girlfriend who uses witchcraft in the Spanish-language comedy El Vacilón – The Movie. The film was based on the highest-rated FM morning radio show, in all of New York City: El Vacilón de la Mañana, which airs daily on the La Mega-FM channel.
On Netflix, De la Luz and her music are both featured in the film Gun Gill Road.
In the History Channel's series Witch Hunt, she was cast as the mysterious "Tituba". She also played the lead in Danny Hastings' indie film comedy Venus de Macho.
HBO Latino recruited her for their series HABLA Women, and she is the voice of Roxy in MTV's animated comedy Lugar Heights.
De la Luz toured internationally with her show Boogie Rican Blvd. (playing seven different characters). She also toured Poland and New York in the musical Ubu Enchanted and was featured in Pedro Pietri's El Spanglish Language Sandwich.
As an ensemble member of the Pregones Theater since 2014, De la Luz has appeared and been featured in Betsy, The Red Rose, I Like It Like That, and Dancing In My Cockroach Killers.
In the Off-Broadway production of I Like It Like That, De la Luz starred in the role of "China Rodriguez", alongside salsa icons Tito Nieves and Domingo Quiñones. The show ran for five months.
In 2018, her one-woman show Bru-Ha-Ha was a sensual, scandalous and semi-autobiographical send-up of her own life showing how De la Luz's alter ego "La Bruja" (the witch) was born. Bru-Ha-Ha was noted for its colorful cast of characters (all played by De la Luz), unique music from the "Brujalicious Quintet", outrageous insights and breaking personal boundaries a witch's brew which took the audience on "a ride of wonder, laughter and surprise".
In 2019, De la Luz starred in the role of "Sally" in the feature film Release.
Poetry and writing
In addition to writing Boogie Rican Blvd. De la Luz's poetry, essays, and dramatic writing have been widely anthologized.
Voices in First Person, Reflections of Latina Identity; We Got Issues, A Feminist Perspective; Me No Hable with Acento, A Collection of Spanglish Poetry; and Breaking Ground/Abriendo Caminos, Anthology of Women Writers in N.Y. 1980-2012, have all published her writing. De la Luz also self-published The Poetician, a collection of 52 poems and lyrics.
After her 1996 spoken-word debut in the Nuyorican Poet's Café, De la Luz appeared on HBO's Def Poetry Jam, hosted by Russell Simmons. She also performed her poetry at the Apollo Theater, Lincoln Center, Gracie Mansion, the Joseph Papp Public Theater, Cathedral of St. John the Divine, City Hall in New York City, the American Museum of Natural History,the Bronx Museum of Art, El Museo del Barrio, and many international venues.
The content of De la Luz's poetry explores social justice and Nuyorican identity. Its tone is urban, raw, empowering, and is sought by inner-city communities and universities alike. Her best-known poem is WTC, which she wrote in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks and performed on HBO's Def Poetry Jam in 2002. WTC consists entirely of three-word phrases using words beginning with those exact letters: W, T, C. It starts with "What’s the cause/Work to connect/Wish to change/Want to cry" and incorporates the refrain "Wish time could/Wash this clean".
Other poems by De la Luz have been published in magazines such as Shout, Vibe, Source, AWOL, Urban, and Stress. El Vocero and the El Centro Journal for Hunter College, have also published her poems.
Radio and recording career
De la Luz co-hosted the Say It with Sixto Show with her friend Sixto Ramos, on the Luis Jiménez Radio Network.
She was featured on Prince Royce's award-winning album Phase II and Bobby Sanabria's Grammy-nominated album Multiverse.
She wrote and recorded vocals with Afrika Bambaata, Fat Joe, Jadakiss, B-Real of Cypress Hill, Tony Touch, Vivian Green, Jungle Brothers, Dan Zanes, Hurricane G, Joell Ortiz, Chingo Bling, and Black Ice.
She released the album titled Brujalicious on her own record label, De La Luz Records, which blends a Latin-tinged hip hop with reggaeton. Her latest album, For Witch It Stands, is a popular selection on iTunes.
She also performed in radio and television commercials for McDonald's and Café Bustelo, and is a spokesmodel for Levis Jean's.
Currently De la Luz collaborates with composer/musician Desmar Guevara, choreographer Nilsa De La Luz, a Salsa dance troupe, and a full band with back-up singers, to generate immersive Latino worlds and narratives called Salsa Bruja. From its inception, in June 2014, Salsa Bruja sold out the Pregones Theater and other major venues.
Activism and community engagement
For decades – from her early years as a community organizer in Hunts Point until the present – De la Luz used her talents to give back to her community by working with local organizations that help young people, especially young Latinas.
The struggle and social injustice she witnessed during her community organizing left an indelible imprint on De la Luz. The daily issues were serious: including teen pregnancy, low educational attainment, drug use and STDs. De la Luz believes that many of these difficulties stem from the complex and often bewildering balance of two cultures, diverse family roots, and an increasingly elusive "American" identity.
“I worked with youth before becoming La Bruja," she said. “But once I saw the statistics of Latinas in particular, I felt the need to create something to bring awareness about these issues from a Latina perspective." For this reason she founded Latinas4Life: an organization which runs high school workshops around the city with a focus on positive role modeling, constructive introspection, cultural awareness, and self-respect.
De la Luz is a board member of, and helps to develop workshops for, Voices UnBroken: a non-profit organization that produces writing workshops for Bronx young people in foster care, as well as adults in homeless shelters and correctional facilities.
She frequently performs in schools, hospitals, prisons, universities, and community centers around the country. She supports positive change for the hip hop generation through organizations such as Voices UnBroken, BronxWorks, the New York City Mission Society, Good Shepherd Services, and Pepatian, Inc. She is also a staunch advocate for ending domestic violence.
In 2014, she hosted the VIP Mujeres Beauty of Survival Benefit at the Museum of New York. Together with dancer Cynthia Paniagua, and produced by Pepatian, she performs a dance theater piece called Shadow Lands which helps to facilitate creative healing, for women who have suffered through domestic violence.
Honors and awards
De la Luz's combination of poetry, theater, music, dance, and lifelong community activism has not gone unnoticed. In 2005, she was selected by the New York Spanish-language newspaper El Diario La Prensa as one of the "Fifty most distinguished Latinas in the United States".
Further recognition includes:
2019 Jerome Foundation Artist Fellowship
Puerto Rican Women Legacy Award
Edgar Allan Poe Award from The Bronx County Historical Society
Bronx Living Legend Award the Bronx Music Heritage Center
Godmother of the Youth in the National Puerto Rican Day Parade
Beauty of Survival Award from the Violence Intervention Program, Inc.
Citation of Merit from the Borough President of the Bronx
Top 20 Puerto Rican Women Everyone Should Know
Currently
De la Luz is cultivating her own art space called El Garaje (The Garage) in the Soundview area of the Bronx, where she lives with her children.
She led a workshop called "How Can I Change the World" for the East Harlem Tutorial Program, which evolved into her current writing workshop "Write Your Way Representing Voices UnBroken," which she teaches at YAFFA Cultural Arts, Voices UnBroken, and through her own organization, Latinas4Life.
During her spare time she enjoys singing, dancing and traveling to Puerto Rico. She regularly hosts an open mic show at the Nuyorican Poets Café.
She is also a spokesmodel for Levis Jean's in a nationwide print campaign which runs in Glamour, Entertainment Weekly, US Weekly and Marie Claire magazines.
De la Luz was selected as a 2019 Artist Fellow by the Jerome Foundation. This will enable her to expand her knowledge of Indigenous practices, by visiting artists and healers of First Nations along the Northwest Coast of North America, Peru and Africa. Her long-range intent is to create transformation via art and Indigenous worldview healing practices.
See also
List of Puerto Rican writers
List of Puerto Ricans
Puerto Rican literature
References
External links
Caridad de la Luz
IMDbPro
1977 births
Living people
American women poets
American film actresses
American actresses of Puerto Rican descent
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York City
Writers from the Bronx
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American poets
Murry Bergtraum High School alumni |
Sandy Burke of the U-Bar-U is a 1919 American silent Western film directed by Ira M. Lowry and starring Louis Bennison, Virginia Lee, Alphonse Ethier, H.H. Pattee, Echlin Gayer, and Lucy Beaumont. The film was released by Goldwyn Pictures on February 23, 1919.
Plot
Cast
Louis Bennison as Sandy Burke
Virginia Lee as Molly Kirby
Alphonse Ethier as Jim Diggs
H.H. Pattee as Jeff Kirby
Echlin Gayer as Honorable Cyril Harcourt Stammers
Lucy Beaumont as Widow Mackey
Wilson Bayley as Sheriff Quinlan
Nadia Gary as Dolly Morgan
Phil Sanford as Lafe Hinton (as Philip Sanford)
Robert Narin (uncredited)
Preservation
A print of Sandy Burke of the U-Bar-U survives at the Library of Congress.
References
External links
1919 films
1919 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Goldwyn Pictures films
Silent American Western (genre) films
1910s American films
1910s English-language films |
Amy, la niña de la mochila azul () is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa in 2004. Starring Danna Paola, Nora Salinas and Eduardo Capetillo, while Pedro Armendáriz Jr. and Tatiana star as co-protagonists with Alejandro Tommasi, Lorena Herrera, Alejandra Meyer, Manuel Landeta and Alejandra Procuna as antagonists.
Cast
Eduardo Capetillo as Octavio Betancourt
Nora Salinas as Emilia Álvarez-Vega
Lorena Herrera as Leonora Rivas
Danna Paola as Amy Granados
Joseph Sasson as Raúl Hinojosa
Tatiana as Coral / Marina
Pedro Armendáriz Jr. as Capitán Matías Granados
Alejandro Tommasi as Claudio Rosales
Alejandra Meyer as La Prefecta Carlota
Harry Geithner as César
Alejandra Procuna as Minerva Camargo
Carlos Speitzer as Adrian González "El Gato"
Álex Perea as German Rosales "Chayote"
Geraldine Galván as Mary Loly Álvarez-Vega
Nicole Durazo as Mary Pily Álvarez-Vega
Luciano Corigliano as Paulino Rosales "Pecas"
Alejandro Speitzer as Tolín
Christopher Uckermann as Rolando
Grisel Margarita as Carolina
Sharis Cid as Angélica Hinojosa #1
Yolanda Ventura as Angélica Hinojosa #2
David Ostrosky as Sebastián
Fabián Robles as Bruno
Felicidad Aveleyra as Alma
Manuel Landeta as Tritón
Raúl Padilla as Gerónimo
Manuel Valdés as Marcelo
María Luisa Alcalá as Virginia Castro
Juan Verduzco as Román
Lucero Lander as Perla de Granados
Rosángela Balbó as Perpetua de Beatancourt
Ricardo de Pascual as Dagoberto
Isabel Molina as Mercedes
María Fernanda Sasian as Mini
Lilibeth Flores as Luly
Greta Cervantes as Ghost Girl/Minerva (young)
Génesis Romo as Angel child
Charly Alberto as Marcial Álvarez-Vega
Carlos Colin as Marcial
Pablo Poumian as Fabián
Rossana San Juan as Soledad
Alejandro Villeli as Barracuda
Kathy Castro as Alicia
Álvaro Carcaño as Jacinto
Héctor Cruz as Roberto
Jorge Ortín as Manuel
Jorge Trejo as Pacoco
Julio Vega as Melesio
Levi Nájera as René
Luis Fernando Madriz as Walter
Moisés Suárez as Benigno
Ricky Mergold as Plutarco
Roberto Munguía as Ramiro
Roberto Ruy as Juvenal
Ricardo Kleinbaum as Mauro
Sandra Destenave as Graciela
Raúl Sebastián as Chacho
Karen Sandoval as Valeria
Miguel Pérez as Uri
María Prado as La Carcelera
Discography
Amy, la niña de la mochila azul vol. 1 (soundtrack)
Amy, la niña de la mochila azul vol. 2 (soundtrack)
The Best of Amy, la niña de la mochila azul
Amy, la niña de la mochila azul: En concierto
Versions
This telenovela is a remake of the Mexican movie "La niña de la mochila azul" produced in 1979 starring Pedro Fernández and María Rebeca.
See also
Danna Paola
References
External links
Official Website
2004 telenovelas
2004 Mexican television series debuts
2004 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Televisa telenovelas
Mexican children's television series
Children's telenovelas
Fiction about mermaids
Television series about children |
Santiago Oñate Laborde (b. Mexico City, 1949) is a Mexican lawyer and politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
Oñate Laborde graduated as lawyer from the law faculty in the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México in 1972. He has gone on to serve in several positions inside the PRI and in the Mexican government. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1985 and to the Federal District Legislative Assembly upon expiration of his term as a federal legislator in 1998. In 1991 and 1992 he served as Ambassador to the Organization of American States and, in 1993, as the head of the Environmental Attorney's Office (Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Medio Ambiente or PROFEPA). In 1995 he was designated President of the PRI. He served for President Carlos Salinas as the head of the Presidency's Office (Oficina de la Presidencia). President Ernesto Zedillo appointed him as Secretary of Labor.
In 1997, Oñate Laborde became Ambassador of Mexico to the United Kingdom, position he would hold until 2001, year when he became Ambassador of Mexico to the Netherlands. While serving as ambassador in the Netherlands, he also acted as the Permanent Representative of Mexico to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. His term as ambassador ended in 2003, but he would continue his activities in the OPCW, serving as legal adviser and later on as special adviser to the Director General. In 2013 he became the Permanent Observer of Mexico to the Council of Europe, in Strasbourg, France.
He pursued further studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science and at the University of Wisconsin, the latter of which also saw him as professor, along with the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Leiden University.
Publications
"La Acción Procesal en la doctrina y en el derecho positivo mexicano", Mexico, 1972.
"El Estado y el Derecho", S. Oñate and D. Pantoja, Anuies-Edicol, Mexico, 1977.
"Evolución del Derecho Procesal Mexicano", in LXXV Años de Evolución Jurídica en el Mundo, UNAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Mexico, 1978.
"Legal Aid in Mexico", in F. Zemans Legal Aid, Pinter Publishers, London, 1979.
"Legal Needs of the Poor and Disadvantaged", B. Garth, ed., Madison, Wisconsin, 1983.
"Los trabajadores migratorios frente a la justicia norteamericana", S.T.P.S.-FONEP, Mexico, 1983.
"El papel de juez en la resolución de Litigios Familiares", in International Congress of Comparative Law; National reports, H. Nakamura (ed.) Tokio, Japan, 1984.
"Administración de justicia y composición de conflictos laborales", in El Obrero Mexicano, Vol. 4, 21st century, Mexico, 1985.
"El Veto Suspensivo", in El Refrendo y las Relaciones entre el Congreso y el Ejecutivo, UNAM-Porrúa, 1987.
"El regimen de partidos", in Jornadas Jurídicas Nacionales, Fenase-Porrúa, 1987.
"Fuentes e interpretación del derecho parlamentario", in Derecho Parlamentario Iberoamericano, Porrúa, 1987.
"Nuevos mecanismos de defensa del ciudadano frente a la administración pública", in Administración Pública Contemporánea en México, Mexico, 1993.
"Presidentialisme en democratie. Het geval van Mexico", in Drie Kwesties in Latijns Amerikas, L. Malaver and M. Oostra., ed. LASO, Amsterdam, 2002.
"Decision on the Follow-up to the OPCW Action Plan on Article VII: Ensuring the Effective Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention", with L. Tabassi and Ralf Trapp, The CBW Conventions Bulletin, 69–70, September–December 2005, pp. 5–10.
"Lessons learned: Chemicals trader convicted of war crimes", with B. Exterkate, L. Tabassi and E. van der Borght, Journal Judiciaire de La Haye, volume 2, number 1, 2007, pp. 23–42.
"Sustaining follow-up to the Action Plan on Article VII: National Implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention", with M. Lak, L. Tabassi and K-S. Melzer, in Chemical Disarmament, volume 5, number 1, March 2007, pp. 18–24.
"Industry Role in the Non-proliferation of Chemical Weapons", International Law Association, 74th Conference, The Hague, August 2010.
"The Chemical Weapons Convention: An Overview", Audiovisual Library of International Law, UN, 2010.
"The Relation between Due Process in International and National Human Rights Instruments and International Adjudication Mechanisms", en The Development and Effectiveness of International Administrative Law, edited by O. Elias, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden-Boston, 2012, pp. 375–385.
References
External links
Lecture by Santiago Oñate Laborde entitled The Chemical Weapons Convention: an Overview in Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
Santiago Oñate Laborde's profile on the website of the Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Council of Europe.
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Living people
20th-century Mexican lawyers
Presidents of the Institutional Revolutionary Party
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Mexican Secretaries of Labor
Mexican people of Basque descent
1949 births
Ambassadors of Mexico to the Netherlands
Ambassadors of Mexico to the United Kingdom
Permanent Representatives of Mexico to the Organization of American States
Members of the Congress of Mexico City
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Academic staff of Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Academic staff of Leiden University
Politicians from Mexico City |
Bungaku Ito (Jap. 伊藤 文學 new characters 伊藤 文学; born March 19, 1932) is Japanese entrepreneur, founder and editor-in-chief of Japan's first commercially based homosexuality magazine Barazoku. He is the president of Daini-Shobo (Jap. 株式会社第二書房).
Biography
Bungaku Ito was born in Tokyo in 1932 in a family of publisher Toichi Ito. Ito graduated from Komazawa University with a degree in Japanese literature. He was interested in Japanese poetry and was a member of university literary circles.
In 1948, Toichi Ito founded a small publishing house called Daini-Shobo. After graduation, Bungaku Ito joined his father's company and began to study publishing. Daini Shobo was not doing very well at the time: it focused on publishing collections of poetry, and although the reviews of some of them by literary critics were positive, they did not sell much.
In 1962, Bungaku Ito, who had almost taken over the publishing house by then, decided to publish a series of erotic literature called Night Books (Jap ナイト・ブックス). The series became popular, with more than 60 books published, and Ito decided that his publishing house needed to focus on erotica.
In 1966, Daini Shobo, run by Ito alone, published Alone Sex Life: For the Days of Solitude. (Jap. ひとりぼっちの性生活＝孤独に生きる日々のために) by Masami Akiyama (秋山正美). The book described the process of masturbation. At the time, other publishers did not want to publish such literature, however, the book sold well (several tens of thousands of copies were sold out). In the same year, Ito published two more of Akiyama's books, after which the publisher began to receive letters with questions and opinions from readers, mainly homosexual readers.
In 1968, Ito published two new books by Akiyama, aimed at a homosexual audience 30,000 copies of which were sold. However, many customers were embarrassed to buy the book in stores and came directly to the publisher for it.
Ito started to publish materials for homosexual audiences and decided to publish a gay magazine to stand up for people suffering from discrimination and reduce social prejudice against them
The first issue of Barazoku was published on July 30, 1971, and was the first gay magazine in Japan that could be purchased in stores (before that, only self-published magazines were available).
Barazoku was published for 33 years, and remained one of the most popular gay press publications in Japan.
Personal life
In 1958, Ito married Kimiko Kawashima. They have son Fumihito. On January 11, 1970, his wife died at the age of 33 from carbon monoxide poisoning. In October of the same year, Ito married for the second time. He had another son, Fumihisa, by his second wife.
References
20th-century Japanese businesspeople
Japanese magazine editors
Japanese LGBT rights activists
Japanese non-fiction writers
Komazawa University alumni
People from Tokyo Metropolis
1932 births
Living people |
Elaine Reichek (born 1943) is a New York-based visual artist. Much of her work concerns the history of the embroidered sampler. Through her pieces of hand and machine embroidery and digital sewing machine, she addresses issues such as the craft/art and the old/new divide, the nature of women's work, and the interplay of text and image. The connection between the pixel and the stitch, as differently gendered types of mark-making, is a continuing theme in her work.
Life and work
Elaine Reichek was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1943 to an American Jewish family. She received a BA from Brooklyn College in 1963 and BFA from Yale University in 1964, where she studied painting with Ad Reinhardt. She has created a wide body of work, including thread-based drawings, knitted pieces, and installations. In the 1990s she began to focus on needlework samplers, an object which combines image and text. Several of her series, including MADAMI'MADAM (2000–2002) and Ariadne's Thread (2008–2012), juxtapose famous quotes and lines of literature with hand- or digitally-embroidered images. The text relates narrative, drawing, and thread as parallel instances of linear structure. Her work tends to critique masculine traditions in modernist painting, as well as explore toward cultural assimilation and how family traditions form personal and cultural identity. Her work often features references to her Jewish heritage.
Reichek's work is held in the collections of the MoMA, The Jewish Museum, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, among others.
Exhibitions
Elaine Reichek. A Précis 1972-1995, Zach Feuer Gallery, New York, NY. 2013
A Postcolonial Kinderhood Revisited, Jewish Museum, New York, NY. 2013
Ariadne’s Thread, Shoshana Wayne Gallery, Santa Monica, CA. 2011
"Pattern Recognition", Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, New York, NY 2007
MADAMI’MADAM, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, MA 2003
At Home & in the World, Palais des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium and Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Israel 2000
Projects 67: Elaine Reichek, Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY 1999
"When This You See", Nicole Klagsbrun Gallery, New York, NY 1999
A Postcolonial Kinderhood, Jewish Museum, New York, NY. Traveled to Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco, CA and Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, OH. 1994
References
External links
Official website
Feminist Art Base: Elaine Reichek, Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art, Brooklyn Museum
Elaine Reichek, Zach Feuer
Elaine Reichek, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum
1943 births
Living people
Artists from New York City
Brooklyn College alumni
Yale University alumni
20th-century American women artists
20th-century American artists
20th-century women textile artists
20th-century textile artists
21st-century American women artists
21st-century American artists
21st-century women textile artists
21st-century textile artists
American embroiderers |
Pangli is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
Cecil Township is a civil township in Bottineau County in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2000 census, its population was 28.
Geography
Cecil Township is located in survey township 160N, Range 74W.
Streams
Miller Creek
Willow Creek
History
Cecil Township was organized in 1910 from Lincoln School Township.
The Soo Line Railroad was a major transportation route in the township. Overly, North Dakota in the eastern part of the township was a railroad hub, including a roundhouse for servicing locomotives. Overly also served as a way station for rail crews traveling east and west.
In 1908 railroad officials established a second siding west of the city of Overly, and named the site Tasco ("clay earth"). It was reportedly named after the town of Tasco in Sheridan County, Kansas. Grain elevators were constructed and operated at the site, but the area saw little development. Tasco is located at .
French settlers moved to Cecil Township around 1900 and established a small community about south of Overly that they named Little Fargo. The settlers originally moved to the area from Wild Rice, then a French settlement near Fargo. Settlers built a church they called the "Mission of St. Genevieve," which was moved to Overly in 1921. Today, all that remains of Little Fargo is its cemetery, located at .
Schools
Cote School No 2
Lincoln School No. 2 (Abandoned)
Cities and populated places
Overly
References
Townships in Bottineau County, North Dakota
Populated places established in 1910
1910 establishments in North Dakota
Townships in North Dakota |
Santa Cruz Nundaco is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Tlaxiaco District in the south of the Mixteca Region.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of .
References
Municipalities of Oaxaca |
Columbia Data Products, Inc. (CDP) is a company which produced the first legally reverse-engineered IBM PC clones. It faltered in that market after only a few years, and later reinvented itself as a software development company.
History
1976–1986: As a hardware company
Columbia Data Products was founded by William Diaz in 1976 in Columbia, Maryland. In 1980, Columbia Data Products made some Z80-based computers, most notably their Commander 900 series, which had several models, some of which were multiprocessors and had graphics capabilities.
CDP introduced the MPC 1600 "Multi Personal Computer", designed by David Howse, in June 1982. It was an exact functional copy of the IBM Personal Computer model 5150 except for the BIOS which was Clean room designed. IBM had published the bus and BIOS specifications, wrongly assuming that this would not be enough to facilitate unlicensed copying of the design, but be enough to encourage the add-on market.
CDP advertisements stated that the MPC "can use software and hardware originally intended for the IBM Personal Computer". The "Multi" in its name hinted to the fact that it could also run the multi-user operating system MP/M-86. The MPC was the first IBM PC clone and was actually superior to the IBM original.
It came with 128 KB RAM standard, compared to the IBM's 64 KB maximum. The MPC had eight PC expansion slots, with one filled by its video card. Its floppy disk drive interface was built into the motherboard.
The IBM PC, in contrast, had only five expansion slots, with the video card and floppy disk controller taking two of them. The MPC also included two floppy disk drives, one parallel and two serial ports, which were all optional on the original IBM PC. The MPC was followed up with a portable PC, the 32 pound (15 kg) "luggable" Columbia VP in 1983.
In May 1983, Future Computing ranked Columbia and Compaq computers as "Best" in the category of "Operationally Compatible", its highest tier of PC compatibility. PC Magazine in June 1983 criticized the MPC's documentation, but reported that it had very good hardware and software compatibility with the IBM PC. BYTE in November 1984 approved of the portable MPC-VP's PC compatibility, reporting that it ran Microsoft Flight Simulator, WordStar, Lotus 1-2-3, dBASE II, and other popular applications without problems. It concluded that the computer was "one of the best overall bargains on the market today".
The success of the MPC and its successors built CDP revenue from US$9.4 million in 1982 to US$56 million in 1983, with an IPO at US$11 in January 1983.
In February 1984, IBM announced the introduction of their first portable PC, thus putting pressure on its competitors in this niche as well, which besides CDP already included Compaq as the market leader in this segment, as well as Kaypro, TeleVideo Corporation, and Eagle Computer.
Columbia also released upgraded desktop models in order to compete with the IBM PC XT. Their MPC 1600-4, briefly reviewed in PC Magazine of April 1984, was found a worthy competitor of the XT and without major compatibility problems, even though its hard drive controller was quite different from IBM XT's, being based on a Z80 microprocessor with 64 KB of RAM emulating the ASIC used by IBM.
In May 1984, Richard T. Gralton, formerly a vice-chairman of Savin Corporation, became the president and chief operating officer of CDP.
The competition in the PC market became more intense in June–July 1984 with several companies, including IBM, announcing price cuts, and with AT&T entering the PC market as well. Besides CDP, other PC clone companies like Eagle were also having a hard time as a result. Discussing the perspectives of the smaller PC firms like CDP, Eagle, or Corona Data Systems, one Morgan Stanley analyst was quoted in the June 9, 1984 issue of the New York Times saying "Some of them are operating at 5 percent pretax margins, and there is just no room for more price cuts." By August 1984 the CDP sales were faltering and CDP announced layoffs of 114 employees at its Maryland headquarters and 409 employees at a second factory in Gurabo, Puerto Rico. By April 1985 their stock had dropped to US$0.50 and was delisted. The company filed for Chapter 11 protection in May 1985.
1986–present: As a software company
The company was taken private in 1986 and continues to operate under that name.
In 1987 CDP shifted emphasis from hardware to software. They developed and licensed Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) software to Western Digital (WD), a supplier of hard drive controllers. In 1991, WD sold their SCSI business to Future Domain, where it languished.
CDP is now headquartered in Altamonte Springs, Florida. The company currently specializes in data backup.
See also
Altos Computer Systems
Compaq Portable
Hyperion (computer)
Seequa Chameleon
References
Further reading
has a more complete company profile, including non-8086 products
External links
Columbia Data Products Inc.
Archived company history
1976 establishments in Florida
IBM PC compatibles
Computer companies of the United States
Software companies of the United States |
Tira Klai-Angtong (born 27 June 1943) is a Thai middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 1500 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
References
1943 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Tira Klai-Angtong
Tira Klai-Angtong
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Dhanop is an ancient village in Bhilwara district on Shahpur-Vijainagar state highway at a distance of 85 km from Bhilwara city in Rajasthan. Its PIN code is 311023. Dhanop village is in Phooliya Kalan tehsil(pin code 311407). It had a population of 3,592 at the 2001 census, out of them 616 are Scheduled Caste and 30 Scheduled tribe people. It is known for Dhanop sheetla Mata Temple.
References
Hindu temples in Rajasthan
Villages in Bhilwara district
Villages in Shahpura district |
The Gehlen House and Barn are historic buildings located in St. Donatus, Iowa, United States. Both buildings were built by Peter Gehlen (originally Jahlen), an immigrant from Luxembourg who settled in this area in 1846. He built a flour mill on the Tetes des Mortes Creek in 1848. As other immigrants from Luxembourg settled here they built distinctive houses from the local limestone. Of these the Gehlen house was the most significant. It is located at a crossroads, and because of its size it served as a community center. At one time or another it served as the post office, hotel, and general store. The exterior of the stone house is covered with plaster and features many windows and doorways on the long side, narrow eaves, a low-pitched jerkinhead, and a rear wing. The barn, which sits immediately behind the house is significant as one of the few stone barns in Iowa. The house and barn were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, and were included as contributing properties in the Village of St. Donatus Historic District in 1989.
References
Houses completed in 1860
Infrastructure completed in 1860
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Iowa
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Barns on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Buildings and structures in Jackson County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Iowa |
Skyline is a solo album by Steve Howe. The music is usually very calm and simple, which is not conventional for Howe. As he said in an interview, "You go through the music; there's something, there's some little thread that carries through them, and that's certainly true with this album, but the only thing is because of the mood of the music and sort of relaxness of the music, it's been harder for me to actually create the spiral that I'm trying to create."
Track listings
All tracks composed by Steve Howe except where otherwise noted.
Small Acts of Human Kindness - 4:21
Meridian Strings (Howe, Paul Sutin) - 5:27
Secret Arrow (Howe, Sutin) - 4:25
Moon Song (Howe, Sutin) - 4:30
Shifting Sands (Howe, Sutin) - 5:51
Avenue de Bel Air (Howe, Sutin) - 6:38
Resonance - 5:27
The Anchor - 2:51
Moment in Time (Howe, Sutin) - 6:50
Simplification - 3:18
Camera Obscura (Howe, Sutin) - 6:30
Small Acts - 3:50
Musicians
Steve Howe / guitars, bass, keyboards
Paul Sutin / keyboards, percussion
References
Steve Howe (musician) albums
2002 albums
Inside Out Music albums |
Lekowo (formerly German Leckow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Świdwin, within Świdwin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Świdwin and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
References
Lekowo |
In probability and statistics, a moment measure is a mathematical quantity, function or, more precisely, measure that is defined in relation to mathematical objects known as point processes, which are types of stochastic processes often used as mathematical models of physical phenomena representable as randomly positioned points in time, space or both. Moment measures generalize the idea of (raw) moments of random variables, hence arise often in the study of point processes and related fields.
An example of a moment measure is the first moment measure of a point process, often called mean measure or intensity measure, which gives the expected or average number of points of the point process being located in some region of space. In other words, if the number of points of a point process located in some region of space is a random variable, then the first moment measure corresponds to the first moment of this random variable.
Moment measures feature prominently in the study of point processes as well as the related fields of stochastic geometry and spatial statistics whose applications are found in numerous scientific and engineering disciplines such as biology, geology, physics, and telecommunications.
Point process notation
Point processes are mathematical objects that are defined on some underlying mathematical space. Since these processes are often used to represent collections of points randomly scattered in physical space, time or both, the underlying space is usually d-dimensional Euclidean space denoted here by , but they can be defined on more abstract mathematical spaces.
Point processes have a number of interpretations, which is reflected by the various types of point process notation. For example, if a point belongs to or is a member of a point process, denoted by , then this can be written as:
and represents the point process being interpreted as a random set. Alternatively, the number of points of located in some Borel set is often written as:
which reflects a random measure interpretation for point processes. These two notations are often used in parallel or interchangeably.
Definitions
n-th power of a point process
For some integer , the -th power of a point process is defined as:
where is a collection of not necessarily disjoint Borel sets (in ), which form a -fold Cartesian product of sets denoted by . The symbol denotes standard multiplication.
The notation reflects the interpretation of the point process as a random measure.
The -th power of a point process can be equivalently defined as:
where summation is performed over all -tuples of (possibly repeating) points, and denotes an indicator function such that is a Dirac measure. This definition can be contrasted with the definition of the n-factorial power of a point process for which each n-tuples consists of n distinct points.
n-th moment measure
The -th moment measure is defined as:
where the E denotes the expectation (operator) of the point process . In other words, the n-th moment measure is the expectation of the n-th power of some point process.
The th moment measure of a point process is equivalently defined as:
where is any non-negative measurable function on and the sum is over -tuples of points for which repetition is allowed.
First moment measure
For some Borel set B, the first moment of a point process N is:
where is known, among other terms, as the intensity measure or mean measure, and is interpreted as the expected or average number of points of found or located in the set .
Second moment measure
The second moment measure for two Borel sets and is:
which for a single Borel set becomes
where denotes the variance of the random variable .
The previous variance term alludes to how moments measures, like moments of random variables, can be used to calculate quantities like the variance of point processes. A further example is the covariance of a point process for two Borel sets and , which is given by:
Example: Poisson point process
For a general Poisson point process with intensity measure the first moment measure is:
which for a homogeneous Poisson point process with constant intensity means:
where is the length, area or volume (or more generally, the Lebesgue measure) of .
For the Poisson case with measure the second moment measure defined on the product set is:
which in the homogeneous case reduces to
See also
Factorial moment
Factorial moment measure
Moment
References
Point processes
Spatial analysis
Moment (mathematics) |
Sociedad Deportiva Ciudad de Santiago, S.A.D. was a Spanish football team based in Santiago de Compostela, in the autonomous community of Galicia. Founded in 1978 as Club Atlético Fátima, it played its last season in Tercera División - Group 1, holding home games at Estadio Multiusos de San Lázaro, with a capacity of 13,000 seats. Finally, the team disappeared in 2009, being re-founded as "Club Atlético Fátima" again.
History
The team began its existence as Club Atlético Fátima, a team from the O Castiñeiriño neighborhood, being founded on June 14, 1978, and was federated within a few days. Its first president was Manuel Paz Nogueira, and the new club would have lower categories within its initial purpose, the soccer education of the youth of the city.
The team began its journey in the lower categories of Galician sport and remained in those divisions for much of its existence. However, the team underwent a great evolution from the year 2005, when the club promoted to Regional Preferente de Galicia and started a project to try to become the first club in Santiago de Compostela, receiving most of the money awarded by the Santiago City Council to sports clubs to the detriment of SD Compostela, and with the support of local sponsoring companies. The club converted to Sociedad Anónima Deportiva in a vote and was renamed Ciudad de Santiago from the 2005–06 season.
In the 2006–07 season the club ascended to Tercera División. The team moved to the Estadio Multiusos de San Lázaro and signed for the occasion several players from other Galician teams and others with experience in the First Division such as Changui. After finishing first in the regular phase, it promoted to Segunda División B after winning UD Almansa.
In the 2008–09 season, the team finished in 13th position in Segunda División B, but in August was relegated to the fourth level, for failing to pay its players their due salaries. On 29 December, it didn't take the pitch against Coruxo FC due to economic problems, thus being disqualified from the competition, and folding soon after.
Club names
Atlético Fátima – (1978–2005)
SD Ciudad de Santiago – (2005–09)
Season to season
1 season in Segunda División B
2 season in Tercera División
Famous players
Justice
References
External links
Official website
Association football clubs established in 1978
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
Defunct football clubs in Galicia
Football clubs in Galicia (Spain)
Sport in Santiago de Compostela
1978 establishments in Spain
2009 disestablishments in Spain |
Gregory Lawrence Graham (born November 26, 1970) is an American former professional basketball player who played five seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).
College career
Graham played collegiately for Bob Knight and the Indiana University Hoosiers, where he played alongside Calbert Cheaney, Alan Henderson and Damon Bailey. From 1991 to 1993, the Hoosiers posted 87 victories, the most by any Big Ten team in a three-year span, breaking the mark of 86 set by Knight's Indiana teams of 1974–76. Teams from these three seasons spent all but two of the 53 poll weeks in the top 10, and 38 of them in the top 5. They captured two Big Ten crowns in 1990–91 and 1992–93, and during the 1991–92 season reached the Final Four. During the 1992–93 season, the 31–4 Hoosiers finished the season at the top of the AP Poll, but were defeated by Kansas in the Elite Eight.
College statistics
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1989–90
| style="text-align:left;"| Indiana
| 29 || 16 || 21.0 || .471 || .387 || .778 || 2.6 || 2.0 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 9.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1990–91
| style="text-align:left;"| Indiana
| 34 || 13 || 19.1 || .510 || .241 || .694 || 2.6 || 1.6 || 1.0 || 0.2 || 8.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1991–92
| style="text-align:left;"| Indiana
| 34 || 16 || 26.3 || .502 || .427 || .741 || 4.0 || 2.6 || 1.4 || 0.3 || 12.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1992–93
| style="text-align:left;"| Indiana
| 35 || 32 || 31.9 || .550 || .514 || .825 || 3.2 || 2.9 || 1.3|| 0.2 || 16.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 132 || 77 || 24.7 || .514 || .439 || .766 || 3.1 || 2.3 || 1.1 || 0.2 || 12.0
Professional career
Selected by the Charlotte Hornets in the first round (17th pick overall) of the 1993 NBA draft, he played in five NBA seasons from 1993 to 1997 for the Philadelphia 76ers, New Jersey Nets, Seattle SuperSonics and Cleveland Cavaliers. He averaged 4.5 points per game in his NBA career
Graham returned to his alma mater, Warren Central High School, to coach for 7 seasons, resigning in April, 2015 with a record of 80–74, when
family considerations resulted in a move to Rhode Island.
His tenure at Warren Central included three appearances in the Marion County tournament championship.
References
"Greg Graham resigns as Warren Central basketball coach", IndyStar, March 5, 2015
External links
NBA stats @ basketball-reference.com
1970 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American Basketball Association (2000–present) coaches
American expatriate basketball people in Sweden
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Indianapolis
Charlotte Hornets draft picks
Cleveland Cavaliers players
Fort Wayne Fury players
Idaho Stampede (CBA) players
Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
M7 Borås players
McDonald's High School All-Americans
New Jersey Nets players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Philadelphia 76ers players
Seattle SuperSonics players
Shooting guards
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople |
Columbia Park was a baseball field in Altoona, Pennsylvania, which was the home field for the Altoona Mountain Citys of the Union Association (UA) during the league's only season in .
The longest UA game by innings played was played on May 27, 1884, in Columbia Park, with the Mountain Citys beating the Baltimore Monumentals by a score of 3–2 in 13 innings.
The ballpark, which was also sometimes called Fourth Avenue Grounds, was located at Lower Sixth Street, Fourth Avenue, and Mill Run Road.
References
Defunct baseball venues in the United States
Baseball venues in Pennsylvania
1884 establishments in Pennsylvania
Sports venues completed in 1884
Altoona, Pennsylvania
Defunct sports venues in Pennsylvania |
Chain is the Sixth studio album by Japanese boy band KAT-TUN and was released in Japan on February 22, 2012 by J-One Records. On January 13, KAT-TUN endorsed the mobile game site "entag!" which used KAT-TUN's album track "Smile for You" as a CM song and the first-ever KAT-TUN animation, "Ai wa KAT-TUN", voiced by KAT-TUN themselves, was launched on entag! site for a limited period. Ai wa KAT-TUN hit 1,000,000 views in just 2 weeks.
Album information
Sixth album release from KAT-TUN including five single tracks, seven new songs, and five new songs featuring member's solo part (total of 17 songs). Regular Edition contains a bonus hidden track, "CHAIN OF LOVE". The jacket design used for the limited edition is different from the one used for the regular edition. This edition includes a lyrics card. The jacket design used for the limited edition is different from the one used for the regular edition. This edition includes a bonus DVD with music video(s) and bonus video footage. Comes with a booklet.
Chart performance
In its first week of its release, the album topped the Oricon album chart, reportedly selling 110,055 copies. This feat will mark their sixth consecutive album to top the Oricon Album Charts since their first album, “Best of KAT-TUN” (released in March 2006). This record has surpassed rock band The Checker’s record of topping five consecutive albums and with this, KAT-TUN broke the record for the first time in 24 years and 10 months. KAT-TUN placed at No.8 in the second weeks, reportedly selling 10,761 copies and in the third weeks of its release the single placed at No.25, reportedly selling 4,235 copies.
By the end of the year, Chain was reported to selling 133,262 copies and was later certified Gold by RIAJ denoting over 100,000 shipments.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
Chain product information
KAT-TUN albums
2012 albums |
Stephen A. Cheney is a retired United States Marine Corps Brigadier General who served for more than 30 years. He is a graduate of the United States Naval Academy, and held command positions at the Marine Corps Recruit Depots in San Diego and Parris Island, where he was Commanding General. He also served as Inspector General of the Marine Corps from 1997 to 1999, during which time he was also Deputy Inspector General for the Department of the Navy. He retired from active duty in 2001. Cheney currently serves on the American Security Project's board of directors, where he previously served as CEO.
Early life and education
Cheney was part of the first graduating class of T.C. Williams High School in Alexandria, Virginia. He was the school's first athletic All-American, winning the distinction for breast stroke events at both the East Coast High School Championships in Princeton, New Jersey, and the Southeastern U.S. High School Championships in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, in 1967. Declining scholarships from Stanford, Cornell, and Bucknell, he chose to accept a Presidential appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md. Swimming on the varsity team all four years, he was recognized as Freshman Swimmer of the Year in 1968, and competed at the 1969 NCAA Championships in Indianapolis, Indiana. After graduating with a B.S. degree in Marine Engineering in 1971, he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps. He completed training at Fort Sill Artillery Basic (1972) and Advanced (1979) Courses. He received his M.S. in Systems Management from the University of Southern California (1978), and is also a graduate of the Marine Corps Command and Staff College (1985) and the National War College (1990).
Military service
Cheney became a Field Artillery Officer in 1971. He served with the First Marine Division, the III Marine Expeditionary Force, and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing in command and staff positions. At the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego he had command positions of series and company from 1975 to 1978. Subsequent tours were: Company Grade and Majors' Monitor, Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C. (1979-1983); Force Artillery Officer and G-1A, III Marine Amphibious Force, Okinawa (1984-1985); Executive Officer, 3d Battalion, 11th Marine Regiment (1985-1987); and Commanding Officer, Support Battalion, MCRD, San Diego (1987-1989).
After graduating from the National War College, Cheney was the Ground Plans Officer for the Department of Defense Coordinator for Drug Enforcement Policy and Support. From 1991 to 1993, he served as Deputy Executive Secretary under Secretaries of Defense Dick Cheney and Les Aspin. As a Colonel, he won a military fellowship at the Council on Foreign Relations, of which he remains a member. In 1998 he published an article in the Council on Foreign Relations journal Foreign Affairs. He held staff assignments at the Marine Corps's Manpower Department and Operations Department in Washington, DC, where he was a liaison to the Commission on Roles and Missions from 1994 to 1995. In 1995 he returned to Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, where he commanded the Recruit Training Regiment. After being promoted to Brigadier General, he took office as Inspector General of the Marine Corps in 1997. He became Commanding General of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island in 1999. At Parris Island, he oversaw improvements in the basic training regimen that led to a reduction in injuries and an increase in graduation rate, which reduced pressure on overworked Marine recruiters and helped the Corps to be the only service to meet recruitment goals. He retired from active duty on August 1, 2001.
Post service life
From 2003 until 2006, Cheney was the Chief Operating Officer for Business Executives for National Security, in Washington, D.C. In 2006, he joined the board of directors of the American Security Project. He was President of the Marine Military Academy in Harlingen, Texas from 2006 until 2011. He also previously served on the board of directors for the Valley International Airport in Harlingen, Texas. He is an honorary fellow at the Foreign Policy Association.
Cheney was awarded the Central Intelligence Agency Agency Seal Medal in 2004 for significant contributions to the Agency's intelligence efforts.
Cheney became the chief executive officer of the American Security Project in Washington, DC in August 2011. He is also president of the American Security Action Fund.
In December 2013, Cheney was appointed to the Secretary of State's International Security Advisory Board. Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Cheney to the Foreign Affairs Policy Board in October 2014.
In 2015, The Weather Channel named him as a member of the Climate 25 in recognition of his leadership in understanding climate change as a threat to national security.
In April 2015, Cheney accepted a position as a Non-Executive Director of Alexium International, which is based in Greenville, South Carolina.
References
External links
http://www.americansecurityproject.org/about/board-of-directors/brigadier-general-stephen-a-cheney-usmc-ret/
United States Marine Corps generals
T. C. Williams High School alumni
American chief executives |
Haunches-in, also called travers or ("head to the wall" in French), is a lateral movement used in the dressage discipline of horse training. It has a close cousin, haunches-out, renvers, or ("rump to the wall"), that is slightly more difficult. Both movements are four-track, meaning they produce four lines of hoof prints in the sand, as opposed to the usual two seen if the horse is straight and to the three-track shoulder-in.
In haunches-in, the horse bends its hindquarters slightly to the inside of the arena, away from the arena wall, so that the horse is bent in the direction of movement. The front legs and shoulders should not move from the original track. This produces the four tracks, with the outer track made by the outside foreleg, the second track by the inside foreleg, the third track by the outside hind leg, and the inside track made by the inside hind leg.
In haunches-out (renvers), the horse is similarly bent in the direction of movement, but the hindquarters are bent toward the arena wall instead of away from it. This produces a four-track movement consisting of the outside track made by the outside hind leg, the second track by the inside hind leg, the third track by the outside foreleg and the inside track by the inside foreleg. This movement is considered to be more difficult than travers.
A horse that naturally moves with its haunches slightly to the inside is simply travelling crooked, and is not performing haunches-in. These horses usually lack correct bend through the whole body, do not work properly into their outside aids, and do not show the same engagement or balance seen in horses ridden in a true haunches-in.
Uses of travers and renvers
Both movements are used in dressage training, as they encourage collection from the horse, help to produce impulsion, can be used to supple the horse and make him more responsive to the aids, and help to strengthen the hindquarters.
Additionally, travers is a stepping stone to the more advanced half-pass, and goes together with the turn on the haunches, which also asks the horse to move in the direction of bend.
Renvers (haunches-out) is a good exercise to counteract the tendency of many horses to travel crookedly. It is employed by the Spanish Riding School, due to their belief that travers encourages the horse to travel crookedly with their haunches leaning toward the center of the arena. Renvers therefore provides all the benefits of travers, without any of the drawbacks.
Riding the Travers and Renvers
When first introducing the movement, the rider begins with haunches-in, as it is slightly easier. It is generally helpful to have begun other simple lateral movements, such as the leg-yield to teach the horse the concept of moving away from the leg, advancing to the shoulder-in to introduce the three-track movement.
It is generally easier to perform the haunches-in if the horse first performs a 10-meter circle before moving into the movement, as the small circle gets the horse correctly bent to the degree needed for haunches-in. The rider should perform slightly less than one full circle, so that the forehand returns to the track while the hindquarters are still slightly to the inside, before asking the horse to move down the long side of the arena.
Like all lateral movements, it is best to begin with a few steps of haunches-in when first teaching it, asking for quality rather than quantity. Additionally, the rider should ask for only a slight bend to the inside, before increasing the degree of bend (and thus difficulty) as the horse progresses. After performing the movement, the horse should be asked to move straight ahead and forward.
To ask for the haunches in, the rider uses the outside leg to guide the horse's hindquarters from the track, and the rider's hips and upper body mirrors the axis of the horse's hips and shoulders. The rider's outside leg is used behind the neutral position to controls the outside hind leg of the horse, keeping it inward from the track and under the horse's body. This both encourages and requires collection and impulsion in this movement. The rider's outside rein maintains the connection, preventing the horse from swinging the shoulders to the outside and straightening its spine, maintaining the energy produced by the horse's outside hind leg. The rider's inside leg asks the horse to bend in the direction of movement and to maintain forward motion and rhythm. The inside rein used to keep the horse looking in the direction of travel and maintain bend.
Renvers is slightly more difficult because the arena wall is not in a position to guide the horse's shoulders and requires the horse to be consistently and correctly on the aids. The movement quickly identifies a rider who uses the wall as a crutch. When moving along the wall of the arena, the horse's shoulders move toward the inside and the horse remains bent in the direction of movement. Renvers may be asked for through a pessade (small half-circle), to help position the horse properly. It may also be asked after going across the diagonal in half-pass, and then positioning the horse once it reaches the arena wall, instead of straightening.
Notes
Sources
Richard Davison, Dressage Priority Points, Howell Book House, New York 1995,
Jenny Loriston-Clarke, The Complete Guide to Dressage. How to Achieve Perfect Harmony between You and Your Horse. - Principal Movements in Step-by-step Sequences. Demonstrated by a World Medallist, Quarto Publishing plc, London 1989, Reprinted 1993,
Richtlinien für Reiten und Fahren, vol. 2: Ausbildung für Fortgeschrittene, ed. by Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung, 12th edition 1997, FNverlag,
Riding techniques and movements
Dressage terminology |
Joaquim Salarich Baucells (born 2 January 1994) is a Spanish World Cup alpine ski racer and specializes in slalom.
He has competed in two Winter Olympics and five World Championships.
World Cup results
Season standings
Results per discipline
World Championship results
Olympic results
References
External links
1994 births
Spanish male alpine skiers
Olympic alpine skiers for Spain
Alpine skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Living people
21st-century Spanish people |
The Wairoa River is located in the north of the South Island of New Zealand. It flows north for 45 kilometres before combining with the Wai-iti River to form the Waimea River. This flows into the southern end of Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere near Richmond.
Rivers of the Tasman District
Rivers of New Zealand |
The FPS Public Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment (, , ), more commonly known as the FPS Health, is a Federal Public Service of Belgium. Royal Order established FPS Justice on 23 May 2001, as part of Verhofstadt I Government to rebuild the federal administration.
It is responsible for guaranteeing the public health, the safety of the food chain and a safe environment.
Organisation
The FPS Health is currently organised into three Directorates-General and an Administration:
The Directorate-General for Health Care
The Directorate-General for Animals, Plants and Foodstuffs
The Directorate-General for Environment
The Administration of Medical Expertise (Medex)
The former Directorate-General for Medicinal Products has become the autonomous Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products in 2007. The Directorate-General for Health Care is the result of the merger of the Directorate-General for Health Care Facilities Organisation and the Directorate-General for Primary Health Care & Crisis Management. The FPS Health is also linked with two scientific institutions:
Sciensano, the successor to the former Center for Veterinary and Agrochemical Research and the former Scientific Institute of Public Health
The Superior Health Council
See also
National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance
References
External links
Health
Belgium
Belgium
Ministries established in 2001
2001 establishments in Belgium
Food safety organizations
Regulation in Belgium |
Mick Keighery (17 June 1918 – 24 December 1968) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
1918 births
1968 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Fitzroy Football Club players
Leongatha Football Club players |
Nebria brevicollis is a species of ground beetle native to Europe and the Near East. In Europe, it is found in all countries and islands except the Azores, the Canary Islands, the Channel Islands, Franz Josef Land, Gibraltar, Madeira, Malta, Monaco, the North Aegean Islands, Novaya Zemlya, San Marino, the Selvagens Islands, Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and Vatican City. It has now been reported as introduced in western Oregon, U.S.A., where it has been found in highly disturbed sites as well as in native old-growth forest stands. It has also now been found in Washington State (see external link to BugGuide, below), Northern California, as well as in Southern British Columbia, Canada(See external link to iNaturalist, below). This species is most abundant between October and December, then from January through mid-May. Although Nebria brevicollis is widely considered to be solely carnivorous, multiple small studies made by enthusiasts have proven that many Nebria brevicollis will resort to eating various types of fungi that can be found in the soil they live on/around. Studied made by the same individuals have also shown that Nebria brevicollis are semi-social, and will often work together when faced with certain obstacles.
References
External links
Nebria brevicollis Range In North America
Nebria brevicollis at Vancouver, Clark Co., Washington, U.S.A.
brevicollis
Beetles described in 1792
Beetles of Europe |
Handkerchief of Clouds: A Tragedy in Fifteen Acts () is a French-language Dadaist play by Romanian-born author Tristan Tzara. Tzara described it as an "ironic tragedy" or a "tragic farce", composed of 15 short acts, each with an accompanying commentary, with a strong influence from "the serialized novel and the cinema." Its action, he continues, should be staged on a platform in the centre of a box-like room "from which the actors cannot leave" It was first staged on 17 May 1924 at the Théâtre de la Cigale in Paris. The play was Tzara's last Dada production.
See also
The Gas Heart, a Dadaist play by Tzara first performed in 1921.
Notes
Sources
Gordon, Mel, ed. 1987. Dada Performance. New York: PAJ Publications. .
Melzer, Annabelle. 1976. Dada and Surrealist Performance. PAJ Books ser. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins UP, 1994. .
Richter, Hans. 1997. Dada: Art and Anti-Art. Trans. David Britt. Updated edition. London: Thames & Hudson. .
Robbins, Aileen, trans. 1987. A Handkerchief of Clouds: A Tragedy in Fifteen Acts. By Tristan Tzara. In Gordon (1987, 137-161).
1924 plays
Plays by Tristan Tzara
Dada |
Mary Walker-Sawka (born c. 1916) was a Canadian film producer, who was the first woman ever to seek the leadership of a major federal political party in Canada. She was a surprise last-minute candidate at the 1967 leadership convention of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, a centre-right party that formed the official opposition in the House of Commons of Canada at the time. Unlike other leadership candidates, who had spent months campaigning, announcing policy positions and travelling across the country to meet delegates, Walker-Sawka announced and filed her candidacy just a few days before the convention began.
The convention had been called after a revolt by party members against the leadership of John Diefenbaker. Walker-Sawka said that she was a Diefenbaker supporter, but was running because she felt she could "add a few things" to Diefenbaker’s program. She gave a short speech setting out her ideas for PC party policy:
Canada should withdraw from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD);
Canada should closely supervise its foreign aid programs to ensure that aid does not end up on the black market;
all houses more than 20 or 30 years old should be torn down and re-built;
Old Age Security payments should be increased to $100 per month;
the education system should be modernized, and at least six languages should be taught in schools;
the 11% federal sales tax should be eliminated.
She implored women to support her out of solidarity with her desire to advance women's equality in politics.
She was one of only three candidates, along with Michael Starr and Wallace McCutcheon, who did not include any French language comments in their speeches. The Globe and Mail reported that she "looked like a housewife who had mistakenly wandered on stage while looking for a bingo game". Walker-Sawka stated that as head of a film production company, she had never had time to be a housewife. She was nominated by her sole supporter, Marian Ray, but had no seconder. Some time passed before Barbara Wheeler, a delegate for George Hees, seconded Walker-Sawka's nomination in order to save her the embarrassment. Walker-Sawka won only two votes on the first ballot and was dropped from the ballot.
In November 1967 Walker-Sawka sent a telegram to federal cabinet minister Judy LaMarsh, lobbying to be appointed as head of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation on the grounds that she had experience in film and television production, and was willing to do the job for "half the price" of outgoing president Alphonse Ouimet. She was not selected for the position. In December she was the only candidate from the September leadership contest who was not invited to take part in a party strategy session, because she could not bring any significant base of support and the party had doubts about how active and committed she was as a member.
She was a partner with her husband Paul Sawka in the film production company Palmar Productions. In 1968 Palmar Productions released its feature film The Man Who Wanted Nothing. Walker-Sawka was the film's director. The film, which Walker-Sawka described as a "metaphysical comedy", was submitted to the 20th Canadian Film Awards in 1968, but won no awards and never received any subsequent commercial distribution.
References
1910s births
Possibly living people
Year of birth missing
Canadian film producers
Canadian film directors
Canadian women in federal politics
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates
Canadian women film producers
Canadian women film directors |
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Hoisting
Functions can be declared after use
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Move cursor at the end of text input
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Senna bauhinioides, the twinleaf senna, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the US states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and to northern Mexico, and it has been introduced to the US state of Maryland. An opportunistic species, it is unpalatable to livestock, so its presence is considered an indicator of overgrazing.
References
bauhinioides
Flora of Arizona
Flora of the South-Central United States
Flora of Northwestern Mexico
Flora of Northeastern Mexico
Plants described in 1979 |
Richard Cleasby (1797–1847) was an English philologist, author with Guðbrandur Vigfússon of the first Icelandic-English dictionary.
Life
He was eldest son of Stephen Cleasby, and brother of Anthony Cleasby, born on 30 November 1797. He was educated at a private school, and for some years assisted his father in his business, but in 1824 gave up trade and went to the continent to study philosophy and literature. After spending four years principally in Italy and Germany, he returned for a winter's term at the University of Edinburgh, went again to the continent, and eventually settled in 1830 at Munich to study philosophy under Friedrich Schelling and Old German under Johann Andreas Schmeller and Hans Ferdinand Massmann. He made excursions into many districts of Germany, gaining a knowledge of German dialects.
A liver complaint often sent him to Carlsbad, and he occasionally revisited England. His first visit to Denmark and Sweden was in May 1834, and he became attracted by Scandinavian subjects. In 1839 he collated the Codex Argenteus at Uppsala, and in January 1840 he formed the plan of his Icelandic-English Dictionary, starting work by April. He worked while travelling between England, German spas, and Copenhagen, where he had amanuenses. In the summer of 1847 his health grew worse, and on 6 October he died of an attack of typhoid fever.
The poetical vocabulary, prepared under his direction by Sveinbjörn Egilsson, was ready for publication in 1846. In the following year Cleasby had set up in type specimens of the prose dictionary. Arrangements were made for the completion of the work at Copenhagen. After some false starts and the temporary loss of some of Cleasby's papers, Guðbrandur Vigfússon in 1864 took over the Dictionary, and George Webbe Dasent lobbied the Clarendon Press for backing. The work was eventually completed in 1873, and published with a preface by Henry Liddell, and an introduction and memoir of Cleasby by Dasent.
References
External links
An Icelandic-English Dictionary by Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, published in 1874.
1779 births
1847 deaths
Linguists from England
English philologists |
Greatest Hits 2.0 is the first compilation album by English pop punk band Busted. It consists of re-recordings of tracks from their first two albums, Busted (2002) and A Present for Everyone (2003), as well as new song "Good One". It was released on 15 September 2023 through Absolute Label Services.
The deluxe version of the album, Greatest Hits 2.0 (Guest Features Edition), features duets of their hits with other pop punk and pop rock artists and bands, as well as a duet with Hanson on "MMMBop 2.0".
Background
Busted released their fourth studio album, Half Way There on 1 February 2019, accompanied by the Half Way There tour. After this, each member of the band pursued solo projects for the next few years: James Bourne released his first solo albums, Safe Journey Home (2020) and Sugar Beach (2022), while Simpson brought out his fourth solo effort, Hope Is a Drug. Willis, meanwhile, continued his acting career, appearing in stage productions such as Waitress and 2:22 A Ghost Story.
On 21 March 2023, the band posted a teaser on their social media platforms for an announcement to be unveiled on 23 March, putting an end to their hiatus. That morning, they announced a 15-date UK tour for September 2023. A single was also announced alongside the tour announcement: "Loser Kid 2.0", a re-recording of a song from their debut album featuring Simple Plan, set to release 14 April. An album of other re-recorded Busted classics featuring other artists, including McFly, All Time Low and Neck Deep, is set to be released as well. After selling out the initial 15-date tour, the band announced 11 additional dates in the UK and Ireland to meet demand, extending the tour until 10 October, making it the biggest UK arena tour of 2023.
On 14 April 2023, Busted released a version of "Loser Kid", the closing track of their 2002 self-titled debut album, titled "Loser Kid 2.0" featuring Canadian band Simple Plan. This version peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Sales Chart. On 5 May 2023, Busted released "Meet You There 2.0", a pop-punk version of their 2003 album track, featuring Welsh rock band Neck Deep. On 26 May 2023, Busted released a cover version of the 1997 Hanson hit "MMMBop", in collaboration with the latter band, titled "MMMBop 2.0". On 23 June 2023, Busted released a version of their 2003 hit "Crashed the Wedding", titled "Crashed the Wedding 2.0", featuring American band All Time Low.
On 24 July 2023, they released a version of their 2003 hit "Year 3000" titled "Year 3000 2.0", featuring the Jonas Brothers on guest vocals and announced that Greatest Hits 2.0, a collaborative album of rerecordings of songs from Busted's first two albums, would be made available for pre-order on 28 July. The track listing was revealed that same day, featuring collaborations with the likes of You Me at Six, Wheatus, James Arthur and Busted's longtime friends McFly.
The album was produced in early 2023 by Phil Gornell in Los Angeles, mixed by Phil Gornell, Zakk Cervini and mastered by Grant Berry.
Track listing
All lyrics and music are written and composed by Charlie Simpson, James Bourne and Matt Willis, except when noted.
Ahead of its original release, pre-order CD copies of the standard edition were misprinted as the Guest Features edition.
Charts
References
2023 compilation albums
Busted (band) albums |
George and the Dragon is a British situation comedy made by ATV for the ITV network which was transmitted in four series comprising 26 episodes between 19 November 1966 and 31 October 1968.
The regular cast was Sid James, Peggy Mount, John Le Mesurier and Keith Marsh. The show was written by Harry Driver and Vince Powell; Shaun O'Riordan was the director, and Alan Tarrant was the main producer.
Outline
George Russell (James), a handyman and chauffeur, and Gabrielle Dragon (Mount), a housekeeper, are both employed by Colonel Maynard (Le Mesurier). Also among the staff is Ralph (Marsh), a gardener. George's lascivious behaviour has been responsible for the resignation of 16 previous housekeepers, but Gabrielle, a formidable widow in her forties, will have none of it. The two leading characters are frequently at crossed swords with each other and George regularly schemes to remove her from her job.
Mount herself was unlike the 'battleaxe' characters she tended to play, and had known James for many years by the time of this series. They had worked together in the screen adaptation of the Brian Rix-associated farce Dry Rot (1956). Mount reminded James of his own mother, while Mount found James a convivial colleague. It was while the second series was in production on 13 May 1967 that James had his first heart attack.
Cast
Sid James as George Russell
Peggy Mount as Gabrielle Dragon
John Le Mesurier as Colonel Maynard
Keith Marsh as Ralph
DVD release
Unlike many British television series of its era, George and the Dragon survives in its entirety with no episodes missing, and has been issued as a DVD boxset.
References
External links
1966 British television series debuts
1968 British television series endings
1960s British sitcoms
1960s British workplace comedy television series
English-language television shows
ITV sitcoms
Television shows set in London
Television shows shot at ATV Elstree Studios |
Lin Chien-hsun (; born 10 January 1993) is a Taiwanese footballer who currently plays as an attacking midfielder for the national and club level.
International goals
U19
U23
National team
Scores and results list Chinese Taipei's goal tally first.
References
1993 births
Living people
Taiwanese men's footballers
Chinese Taipei men's international footballers
Taiwan Power Company F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Tainan |
Burpee may refer to:
Burpee (exercise), a full body exercise
Burpee Seeds, a seed company
Hanksville-Burpee Quarry, a paleontological excavation site near Hanksville, Utah
Burpee Museum of Natural History
Burpee and Mills, Ontario, a township
It is also a name:
W. Atlee Burpee, founder of Burpee Seeds
Lawrence Johnstone Burpee (1873–1946), Canadian librarian, historian and author
Judson Burpee Black (1842–1924), Canadian politician
Burpee L. Steeves (1868–1933), Lieutenant Governor of Idaho from 1905 to 1907 |
The IHF Youth Beach Handball World Championship is an international beach handball competition contested by the men's and women's youth national teams of the member federations of International Handball Federation, the sport's global governing body.
The tournament was established in 2017, taking place every two year. The current tournament format lasts over approximately 6 days and involves 16 men's and 16 women's teams initially competing in four groups of four teams. Three teams from each group will advance to main round and then semifinals are played. The losing semi-finalists play each other in a play-off match to determine the third and fourth-placed teams.
The most recent edition was held in Flic-en-Flac (Mauritius) and crowned Spain and Hungary as champions in men's and women's category respectively beating Italy and Netherlands by 2–1.
Men
Summary
Men's medal table
Men's participating nations
;Legend
– Champions
– Runners-up
– Third place
— Withdrew from the World Championship
— Hosts
Women
Summary
Women's medal table
Women's participating nations
;Legend
– Champions
– Runners-up
– Third place
— Withdrew from the World Championship
— Hosts
See also
Beach handball at the World Games
Beach Handball World Championships
Asian Youth Beach Handball Championship
Oceania Youth Beach Handball Championship
Pan American Youth Beach Handball Championship
References
Beach handball competitions
Beach, Youth
World youth sports competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 2017
Beach Youth |
Nistor Şandro (born 17 September 1974) is a Romanian gymnast. He competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Romanian male artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for Romania
Gymnasts at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Oradea |
Epermenia oculigera is a moth in the family Epermeniidae. It was described by Alexey Diakonoff in 1955. It is found in New Guinea.
References
Epermeniidae
Moths described in 1955
Moths of New Guinea |
Tamils in France refer to the citizens as well as expatriate residents of Tamil origin living in France. Over 100,000 Tamils from both Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry now (Puducherry) and then from Sri Lanka also lives in France. This is in addition to the Indian Tamil community established in French overseas dominions of Réunion, Martinique, and French Guiana. There are approximately 220,000 people of Tamil origin in the Department of Réunion.
History
The earliest Tamil immigration into France can be traced back to since the 17th Century, from the French-administered colony of Puducherry in India. A large number of them hailing from middle-class families who joined the French government on service.
In the 1790s the French East India Company sent most of the Indian Tamils from Tamil Nadu and Puducherry to France and Réunion for workers and after some years they were permanently settled and makes an residence there itself.
The later arrivals were mostly Tamils from Sri Lanka, who fled the country during the violence in 1983 and the Civil War that succeeded it. Today, there are about 50,000 Sri Lankan Tamils living in France, of which the greatest number live in Paris.
The Parisian Tamil community was fairly dispersed and disorderly until 1991, when Paris-based Tamils began to form tightly-knit networks centred in the northern reaches of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis. Tamil-owned businesses appeared in great numbers seemingly overnight, while the colorful Chariot Festival, a tribute to the Hindu elephant god Ganesha, has become a popular annual procession eagerly anticipated by thousands of Parisians. There are Tamil newspapers, a radio station, and a website dedicated to Paris' residents.
Culture
Language
Apart from speaking Tamil their native language, most of the Tamils are fluent speakers of English due to their British colonial past. Many of the early migrants had struggled to find work and higher education due to their relatively lesser understanding of the French. As a result, many of them have taken up free and paid classes to learn French. A critical demand is that the French government create special work-training programs designed to orient refugees from different fields.
The Tamil community preserve their culture by creating special schools for children. Today there are ten or eleven active branches in Paris and in the suburbs (banlieue). In these weekend classes, children are taught Tamil, traditional music and dance, and religion.
Religion
The majority of the Tamil French population are either Hindus or Christians, and a minor number of them have faith in Islam as well.
Little India
Passage Brady, nicknamed “Little India”, is divided in two by Boulevard de Strasbourg. Covered on one side, it is open on the other. There are numerous boutiques and restaurants specialising in Gujarati, Tamil and Punjabi cuisine.
Little Jaffna
The Parisian quarter of La Chapelle, a stone's throw from Le Gare du Nord is popularly known as “Little Jaffna”. In only 10 years, "Little Jaffna", located at the last stretch of the winding street of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis in the 10th arrondissement, between metros Gare de Nord and La Chapelle, has sprung to life and begun to truly flourish.
Centring on three of four streets where the famous annual Ganesh Festival and its crowd drawing processions of dancers, rituals and floats has been celebrated at the end of August each year since the late 1990s the quarter is thriving and undeniably Tamil.
Majority of the residents are Sri Lankan Tamils who fled Sri Lanka from persecution in the 1980s, which also saw the beginning of the country's civil war. It is commonly mistakenly called by the average Parisian as Little India.
The visitor will notice a wide variety of stores, restaurants and businesses catering to Paris Tamil community; There are numerous boutiques selling saris, restaurants specialising in Tamil, Indian and Sri Lankan cuisine, halal butchers and spice stores; there are shops selling models of Hindu, Buddhist and Christian deities; trinkets and jewellery for all tastes and wallets – bangles for one Euro, rings for a thousand; all tastes in Indian film and music are catered for in various media outlets and many less stand -out stores, offering translation, visa, educational and other services also line the streets.
Both the area and event have become popular tourist attractions. Little Jaffna is a thriving village in its own right, offering a kind of Tamil cultural richness that seems curiously preserved from French influence.
Notable people
See also
Malbars, a Tamil ethnic group in Réunion
Indians in Guadeloupe
Indo-Martiniquais
Tamil diaspora
References
Asian diaspora in France
Ethnic groups in France
Indian diaspora in France
France
France |
Kocakina is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. It contains only one species, Kocakina fidelis, the intractable quaker moth, which is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Quebec and Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Kansas. The habitat consists of dry woodlands. The former genus name, Himella, is a junior homonym, and was replaced by Kocakina in 2006.
The wingspan is 25–35 mm. The forewings are greyish to reddish-brown with yellowish lines and spots outlined with yellow. There is a distinct black spot on the basal line, as well as fainter black spots on the antemedial and postmedial lines near the inner margin. The hindwings are greyish-brown, darker toward the outer margin. Adults are on wing from March to May and again in July in one to two generations per year.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Quercus species, Prunus virginiana, Prunus serotina and Carya ovata. Full-grown larvae reach a length of about 30 mm. They have a green body with a white subdorsal stripe and four thin white lateral lines. The head is green. Larvae can be found from May to July. The species overwinters in the pupal stage.
References
Hadeninae |
Alfredo Pereira de Mello, commonly known as Mica, (15 October 1904 – 10 March 1989) was a Brazilian football player who played as a midfielder. Mica is considered one of the best players that the baiano football ever produced and one of its first heroes. He also was a member of the Brazilian squad at the 1923 Copa America.
Career
Mica started his career from the Yankee and won the Torneio Início da Bahia of 1921. Botafogo-BA which was one of the biggest clubs in Bahia at the time signed him in 1922 and he led them to two championship titles.
International career
Mica played in the 1923 Copa America alongside legendary Nilo, but Brazil eventually finished fourth. He was the first player outside the Rio-São Paulo states to be called up to the Brazil national team. No footballer from Bahia would play for the national team until 1987.
Honours
:pt:Torneio Início da Bahia:1921
Campeonato Baiano: 1922, 1923
References
External links
Profile on Zerozero
Profile em Sport.de
1904 births
1989 deaths
Footballers from Salvador, Bahia
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazil men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders |
```c++
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// file, You can obtain one at path_to_url
#include <chrono>
#include <condition_variable>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <thread>
#include <map>
#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
#include <vsomeip/vsomeip.hpp>
#include <vsomeip/internal/logger.hpp>
#include "offer_test_globals.hpp"
#include "../someip_test_globals.hpp"
#include <common/vsomeip_app_utilities.hpp>
static std::string service_number;
class offer_test_service : public vsomeip_utilities::base_logger {
public:
offer_test_service(struct offer_test::service_info _service_info) :
vsomeip_utilities::base_logger("OTS1", "OFFER TEST SERVICE"),
service_info_(_service_info),
// service with number 1 uses "routingmanagerd" as application name
// this way the same json file can be reused for all local tests
// including the ones with routingmanagerd
app_(vsomeip::runtime::get()->create_application(
(service_number == "1") ? "routingmanagerd" :
"offer_test_service" + service_number)),
counter_(0),
wait_until_registered_(true),
shutdown_method_called_(false),
offer_thread_(std::bind(&offer_test_service::run, this)) {
if (!app_->init()) {
ADD_FAILURE() << "Couldn't initialize application";
return;
}
app_->register_state_handler(
std::bind(&offer_test_service::on_state, this,
std::placeholders::_1));
// offer field
std::set<vsomeip::eventgroup_t> its_eventgroups;
its_eventgroups.insert(service_info_.eventgroup_id);
app_->offer_event(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id,
service_info_.event_id, its_eventgroups,
vsomeip::event_type_e::ET_EVENT, std::chrono::milliseconds::zero(),
false, true, nullptr, vsomeip::reliability_type_e::RT_BOTH);
inc_counter_and_notify();
app_->register_message_handler(service_info_.service_id,
service_info_.instance_id, service_info_.method_id,
std::bind(&offer_test_service::on_request, this,
std::placeholders::_1));
app_->register_message_handler(service_info_.service_id,
service_info_.instance_id, service_info_.shutdown_method_id,
std::bind(&offer_test_service::on_shutdown_method_called, this,
std::placeholders::_1));
app_->start();
}
~offer_test_service() {
offer_thread_.join();
}
void offer() {
app_->offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id);
// this is allowed
app_->offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id);
// this is not allowed and will be rejected
app_->offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id, 33, 4711);
}
void on_state(vsomeip::state_type_e _state) {
VSOMEIP_INFO << "Application " << app_->get_name() << " is "
<< (_state == vsomeip::state_type_e::ST_REGISTERED ?
"registered." : "deregistered.");
if (_state == vsomeip::state_type_e::ST_REGISTERED) {
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> its_lock(mutex_);
wait_until_registered_ = false;
condition_.notify_one();
}
}
void on_request(const std::shared_ptr<vsomeip::message> &_message) {
app_->send(vsomeip::runtime::get()->create_response(_message));
}
void on_shutdown_method_called(const std::shared_ptr<vsomeip::message> &_message) {
(void)_message;
shutdown_method_called_ = true;
// this is will trigger a warning
app_->stop_offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id, 44, 4711);
app_->stop_offer_service(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id);
app_->clear_all_handler();
app_->stop();
}
void run() {
VSOMEIP_DEBUG << "[" << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << std::hex
<< service_info_.service_id << "] Running";
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> its_lock(mutex_);
while (wait_until_registered_) {
condition_.wait(its_lock);
}
VSOMEIP_DEBUG << "[" << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << std::hex
<< service_info_.service_id << "] Offering";
offer();
VSOMEIP_DEBUG << "[" << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << std::hex
<< service_info_.service_id << "] Notifying";
while(!shutdown_method_called_) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
inc_counter_and_notify();
}
}
void inc_counter_and_notify() {
++counter_;
// set value to field
const std::shared_ptr<vsomeip::payload> its_payload(vsomeip::runtime::get()->create_payload());
std::vector<vsomeip::byte_t> its_data;
its_data.push_back(static_cast<vsomeip::byte_t>((counter_ & 0xFF000000) >> 24));
its_data.push_back(static_cast<vsomeip::byte_t>((counter_ & 0xFF0000) >> 16));
its_data.push_back(static_cast<vsomeip::byte_t>((counter_ & 0xFF00) >> 8));
its_data.push_back(static_cast<vsomeip::byte_t>((counter_ & 0xFF)));
its_payload->set_data(its_data);
app_->notify(service_info_.service_id, service_info_.instance_id,
service_info_.event_id, its_payload);
}
private:
struct offer_test::service_info service_info_;
std::shared_ptr<vsomeip::application> app_;
std::uint32_t counter_;
bool wait_until_registered_;
std::mutex mutex_;
std::condition_variable condition_;
std::atomic<bool> shutdown_method_called_;
std::thread offer_thread_;
};
TEST(someip_offer_test, notify_increasing_counter)
{
offer_test_service its_sample(offer_test::service);
}
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(ANDROID) || defined(__QNX__)
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
if(argc < 2) {
std::cerr << "Please specify a service number, like: " << argv[0] << " 2" << std::endl;
return 1;
}
service_number = std::string(argv[1]);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}
#endif
``` |
NetBIOS Frames (NBF) is a non-routable network- and transport-level data protocol most commonly used as one of the layers of Microsoft Windows networking in the 1990s. NBF or NetBIOS over IEEE 802.2 LLC is used by a number of network operating systems released in the 1990s, such as LAN Manager, LAN Server, Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95 and Windows NT. Other protocols, such as NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP), and NBX (NetBIOS-over-IPX/SPX) also implement the NetBIOS/NetBEUI services over other protocol suites.
The NBF protocol is broadly, but incorrectly, referred to as NetBEUI. This originates from the confusion with NetBIOS Extended User Interface, an extension to the NetBIOS API that was originally developed in conjunction with the NBF protocol; both the protocol and the NetBEUI emulator were originally developed to allow NetBIOS programs to run over IBM's new Token Ring network. Microsoft caused this confusion by labelling its NBF protocol implementation NetBEUI. NBF is a protocol and the original NetBEUI was a NetBIOS application programming interface extension.
Overview
NBF protocol uses 802.2 type 1 mode to provide the NetBIOS/NetBEUI name service and datagram service, and 802.2 type 2 mode to provide the NetBIOS/NetBEUI session service (virtual circuit). NBF protocol makes wide use of broadcast messages, which accounts for its reputation as a chatty interface. While the protocol consumes few network resources in a very small network, broadcasts begin to adversely impact performance and speed when the number of hosts present in a network grows.
Sytek developed NetBIOS for IBM for the PC-Network program and was used by Microsoft for MS-NET in 1985. In 1987, Microsoft and Novell utilized it for their network operating systems LAN Manager and NetWare.
Because NBF protocol is unroutable it can only be used to communicate with devices in the same broadcast domain, but being bridgeable it can also be used to communicate with network segments connected to each other via bridges. The lack of support for routable networks means that NBF is only well-suited for small to medium-sized networks, where it has such an advantage over TCP/IP that requires little configuration. The NetBIOS/NetBEUI services must be implemented atop other protocols, such as IPX and TCP/IP (see above) in order to be of use in an internetwork.
Services
NetBIOS/NetBEUI provides three distinct services:
Name service for name registration and resolution
Datagram distribution service for connectionless communication
Session service for connection-oriented communication
NBF protocol implements all of these services.
Name service
In order to start sessions or distribute datagrams, an application must register its NetBIOS/NetBEUI name using the name service. To do so, an "Add Name Query" or "Add Group Name Query" packet is broadcast on the network. If the NetBIOS/NetBEUI name is already in use, the name service, running on the host that owns the name, broadcasts a "Node Conflict" message on the network.
In addition, to start a session or to send a datagram to a particular host rather than to broadcast the datagram, NBF protocol has to determine the MAC address of the host with a given NetBIOS/NetBEUI name; this is done by sending a "Name Query" packet, the response to which will have the MAC address of the host sending the response, i.e. the host with that name.
Datagram distribution service
Datagram mode is "connectionless". A datagram is sent with a "Datagram" packet if it is being sent to a particular NetBIOS/NetBEUI name, or a "Datagram Broadcast" packet if it is being sent to all NetBIOS/NetBEUI names on the network.
Session service
Session mode lets two computers establish a connection for a "conversation," allows larger messages to be handled, and provides error detection and recovery.
Sessions are established by exchanging packets. The computer establishing the session sends a "Name Query" request, specifying that a session should be initialized. The computer with which the session is to be established will respond with a "Name Recognized" response indicating either that no session can be established (either because that computer is not listening for sessions being established to that name or because no resources are available to establish a session to that name) or that a session can be established (in which case the response will include a local session number to be used in subsequent packets). The computer that is starting the session will then send a "Session Initialize" request which will prompt a "Session Confirm" response.
Data is transmitted during an established session by data packets. IEEE 802.2 handles flow control and retransmission of data packets. Because NetBIOS/NetBEUI allows packets to be sent that are larger than the largest packet that could be transmitted on a particular MAC layer, a NetBIOS/NetBEUI packet might have to be transmitted as a sequence of "Data First Middle" packets and a "Data Only Last" packet; packets that do not need to be segmented in that fashion will be sent as a single "Data Only Last" packet. An acknowledgment will be sent for all "Data Only Last" packets that are successfully received; this will also acknowledge all preceding "Data First Middle" packets.
Sessions are closed by sending a "Session End" request.
Availability
NBF protocol – apart from DOS, OS/2 and Unix implementations – was officially supported by Microsoft on almost every version of Windows up to Windows 2000, but its use has decreased quickly since the development of NBT.
Microsoft officially dropped support starting with Windows XP, but it is included on the Windows XP CD-ROM and can be installed manually. Windows Vista does not include NetBEUI (means NBF) support at all, but the Windows XP NetBEUI support drivers can be used.
References
External links
LAN Technical Reference: 802.2 and NetBIOS APIs – includes NBF protocol specifications
Comparison of Windows NT Network Protocols
Windows communication and services
Network protocols |
Gortlud () is a rural locality (a village) in Chazyovskoye Rural Settlement, Kosinsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 63 as of 2010. There is 1 street.
Geography
Gortlud is located 29 km southwest of Kosa (the district's administrative centre) by road. Bachmanovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Kosinsky District |
Plocamopherus ceylonicus is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae.
Distribution
This species was originally described from Sri Lanka.
References
Kelaart, E.F., 1858. Description of a new Ceylonese nudibranch. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 3, 1(4): 257-258.
External links
SeaSlug Forum info
Polyceridae
Gastropods described in 1858 |
Joseph Anderson may refer to:
Government
Joe Anderson (politician) (born 1958), mayor of Liverpool
Joseph Anderson (South Australian politician) (1876–1947), accountant, real estate agent and politician in South Australia
Joseph C. Anderson (1830–1891), member of the Kansas Territorial Legislature and name-sake of Anderson County, Kansas
Joseph F. Anderson (born 1949), U.S. federal judge
Joseph H. Anderson (1800–1870), U.S. Representative from New York
Joseph H. Anderson (Wisconsin politician) (1893–1969), Wisconsin state assemblyman
Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician) (born 1757), Tennessee senator
Joseph E. Anderson (1873−1937), member of the Illinois House of Representatives
Military
Joseph Anderson (British Army officer) (1790–1877), British soldier, penal administrator; politician in colonial Victoria (Australia)
Joseph Anderson (U.S. Army general) (born 1959)
Joseph T. Anderson (born 1946), United States Marine Corps general
Sportsmen
Joe Anderson (boxer) (1869–1943), 'All England' champion in 1897
Joe Anderson (Scottish footballer) (1895–?), who played for Burnley F.C.
Joe Anderson (rugby league) (1928–2014), English rugby league footballer of the 1950s and 1960s
Joe Anderson (Australian footballer) (born 1988), Australian footballer for Carlton Football Club
Joseph Anderson (American football) (born 1988), American football player for the New York Jets
Joe Anderson (footballer, born 1989), currently playing for Maidstone United F.C.
Joey Anderson (born 1998), American ice hockey forward
Joe Anderson (footballer, born 2001), English football centre-back for Sunderland
Other
Joe Anderson (Aboriginal activist), Aboriginal Australian rights activist who was filmed for Cinesound news in 1933 at Salt Pan Creek, New South Wales
Joe Anderson (actor) (born 1982), British actor
Joseph Anderson (antiquarian) (1832–1916), Scottish antiquarian, keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland 1870–1913, father of the judge Lord St Vingeans
Joseph Anderson (Mormon) (1889–1992), secretary to the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Joseph B. Anderson (born 1943), American executive with T.A.G. Holdings, whose Viet Nam War service was portrayed in The Anderson Platoon
Joseph Gaudentius Anderson (1865–1927), American Roman Catholic bishop
Joseph Horatio Anderson, architect in Annapolis, Maryland
Joseph R. Anderson (1813–1892), American civil engineer, industrialist, and brigadier general during the American Civil War |
```javascript
Custom Node REPL Server
Asynchronous File Write/Read in Node.js
Global Objects and Environment Variables in **Node**
The built-in Node debugger
Automatic compilation for Node with **Nodemon**
``` |
The Ethiopian Mapping Agency (EMA) is an Ethiopian government agency, a department within the Ministry of Finance and Cooperation, that is responsible for cartographic mapping and remote sensing activities in Ethiopia. The EMA has expanded its operation to include a comprehensive map revision program in addition to various phases of digital mapping and information technology.
History
Origin
The Ethiopian Mapping Agency, originally known as the Ethiopian Mapping and Geography Institute, located in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, is the official organization responsible for mapping, surveying and remote sensing activities in Ethiopia. The organization was established in 1954 under the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I as a department in the Imperial Ethiopian Ministry of Education. It was initially established to produce graphic materials and geography textbooks for educational purposes. During its early years, the EMA benefited from United States assistance, both in terms of financial assistance from the Point Four Program and a comprehensive base mapping operation of the country undertaken by the United States Army.
1960–1979
The Institute was transferred to the Ministry of Interior in 1960 and expanded its operations to include some basic cartographic activities and extended research. The organisation had benefited from the United States Point Four Programme of financial aid until it was discontinued in 1962, at which time the country entered into an agreement with the United States for the U.S. Army Map Service, later known as Topographic Command (Topocom), to produce base maps of the country. The topographic surveying was provided by soldiers from the 64th Engineer Battalion, 29th Engineer Company, and the project was known as the Ethiopia-United States Mapping Mission. Using the survey data from the Mapping Mission, The Army Map Service/Topocom completed the photogrammetric map compilation and cartographic map finishing operations. The resulting 1:250,000-scale base maps of the country and 1:50,000-scale maps of special interest areas served as the impetus for the Institute to begin its cartographic map maintenance and distribution program. The organization was placed under a Director General with two Directors and seventy employees, and was reorganized into three subdivisions: Photogrammetry, Cartography and Photo Laboratory.
1980–2017
The Institute was reorganized again in 1980 and was renamed the Ethiopian Mapping Agency. As of 2017, the EMA employs about 350 people engaged in aerial photography, geodetic surveying, photogrammetric, cartographic and photo lab activities to support and maintain its 1:250,000; 1:50,000; 1:1,000,000; 1:2,000,000; National Atlas of Ethiopia and 1:15,000-scale map of Addis Ababa. In addition, it is involved in remote sensing, orthophoto mapping, information technology, digital mapping and land use/land cover (LULC) studies and maintains a library of geoinformation in support of Ethiopia's infrastructure.
2018–present
In February 2018, the Ethiopian Mapping Agency's request to be reestablished as the Ethiopian Geospatial Information Agency was approved by the Ethiopian Parliament. The motivation for this change was to modernize the aims of the organization as well as to differentiate themselves from the Information Network Security Agency (INSA) and the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing.
References
External links
Portals to the World – Geography and Environment: Ethiopia
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia – EMA
Ethiopia Topographic Maps East View Cartographic web site
UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia – EMA Maps
National mapping agencies
Maps of Ethiopia
Government agencies of Ethiopia
Organisations based in Addis Ababa
Geography of Addis Ababa |
Barry Dorn Till (1 June 1923 – 12 June 2013) was an Anglican priest, author and academic.
He was born on 1 June 1923, educated at Harrow and served in the Coldstream Guards from 1942 to 1946. He studied at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he read history and theology and in 1949 was awarded the Cambridge University Lightfoot Scholarship in ecclesiastical history with special commendation. Thereafter, he studied at Westcott House, Cambridge, where his tutors included Alan Webster and Harry Williams, and contemporaries included Hugh Montefiore, all of whom remained great friends: he was ordained in 1951. After a curacy in Bury, Lancashire he returned to his old college as Fellow, Chaplain and Tutor. In 1960 he became Dean of Hong Kong, a post he held until 1964. He was Principal of Morley College, London from 1965 to 1986 and Adviser (1973-1986), then Director (1986-1992) of the Baring Foundation.
References
1923 births
People educated at Harrow School
British Army personnel of World War II
Coldstream Guards officers
Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Deans of Hong Kong
Holders of a Lambeth degree
2013 deaths
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Alumni of Westcott House, Cambridge |
In humans and most mammals and birds, the iris (: irides or irises) is a thin, annular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. Eye color is defined by the iris. In optical terms, the pupil is the eye's aperture, while the iris is the diaphragm.
Etymology
The word "iris" is derived from the Greek word for "rainbow", also its goddess plus messenger of the gods in the Iliad, because of the many colours of this eye part.
Structure
The iris consists of two layers: the front pigmented fibrovascular layer known as a stroma and, beneath the stroma, pigmented epithelial cells.
The stroma is connected to a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil in a circular motion, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae), which pull the iris radially to enlarge the pupil, pulling it in folds.
The sphincter pupillae is the opposing muscle of the dilator pupillae. The pupil's diameter, and thus the inner border of the iris, changes size when constricting or dilating. The outer border of the iris does not change size. The constricting muscle is located on the inner border.
The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer that is two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. This anterior surface projects as the dilator muscles. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris to the retina, restricting it to the pupil. The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region referred to as the trabecular meshwork, through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure and indirectly on vision. The iris along with the anterior ciliary body provide a secondary pathway for aqueous humour to drain from the eye.
The iris is divided into two major regions:
The pupillary zone is the inner region whose edge forms the boundary of the pupil.
The ciliary zone is the rest of the iris that extends to its origin at the ciliary body.
The collarette is the thickest region of the iris, separating the pupillary portion from the ciliary portion. The collarette is a vestige of the coating of the embryonic pupil. It is typically defined as the region where the sphincter muscle and dilator muscle overlap. Radial ridges extend from the periphery to the pupillary zone, to supply the iris with blood vessels. The root of the iris is the thinnest and most peripheral.
The muscle cells of the iris are smooth muscle in mammals and amphibians, but are striated muscle in reptiles (including birds). Many fish have neither, and, as a result, their irises are unable to dilate and contract, so that the pupil always remains of a fixed size.
Front
The crypts of Fuchs are a series of openings located on either side of the collarette that allow the stroma and deeper iris tissues to be bathed in aqueous humor. Collagen trabeculae that surround the border of the crypts can be seen in blue irises.
The midway between the collarette and the origin of the iris: These folds result from changes in the surface of the iris as it dilates.
Crypts on the base of the iris are additional openings that can be observed close to the outermost part of the ciliary portion of the iris.
Back
The radial contraction folds of Schwalbe are a series of very fine radial folds in the pupillary portion of the iris extending from the pupillary margin to the collarette. They are associated with the scalloped appearance of the pupillary ruff.
The structural folds of Schwalbe are radial folds extending from the border of the ciliary and pupillary zones that are much broader and more widely spaced, continuous with the "valleys" between the ciliary processes.
Some of the circular contraction folds are a fine series of ridges that run near the pupillary margin and vary in thickness of the iris pigment epithelium; others are in ciliary portion of iris.
Microanatomy
From anterior (front) to posterior (back), the layers of the iris are:
Anterior limiting layer
Stroma of iris
Iris sphincter muscle
Iris dilator muscle (myoepithelium)
Anterior pigment epithelium
Posterior pigment epithelium
Development
The stroma and the anterior border layer of the iris are derived from the neural crest, and behind the stroma of the iris, the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles, as well as the iris epithelium, develop from optic cup neuroectoderm.
Function
The iris controls the size of the pupil by means of contracting the iris sphincter muscle and/or the iris dilator muscle. The size of the pupils is dependent on many factors (including light, emotional state, cognitive load, arousal, stimulation), and can range from less than 2 mm in diameter, to as large as 9 mm in diameter. However, there is considerable variation in maximal pupil diameter by individual humans, and decreases with age. The irises also contract the pupils when accommodation is initiated, to increase the depth of field.
Eye color
The iris is usually strongly pigmented, with the color typically ranging between brown, hazel, green, gray, and blue. Occasionally, the color of the iris is due to a lack of pigmentation, as in the pinkish-white of oculocutaneous albinism, or to obscuration of its pigment by blood vessels, as in the red of an abnormally vascularised iris. Despite the wide range of colors, the only pigment that contributes substantially to normal human iris color is the dark pigment melanin. The quantity of melanin pigment in the iris is one factor in determining the phenotypic eye color of a person. Structurally, this huge molecule is only slightly different from its equivalent found in skin and hair. Iris color is due to variable amounts of eumelanin (brown/black melanins) and pheomelanin (red/yellow melanins) produced by melanocytes. More of the former is found in brown-eyed people and of the latter in blue- and green-eyed people. The limbal ring appears as a dark ring encircling the iris on some individuals, but is a result of the optical properties of the region between the cornea and sclera, not of pigments in the iris.
Genetic and physical factors determining iris color
Iris color is a highly complex phenomenon consisting of the combined effects of texture, pigmentation, fibrous tissue, and blood vessels within the iris stroma, which together make up an individual's epigenetic constitution in this context. A person's "eye color" is actually the color of one's iris, the cornea being transparent and the white sclera entirely outside the area of interest.
Melanin is yellowish to dark hazel in the stromal pigment cells, and black in the iris pigment epithelium, which lies in a thin but very opaque layer across the back of the iris. Most human irises also show a condensation of the brownish stromal melanin in the thin anterior border layer, which by its position has an overt influence on the overall color. The degree of dispersion of the melanin, which is in subcellular bundles called melanosomes, has some influence on the observed color, but melanosomes in the iris of humans and other vertebrates are not mobile, and the degree of pigment dispersion cannot be reversed. Abnormal clumping of melanosomes does occur in disease and may lead to irreversible changes in iris color (see heterochromia, below). Colors other than brown or black are due to selective reflection and absorption from the other stromal components. Sometimes, lipofuscin, a yellow "wear and tear" pigment, also enters into the visible eye color, especially in aged or diseased green eyes.
The optical mechanisms by which the nonpigmented stromal components influence eye color are complex, and many erroneous statements exist in the literature. Simple selective absorption and reflection by biological molecules (hemoglobin in the blood vessels, collagen in the vessel and stroma) is the most important element. Rayleigh scattering and Tyndall scattering, (which also happen in the sky) and diffraction also occur. Raman scattering, and constructive interference, as in the feathers of birds, do not contribute to the color of the human eye, but interference phenomena are important in the brilliantly colored iris pigment cells (iridophores) in many animals. Interference effects can occur at both molecular and light-microscopic scales, and are often associated (in melanin-bearing cells) with quasicrystalline formations, which enhance the optical effects. Interference is recognised by characteristic dependence of color on the angle of view, as seen in eyespots of some butterfly wings, although the chemical components remain the same.
White babies are usually born blue-eyed since no pigment is in the stroma, and their eyes appear blue due to scattering and selective absorption from the posterior epithelium. If melanin is deposited substantially, brown or black color is seen; if not, they will remain blue or gray.
All the contributing factors towards eye color and its variation are not fully understood. Autosomal recessive/dominant traits in iris color are inherent in other species, but coloration can follow a different pattern.
Different colors in the two eyes
Heterochromia (also known as a heterochromia iridis or heterochromia iridum) is an ocular condition in which one iris is a different color from the other iris (complete heterochromia), or where the part of one iris is a different color from the remainder (partial heterochromia or sectoral heterochromia). Uncommon in humans, it is often an indicator of ocular disease, such as chronic iritis or diffuse iris melanoma, but may also occur as a normal variant. Sectors or patches of strikingly different colors in the same iris are less common. Anastasius the First was dubbed dikoros (having two irises) for his patent heterochromia since his right iris had a darker color than the left one.
In contrast, heterochromia and variegated iris patterns are common in veterinary practice. Siberian Husky dogs show heterochromia, possibly analogous to the genetically determined Waardenburg syndrome of humans. Some white cat fancies (e.g., white Turkish Angora or white Turkish van cats) may show striking heterochromia, with the most common pattern being one uniformly blue, the other copper, orange, yellow, or green. Striking variation within the same iris is also common in some animals, and is the norm in some species. Several herding breeds, particularly those with a blue merle coat color (such as Australian Shepherds and Border Collies) may show well-defined blue areas within a brown iris, as well as separate blue and darker eyes. Some horses (usually within the white, spotted, palomino, or cremello groups of breeds) may show amber, brown, white and blue all within the same eye, without any sign of eye disease.
One eye with a white or bluish-white iris is also known as a "walleye".
Clinical significance
Angle closure glaucoma
Aniridia
Anisocoria
Horner's syndrome
Iridocyclitis
Iridoplegia
Iritis
Miosis/Mydriasis
Synechia
Third nerve palsy
Alternative medicine
Iridology
Iridology (also known as iridodiagnosis) is an alternative medicine technique whose proponents believe that patterns, colors, and other characteristics of the iris can be examined to determine information about a patient's systemic health. Practitioners match their observations to "iris charts", which divide the iris into zones corresponding to specific parts of the human body. Iridologists see the eyes as "windows" into the body's state of health.
Iridology is not supported by quality research studies, and is considered pseudoscience.
Graphics
See also
Blood–ocular barrier
Coloboma
Gonioscopy
Human eye
Iris recognition
References
External links
Detailed photographs of human irides
– "Sagittal Section Through the Eyeball"
Eye color |
The 2021–22 South Carolina Gamecocks men's basketball team represented the University of South Carolina during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by 10th-year head coach Frank Martin, and played their home games at Colonial Life Arena in Columbia, South Carolina as a member of the Southeastern Conference. They finished the season 18–13, 9–9 in SEC play to finish in a five-way tie for fifth place. As the No. 7 seed in the SEC tournament, they lost to Mississippi State in the second round.
On March 14, 2022, the school fired head coach Frank Martin. On March 24, the school named Chattanooga head coach Lamont Paris the team's new head coach.
Previous season
In a season limited due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Gamecocks finished the 2020–21 season 6–15, 4–12 in SEC play to finish in 12th place. As the No. 11 seed in the SEC tournament they lost in the first round to Ole Miss.
Offseason
Departures
Incoming Transfers
2021 recruiting class
2022 Recruiting class
Roster
Schedule and results
|-
!colspan=12 style=| Exhibition
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!colspan=12 style=| Non-conference regular season
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!colspan=12 style=| SEC regular season
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!colspan=12 style=| SEC tournament
See also
2021–22 South Carolina Gamecocks women's basketball team
References
South Carolina Gamecocks
South Carolina Gamecocks men's basketball seasons
South Carolina Gamecocks
South Carolina Gamecocks |
Reassembly is a 2D open world space shooter PC game, created by video game developer Anisoptera Games. The game is available on Steam or from the developer's website via Humble Widget. Native versions are available for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. It was released on February 19, 2015.
Gameplay
Main game
Players build their ships out of various geometric pieces, including hull, armor, thrusters, weapons, shield projectors, and various other functional components. Each component gives a unique attribute or ability to the ship. Reassemblys creative, modular ship building has been compared to playing with Lego. The in-game world is a single large open "galaxy", populated with rival factions. Players progress through the game by collecting resources, building a fleet, capturing territory, and activating damaged space stations.
Tournaments
In tournament mode, players can select ships that they have created or downloaded from other players, and pit them against each other in pool mode or bracket mode. The ships in tournament mode are not controlled by the player, rather, the AI decides how to attack and defend depending on how the ships have been designed and the behavior of the opponents they are facing. Several larger online tournaments have been organized and posted on YouTube and/or streamed on Twitch as well as a series of official tournaments hosted by the developer, Arthur Danskin.
Development
Initial development
During the alpha testing the game was originally being developed under the name Gamma Void. Later in development, the developer of the game decided to change the name to Reassembly. The new name was chosen for the reason that it clearly states an important feature of the game, when a ship is damaged, it is reassembled by tractor beaming in any nearby transients parts that floating around, and rebuilding ships based on the blueprint design created by the player on the fleet configuration screen. A crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter has raised about $35,308 to further contributes to the effort on the development of the game.
Further development and modding support
In April 2015, developer Arthur Danskin announced the ability to add modding support into the game. This feature allowed players to create and publish their own custom factions, ships, and features. Modding support is available in the "2nd time Beta testing" for the game on Steam, where users who have bought the game have an option to download and test the "second Beta".
References
External links
Official website
Open-world video games
Shooter games
Space combat simulators
Strategy video games
2015 video games
Windows games
MacOS games
Linux games
Video games with Steam Workshop support
Video games developed in the United States
Video games using procedural generation |
Chancho en Piedra is a Chilean funk rock band, considered influential in the popularization of alternative rock in Latin America. They are commonly described as similar to the Red Hot Chili Peppers, but are also known for their unique sound and goofy style. Their participation in community related events - playing benefits for the Chilean National Commission of Scientific and Technological Investigation and contributing songs to the popular Chilean children's puppet show 31 Minutos - and their proliferation as artists - having released 11 albums since their debut in 1995 - has gained them widespread familiarity. Their popularity has spread not only in Latin America but internationally as well, allowing them to perform at Memphis' Beale Street Music Festival in May 2009.
Discography
Studio albums
Peor es mascar lauchas (1995)
La dieta del lagarto (1997).
Ríndanse terrícolas (1998)
Marca Chancho (2000)
El tinto elemento (2002)
Chancho 6 (CD & DVD) (2004)
Desde el Batiscafo (2005)
Grandes éxitos de ayer y oink! (2007)
Grandes videos de ayer y oink!(DVD) (2008)
Cantata Rock Santa Maria De Iquique (2009)
Combo Show (2009)
Otra cosa es con guitarra (2011)
Funkybarítico, Hedónico, Fantástico (2016)
Compilation albums
Grandes éxitos de ayer y oink! (2007)
Grandes videos de ayer y oink! (2008)
References
Chilean rock music groups |
Subsets and Splits
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