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Al-Taraj Club () is a Saudi Arabian professional sports club based in Qatif. The club was founded in 1980 and plays its home matches at the Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz Stadium.The club was formed in 1980 as a result of the coalition of Al-Bader and Al-Shate, the only two football clubs from Qatif at the time.
History
The true beginnings of the club go back to the 1950s when a series of merges occurred with clubs in the area. This led to the formation of Al-Bader and Al-Shate, two clubs that eventually merged into Al-Taraji. This makes it not only the oldest club in Qatif, but the oldest club in the east coast of Saudi Arabia.
Notable players
Hassan Al-Raheb
Ahmed Al-Kassar
Ali Al-Shoalah
Mohammed Al-Ghanim
Dawod Al Saeed
Moslem Al Freej
Ahmed Al-Khodhair
Ahmed Al-Khater
Abdulrahman Al-Gassab
Abdulaziz Abualsaud
Current squad
As of Saudi First Division League:
See also
List of football clubs in Saudi Arabia
References
Notable players
Hassan Al-Raheb
Ahmed Al-Kassar
Ali Al-Shoalah
Mohammed Al-Ghanim
Dawod Al Saeed
Moslem Al Freej
Ahmed Al-Khodhair
Ahmed Al-Khater
Abdulrahman Al-Gassab
Abdulaziz Abualsaud
Taraji
Taraji
Taraji
Football clubs in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Qatif |
Thomas Despenser, 2nd Baron Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester KG (22 September 1373 – 13 January 1400) was the son of Edward le Despenser, 1st Baron le Despencer, whom he succeeded in 1375.
Royal intrigues
A supporter of King Richard II against Thomas of Woodstock and the Lords Appellant, Despenser was rewarded with an earldom as Earl of Gloucester in 1397, by virtue of being descended from Gilbert de Clare, 7th earl of an earlier creation. He spent the years 1397–99 in Ireland, attempting with little success to persuade the Gaelic chieftains to accept Richard II as their overlord.
However, Despenser supported Henry Bolingbroke on his return to England to become King Henry IV, only to be attainted (deprived of his earldom because of a capital crime) for his role in the death of Thomas of Woodstock.
Despenser then took part in the Epiphany Rising, a rebellion led by a number of barons aimed at restoring Richard to the throne by assassinating King Henry IV; this quickly failed when the conspirators were betrayed by Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York to Henry. After fleeing to the western counties, a number of the Epiphany Rising conspirators were captured and killed by mobs of townspeople loyal to the king; Despenser was captured by a mob and beheaded at Bristol on 13 January 1400.
Marriage
Thomas Despenser married Constance, daughter of Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York and Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York. They had issue:
Elizabeth Despenser (died young c. 1398)
Richard Despenser, 4th Baron Burghersh (1396–1414)
Edward Despenser (born before 1400), died young
Hugh Despenser (c. 1400 – 1401)
Isabel Despenser (26 July 1400 – 27 December 1439); she married, firstly, Richard Beauchamp, 1st Earl of Worcester, and later married, secondly, his cousin Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick.
Ancestry and succession
References
thePeerage.com
Otway-Ruthven, A.J. History of Medieval Ireland Barnes and Noble reprint New York 1993
1373 births
1400 deaths
14th-century English nobility
People executed under the Lancastrians
Knights of the Garter
Executed English people
People executed under the Plantagenets by decapitation
Thomas
Thomas Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester
Lords of Glamorgan
Barons le Despencer |
Ricardo Antonio Rodríguez (born May 21, 1978) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) and the KBO League (KBO) during his career.
Career
In a four-season career, Rodríguez has posted a 10-15 record with 104 strikeouts and a 5.18 ERA in innings, including one complete game and a shutout.
Rodríguez was invited by the Florida Marlins as a non-roster invitee to spring training in , but did not make the team, instead playing for their Triple-A affiliate, the Albuquerque Isotopes, and Pittsburgh's Triple-A affiliate, the Indianapolis Indians.
On June 17, , Rodríguez signed with the Edmonton Cracker Cats of the Golden Baseball League.
On January 21, , Rodríguez signed with Kia Tigers of the KBO League, but on March 19 he was released from Kia because of an elbow injury.
He was featured in the 2004 PBS documentary The New Americans as he left the Dominican Republic in hopes of playing baseball in the United States.
External links
1978 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cleveland Indians players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic sportspeople in doping cases
Edmonton Cracker-Cats players
Great Falls Dodgers players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Suns players
KBO League pitchers
Kia Tigers players
Las Vegas 51s players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Memphis Redbirds players
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Oklahoma RedHawks players
People from Monte Cristi Province
Richmond Braves players
Saraperos de Saltillo players
Sinon Bulls players
Texas Rangers players
Vero Beach Dodgers players
Azucareros del Este players
Leones del Escogido players
Tigres del Licey players
Estrellas Orientales players |
```javascript
const assert = require('assert');
const withV4 = require('../support/withV4');
const BucketUtility = require('../../lib/utility/bucket-util');
const { WebsiteConfigTester } = require('../../lib/utility/website-util');
const bucketName = 'testbucketwebsitebucket';
describe('PUT bucket website', () => {
withV4(sigCfg => {
const bucketUtil = new BucketUtility('default', sigCfg);
const s3 = bucketUtil.s3;
function _testPutBucketWebsite(config, statusCode, errMsg, cb) {
s3.putBucketWebsite({ Bucket: bucketName,
WebsiteConfiguration: config }, err => {
assert(err, 'Expected err but found none');
assert.strictEqual(err.code, errMsg);
assert.strictEqual(err.statusCode, statusCode);
cb();
});
}
beforeEach(done => {
process.stdout.write('about to create bucket\n');
s3.createBucket({ Bucket: bucketName }, err => {
if (err) {
process.stdout.write('error in beforeEach', err);
done(err);
}
done();
});
});
afterEach(() => {
process.stdout.write('about to empty bucket\n');
return bucketUtil.empty(bucketName).then(() => {
process.stdout.write('about to delete bucket\n');
return bucketUtil.deleteOne(bucketName);
}).catch(err => {
if (err) {
process.stdout.write('error in afterEach', err);
throw err;
}
});
});
it('should put a bucket website successfully', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
s3.putBucketWebsite({ Bucket: bucketName,
WebsiteConfiguration: config }, err => {
assert.strictEqual(err, null, `Found unexpected err ${err}`);
done();
});
});
it('should return InvalidArgument if IndexDocument or ' +
'RedirectAllRequestsTo is not provided', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester();
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidArgument', done);
});
it('should return an InvalidRequest if both ' +
'RedirectAllRequestsTo and IndexDocument are provided', done => {
const redirectAllTo = {
HostName: 'test',
Protocol: 'http',
};
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester(null, null,
redirectAllTo);
config.addRoutingRule({ Protocol: 'http' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidArgument if index has slash', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('in/dex.html');
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidArgument', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if both ReplaceKeyWith and ' +
'ReplaceKeyPrefixWith are present in same rule', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ ReplaceKeyPrefixWith: 'test',
ReplaceKeyWith: 'test' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if both ReplaceKeyWith and ' +
'ReplaceKeyPrefixWith are present in same rule', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ ReplaceKeyPrefixWith: 'test',
ReplaceKeyWith: 'test' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if Redirect Protocol is ' +
'not http or https', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ Protocol: 'notvalidprotocol' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if RedirectAllRequestsTo Protocol ' +
'is not http or https', done => {
const redirectAllTo = {
HostName: 'test',
Protocol: 'notvalidprotocol',
};
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester(null, null, redirectAllTo);
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return MalformedXML if Redirect HttpRedirectCode ' +
'is a string that does not contains a number', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ HttpRedirectCode: 'notvalidhttpcode' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'MalformedXML', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if Redirect HttpRedirectCode ' +
'is not a valid http redirect code (3XX excepting 300)', done => {
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ HttpRedirectCode: '400' });
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if Condition ' +
'HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals is a string that does ' +
' not contain a number', done => {
const condition = { HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals: 'notvalidcode' };
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ HostName: 'test' }, condition);
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'MalformedXML', done);
});
it('should return InvalidRequest if Condition ' +
'HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals is not a valid http' +
'error code (4XX or 5XX)', done => {
const condition = { HttpErrorCodeReturnedEquals: '300' };
const config = new WebsiteConfigTester('index.html');
config.addRoutingRule({ HostName: 'test' }, condition);
_testPutBucketWebsite(config, 400, 'InvalidRequest', done);
});
});
});
``` |
In enzymology, a N6-methyl-lysine oxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
N6-methyl-L-lysine + H2O + O2 L-lysine + formaldehyde + H2O2
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are N6-methyl-L-lysine, H2O, and O2, whereas its 3 products are L-lysine, formaldehyde, and H2O2.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6-methyl-L-lysine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating). Other names in common use include epsilon-alkyl-L-lysine:oxygen oxidoreductase, N6-methyllysine oxidase, epsilon-N-methyllysine demethylase, epsilon-alkyllysinase, and 6-N-methyl-L-lysine:oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating).
References
EC 1.5.3
Enzymes of unknown structure |
Lieutenant-Commander Alan Brookman Beddoe, OC, OBE, HFHS, FHSC (June 1, 1893 – December 2, 1975) was a Canadian artist, war artist, consultant in heraldry and founder and first president of the Heraldry Society of Canada in 1965.
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, in 1893, he studied at Ashbury College. During World War I, he was captured at Second Battle of Ypres in 1915 and spent two and a half years in the prisoner of war camps at Gießen and Zerbst. He studied art at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. After the war, he studied at the Art Students League of New York under DuMond and Bridgman. In 1925, he opened the first commercial art studio in Ottawa. He was also an expert in heraldry. The Alan Beddoe collection at Library and Archives Canada contains designs and studies for the Book of Remembrance, postage stamps, posters, crests, money, architecture, coats-of-arms, and a new Canadian flag. His fonds include slides, colour transparencies, prints, watercolours and drawings related to Canadian heraldry.
Books of Remembrance
Beddoe was instrumental in the creation of the major Books of Remembrance, now housed in the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill in Ottawa. The artist originally chosen for the job, James Purves, died in 1940, at which time Beddoe took on the task. He supervised a team of artists for about the next 2 years to illuminate and hand-letter the books, listing the names of Canadians who died in Canada's military service during World War I and after World War II he supervised another team of artists to create the Book of Remembrance for World War II. He was inducted to the OBE and received the Allied Arts Medal awarded by the Royal Architectural Institute for his work on the Books of Remembrance and made an officer of the Order of Canada. He also was instrumental in the creation of the South Africa Book of Remembrance 1956–1966; Yvonne Diceman, who had worked with him on the Book of Remembrance WWII, produced the Korea Book of Remembrance 1957–1958 and the Newfoundland Book of Remembrance 1972.
Ships badges
The Royal Canadian Navy formed a Ships Badge Committee in 1942, and commissioned Beddoe to design official badges for the navy's ships. He designed badges for over 180 ships and establishments of the Royal Canadian Navy. In 1957, the Royal Canadian Navy appointed him its heraldic advisor. His designs for ship's badges including the designs for , , and are in the Alan Beddoe collection at Library and Archives Canada.
Images
Coats of arms
Provinces and territories
He painted watercolours of the coats of arms for Canada, provinces and territories. His fonds include preliminary sketches for the coat of arms of Newfoundland and Labrador, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Yukon. In 1956, he designed coats of arms for the Yukon and Northwest Territories.
In 1957, he was asked to revise the Coat of Arms of Canada, and his version was in use until further changes were made in 1994.
Municipalities
He painted watercolours of municipal coats of arms for many Canadian municipalities. His fonds include the designs for the Township of Esquimalt (Vancouver Island), the City of Victoria, British Columbia, the City of Hamilton, Ontario and the Township of Gloucester, Ontario.
Universities
He designed coats of arms for a number of university coats of arms including Memorial University of Newfoundland, the University of Moncton and the University of Manitoba. Photographs of his watercolours entitled "Arms of the University of Windsor" and "The Bearings Massey College in the University of Toronto" (coat of arms) are in the Alan Beddoe collection at Library and Archives Canada.
Individuals
He designed the coats of arms for a number of individuals including Georges Vanier, Viscount Monk and Charles Vincent Massey. His fonds include a colour slide of the Earl of Dufferin's coat of arms and the armorial bearings of Georges Vanier, Governor General of Canada 1959–1967. He also designed the arboreal bearings for Richard Bedford BennettThe Viscount Bennett.
Institutions
He designed the arms for a number of institutions including the Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Cambrian College and the Royal Society of Canada and his fonds includes black and white photographs of the letters patent.
Flag of Canada
During the Great Flag Debate of 1964, Beddoe was the primary advisor and artist to the Prime Minister Lester Pearson, the Cabinet and the Parliamentary Flag Committee, working on potential designs for the new flag. He designed the Pearson Pennant design with three red maple leaves on a white background with blue bars on either side representing "From sea to sea", and produced numerous other designs for consideration, including a single red maple leaf.
Art
Alan Beddoe was an artist. A drawing by Alan Beddoe entitled 'The Condemned Bridge' is in the Alan Beddoe collection at Library and Archives Canada. He created individual photographic portraits of Major Forbes Thrasher and John Wilfred Kennedy. He created group portraits of the Ottawa Choral Society, 1898, the Canadian Expeditionary Force, the Provincial Model School, Ottawa, Ontario, 1904–1905, and the 7th Officers' Disciplinary Training Class, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1942.
Book plates
He designed several hundred book plate designs. His book plate designs for Charles Clement Tudway, Henry J. Turner, Edward Milner, and George Stacey Gibson are in the Alan Beddoe collection at Library and Archives Canada.
Legacy
In 1968, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1943, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services as a war artist. Alan Beddoe died in 1975.
His legacy is also continued by his son, Charles Beddoe, who followed his footsteps in many ways.
Publications
One of his most important contributions to the heraldry of Canada was Lt. Cdr. Alan Beddoe's book, Beddoe's Canadian Heraldry Rev. by Col. Strome Galloway, Belleville, Ontario: Mika Publishing Company, 1981.
"Address on Heraldry" - by A. Beddoe n.d.
"A Brief on the Subject of Heraldry in Canada" by A. Beddoe n.d.
"A Commentary on Heraldry in Canada" - by A. Beddoe n.d.
"Flags used in Canada" - by A.Beddoe n.d.
"Heraldry in Canada" by A. Beddoe n.d.
"Heraldry and Its Relation to Genealogy" by A. Beddoe n.d.
"Some Notes about Heraldry in Canada" - by A. Beddoe n.d.
"The Coat-of-Arms" - by A. Beddoe n.d.
"The Heraldry of Canada" - by A. Beddoe n.d.
"The Legal and Constitutional Position of Heraldry in Canada" by A. Beddoe
See also
Canadian official war artists
War artist
Military art
Notes
External links
"The maple leaf has symbolized Canada for 50 years, but its origins are still misunderstood," National Post, 15 December 2014
1893 births
1975 deaths
Canadian war artists
Heraldic artists
Officers of the Order of Canada
Artists from Ottawa
Canadian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Art Students League of New York alumni
Canadian designers
Canadian alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Flag designers
Fellows of the Royal Heraldry Society of Canada |
Virtua Tennis (Power Smash in Japan) is a series of tennis simulation video games started in 1999 by Sega AM3. The player competes through tennis tournaments and various arcade modes. While originally released for arcades, all games in the series have been ported to other platforms, including most major consoles.
Name changes
In Japan, the series has always been released as Power Smash, although with the third entry, the name was expanded to Sega Professional Tennis: Power Smash. Even though the Sega Professional Tennis logo and name are prominently featured in all games, it only appears in the titles of the third and fourth games.
Internationally, the first game was released as Virtua Tennis, to fall in the same brand as other Sega Sports games such as Virtua Striker. With the sequel, the name was changed to Tennis 2K2. However, once Sega sold the 2K name to Take-Two Interactive, the next game was released under the original branding as Virtua Tennis 3. All following updates and sequels have been released under the Virtua label.
History
Arcade and Dreamcast
The original game was developed for the Sega Naomi Arcade Hardware by Sega (in 2000 under the label Hitmaker) and ported to the Sega Dreamcast, Sega's home console based on the Naomi Hardware. The sequel, Virtua Tennis 2, brought several improvements, most notably enhanced graphics, more courts, and a female roster (consisting of nine players), featuring such players as Serena Williams, Lindsay Davenport or Jelena Dokić.
After ceasing development of video game consoles in 2001, Sega announced that they would be making games for all platforms, and made a deal with THQ that allowed them to make original games based on Sega franchises for the Game Boy Advance, one of which was an adaptation of the original Virtua Tennis game.
Virtua Tennis 2 was ported to the PlayStation 2 in 2002. Sumo Digital was tasked with porting the game to the PlayStation Portable, which gave birth to Virtua Tennis: World Tour in 2005, an updated version of Virtua Tennis 2 that expanded the World Tour mode, but featured the smallest character roster in the series.
Multiplatform games
In 2006, a new entry, Virtua Tennis 3, was released for arcades using the Sega Lindbergh hardware. The game was ported to the PlayStation 3, with SIXAXIS controls incorporated into the gameplay, as well as to the Xbox 360, the latter port also being handled by Sumo Digital. While working on it, Sumo Digital was instructed by Sega to feature Sonic as an unlockable character, giving them the idea to make a tennis game consisting of Sega characters from various franchises. This was released in 2008 as Sega Superstars Tennis, which ran on the Virtua Tennis 3 engine that Sumo Digital developed for the Xbox 360 port of the game.
In 2009, Sumo Digital released an update to Virtua Tennis 3 on the PlayStation Portable called Virtua Tennis 2009.
At Gamescom 2010, Virtua Tennis 4 was revealed for the PlayStation 3, with PlayStation Move controls incorporated. The game also introduced a new first-person perspective to help players control the game more effectively with the Move controller.
Sega released Virtua Tennis Challenge in 2012, the first installment in the series to be released on Android and iOS.
List of games
Virtua Tennis (1999)
Virtua Tennis 2 (2001)
Virtua Tennis: World Tour (2005)
Virtua Tennis 3 (2007)
Virtua Tennis 2009 (2009)
Virtua Tennis 4 (2011)
Virtua Tennis Challenge (2012)
References
External links
Virtua Tennis Game Manual
Sega Games franchises |
```javascript
export * from "./ui";
export * from "./search";
``` |
Edward John Wilson (1855 – unknown) was an English footballer who played for Stoke.
Career
Wilson played for Newcastle-under-Lyme before joining Stoke in 1883. He played in the club's first competitive match in the FA Cup against Manchester in a 2–1 defeat. He was released at the end of the 1883–84 season by manager Walter Cox.
Career statistics
References
English men's footballers
Stoke City F.C. players
1855 births
Year of death missing
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Stoke-on-Trent |
was a Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.
Club career
After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, Oyama played for Osaka SC many Japan national team players Toshio Miyaji, Uichiro Hatta, Sakae Takahashi and Kiyonosuke Marutani were playing in those days.
National team career
In May 1925, Oyama was selected Japan national team for 1925 Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At this competition, on May 17, he debuted against Philippines. On May 20, he also played against Republic of China. But Japan lost in both matches (0-4, v Philippines and 0-2, v Republic of China). He played 2 games for Japan in 1925.
National team statistics
References
External links
Japan National Football Team Database
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Kwansei Gakuin University alumni
Japanese men's footballers
Japan men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders |
```scss
/// Makes an element's :before pseudoelement a FontAwesome icon.
/// @param {string} $content Optional content value to use.
/// @param {string} $where Optional pseudoelement to target (before or after).
@mixin icon($content: false, $where: before) {
text-decoration: none;
&:#{$where} {
@if $content {
content: $content;
}
-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
font-family: FontAwesome;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: normal;
text-transform: none !important;
}
}
/// Applies padding to an element, taking the current element-margin value into account.
/// @param {mixed} $tb Top/bottom padding.
/// @param {mixed} $lr Left/right padding.
/// @param {list} $pad Optional extra padding (in the following order top, right, bottom, left)
/// @param {bool} $important If true, adds !important.
@mixin padding($tb, $lr, $pad: (0,0,0,0), $important: null) {
@if $important {
$important: '!important';
}
$x: 0.1em;
@if unit(_size(element-margin)) == 'rem' {
$x: 0.1rem;
}
padding: ($tb + nth($pad,1)) ($lr + nth($pad,2)) max($x, $tb - _size(element-margin) + nth($pad,3)) ($lr + nth($pad,4)) #{$important};
}
/// Encodes a SVG data URL so IE doesn't choke (via codepen.io/jakob-e/pen/YXXBrp).
/// @param {string} $svg SVG data URL.
/// @return {string} Encoded SVG data URL.
@function svg-url($svg) {
$svg: str-replace($svg, '"', '\'');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '%', '%25');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '<', '%3C');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '>', '%3E');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '&', '%26');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '#', '%23');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '{', '%7B');
$svg: str-replace($svg, '}', '%7D');
$svg: str-replace($svg, ';', '%3B');
@return url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf8,#{$svg}");
}
/// Initializes base flexgrid classes.
/// @param {string} $vertical-align Vertical alignment of cells.
/// @param {string} $horizontal-align Horizontal alignment of cells.
@mixin flexgrid-base($vertical-align: null, $horizontal-align: null) {
// Grid.
@include vendor('display', 'flex');
@include vendor('flex-wrap', 'wrap');
// Vertical alignment.
@if ($vertical-align == top) {
@include vendor('align-items', 'flex-start');
}
@else if ($vertical-align == bottom) {
@include vendor('align-items', 'flex-end');
}
@else if ($vertical-align == center) {
@include vendor('align-items', 'center');
}
@else {
@include vendor('align-items', 'stretch');
}
// Horizontal alignment.
@if ($horizontal-align != null) {
text-align: $horizontal-align;
}
// Cells.
> * {
@include vendor('flex-shrink', '1');
@include vendor('flex-grow', '0');
}
}
/// Sets up flexgrid columns.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
@mixin flexgrid-columns($columns) {
> * {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
width: #{$cell-width};
}
}
/// Sets up flexgrid gutters.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters.
@mixin flexgrid-gutters($columns, $gutters) {
// Apply padding.
> * {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
padding: ($gutters * 0.5);
width: $cell-width;
}
}
/// Sets up flexgrid gutters (flush).
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters.
@mixin flexgrid-gutters-flush($columns, $gutters) {
// Apply padding.
> * {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
$cell-width-pad: $gutters / $columns;
padding: ($gutters * 0.5);
width: calc(#{$cell-width} + #{$cell-width-pad});
}
// Clear top/bottom gutters.
> :nth-child(-n + #{$columns}) {
padding-top: 0;
}
> :nth-last-child(-n + #{$columns}) {
padding-bottom: 0;
}
// Clear left/right gutters.
> :nth-child(#{$columns}n + 1) {
padding-left: 0;
}
> :nth-child(#{$columns}n) {
padding-right: 0;
}
// Adjust widths of leftmost and rightmost cells.
> :nth-child(#{$columns}n + 1),
> :nth-child(#{$columns}n) {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
$cell-width-pad: ($gutters / $columns) - ($gutters / 2);
width: calc(#{$cell-width} + #{$cell-width-pad});
}
}
/// Reset flexgrid gutters (flush only).
/// Used to override a previous set of flexgrid gutter classes.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters.
/// @param {integer} $prev-columns Previous columns.
@mixin flexgrid-gutters-flush-reset($columns, $gutters, $prev-columns) {
// Apply padding.
> * {
$cell-width: 100% / $prev-columns;
$cell-width-pad: $gutters / $prev-columns;
padding: ($gutters * 0.5);
width: calc(#{$cell-width} + #{$cell-width-pad});
}
// Clear top/bottom gutters.
> :nth-child(-n + #{$prev-columns}) {
padding-top: ($gutters * 0.5);
}
> :nth-last-child(-n + #{$prev-columns}) {
padding-bottom: ($gutters * 0.5);
}
// Clear left/right gutters.
> :nth-child(#{$prev-columns}n + 1) {
padding-left: ($gutters * 0.5);
}
> :nth-child(#{$prev-columns}n) {
padding-right: ($gutters * 0.5);
}
// Adjust widths of leftmost and rightmost cells.
> :nth-child(#{$prev-columns}n + 1),
> :nth-child(#{$prev-columns}n) {
$cell-width: 100% / $columns;
$cell-width-pad: $gutters / $columns;
padding: ($gutters * 0.5);
width: calc(#{$cell-width} + #{$cell-width-pad});
}
}
/// Adds debug styles to current flexgrid element.
@mixin flexgrid-debug() {
box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px red;
> * {
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px blue;
position: relative;
> * {
position: relative;
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 1px green;
}
}
}
/// Initializes the current element as a flexgrid.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns (optional).
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters (optional).
/// @param {bool} $flush If true, clears padding around the very edge of the grid.
@mixin flexgrid($settings: ()) {
// Settings.
// Debug.
$debug: false;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'debug')) {
$debug: map-get($settings, 'debug');
}
// Vertical align.
$vertical-align: null;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'vertical-align')) {
$vertical-align: map-get($settings, 'vertical-align');
}
// Horizontal align.
$horizontal-align: null;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'horizontal-align')) {
$horizontal-align: map-get($settings, 'horizontal-align');
}
// Columns.
$columns: null;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'columns')) {
$columns: map-get($settings, 'columns');
}
// Gutters.
$gutters: 0;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'gutters')) {
$gutters: map-get($settings, 'gutters');
}
// Flush.
$flush: true;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'flush')) {
$flush: map-get($settings, 'flush');
}
// Initialize base grid.
@include flexgrid-base($vertical-align, $horizontal-align);
// Debug?
@if ($debug) {
@include flexgrid-debug;
}
// Columns specified?
@if ($columns != null) {
// Initialize columns.
@include flexgrid-columns($columns);
// Gutters specified?
@if ($gutters > 0) {
// Flush gutters?
@if ($flush) {
// Initialize gutters (flush).
@include flexgrid-gutters-flush($columns, $gutters);
}
// Otherwise ...
@else {
// Initialize gutters.
@include flexgrid-gutters($columns, $gutters);
}
}
}
}
/// Resizes a previously-initialized grid.
/// @param {integer} $columns Columns.
/// @param {number} $gutters Gutters (optional).
/// @param {list} $reset A list of previously-initialized grid columns (only if $flush is true).
/// @param {bool} $flush If true, clears padding around the very edge of the grid.
@mixin flexgrid-resize($settings: ()) {
// Settings.
// Columns.
$columns: 1;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'columns')) {
$columns: map-get($settings, 'columns');
}
// Gutters.
$gutters: 0;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'gutters')) {
$gutters: map-get($settings, 'gutters');
}
// Previous columns.
$prev-columns: false;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'prev-columns')) {
$prev-columns: map-get($settings, 'prev-columns');
}
// Flush.
$flush: true;
@if (map-has-key($settings, 'flush')) {
$flush: map-get($settings, 'flush');
}
// Resize columns.
@include flexgrid-columns($columns);
// Gutters specified?
@if ($gutters > 0) {
// Flush gutters?
@if ($flush) {
// Previous columns specified?
@if ($prev-columns) {
// Convert to list if it isn't one already.
@if (type-of($prev-columns) != list) {
$prev-columns: ($prev-columns);
}
// Step through list of previous columns and reset them.
@each $x in $prev-columns {
@include flexgrid-gutters-flush-reset($columns, $gutters, $x);
}
}
// Resize gutters (flush).
@include flexgrid-gutters-flush($columns, $gutters);
}
// Otherwise ...
@else {
// Resize gutters.
@include flexgrid-gutters($columns, $gutters);
}
}
}
``` |
Giovanni de Manna (died 1504) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Lavello (1502–1504).
Biography
On 24 August 1502, Giovanni de Manna was appointed by Pope Alexander VI as Bishop of Lavello.
He served as Bishop of Lavello until his death in 1504.
References
External links and additional sources
(Chronology of Bishops)
(Chronology of Bishops)
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
1504 deaths
Bishops appointed by Pope Alexander VI |
A media event, also known as a pseudo-event, is an event, activity, or experience conducted for the purpose of media publicity. It may also include any event that is covered in the mass media or was hosted largely with the media in mind.
In media studies, a media event is an established theoretical term first developed by Elihu Katz and Daniel Dayan in the 1992 book Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Media events in this sense are ceremonial events with narrative progression that are live broadcast and gather a large segment of the population, such as royal weddings or funerals. The defining characteristics of a media event are that it is immediate (i.e., it is broadcast live), organized by a non-media entity, containing ceremonial and dramatic value, preplanning, and focusing on a personality, whether that be a single person or a group. The 2009 book Media Events in a Global Age updates the concept. The theory of media events has also been applied to social media, for instance in an analysis of tweets about the Swedish elections or an analysis of the Bernie Sanders mittens meme during the inauguration of Joe Biden.
Media events may center on a news announcement, an anniversary, a news conference, or planned events like speeches or demonstrations. Instead of paying for advertising time, a media or pseudo-event seeks to use public relations to gain media and public attention. The theorist Marshal McLuhan has stated that the pseudo-event has been viewed as an event that is separate from reality and is to simply satisfy our need for constant excitement and interest in pop culture. These events are, “planned, planted, or incited (Merrin, 2002)” solely to be reproduced later again and again.
The term pseudo-event was coined by the theorist and historian Daniel J. Boorstin in his 1961 book The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-events in America: “The celebration is held, photographs are taken, the occasion is widely reported.” The term is closely related to idea of hyperreality and thus postmodernism, although Boorstin's coinage predates the two ideas and related work of postmodern thinkers such as Jean Baudrillard. A media event being a kind of planned event, it may be called inauthentic in contrast to a spontaneous one.
In distinguishing between a pseudo-event and a spontaneous one, Boorstin states characteristics of a pseudo-event in his book titled "Hidden History." He says that a pseudo-event is: dramatic, repeatable, costly, intellectually planned, and social. It causes other pseudo-events, and one must know about it to be considered "informed".
A number of video artists have explored the concept of a pseudo-event. The group Ant Farm especially plays with pseudo events, though not so identified, in their works "Media Burn" (1975) and "The Eternal Frame" (1975).
Types of pseudo-events
Press conference: A news conference is often held when an organization wants members of the press to get an announcement simultaneously. The in-person events may include interviews, questioning, and show-and-tell. These conferences often provide little information about the topic or don't reach a clear consensus. Media events like news conferences can come to be expected, especially before, during, and after sporting events, and the National Football League demands that its players provide a weekly media event by taking postgame questions from reporters. When Seattle Seahawks running back Marshawn Lynch dressed and left the stadium after a loss on Nov. 16, 2014, the NFL fined him $100,000.
Political: Political conventions, planned presentations or speeches about company earnings or political issues, are a form of media event.
Celebrity events: Award ceremonies, red carpet events and celebrity photo opportunities are all considered a type of media event, where the event is orchestrated for the purpose of introducing a chosen narrative into the media.
Sex tapes: When created with the intention of being 'leaked' is a form of a pseudo-event because its purpose is to generate media attention.
Protests and charity events: They may be planned almost exclusively for the purpose of getting media attention for an issue or cause. This usually happens when organizers have ill intentions to receive attention or donations for the wrong reasons, in order to protect their reputation.
Historic examples
Media events became prominent when the media did. The driving of the Golden Spike in Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869 has been described as one of the first media events in the United States. Edward Bernays and his Torches of Freedom campaign in 1929 is an example of an early media event that successfully influenced public opinion. Similarly, Nikita Khrushchev visit to the United States in 1959 was highly influential, and has been cited as the first example of media events being utilized in politics.
Media events became practical in the middle 19th century as the Morse telegraph and the expansion of daily newspapers introduced same-day news cycles. The emergence of the internet led to many media stories being published live from the media event, real-time Twitter coverage, and immediate analysis of televised media events. When musical artist Prince pretended to take questions during his Super Bowl press conference but instead broke immediately into song, his performance itself became a meta media-event-within-a-media-event.
From a postmodern perspective, Jean Baudrillard argued in his essay The Gulf War Did Not Take Place that the Gulf War, the first war broadcast on television, was not a real war, but a media event planned by the US army and media outlets like CNN.
Authenticity of events
These events are used by public relations professionals to satisfy journalists’ interests and needs so they can create a great story that makes an impact on the public. Examples include politicians taking photos with citizens to boost their likeability and press conferences. Though this is very common, using this media technique has been criticized for not producing authentic material, which is seen as stylistic instead of substantial informational. The public relations industry targets all sectors, not just government, with pseudo-events on behalf of representing and maintaining their clients’ interests and image. This can bring into question if some of the media put out is actually true news and can be relied on, especially since serious topics are talked about using this technique.
Tourism authenticity
The tourism industry is subject to pseudo-events that are often unnoticed to the average tourist themselves. Every country may have specific sites, attractions, and things to do for a tourist so they can experience what life is like in that country or at least be introduced to the culture. The locals know that these attractions aren’t always a true reflection of life in that country, but rather a hyperreality to satisfy the desire to see the real thing. Tourists are in search for the authenticity when visiting but these events that appear as one thing are not truly authentic; it is a symbol.
In a postmodern perspective, tourists can enjoy these staged attractions and activities to get a more realistic experience. Examples include taking photos with a character or actor that plays the part of an authentic local or buying souvenirs at a market. Some tourists don’t notice these events because they are made to distract you from everyday life.
Celebrities
Boorstin has viewed celebrities as ‘human pseudo-events’, specifically in American culture thought history, since the 1800s. Celebrities have an image that represents an ideal life, an elite status and persona that is separate from everyday life. They are seen as glamorous but with a distance from the public sphere. There are some celebrities that portray a life that seems unattainable by many, then there are celebrities who are famous for actual achievements. Examples of pseudo-events created by celebrities range from anything from signing autographs, making public appearances, holding an exclusive event, or doing projects with charities.
Non-scientific internet polls and news
Non-scientific internet polls have been increasingly popular as a conversational tool on websites and major news outlets. This method is used to invite participants to take a survey, which can generate thousands of responses or more. These polls are self-selected and can be used to drive more traffic to the website, which can cause the need for more news and generate more revenue. The large volume of responses can improve the image that is being reported rather than the news content itself. Participants can believe that their participation in these polls can contribute to the reported online survey's topic. Jack Fuller, President of Tribune Publishing Company, has touched on this topic and how this form of gathering information for non-scientific reasons can be inauthentic. The use of these online polls as news content can place scientific polls used for research to be equally as legitimate when that is often not the case. Boorstin has noted that these pseudo-events' main goals are meeting increased demands for more news and revenue generation.
War coverages
Since 1991 when Baudrillard made the bold claim that "The Gulf War Did Not Take Place", the authenticity of war coverages has long been debated. Similar claims have also been made on the Russo-Ukrainian War, which broke out against the backdrop of a much more post-modernized society in which anyone can create their own news and "realities".
See also
Corporate anniversary
Media circus
Earned media
Catch and kill
Agenda-setting theory
Reputation management
Hyperreality
Mass media
Post-truth
Publicity
The medium is the message
References
Additional sources
Bösch, Frank: European Media Events, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2010, retrieved: June 13, 2012.
Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz, Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992)
Evans. (2018). Media events in contexts of transition: sites of hope, disruption and protest. Media, Culture & Society, 40(1), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726012
Strand, Forssberg, H., Klingberg, T., & Norrelgen, F. (2008). Phonological working memory with auditory presentation of pseudo-words — An event related fMRI Study. Brain Research, 1212(30 May), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.097
Morgan. (2011). Celebrity: Academic “Pseudo-Event” or a Useful Concept for Historians? Cultural and Social History, 8(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.2752/147800411X12858412044474
External links
History and Television
Consumer Product Events
How Mass Media Simulate Political Transparency
Post Graduate Programme: Transnational Media Events from Early Modern Times to the Present
European media events
History as a Communication Event
News media manipulation
Hyperreality
Social gatherings |
Sir Anthony Farquhar Buzzard, 3rd Baronet, ARCM (b. 28 June 1935), is a biblical scholar, unitarian Christian theologian, author and professor on the faculty of Atlanta Bible College.
Early life
Anthony was born on 28 June 1935 in Surrey, England, the son of prominent Royal Navy officer and Director of Naval Intelligence Anthony Buzzard, and grandson of the Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard. He succeeded to the title of Baronet of Munstead Grange in the Parish of Godalming, co. Surrey on the death of his father in 1972, and has a younger brother Tim and younger sister Gill.
Education
Buzzard was educated at Charterhouse, and served in the Royal Navy as a sub-lieutenant in the secretarial branch between 1954 and 1956. In 1960 he graduated in Modern Languages in French and German from the University of Oxford.
Anthony Buzzard was a 1963 graduate of Ambassador College, part of the Worldwide Church of God founded by Herbert W. Armstrong. Upon graduation in Pasadena, California, Buzzard then transferred to teach music at its campus in Bricket Wood, England. In the early 1970s, Buzzard left the Worldwide Church of God and published theological views refuting those of Armstrong. He became a close associate of Charles F. Hunting, an American evangelist who had been an official of the Bricket Wood campus.
Education and teaching
Buzzard gained a Diploma in Biblical Hebrew from the University of Jerusalem in 1970. He attended the University of London. He gained a Masters in Theology from Bethany Theological Seminary, Chicago, in 1990.
Buzzard taught French and German at The American School in London and taught theology and Biblical languages for 24 years at Atlanta Bible College, McDonough, Georgia (formerly Oregon [IL] Bible College).
Restoration Fellowship
Following his break with Armstrong, in 1981 Buzzard, founded with the help of Charles F. Hunting, the Restoration Fellowship, a Christian group dedicated to missionary and teaching work all over the world. It is affiliated with the Church of God General Conference, a group founded in 1921, holding Adventist and Unitarian beliefs, similar to the Church of the Blessed Hope and Christadelphians.
Buzzard publishes a monthly newsletter Focus on the Kingdom, and is co-editor of A Journal from the Radical Reformation, which explores continuity between the beliefs of Reformation groups - such as some Anabaptists, Socinians, early Unitarians and "Biblical Unitarian" groups today. Buzzard has been noted as one of the principal writers seeking a revival of early Unitarian beliefs.
Music
Apart from excelling in languages and biblical studies, Anthony also has a love of classical music. He studied at the Royal College of Music, London, where he gained Diplomas in oboe in 1959 and piano in 1961.
Theological views
Buzzard shares the following beliefs, as expressed on his Restoration Fellowship website:
There is one God, the Father (1 Cor. 8:6), the one God of the creed of Israel affirmed by Jesus Christ (Mark 12:28ff). The Father is "the only true God" (John 17:3).
There is one Lord Messiah, Jesus (1 Cor. 8:6), who was supernaturally conceived as the Son of God (Luke 1:35), and foreordained from the foundation of the world (1 Pet. 1:20).
The Holy Spirit is the personal, operational presence and power of God extended through the risen Christ to believers (Ps. 51:11).
The Bible, consisting of the Hebrew canon (Luke 24:44) and the Greek New Testament Scriptures, is the inspired and authoritative revelation of God (2 Tim. 3:16).
In the atoning, substitutionary death of Jesus, his resurrection on the third day, and his ascension to the right hand of the Father (Ps. 110:1; Acts 2:34-36), where he is waiting until his enemies are subdued (Heb. 10:13).
In the future visible return of Jesus Christ to raise to life the faithful dead (1 Cor. 15:23), establish the millennial Kingdom on earth (Rev. 20:1-6, etc.) and bring about the restoration of the earth promised by the prophets (Acts 1:6; 3:21; 26:6, 7).
In the regenerating power of the Gospel message about the Kingdom (Matt. 13:19; Luke 8:12; John 6:63), enabling the believer to understand divine revelation and live a life of holiness.
In baptism by immersion upon reception of the Gospel of the Kingdom and the things concerning Jesus (Acts 8:12; Luke 24:27).
In the future resurrection of the saved of all the ages to administer the renewed earth with the Messiah in the Kingdom of God (1 Cor. 6:2; 2 Tim. 2:12; Rev. 2:26; 3:21; 5:10).
In the existence of supernatural, cosmic evil headed by (the) Satan (Matt. 12:26) or Devil, as distinct from and in addition to human enemies and the natural evil of the human heart. Satan is the name of a wicked spirit personality, "the god of this age" (2 Cor. 4:4; cp. Eph. 6:12). And in the existence of demons (daimonia) as non-human personalities whom Jesus addressed and they him (Luke 4:41; James 2:19).
In the freedom "under grace" and not "under law," inaugurated at the cross in the New Covenant, in contrast to and replacing the Mosaic covenant enacted at Sinai (Gal. 3 and 4; 2 Cor. 3). Issues of physical circumcision and "the whole law" (Gal. 5:3) associated with circumcision, including calendar and food laws, are concerns of the old and not the new covenant. Compare Col. 2:16-17 where the temporary shadow is contrasted with the permanence and newness of Christ.
Christians ought never to take up arms and kill their enemies and fellow believers in other nations (Matt. 26:52; John 15:19; 18:36; 1 Pet. 2:9-11; 1 Chron. 22:8).
Books
The Coming Kingdom of the Messiah: A Solution to the Riddle of the New Testament (1988)
Our Fathers Who Aren’t in Heaven: The Forgotten Christianity of Jesus the Jew (1995)
The Doctrine of the Trinity: Christianity's Self-Inflicted Wound (1998) – original edition with Charles F. Hunting
The Law, the Sabbath and New Covenant Christianity (2005)
The Amazing Aims and Claims of Jesus (2006)
Jesus Was Not a Trinitarian (2007)
Booklets
"Who Is Jesus? A Plea for a Return to Belief in Jesus the Messiah" (1984)
"What Happens When We Die? A Biblical View of Death and Resurrection" (1986)
References
External links
Restoration Fellowship
Charles F. Hunting - initial partner after leaving Armstrong church organizations - details of conference with Hunting and others.
1935 births
Military personnel from Surrey
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy officers
People educated at Charterhouse School
English Unitarians
Living people |
Aequorivita antarctica is a bacterium from the genus of Aequorivita which occurs in coastal antarctic sea-ice and antarctic seawater.
References
External links
Type strain of Aequorivita antarctica at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Further reading
Flavobacteria
Bacteria described in 2002 |
The House of Discarded Dreams is a 2010 fantasy novel by Ekaterina Sedia about a college student who experiences many fairy tales and legends as she finds her place in the world.
Summary
The main character, Vimbai, is a young college student studying invertebrate zoology, who is trying to escape her Zimbabwean culture and her overbearing immigrant mother. After skipping class and taking a walk on the beach, Vimbai finds an ad for a house to rent in the sand dunes. The opportunity comes at the perfect time, and Vimbai decides it is time to leave her parents house to find herself. She moves in with Maya, a bartender in an Atlantic City casino and Felix, whose life is a mystery. Strange events being to take place, causing the reader to question its reality. Vimbai finds a psychic energy baby living in the telephone wires and discovers that Felix has a pocket universe instead of hair. As if things couldn't get any more strange, her dead Zimbabwean grandmother begins doing dishes in the kitchen. Strange beings start moving under the porch and the house continues to grow and drastically change to include forests and lakes as it sails off into the ocean. Creatures from African urban legends all but take over as the house gets lost at sea. Vimbai has to find a way back to the real world and turns to horseshoe crabs in the ocean for help in getting home. In order to do so, she finds that she must come to terms with her past... A past that only exists in discarded dreams. Zimbabwean urban legends appear frequently throughout the novel. The overall effect of the novel is dreamily compelling rather than preposterous and Sedia shows how competing natural and supernatural worlds can enrich each other.
Characters
Vimbai
Vimbai, the main character of this book, is a college student of African descent, who moves out of her parents' house and into the House of Discarded Dreams, where she begins to find herself.
Maya
Maya, Vimbai's new roommate, is an Atlantic City bartender, who adapts well to the house's supernatural transformation.
Felix
Felix lives in the house of discarded dreams as well. For the most part, he is an isolated person. The type of guy who has a “Do Not Enter” sign on his bedroom's door. Yet, his background and hair are
very intriguing. If he wouldn't have his abnormal knowledge and hair, he would have to pay rent in a different way.
Vimbai's grandmother
Vimbai's Grandmother is a spirit who vimbai brought to our world. She could be better classified as a ghost. Her stories and cultural obsession have a big impact on Vimbai's roots and story itself.
Maya's grandmother
Maya's grandmother is a spirit brought back to our world as well. She was the only family Maya had; Maya loves her so much that she would still grieve at times.
PEB
PEB or Physical Energy Baby is a psychic baby who, besides his looks, is an adult. Don't get fool by his rough voice and many fingers. He is friendly and could be very helpful at times.
The Man-Fish
The Man-Fish comes from a Zimbabwean myth. In the novel Vimbai has a dream that she becomes a man-fish. The myth explains a boy who goes swimming and drowns, the catfish steals his soul. The catfish then became the Man-Fish, always a catfish at heart but always preying on another body for another soul. There is other Zimbabwe folklore that can relate and even explain the Man-Fish.
Balshazaar
He had lived in Felix's universe until Vimbai, Felix, and Maya took him out and gave him a phantom leg in exchange for information. Balshazaar wants to escape Felix's universe and never return. He then uses the phantom leg to make a deal with the wazimamoto. They drain Felix of his pocket universe in exchange for the souls of the horseshoe crabs.
Horseshoe crabs
The horseshoe crabs are first introduced when Vimbai is taking a walk on the beach. She comes across a dead crab lying on the sand. This is when we are informed of her love for these invertebrates and also her love for marine biology. She then finds another dead crab but this time a piece of paper was held between its legs. This paper was what led her to Maya, Felix, and the house. It was because of this crab that Vimbai had this crazy adventure.
Vimbai’s Mother
Immigrant from Zimbabwe. Fights with Vimbai's father a lot. Does not pay mind to Vimbai, but instead is worried about her job. Is an Africana Studies professor at University near their house. Very stern in her faith. Had to fight for everything.
Fungai and his uncle
We are not given a lot of information about Fungai. He is a skeleton, which means he had a past life as a human. Fungai is a skeleton who drives a very Cadillac painted bubble gum pink. He wears a tattered tuxedo. It also seems Fungai must feed on human skin in order to survive or it makes him stronger and healthier. Fungai also has an uncle. We are not given a name. Fungai's uncle is a baby with a television as its head. This is all we learn about the uncle.
Setting
The book is set in southern New Jersey, where Vimbai lives with her parents. From there the book opens with Vimbai attending school where her mother is a professor of African studies. The majority of the book going forward is set in a house in the dunes on a beach, from which point the characters dreams take them and the house out to sea, with stops in places such as West Africa, and the Cooper University Hospital where Vimbai's father works.
Themes
The recurring themes found in Sedia's the House of Discarded Dreams are those of a basic hero's journey. As Booktionary noted, Sedia's novel is about a young woman trying to find herself; it is a novel where both dreams and nightmares come to life; and it ends with the young protagonist, Vimbai, finding strength and confidence in herself, which she has always been searching for. Vimbai is attempting to discover who she is but also struggles with the notion of being stuck between cultures, having strictly raised African parents, and Vimbai being born American, but raised with the two cultures as her influence in life.
Culture and folklore
Select aspects of the Zimbabwean culture, such as the Shona language and religion, show up in The House of Discarded Dreams. Sedia also employs on the Zimbabwean folkloric character called the wazimamoto, a fire-truck driving vampiric character that is traditionally seen as stealing the "cultural blood" of the people (i.e. destroys their traditional culture). Sedia's portrayal of the wazimamoto differs slightly in the way that the character drives a medical truck and brings its victims to a hospital.
Use of historical figures
The novel mentions many well-known African and African-American figures. The individuals mentioned are either literary or political figures who have a connection to Africa. Some of the individuals include, Robert Mugabe, Octavia Butler, Amos Tutuola, Fay Chung, and Wangari Maathai. A few others include Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., and Oprah. However, they are not present as characters; rather, Vimbai and Maya name landmarks after them in their new dream-world inside the house.
Mugabe was the first real world individual to be mentioned in this novel. However, unlike the others mentioned, he is not represented as a natural landmark. Robert was first brought up in Chapter 3 during a conversation between Vimabi's parents. They speak of how they highly dislike him and what he has done to their home country of Zimbabwe. Vimabi's mother quotes the head of the Africana Studies who said "Mugabe is the worst thing that ever happened to Zimbabwe." which leads to finding out about how Mugabe is involved in corruption. At the end of chapter 5, Mugabe is brought up again. We then learn that a favorites flower shop in Zimbabwe had been destroyed under the orders of Mugabe.
The rest of the figures in the novel were not included as much as Mugabe was. Unfortunately only 4 of the 10 total figures included in this novel were actually given named landmarks, and the other 6 were just briefly named. The landmarks given include, Malcolm X Mountains, Martin Luther King Forest, Achebe River, and the lake with the catfish in it was named after Marechera. As for the other 6 figures, their landmarks were not given, but it was stated that they would be included in the dream-world. Maya spoke of how she wanted more literary figures, therefore including Octavia Butler, who is an African-American science fiction writer. Sticking with their occurring theme of literary figures, Vimbai says that Amos Tutuola, a Nigerian fantasy writer would be included in their dream-world next. Not only are literary figures included in their dream-world but Vimabi insisted that they included Wangari Maathai, who is a Nobel Peace Prize winner.
Publishing Information
Ekaterina Sedia's novel The House of Discarded Dreams was published by Prime Books and distributed by Diamond Book Distributors.
Critical reaction
Publishers Weekly called it a "quirky, joyous fantasy", criticising plotting but praising Sedia's lyrical style. The Denver Post described it as "a beguiling, surrealistic fantasy wonderfully brought to logic-defying life". Locus magazine noted that the book avoided being simply an allegory of African-American experience by the weight it gave to fantastical elements.
References
2010 American novels
2010 fantasy novels
American fantasy novels
Prime Books books |
James Yancy Callahan (December 19, 1852 – May 3, 1935) was an American politician, and a Delegate to the United States House of Representatives from 1897 to 1899, representing the Oklahoma Territory He was a member of the Free Silver party, and is the only third party politician to represent Oklahoma at the federal level.
Biography
Callahan was born near Salem, Dent County, Missouri, on December 19, 1852. He was reared on the farm where he was born, educated in the common schools, and worked on a farm. He married Margaret Asbreen Mitchell on February 19, 1872, and they had eleven children, Agnes Elmer, Mary Magadelene, Rufus Omar, Anna Ida, Florence Palestine, Alvin Kenneth, Lillie Effie, Orville Palmer, Lacey Edith, Eunice Minnie, and Eris Carleton.
Career
Entering the ministry in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1880, Callahan continued to engage in agricultural pursuits, sawmilling, and mining. In 1885 he moved to Stanton County, Kansas, where he lived until 1892. In 1886, a year after he moved to Kansas, he was elected register of deeds for Stanton County. He was reelected in 1888 and served until December 1889, when he resigned and returned to Dent County, Missouri. In 1892 he moved to Kingfisher County, Oklahoma, settling near the town of Kingfisher. He engaged in agricultural pursuits.
In 1896, Callahan was nominated for Congressional delegate from Oklahoma Territory, and was elected by a plurality of less than fifteen hundred, running on the Free Silver ticket to the 55th United States Congress. He served from March 4, 1897 to March 3, 1899, but was not a candidate for re-nomination in 1898.
After leaving politics, Callahan relocated to Enid, Garfield County, Oklahoma, where he published the Jacksonian until January 1, 1913. He retired from active business pursuits in 1913. He claimed to be healed of a chronic ulcer in 1923 after receiving prayer from Rev. P. C. Nelson, an Assemblies of God educator.
Death
Callahan resided in Enid, Oklahoma until his death there on May 3, 1935 (age 82 years, 135 days). He is interred at Enid Cemetery.
References
External links
A History of Oklahoma, by Joseph B. Throburn and Isaac M. Holcomb, Doub and Company San Francisco 1908
Ex-Congressman Healed and Filled with Spirit, by P. C. Nelson. Enid, OK: Southwestern Press, 1932.
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Callahan, James
1852 births
1935 deaths
People from Dent County, Missouri
People from Stanton County, Kansas
People from Kingfisher County, Oklahoma
Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from Oklahoma Territory
Politicians from Enid, Oklahoma
Silver Party politicians
Oklahoma Silverites |
Meir Yoeli (August 20, 1912 – December 5, 1975) was a biologist, researcher and educator. He is best known for his expertise in the field of infectious and parasitic diseases, which led to advancements in malaria research in the 1960s and 70s. His name inspired the term, "yoelii," the taxonomy of organisms with English names. Yoeli was also a professor at New York University, where he wrote scientific papers on the study of human malaria.
Biography
Yoeli was born on August 20, 1912, in Kaunas, Lithuania. He studied biology and medicine at the University of Kaunas and immigrated to Palestine in 1934. In 1937, Yoeli began studying medical and tropical medicine at the University of Padova in Italy. He received his M.D. in 1939 from the University of Basel.
He was a medical officer in the British Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II stationed in North Africa. In 1948, Yoeli was the head of the department of preventive medicine for the Israeli Defense Forces during Israel's war for independence. He became a member of the faculty at New York University in 1956. Yoeli taught as a professor in the department of preventive medicine at the university's School of Medicine. From 1974-1975, Yoeli was the president of the New York Society of Tropical Medicine. He was also the author of numerous children's books in Hebrew under the pen name Meir Michaeli. He died in December 1975 at his home in New York.
Research
Yoeli is best known for his study and research of malaria at New York University. He developed the technique for testing rodent malaria parasites that was used on experimental research for chemotherapy and immunology. Before Yoeli's breakthrough, malaria research of parasites could only be done on human volunteers or monkeys. In 1974, Yoeli and his colleague, Bruce Hargreaves, discovered a mutant organism that causes cerebral malaria.
Selected publications
Yoeli published more than 130 scientific papers during his career. His research in the field of malaria was recognized internationally by the New York Academy of Science, the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and others.
Yoeli, M. "Cerebral Malaria--The Quest for Suitable Experimental Models in Parasitic Diseases of Man." Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1976.
Yoeli, M. "Landmarks in Malaria Research." Verlag für Recht und Gesellschaft.. 1974 Yoeli, M. "Sir Ronald Ross and the Evolution of Malaria Research." New York Academy of Science. 1973.
Yoeli, M. "The Development of Malaria Research Before and Since Ronald Ross." Munch Med Wochenschr. 1973.
Yoeli, M., Upmanisa, R., Most H. "Drug-resistance transfer among rodent plasmodia" Parasitology. 1969.
Yoeli, M. "Patterns of Immunity and Resistance in Rodent Malaria Infections" Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales''. 1966.
References
American biologists
Malariologists
1912 births
1975 deaths
20th-century biologists
Lithuanian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine expatriates in Italy
Israeli emigrants to the United States |
Sharifa Khan is a Bangladeshi civil bureaucrat and the second female secretary at Economic Relations Division, Ministry of finance Bangladesh since 17 July 2022. Prior to the current position, she was a member of the Agriculture, Water Resources and Rural Institute Division of the Bangladesh Planning Commission.
In addition to the above-mentioned posts, she held Additional Secretary (Development) of Bangladesh Commerce Ministry and adjunct faculty, Bangladesh Institute of Governance and Management.
Early life and education
Sharifa khan was born in Mirzapur upazila of Tangail district. After completed her Bachelor (Honors) and master's degrees in economics from Dhaka University she joined Bangladesh Civil service with 9th Batch at 26 January 1991. She completed her 2nd Masters in Development Economics from Australian National University.
Career
Khan served as director at WTO Cell, Ministry of Commerce in 2012. Khan served as a counselor at the Bangladesh High Commission in the United Kingdom from 2012 to 2017. Apart from that, she worked in Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre (BPATC) and Dhaka Deputy Commissioner's Office.
In 2020, Khan was the additional secretary (development) of the Ministry of Commerce. She argued against a free trade agreement with China.
She is an ex-officio director of Bangladesh Infrastructure Finance Fund Limited.
Khan is a member of the Planning Commission. She is serving as secretary at the Economic Relations Division.
References
Living people
Bangladeshi civil servants
Bangladeshi women civil servants
University of Dhaka alumni
Australian National University alumni
People from Tangail District
Politicians from Dhaka Division
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Ranunculus trichophyllus, the threadleaf crowfoot, or thread-leaved water-crowfoot, is a plant species in the genus Ranunculus, native to Europe, Asia and North America.
It is a herbaceous annual or perennial plant generally found in slow flowing streams, ponds, or lakes. The daisy-like flowers are white with a yellow centre, with five petals.
It is similar in form to Ranunculus fluitans (river water-crowfoot), apart from flower petal number, thread-leaved has on 5 petals and shorter leaves, as thread-leaved prefers slower flowing waters. It also has rounded seed heads which become fruits covered with bristles.
The segmented leaves and the plants ability to photosynthesis underwater have been studied.
Taxonomy
It was first described and published by the French naturalist and botanist Dominique Villars in his book 'Histoire des plantes du Dauphiné' Vol.3 on page 335 in 1786.
The species epithet trichophyllus is Latin for 'hairy leaves'.
In North America it is also commonly known as the 'white water crow foot'. The Icelandic name of this species is Lónasóley.
Subspecies:
Ranunculus trichophyllus subsp. eradicatus (Laest.) C.D.K.Cook (synonym: Batrachium eradicatum (Laest.) Fr.)
Distribution and habitat
The plant is found in most of the Northern Hemisphere, from the United States, Europe and the Mediterranean, east through Siberia, the Caucasus, the Middle East, the Himalayas, Kazakhstan and Mongolia to Kamchatka in Russia, also in Japan, China and Korea.
It is even found in the lakes and ponds of Mount Everest.
Range
It grows in freshwater, found in dune slacks and drainage ditches to ponds, lakes, streams and slow-flowing rivers.
It is normally found at around above sea level.
References
trichophyllus
Plants described in 1786
Flora of the United Kingdom
Flora of the United States
Flora of Europe
Flora of Siberia
Flora of the Caucasus
Flora of Nepal
Flora of Kazakhstan
Flora of Mongolia
Flora of Russia
Flora of Japan
Flora of China
Flora of Korea
Least concern plants |
```go
// Code generated by counterfeiter. DO NOT EDIT.
package mock
import (
"sync"
"github.com/hyperledger/fabric-protos-go/peer"
)
type CollectionInfoProvider struct {
CollectionInfoStub func(string, string) (*peer.StaticCollectionConfig, error)
collectionInfoMutex sync.RWMutex
collectionInfoArgsForCall []struct {
arg1 string
arg2 string
}
collectionInfoReturns struct {
result1 *peer.StaticCollectionConfig
result2 error
}
collectionInfoReturnsOnCall map[int]struct {
result1 *peer.StaticCollectionConfig
result2 error
}
invocations map[string][][]interface{}
invocationsMutex sync.RWMutex
}
func (fake *CollectionInfoProvider) CollectionInfo(arg1 string, arg2 string) (*peer.StaticCollectionConfig, error) {
fake.collectionInfoMutex.Lock()
ret, specificReturn := fake.collectionInfoReturnsOnCall[len(fake.collectionInfoArgsForCall)]
fake.collectionInfoArgsForCall = append(fake.collectionInfoArgsForCall, struct {
arg1 string
arg2 string
}{arg1, arg2})
fake.recordInvocation("CollectionInfo", []interface{}{arg1, arg2})
fake.collectionInfoMutex.Unlock()
if fake.CollectionInfoStub != nil {
return fake.CollectionInfoStub(arg1, arg2)
}
if specificReturn {
return ret.result1, ret.result2
}
fakeReturns := fake.collectionInfoReturns
return fakeReturns.result1, fakeReturns.result2
}
func (fake *CollectionInfoProvider) CollectionInfoCallCount() int {
fake.collectionInfoMutex.RLock()
defer fake.collectionInfoMutex.RUnlock()
return len(fake.collectionInfoArgsForCall)
}
func (fake *CollectionInfoProvider) CollectionInfoCalls(stub func(string, string) (*peer.StaticCollectionConfig, error)) {
fake.collectionInfoMutex.Lock()
defer fake.collectionInfoMutex.Unlock()
fake.CollectionInfoStub = stub
}
func (fake *CollectionInfoProvider) CollectionInfoArgsForCall(i int) (string, string) {
fake.collectionInfoMutex.RLock()
defer fake.collectionInfoMutex.RUnlock()
argsForCall := fake.collectionInfoArgsForCall[i]
return argsForCall.arg1, argsForCall.arg2
}
func (fake *CollectionInfoProvider) CollectionInfoReturns(result1 *peer.StaticCollectionConfig, result2 error) {
fake.collectionInfoMutex.Lock()
defer fake.collectionInfoMutex.Unlock()
fake.CollectionInfoStub = nil
fake.collectionInfoReturns = struct {
result1 *peer.StaticCollectionConfig
result2 error
}{result1, result2}
}
func (fake *CollectionInfoProvider) CollectionInfoReturnsOnCall(i int, result1 *peer.StaticCollectionConfig, result2 error) {
fake.collectionInfoMutex.Lock()
defer fake.collectionInfoMutex.Unlock()
fake.CollectionInfoStub = nil
if fake.collectionInfoReturnsOnCall == nil {
fake.collectionInfoReturnsOnCall = make(map[int]struct {
result1 *peer.StaticCollectionConfig
result2 error
})
}
fake.collectionInfoReturnsOnCall[i] = struct {
result1 *peer.StaticCollectionConfig
result2 error
}{result1, result2}
}
func (fake *CollectionInfoProvider) Invocations() map[string][][]interface{} {
fake.invocationsMutex.RLock()
defer fake.invocationsMutex.RUnlock()
fake.collectionInfoMutex.RLock()
defer fake.collectionInfoMutex.RUnlock()
copiedInvocations := map[string][][]interface{}{}
for key, value := range fake.invocations {
copiedInvocations[key] = value
}
return copiedInvocations
}
func (fake *CollectionInfoProvider) recordInvocation(key string, args []interface{}) {
fake.invocationsMutex.Lock()
defer fake.invocationsMutex.Unlock()
if fake.invocations == nil {
fake.invocations = map[string][][]interface{}{}
}
if fake.invocations[key] == nil {
fake.invocations[key] = [][]interface{}{}
}
fake.invocations[key] = append(fake.invocations[key], args)
}
``` |
Andinoacara blombergi, is a species of fish in the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes, found on the South American Pacific slope, in the río Esmeraldas drainage in northwestern Ecuador.
Etymology
The fish is named for Rolf Blomberg (1912-1996) because of his expeditions in Ecuador.
Description
Males can reach a length of total in length.
Spawning
The fish is an egglayer.
References
blombergi
,
Taxa named by Sven O. Kullander
Fish described in 2012
Freshwater fish of Ecuador |
Tritiya Adhyay also referred to as Tritiyo Adhyay is a Bengali romantic thriller, directed by Manoj Michigan and starring Abir Chatterjee and Paoli Dam. The film was released on 8 February 2019. At the Darbhanga International Film Festival, the movie won the Best National Feature Film and the Best Screenplay Award at the Expressions Film Festival.
Plot
Kaushik (played by Abir), a sports teacher, and Shreya (played by Paoli), a botanist, meet after a gap of many years. What follows is a dark romantic thriller, giving the audience a glimpse of why the protagonists had ended their relationship years ago, their reunion in the present, and the possible (or not) future.
Cast
Abir Chaterjee as Kaushik
Paoli Dam as Shreya
Sourav Das
Arunima Halder
Abhijit Roy
Release
The official trailer of the film was released by Pushprekha International on 20 December 2018.
References
External links
2019 films
Bengali-language Indian films
2010s Bengali-language films |
Rip is a masculine given name which may refer to:
Rip Esselstyn (born 1963), American health activist, food writer, triathlete and former firefighter
Jeong Rip (1574–1629), a scholar-official of the Korean Joseon Dynasty
Rip Rense (born 1954), American music and film journalist, author, poet and music producer
Rip Reukema (1857-1917), American politician
Rip Van Dam (c. 1660–1749), acting governor of the Province of New York from 1731 to 1732
Shin Rip (1546–1592), Korean general
Fictional characters
Rip Wheeler, a character in the Paramount Network series Yellowstone.
Rip Kirby, comic strip detective
See also
Rip (nickname)
Masculine given names |
Hylidae is a wide-ranging family of frogs commonly referred to as "tree frogs and their allies". However, the hylids include a diversity of frog species, many of which do not live in trees, but are terrestrial or semiaquatic.
Taxonomy and systematics
The earliest known fossils that can be assigned to this family are from the Cretaceous of India and the state of Wyoming in the United States.
The common name of "tree frog" is a popular name for several species of the family Hylidae. However, the name "treefrog" is not unique to this family, also being used for many species in the family Rhacophoridae.
The following genera are recognised in the family Hylidae:
Subfamily Hylinae
Tribe Cophomantini
Aplastodiscus – canebrake treefrogs
Boana – gladiator treefrogs
Bokermannohyla
Hyloscirtus
Myersiohyla
Nesorohyla
"Hyla" nicefori
Tribe Dendropsophini
Dendropsophus
Xenohyla
Tribe Hylini
Acris – cricket frogs
Atlantihyla
Bromeliohyla Charadrahyla Dryophytes – Ameroasian treefrogs
Duellmanohyla – brook frogs
Ecnomiohyla Exerodonta Hyla – common tree frogs
Isthmohyla Megastomatohyla Plectrohyla – spike-thumb frogs
Pseudacris – chorus frogs
Ptychohyla – stream frogs
Quilticohyla Rheohyla – small-eared treefrog
Sarcohyla Smilisca – burrowing frogs
Tlalocohyla Triprion – shovel-headed tree frogs
Tribe Lophiohylini
Aparasphenodon – casque-headed frogs
Argenteohyla – Argentinian frogs
Corythomantis – casque-headed tree frog
Dryaderces
Itapotihyla Nyctimantis – brown-eyed tree frogs
Osteocephalus – slender-legged tree frogs
Osteopilus Phyllodytes – heart-tongued frogs
Phytotriades – Trinidad golden treefrogs
Tepuihyla – Amazon tree frogs
Trachycephalus – casque-headed tree frog
Tribe Pseudini
Lysapsus – harlequin frogs
Pseudis – swimming frogs
Scarthyla – Madre de Dios tree frogs
Tribe Scinaxini
Julianus Ololygon (synonymous with Scinax)
Scinax – snouted tree frogs
Tribe Sphaenorhynchini
Sphaenorhynchus – lime tree frogs
Incertae sedis
"Hyla" imitator – mimic tree frog
Subfamily Pelodryadinae (Australian tree frogs)
Litoria Nyctimystes Ranoidea Incertae sedis
"Litoria" castanea
"Litoria" jeudii
"Litoria" louisiadensis
"Litoria" obtusirostris
"Litoria" vagabunda
Subfamily Phyllomedusinae (leaf frogs)
Agalychnis Callimedusa Cruziohyla Hylomantis – rough leaf frogs
Phasmahyla – shining leaf frogs
Phrynomedusa – colored leaf frogs
Phyllomedusa PithecopusThe subfamilies Pelodryadinae and Phyllomedusinae are sometimes classified as distinct families of their own due to their deep divergence and unique evolutionary history (with Pelodryadinae being the sister group to Phyllomedusinae and colonizing Australia during the Eocene via Antarctica, which at the time was not yet frozen over), but are presently retained in the Hylidae.
Description
Most hylids show adaptations suitable for an arboreal lifestyle, including forward-facing eyes providing binocular vision, and adhesive pads on the fingers and toes. In the nonarboreal species, these features may be greatly reduced, or absent.
Distribution and habitat
The European tree frog (Hyla arborea) is common in the middle and south of Europe, and its range extends into Asia and North Africa.
North America has many species of the family Hylidae, including the gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor) and the American green tree frog (H. cinerea). The spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) is also widespread in the eastern United States and is commonly heard on spring and summer evenings.
Behaviour and ecology
Species of the genus Cyclorana are burrowing frogs that spend much of their lives underground.
Breeding
Hylids lay their eggs in a range of different locations, depending on species. Many use ponds, or puddles that collect in the holes of their trees, while others use bromeliads or other water-holding plants. Other species lay their eggs on the leaves of vegetation hanging over water, allowing the tadpoles to drop into the pond when they hatch.
A few species use fast-flowing streams, attaching the eggs firmly to the substrate. The tadpoles of these species have suckers enabling them to hold on to rocks after they hatch. Another unusual adaptation is found in some South American hylids, which brood the eggs on the back of the female. The tadpoles of most hylid species have laterally placed eyes and broad tails with narrow, filamentous tips.
Feeding
Hylids mostly feed on insects and other invertebrates, but some larger species can feed on small vertebrates.
Gallery
References
Further reading
"Amero-Australian Treefrogs (Hylidae)". William E. Duellman. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia''. Ed. Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Jerome A. Jackson, Devra G. Kleiman, James B. Murphy, Dennis A. Thoney, et al. Vol. 6: Amphibians. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. p225-243.
External links
Amnh.org: Amphibian Species of the World
Amphibian families
Extant Thanetian first appearances
Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque |
```html
<!-- Toolbar -->
<div class="toolbar" role="banner">
<img width="40" alt="Openvidu Logo" src="assets/images/openvidu_globe.png" />
<span>{{ title }}</span>
<div class="spacer"></div>
<a aria-label="OpenVidu on twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="path_to_url" title="Twitter">
<svg id="twitter-logo" height="24" data-name="Logo" xmlns="path_to_url" viewBox="0 0 400 400">
<rect width="400" height="400" fill="none" />
<path
d="M153.62,301.59c94.34,0,145.94-78.16,145.94-145.94,0-2.22,0-4.43-.15-6.63A104.36,104.36,0,0,0,325,122.47a102.38,102.38,0,0,1-29.46,8.07,51.47,51.47,0,0,0,22.55-28.37,102.79,102.79,0,0,1-32.57,12.45,51.34,51.34,0,0,0-87.41,46.78A145.62,145.62,0,0,1,92.4,107.81a51.33,51.33,0,0,0,15.88,68.47A50.91,50.91,0,0,1,85,169.86c0,.21,0,.43,0,.65a51.31,51.31,0,0,0,41.15,50.28,51.21,51.21,0,0,1-23.16.88,51.35,51.35,0,0,0,47.92,35.62,102.92,102.92,0,0,1-63.7,22A104.41,104.41,0,0,1,75,278.55a145.21,145.21,0,0,0,78.62,23"
fill="#fff"
/>
</svg>
</a>
</div>
<div class="content" role="main" style="height: 100%">
<div class="dashboard-section">
<div id="call-app">
<h2>OpenVidu Call APP</h2>
<p>
Test the OpenVidu Call app using <b>{{ title }}</b
>:
</p>
<div class="card-container">
<a id="call-app-btn" class="card" (click)="goTo('call')">
<span>OpenVidu Call APP</span>
<svg class="material-icons" xmlns="path_to_url" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" />
</svg>
</a>
<a id="call-admin-dashboard-btn" class="card" (click)="goTo('admin')">
<span>Admin Dashboard</span>
<svg class="material-icons" xmlns="path_to_url" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" />
</svg>
</a>
</div>
<div>
<mat-checkbox id="static-videos" (change)="staticVideosChanged($event.checked)">
Enable static videos
</mat-checkbox>
<mat-icon matTooltip="Enable or disable static videos with the aim of taking website screenshots">info</mat-icon>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="dashboard-section">
<div id="testing-app">
<h2>Testing APP</h2>
<p>App for automated testing of openvidu-components-angular</p>
<input type="hidden" #selection />
<div class="card-container">
<a class="card" id="testing-app-btn" (click)="goTo('testing')">
<span>Testing App</span>
<svg class="material-icons" xmlns="path_to_url" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24">
<path d="M10 6L8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z" />
</svg>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
``` |
Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form (2000) is a book written by comic book writer and artist Scott McCloud. It is a thematic sequel to his critically acclaimed Understanding Comics, and was followed by Making Comics.
Publication history
Reinventing Comics was released in 2000 in separate editions published by Paradox Press and William Morrow Paperbacks. Paradox Press, formerly an imprint of DC Comics, is now defunct; and William Morrow is now a division of HarperCollins, so subsequent printings of the book have been released by HarperCollins.
Summary
Reinventing Comics explains twelve "revolutions" which McCloud predicts are necessary for the comic book to survive as a medium, focusing especially on online comics and CD-ROM comics. The book caused considerable controversy in the comics industry, McCloud famously noting that it had been described as "dangerous".
As promised in the book, McCloud has offered annotations, addenda and his further-developing thoughts about the future of comics on his website. In particular, he considers his webcomic I Can't Stop Thinking to be a continuation of Reinventing Comics, though he has continued to write about the future of comics in many different forms, as he acknowledges Reinventing Comics is "a product of its time".
Development
McCloud drew Reinventing Comics digitally, using a small Wacom tablet. Because of the low power of the machine he was using, McCloud had a difficult time working on the book. In an interview with Joe Zabel, McCloud stated that he was so eager to get to the second half of the book that he rushed through the first portion.
A revised version of Reinventing Comics was released in 2009. Here, McCloud cited various successful webcomics that pushed the envelope, such as Daniel Merlin Goodbrey's work with the "Tarquin Engine" and Drew Weing's Pup Contemplates the Heat Death of the Universe.
Fantagraphics Books Inc. editor and publisher Gary Groth wrote a critique of Reinventing Comics in 2001.
See also
Comics studies
References
External links
Scott McCloud page
Books by Scott McCloud
2000 non-fiction books
Books of literary criticism
Books about comics
Comics about comics
Paradox Press titles
Non-fiction graphic novels |
Rose Marie "Rosemary" Kennedy (September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005) was the eldest daughter born to Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy and Senators Robert F. and Ted Kennedy.
In her early young adult years, Rosemary Kennedy experienced seizures and violent mood swings. In response to these issues, her father arranged a prefrontal lobotomy for her in 1941 when she was 23 years of age; the procedure left her permanently incapacitated and rendered her unable to speak intelligibly.
Rosemary Kennedy spent most of the rest of her life being cared for at St. Coletta, an institution in Jefferson, Wisconsin. The truth about her situation and whereabouts was kept secret for decades. While she was initially isolated from her siblings and extended family following her lobotomy, Rosemary did go on to visit them during her later life.
Family and early life
Rose Marie Kennedy was born at her parents' home in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the third child and first daughter of Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald. She was named after her mother and was commonly called Rosemary or Rosie. During her birth, the doctor was not immediately available because of an outbreak of the Spanish influenza epidemic and the nurse ordered Rose Kennedy to keep her legs closed, forcing the baby's head to stay in the birth canal for two hours. The action resulted in a harmful loss of oxygen. As Rosemary began to grow, her parents noticed she was not reaching the basic developmental steps a human normally reaches at a certain month or year. At two years old, she had a hard time sitting up, crawling, and learning to walk.
Accounts of Rosemary's life indicated that she had an intellectual disability, although some have raised questions about the Kennedys' accounts of the nature and scope of her disability. A biographer wrote that Rose Kennedy did not confide in her friends and that she pretended her daughter was developing typically, with relatives other than the immediate family knowing nothing of Rosemary's disability. Despite the help of tutors, Rosemary had trouble learning to read and write. At age 11, she was sent to a Pennsylvania boarding school for people with intellectual disabilities.
At age 15, Rosemary was sent to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island, where she was educated separately from the other students. Two nuns and a special teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her all day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new tennis court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counting skills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level (ages 9-10). During this period, her mother arranged for her older brother John to accompany her to a tea dance. Thanks to him, she appeared "not different at all" during the dance.
Rosemary read few books but could read Winnie-the-Pooh. Diaries written by her in the late 1930s, and published in the 1980s, reveal a young woman whose life was filled with outings to the opera, tea dances, dress fittings, and other social interests. Kennedy accompanied her family to the coronation of Pope Pius XII in Rome in 1939. She also visited the White House. Kennedy's parents told Woman's Day that she was "studying to be a kindergarten teacher," and Parents was told that while she had "an interest in social welfare work, she is said to harbor a secret longing to go on the stage." When The Boston Globe requested an interview with Rosemary, her father's assistant prepared a response which Rosemary copied out laboriously:
I have always had serious tastes and understand life is not given us just for enjoyment. For some time past, I have been studying the well known psychological method of Dr. Maria Montessori and I got my degree in teaching last year.
In 1938, Kennedy was presented as a debutante to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at Buckingham Palace during her father's service as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Kennedy practiced the complicated royal curtsy for hours. At the event, she tripped and nearly fell. Rose Kennedy never discussed the incident and treated the debut as a triumph. The crowd made no sign, and the King and the Queen smiled as if nothing had happened.
Lobotomy
According to Rosemary's sister Eunice Kennedy Shriver, when Rosemary returned to the United States from the United Kingdom in 1940, she became "'increasingly irritable and difficult'" at the age of 22. Rosemary would often experience convulsions and fly into violent rages in which she would hit and injure others during this period. After being expelled from a summer camp in western Massachusetts and staying only a few months at a Philadelphia boarding school, Rosemary was sent to a convent school in Washington, D.C. Rosemary began sneaking out of the convent school at night. The nuns at the convent thought that Rosemary might be involved with sexual partners, and that she could contract a sexually transmitted disease or become pregnant. Her occasionally erratic behavior frustrated her parents; her father was especially worried that Rosemary's behavior would shame and embarrass the family and damage his and his children's political careers.
When Rosemary was 23 years old, doctors told her father that a form of psychosurgery known as a lobotomy would help calm her mood swings and stop her occasional violent outbursts. Joseph Kennedy decided that Rosemary should have a lobotomy; however, he did not inform his wife of this decision until after the procedure was completed. The procedure took place in November 1941. In Ronald Kessler's 1996 biography of Joseph Kennedy, Sins of the Father, James W. Watts, who carried out the procedure with Walter Freeman (both of George Washington University School of Medicine), described the procedure to Kessler as follows:
Watts told Kessler that in his opinion, Rosemary did not have "mental retardation" but rather had a form of depression. A review of all of the papers written by the two doctors confirmed Watts' declaration. All of the patients the two doctors lobotomized were diagnosed as having some form of mental disorder. Bertram S. Brown, director of the National Institute of Mental Health who was previously an aide to President Kennedy, told Kessler that Joe Kennedy referred to his daughter Rosemary as mentally retarded rather than mentally ill in order to protect John's reputation for a presidential run, and that the family's "lack of support for mental illness is part of a lifelong family denial of what was really so".
It quickly became apparent that the procedure had caused immense harm. Kennedy's mental capacity diminished to that of a two-year-old child. She could not walk or speak intelligibly and was incontinent.
Aftermath
After the lobotomy, Rosemary was immediately institutionalized. She initially lived for several years at Craig House, a private psychiatric hospital 90 minutes north of New York City. In 1949, she was relocated to Jefferson, Wisconsin, where she lived for the rest of her life on the grounds of the St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children (formerly known as "St. Coletta Institute for Backward Youth"). Archbishop Richard Cushing had told her father about St. Coletta's, an institution for more than 300 people with disabilities, and her father traveled to and built a private house for her about a mile outside St. Coletta's main campus near Alverno House, which was designed for adults who needed lifelong care. The nuns called the house "the Kennedy cottage". Two Catholic nuns, Sister Margaret Ann and Sister Leona, provided her care along with a student and a woman who worked on ceramics with Rosemary three nights a week. Rosemary had a car that could be used to take her for rides and a dog which she could take on walks.
In response to her condition, Rosemary's parents separated her from her family. Rose Kennedy did not visit her for 20 years. Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. did not visit his daughter at the institution at all. In Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter, author Kate Clifford Larson stated that Rosemary's lobotomy was hidden from the family for 20 years; none of her siblings knew of her whereabouts. While her older brother John was campaigning for re-election for the Senate in 1958, the Kennedy family explained away her absence by claiming she was reclusive. The Kennedy family did not publicly explain her absence until 1961, after John had been elected president. The Kennedys did not reveal that she was institutionalized because of a failed lobotomy, but instead said that she was deemed "mentally retarded". In 1961, after Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. had a stroke that left him unable to speak and walk, Rosemary's siblings were made aware of her location. Her lobotomy did not become public knowledge until 1987.
Later life
Following her father's death in 1969, the Kennedys gradually involved Rosemary in family life again. Rosemary was occasionally taken to visit relatives in Florida and Washington, D.C., and to her childhood home on Cape Cod. By that time, Rosemary had learned to walk again, but did so with a limp. She never regained the ability to speak clearly, and her arm was palsied. Her condition is sometimes credited as the inspiration for Eunice Kennedy Shriver to later found the Special Olympics, although Shriver told The New York Times in 1995 that Rosemary was just one of the disabled people she would have over to her house to swim, and that the games should not focus on any single individual.
Rosemary Kennedy died from natural causes on January 7, 2005, aged 86, at the Fort Atkinson Memorial Hospital in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, with her siblings (sisters Jean, Eunice, and Patricia and brother Ted) by her side. She was buried beside her parents in Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts.
See also
Kennedy family
Kennedy family tree
References
Further reading
External links
"Rosemary Kennedy, JFK's sister, dies at 86 – Born Mentally Disabled, She Was Inspiration for Special Olympics" obituary by The Associated Press at MSNBC, January 8, 2005
1918 births
2005 deaths
American debutantes
American people of Irish descent
American people with disabilities
Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)
Rosemary
Lobotomised people
People from Boston
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
People from Jefferson, Wisconsin
People with intellectual disability
Catholics from Massachusetts |
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Geita () is a diocese located in Geita in the Ecclesiastical province of Mwanza in Tanzania.
History
November 8, 1984: Established as Diocese of Geita from the Diocese of Mwanza
Leadership
Bishops of Geita (Roman rite)
Bishop Aloysius Balina (November 8, 1984 – August 8, 1997), appointed Bishop of Shinyanga
Bishop Damian Dalu (April 14, 2000 - March 14, 2014), appointed Archbishop of Songea
Bishop Flavian Kassala (April 28, 2016 – Present)
See also
Roman Catholicism in Tanzania
Sources
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy
Geita
Christian organizations established in 1984
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Geita, Roman Catholic Diocese of
1984 establishments in Tanzania |
Parc Levelt is a football stadium in Saint-Marc, Haiti. It was launched in December 1950. The stadium holds 5,000 spectators.
External links
Stadium information
Football venues in Haiti |
1963 European Rowing Championships may refer to:
1963 European Rowing Championships (men), the competition for men held in Copenhagen, Denmark
1963 European Rowing Championships (women), the competition for women held in Khimki near Moscow in the Soviet Union |
```smalltalk
//
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
//
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//
using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Reflection;
using NUnit.Framework;
using MonoTests.System.Xaml;
using System.Windows.Markup;
#if PCL
using System.Xaml;
using System.Xaml.Schema;
#else
using System.Xaml;
using System.Xaml.Schema;
#endif
using Category = NUnit.Framework.CategoryAttribute;
namespace MonoTests.System.Windows.Markup
{
[TestFixture]
public class StaticExtensionTest
{
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithoutType ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
// it fails because it cannot be resolved to a static member.
// This possibly mean, there might be a member that
// could be resolved only with the name, without type.
x.Member = "Foo";
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithoutMember ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = typeof (int);
Assert.Throws<InvalidOperationException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueInstanceProperty ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = typeof (StaticExtension);
x.Member = "MemberType"; // instance property is out of scope.
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null));
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueStaticProperty ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = typeof (XamlLanguage);
x.Member = "Array";
Assert.AreEqual (XamlLanguage.Array, x.ProvideValue (null), "#1");
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueConst ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = typeof (XamlLanguage);
x.Member = "Xaml2006Namespace";
Assert.AreEqual (XamlLanguage.Xaml2006Namespace, x.ProvideValue (null), "#1");
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValuePrivateConst ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = GetType ();
x.Member = "FooBar"; // private const could not be resolved.
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null), "#1");
}
const string FooBar = "foobar";
[Test]
public void ProvideValueEvent ()
{
var x = new StaticExtension ();
x.MemberType = GetType ();
x.Member = "FooEvent"; // private const could not be resolved.
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException> (() => x.ProvideValue (null), "#1");
}
#pragma warning disable 67
public static event EventHandler<EventArgs> FooEvent;
#pragma warning restore 67
[Test]
public void ProvideValueWithMemberOnly()
{
const string xaml = "<x:Static xmlns:x='path_to_url xmlns:foo='clr-namespace:MonoTests.System.Xaml;assembly=System.Xaml.TestCases' Member='foo:StaticClass1.FooBar' />";
var result = XamlServices.Parse(xaml.UpdateXml());
Assert.AreEqual("test", result);
}
[Test]
public void ProvideValueFromChildEnum()
{
const string xaml = "<x:Static xmlns:x='path_to_url xmlns:foo='clr-namespace:MonoTests.System.Xaml;assembly=System.Xaml.TestCases' Member='foo:StaticClass1+MyEnum.EnumValue2' />";
var result = XamlServices.Parse(xaml.UpdateXml());
Assert.AreEqual(StaticClass1.MyEnum.EnumValue2, result);
}
}
}
``` |
Robert Dudgeon may refer to:
Robert Maxwell Dudgeon (1881–1962), Scottish soldier and policeman
Robert Ellis Dudgeon (1820–1904), Scottish homeopath
Robert Francis Dudgeon (1851–1932), Lord Lieutenant of Kirkcudbright |
Ásgeir Bjarnþórsson (1 April 1899 – 16 December 1987) was an Icelandic painter. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Ásgeir Bjarnþórsson - Arkiv.is
1899 births
1987 deaths
Ásgeir Bjarnthórsson
Ásgeir Bjarnthórsson
Art competitors at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Male painters |
Hugh T. Johnson (25 April 1946 - 4 June 2015) was an Irish cinematographer and director of film and commercials known for his collaborations with Ridley Scott and his brother Tony, working on films like The Duellists, The Hunger, G.I. Jane, and Kingdom of Heaven.
Filmography
As cinematographer
As director
Chill Factor (1999)
Other credits
References
External links
1946 births
2015 deaths
Irish cinematographers
Irish film directors
People from Navan
Television commercial directors |
Adam Lam (born September 11, 1987) is an Israeli footballer
He is the son of Benyamin Lam.
References
External links
Profile at One
1987 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli men's footballers
Israeli beach soccer players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
Hapoel Hadera F.C. players
Hapoel Kfar Shalem F.C. players
Maccabi Ironi Kfar Yona F.C. players
Maccabi Sha'arayim F.C. players
F.C. Givat Olga players
Hapoel Beit She'an F.C. players
Hapoel Pardesiya F.C. players
Footballers from Netanya
Israeli Premier League players
Men's association football defenders |
Safi Khuni (, also Romanized as Şafī Khūnī) is a village in Howmeh-ye Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Ramhormoz County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 62, in 14 families.
References
Populated places in Ramhormoz County |
Ashley Eriksmoen is a California-born Australia-based furniture maker, woodworker, artist, and educator.
Early life and education
Eriksmoen was born in raised in southern California. Eriksmoen attended Boston College, receiving a BS in Geology in 1992. She took a year off during undergraduate to study art at the Istituto Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence, Italy. Eriksmoen studied at the College of the Redwoods (now the Krenov School) from 1997 to 1998, receiving a Certificate of Fine Woodworking. She went on to receive a Masters in Fine Arts from the Rhode Island School of Design, graduating in 2000.
Career
Artist
Eriksmoen uses salvaged urban waste such as tables and chairs to create complex interwoven sculptures. She was included in a curated group exhibition in 2019 about humans and the environment titled I Thought I Heard a Bird at Craft ACT in Canberra, Australia. Her series Feral: Rewilding Furniture, made with found broken timber, personifies and animates found furniture, comparing the living and built world. She was an artist-in-residence artist at San Diego State University and is a member of the Furniture Society and part of the Studio Furniture movement.
Her artwork has been published in 500 Tables, American Woodworker Magazine, and With Wakened Hands, a book on the students of James Krenov. She was awarded a Fuji Xerox Sustainable Art Award in 2014 Eriksmoen's piece Criogriff was featured in the exhibition Making a Seat at the Table: Women Transform Woodworking at the Center for Art in Wood in 2019 curated by Dierdre Visser and Laura Mays. She was also interviewed for the book Joinery, Joists and Gender: A History of Woodworking for the 21st Century, by Visser.
In 2021 Eriksomen won Tasmania's Clarence Prize with her furniture piece "Following years of steady decline we are witnessing a period of unprecedented growth". Her "Meares Island Nurse Log" furniture piece was selected for the 2022 Melbourne Design Fair, presented by the National Gallery of Victoria with the Melbourne Art Foundation. Her chaise, "The Dream or: the view from here is both bleak and resplendent" won the 2022 Australian Furniture Design Award, awarded by Stylecraft and the National Gallery of Victoria.
Educator
Eriksmoen is the Head of Furniture Workshop, Convenor of Craft and Design and Senior Lecturer in the College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University.
References
External links
Ashley Eriksmoen: Constructing Feral
Living people
American woodworkers
Women woodworkers
California people in design
American furniture makers
American furniture designers
Australian woodworkers
Australian National University people
Rhode Island School of Design alumni
Morrissey College of Arts & Sciences alumni
College of the Redwoods alumni
American expatriates in Australia
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women carpenters
Crafts educators
Woodworkers |
Los Angeles Leadership Academy is a free charter school system in Los Angeles, California. The school has been noted with a alumni that has nearly a 100 percent acceptance to college. Students that graduate from Los Angeles Leadership Academy have been admitted to and attended Harvard, Stanford, North Western, Brown, Cal Poly, Penn State, UC Berkeley, and Penn State just to name a few. The schools in the system includes Los Angeles Leadership Academy Primary School, Los Angeles Leadership Academy Middle School, and Los Angeles Leadership Academy High School. The school is located in Lincoln Heights.
History
The school opened in 2002 in Koreatown. In its first year, it had almost 120 students. The school opened with the sixth grade and planned to phase in one new grade each year, with high school expansion coming later. The school initially rented space from the Immanuel Presbyterian Church. Roger Lowenstein, a former criminal defense attorney, founded the school. The school was founded to academically prepare students and to orient them as community activists and reflects Lowenstein's liberal views. Promoters of the school passed out fliers at bus stops. Lowenstein said that the new school did not have difficulty in finding new students since the local public middle schools were overcrowded with students and parents wanted a safe environment for their children.
In 2008 it had two campuses, with the high school in the former Florence Crittenton Center in Lincoln Heights and the middle school in Koreatown. In 2010, the school acquired the 2.5 acre former Salvation Army campus in Lincoln Heights, two blocks south of the high school. Today, that campus serves grades K-8, and the Koreatown campus no longer exists. The primary program is dual language immersion, Spanish and English. All students are taught to be bilingual, biliterate and bicultural. Growing a grade a year (in 2013, K-3), eventually the dual language program will be K-12, with high school graduates capable of choosing universities in Spain, Mexico, Chile or any in English-speaking country.
Academic program
The school has a low dropout rate. Lowenstein said "We don't let a kid fail." As of 2013, three quarters of the graduating students attend four year colleges and universities, while the remainder attend community colleges.
Student body
As of 2013, the majority of the students were Latino and Hispanic, with some being Asian, Black, and White. The students are low income and receive free breakfast, and lunch. All students have free access to tutoring, and afterschool enrichment programs that include photography, culinary arts, dance, and anime. During the same year, the middle school had 280 students and the high school had 260 students.
Teacher and staff demographics
In 2002, during the first year of operations, the school had eight teachers. The schools which awarded degrees to those teachers were University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Los Angeles, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and Yale University. The program director in charge of curriculum, Susanne Cole, had studied a school operated by the Zapatistas in Chiapas, Mexico and received a public policy master's degree from UC Berkeley. One teacher had a history of organizing unions in Koreatown. One teacher had worked for a Quaker nonviolence peace movement, serving as a grassroots organizer.
School lunch program
The primary, middle and high school sites now rely on Royal Dining Food Company to serve their students food during breakfast and lunch.
Parent involvement
. Bill Boyarsky of the Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles said that the parents council is active.
References
External links
High schools in Los Angeles
2002 establishments in California
Educational institutions established in 2002 |
The men's shot put competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The event was held at the Olympic Stadium on 18 August. Thirty-four athletes from 24 nations competed. The event was won by Ryan Crouser of the United States, the nation's first victory in the event since 2004 (and 18th overall). His teammate Joe Kovacs took silver. Tomas Walsh earned New Zealand's first medal in the men's shot put (in the country's first appearance in the event since 1972).
Summary
In the final, the surprise find of the season Ryan Crouser set the tone with a 21.15 m on the first throw of the competition. Two throwers later, O'Dayne Richards also set his tone with a big first throw, but his foot went over the toe board. Two time defending champion Tomasz Majewski and his Polish teammate, two time world junior champion Konrad Bukowiecki also had foul trouble. Bukowiecki never got a legal throw in. On the fourth throw of the competition, the home crowd got a thrill as Darlan Romani threw the Brazilian National Record 21.02 m, beating the mark he set earlier in the morning. Two more throws later, Franck Elemba threw 21.20 m to take the lead and set the new national record for the Congo. On the tenth throw, the 2016 world leader Joe Kovacs threw 21.78 m to take over the lead at the end of the first round. Starting the second round, Crouser tossed 22.22 m, to not only take the lead but to become tied for the number 17 thrower in history. Near the end of the round, Tomas Walsh threw 21.20 m, to equal Elemba's distance, but with his second throw of 21.00 Elemba held the tiebreaker for bronze position. For his third round throw, Crouser improved his best to 22.26 m, to advance to become the number 14 thrower in history. After dropping off four competitors and changing the throwing order, Walsh moved into the bronze medal position with a 21.36 m in the fifth round. Then Crouser put the exclamation point on his night's work with a , beating Ulf Timmermann's Olympic Record from 1988; the days of East German doping dominance. It moved him into a tie for the number 10 thrower in history. Since 2004, only Kovacs has thrown farther.
The medals were presented by Issa Hayatou, IOC member, and Karim Ibrahim, Council Member of the IAAF.
Background
This was the 28th appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. The returning finalists from the 2012 Games were two-time defending gold medalist Tomasz Majewski of Poland, silver medalist David Storl of Germany, sixth-place finisher Germán Lauro of Argentina, and seventh-place finisher Asmir Kolašinac of Serbia. Storl had won the world championships on either side of the London Games (2011 and 2013), while Joe Kovacs had beaten him in 2015 (Storl came second). Ryan Crouser had a strong performance at the U.S. trials, joining Storl and Kovacs among the favorites for 2016.
The British Virgin Islands, the Republic of the Congo, and Georgia each made their debut in the men's shot put. The United States made its 27th appearance, most of any nation, having missed only the boycotted 1980 Games.
Qualification
A National Olympic Committee (NOC) could enter up to 3 qualified athletes in the men's shot put event if all athletes meet the entry standard during the qualifying period. (The limit of 3 has been in place since the 1930 Olympic Congress.) The qualifying standard was 20.50 metres. The qualifying period was from 1 May 2015 to 11 July 2016. The qualifying distance standards could be obtained in various meets during the given period that have the approval of the IAAF. Only outdoor meets were accepted. NOCs could also use their universality place—each NOC could enter one male athlete regardless of time if they had no male athletes meeting the entry standard for an athletics event—in the shot put.
Competition format
Each athlete received three throws in the qualifying round. All who achieved the qualifying distance of 20.65 metres progressed to the final. If fewer than twelve athletes achieved this mark, then the twelve furthest throwing athletes reached the final. Each finalist was allowed three throws in last round, with the top eight athletes after that point being given three further attempts.
Records
, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
Ryan Crouser broke the 28-year-old Olympic record with his fifth throw of the final, hitting a mark of 22.52 metres. The following national records were established during the competition:
Schedule
All times are Brasilia Time (UTC-3)
Results
Qualifying round
Qualification rule: qualification standard 20.65m (Q) or at least best 12 qualified (q).
Final
References
Men's shot put
2016
Men's events at the 2016 Summer Olympics |
Maxime Vandermeulen (born 11 April 1996) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Belgian Division 2 club Rebecq.
Career
Progressing through the Sporting Charleroi youth academy, Vandermeulen made his professional debut on 20 December 2014 as a starter in a 6–0 home victory in the Belgian Pro League against Lierse. Usually the third goalkeeper in the team, Vandermeulen claimed the starting spot after injuries to Nicolas Penneteau and Parfait Mandanda.
On 2 February 2015, Vandermeulen was sent on loan to Belgian Second Division club White Star Bruxelles for the second half of the 2014–15 season. He made his debut for the club on 7 February 2015 in a 1–1 draw against Racing Mechelen. The club signed him on a permanent deal 2015, but after White Star filed for bankruptcy in 2016 after winning the title, Vandermeulen moved to Couvin-Mariembourg competing in the Belgian Second Amateur Division.
In 2018, Vandermeulen signed with Francs Borains, also competing in the Belgian Second Amateur Division. During the 2019–20 season, Vandermeulen scored his first goal in a 3–0 win over Meux. His wind-assisted free kick from his own half at Stade Robert Urbain sealed the win. In November 2021, Vandermeulen suffered a hip injury, sidelining him for at least three months. Francs Borains brought in Adrien Saussez as his replacement.
On 14 June 2022, Vandermeulen joined Rebecq.
Honours
White Star Bruxelles
Belgian Second Division: 2015–16
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
People from Genappe
Belgian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
R. Charleroi S.C. players
RWS Bruxelles players
Francs Borains players
R.U.S. Rebecquoise players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Belgian Third Division players
Footballers from Walloon Brabant |
The 2013–14 Ligue Magnus season was the 93rd season of the Ligue Magnus, the top level of ice hockey in France. Diables Rouges de Briançon defeated Ducs d'Angers in the championship round.
Regular season
Playoffs
Relegation
Brest Albatros Hockey - Drakkars de Caen 3:4 (6:1, 2:3, 4:5, 5:1, 0:1, 3:2 SO, 3:4)
References
1
Fra
Ligue Magnus seasons |
Moon Design Publications are publishers of tabletop role-playing game books set in Greg Stafford's world of Glorantha. They were founded in 1998 by Rick Meints and Colin Phillips in the UK.
History
In the 1990s, American expatriate Rick Meints was a member of the Reaching Moon Megacorp, the British fan publisher that was the center of Glorantha culture at the time. The Reaching Moon Megacorp published Meints' book on collecting Gloranthan publications, The Meints Index to Glorantha (1996, 1999), but by the time of the book's second edition, the Megacorp was on its way out as a decade of constant publication and convention organizing had burned out its main members. Meints and Colin Phillips thus created Moon Design Publications to reprint long out-of-print RuneQuest supplements.
Over a six-year period, Moon Design published four compilations of old RuneQuest material under the title "Gloranthan Classics"; the first was Pavis & Big Rubble (1999) while the last was Borderlands & Beyond (2005). By the time of Borderlands' publication, Greg Stafford had returned from a one-year stay in Mexico and was looking for a new company to carry on the publications of Issaries, and chose Moon Design, by now done with the major Gloranthan books published by Chaosium.
Though it got out its first book, Imperial Lunar Handbook Volume 2 (2006), fairly quickly, only two more HeroQuest books would come out by 2008 – plus a few of Greg Stafford's "unfinished works", which Moon Design rebranded as the Stafford Library.
In 2008 Jeff Richard came on board as both co-owner and principal Gloranthan author. Soon afterward the company published the second edition of HeroQuest (2009), revised by author Robin Laws. That same year also saw the publication of Sartar: Kingdom of Heroes (2009), a massive book that expanded on the Sartarite background of Hero Wars to create a comprehensive setting for the game, further expanded by Stafford's Book of Heortling Mythology (2009) and the Sartar Companion (2010).
Publications
Glorantha Classics
References
Role-playing game publishing companies |
```html
<h1 style="display:none">Search Results</h1>
<div id="search-results"></div>
<script src="/docs/1.0/searchIndex.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
<script src="/docs/common/js/search.js"></script>
<script src="/docs/common/js/fuse.min.js"></script>
<script src="/docs/common/js/stopWords.js"></script>
``` |
```cmake
# - Try to find ZeroMQ
# Once done this will define
# ZeroMQ_FOUND - System has ZeroMQ
# ZeroMQ_INCLUDE_DIRS - The ZeroMQ include directories
# ZeroMQ_LIBRARIES - The libraries needed to use ZeroMQ
# ZeroMQ_DEFINITIONS - Compiler switches required for using ZeroMQ
find_path ( ZeroMQ_INCLUDE_DIR zmq.h )
find_library ( ZeroMQ_LIBRARY NAMES zmq )
set ( ZeroMQ_LIBRARIES ${ZeroMQ_LIBRARY} )
set ( ZeroMQ_INCLUDE_DIRS ${ZeroMQ_INCLUDE_DIR} )
include ( FindPackageHandleStandardArgs )
# handle the QUIETLY and REQUIRED arguments and set ZeroMQ_FOUND to TRUE
# if all listed variables are TRUE
find_package_handle_standard_args ( ZeroMQ DEFAULT_MSG ZeroMQ_LIBRARY ZeroMQ_INCLUDE_DIR )
``` |
Garry Lawrence John O'Connor (born 7 May 1983) is a Scottish professional football manager and a former player. He played for Hibernian, Peterhead, Lokomotiv Moscow, Barnsley, Tom Tomsk, Birmingham City, Greenock Morton and represented Scotland.
O'Connor began his career with Hibernian, where his performances in 2002 earned him selection for Scotland as an 18-year-old, and he later earned a lucrative transfer to Lokomotiv Moscow. He scored a winning goal in the 2007 Russian Cup final for Lokomotiv. O'Connor struggled to settle in Russia, and he returned to the United Kingdom later that year by signing for Birmingham City. O'Connor struggled to hold a place in the Birmingham side due to injuries, and he spent most of the 2010–11 season with Barnsley. He then returned to Hibernian for the 2011–12 season, scoring 12 goals in 33 league appearances. O'Connor signed for Russian club Tom Tomsk in July 2012, but was released after making only six appearances.
Club career
Hibernian (first spell)
Born in Edinburgh and raised in Port Seton in East Lothian, O'Connor's early mentor in football was his uncle Mark, who was killed after being struck by a car when O'Connor was 14. A Hibernian youth graduate, he made his debut for the club under manager Alex McLeish in April 2001 as a substitute against Dundee, his only appearance that season. O'Connor made just four appearances before Christmas in the following season. After the departure of McLeish to Rangers and the appointment of new manager Franck Sauzée, O'Connor featured more regularly in the first team. He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Celtic in February 2002. Although Sauzée was sacked later that month, O'Connor continued to feature in the first team under Sauzée's successor Bobby Williamson. O'Connor went on to score a further seven goals that season, including goals in five consecutive games between March and April.
Following two seasons in which he struggled to fulfil his early promise, the arrival of manager Tony Mowbray at Hibs in May 2004 led to improved form for both O'Connor and the team as a whole, as Hibs finished third in the 2004–05 Scottish Premier League. O'Connor formed a formidable partnership with Derek Riordan, and between them they scored 42 goals that season, as Hibs earned qualification for the UEFA Cup.
Lokomotiv Moscow
On 26 February 2006, it was reported that O'Connor was set to join Lokomotiv Moscow for approximately £1.6 million. This offer was subsequently accepted by Hibernian, with Tony Mowbray conceding that the personal terms on offer, a reported weekly wage of £16,000, were "life-changing for Garry and his family". On 6 March, it was announced that the transfer had been agreed. O'Connor scored a total of 58 goals for Hibs in all competitions and scored in his final Hibs appearance, against Falkirk in the Scottish Cup. He donated his portion of the transfer fee to the club to fund their training facilities.
On 22 March 2006, O'Connor scored for the first time for Lokomotiv Moscow, the opening goal in a 2–2 draw with Spartak Moscow in a Russian Cup tie. He opened the scoring for his side against Torpedo Moscow in a 4–1 win on 14 May. In the 2006 season, he scored seven league goals and a cup goal in the 29 matches he played in (although only on the field for the full 90 minutes in five matches – he averaged 58 minutes of playing time per match), and was yellow-carded once. In Moscow he formed a partnership with Russian international Dmitry Sychev, although Dramane Traoré, the Mali international, threatened his position.
On 27 May 2007, O'Connor came off the bench to score the winning goal for Lokomotiv Moscow in the 2006–07 Russian Cup Final against city rivals FC Moscow. The extra-time goal, coming in the 109th minute, was enough to seal a 1–0 victory for the railway team, and provided a measure of redemption for O'Connor, who had struggled to settle in Russia for family reasons.
Birmingham City
O'Connor completed a £2.7 million move to Birmingham City on 28 June 2007, and scored his first goal for the club on his first appearance, on 15 August 2007 against Sunderland in a 2–2 draw. However, he lost his place, and manager Alex McLeish told him he needed to get fitter to return to the starting eleven. He had to wait until January 2008 for his second league goal, an equaliser against Arsenal. He missed several games in early 2008 through illness, and McLeish told him to "write the season off and come back this season all guns blazing".
O'Connor worked with a fitness coach over the summer, lost weight, and returned to training with a positive attitude towards the coming season and towards his manager. He had a successful pre-season and started well in the Championship with an assist for Kevin Phillips followed by scoring three goals in three games, but then sustained a groin injury. Returning to the team a month later, he produced some good performances and scored three more goals in two games, prompting his inclusion in the Championship Team of the Week, before again injuring his groin, this time in the pre-match warm-up at Queens Park Rangers on 29 October 2008, a match which Birmingham went on to lose. He returned to first-team action against Doncaster on 14 March 2009, and his goal on 6 April that confirmed a 2–0 win over Championship leaders Wolverhampton Wanderers for a Birmingham side reduced to ten men was voted as the club's Moment of the Season.
O'Connor missed most of the 2009–10 season after undergoing two operations on a hip injury. McLeish suggested that the injury dated back to O'Connor's time with Hibernian and had been aggravated by playing on synthetic pitches in Russia while he was with Lokomotiv Moscow. A Channel 4 documentary Dispatches, aired in September 2011, claimed that O'Connor had been sidelined due to failing a drugs test. His contract had been due to expire at the end of the season, but the club extended it for six months to give him a chance to prove his fitness.
Barnsley
To regain match fitness, O'Connor signed Championship club Barnsley on 10 September 2010 on a month's loan. He scored on his debut in a 5–2 win against Leeds United. Although Birmingham were happy for the player to remain at Barnsley, whose manager wanted to extend the loan, budgetary considerations made it impossible. Though O'Connor returned to Birmingham's first team, Cameron Jerome's recovery from injury left the player again looking for regular football, so in November he rejoined Barnsley for another month. His 89th-minute winning goal at Preston North End on his second Barnsley debut secured the club's first away win since February. O'Connor then scored the third Barnsley goal in a 3–1 win at Ipswich Town. O'Connor then signed on a permanent basis with Barnsley, from 1 January 2011 until the end of the 2010–11 season. He scored only once in 13 appearances, and his contract was cancelled by mutual consent in April 2011.
Later career
O'Connor re-signed for Hibernian on a one-year contract on 15 June 2011. He scored his first goal in his second spell with the club in their second match of the 2011–12 season, a 92nd-minute winner away to Inverness. Hibs had never previously won at the Caledonian Stadium. O'Connor made an excellent start to the season, scoring 10 goals in his first 11 appearances. This form meant that O'Connor was the subject of transfer speculation in January 2012, but injuries restricted his appearances. O'Connor was rested from matches and given additional training to improve his level of fitness. He responded by scoring in three consecutive matches, which helped to earn four league points and a place in the 2012 Scottish Cup Final. Hibs retained their place in the SPL, but then lost to Hearts in the cup final. O'Connor's contract with Hibs expired on 1 June 2012; on the same day, he was found guilty on charges of possessing cocaine and obstructing a police officer.
O'Connor returned to Russian football in July 2012, when he signed a two-year contract with FC Tom Tomsk. He was initially unable to play for the club, which was subject to a registration ban because of its failure to pay debts to players. O'Connor made his debut appearance for the club on 6 August, but was sent off after 65 minutes in the match against Baltika Kaliningrad. He was released from his contract in December 2012, having made just six appearances and scored once; he later stated that he and other players had not been paid by the club for several months.
O'Connor returned to Scottish football on 6 January 2014, agreeing a contract with Greenock Morton until the end of the 2013–14 season. He left Morton at the end of the season, having scored only one goal as they were relegated to League One. O'Connor signed a one-year contract with Lowland League club Selkirk on 1 August 2014. He scored 18 Lowland League goals in the 2014–15 season, 21 in all competitions; he then re-signed with Selkirk for the 2015–16 season.
International career
Scotland national team manager Berti Vogts gave O'Connor his international debut, against South Korea in May 2002. He was then relegated to the Scotland under-21 squad for a few seasons as he struggled to find his best form. Improved form in the 2004–05 season earned him a recall to the full squad, and he scored his first Scotland goal in a 2–2 draw with Austria in August 2005.
After featuring in the 1–0 victory against France at Hampden Park on 7 October 2006, O'Connor and the rest of the team were given an evening off before reconvening ahead of the trip to Ukraine for another qualifying match. O'Connor failed to rejoin the squad and was axed from the travelling party by manager Walter Smith. O'Connor subsequently issued an apology through his agent without revealing the exact cause of his failure to appear, while assistant manager Tommy Burns announced that O'Connor was unlikely to be frozen out of the squad permanently. O'Connor said that his wife was unhappy with life in Moscow and he had decided to stay with her rather than return to training.
He was recalled to the Scotland squad in May 2007 under new manager, and his former boss at Hibs, Alex McLeish. Initially drafted in due to squad call-offs, O'Connor was given a place in the starting line-up for the friendly match with Austria and scored the only goal of the game. Seven days later, he scored in the 2–0 UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying victory over the Faroe Islands. After appearing against the Ukraine in October 2007, O'Connor was left out of the Scotland squad for almost two years, was recalled for the matches in September 2009 against Macedonia and the Netherlands after Kevin Kyle withdrew due to injury.
Coaching career
On 28 October 2015, O'Connor was appointed as Selkirk caretaker manager following the sacking of Steve Forrest, a role he continued until the appointment of Ian Fergus.
Personal life
In August 2020, a documentary entitled "Playing the Game- Garry O'Connor" aired on BBC Scotland. The programme charted O'Connor's career and explored his troubles with substance abuse, mental health issues and early retirement from football. Whilst being interviewed for the programme, O’Connor revealed that he had considered suicide towards the end of his playing career, citing the love of his family and his responsibility towards his three children as motivation for seeking help through mental health counselling. O'Connor lost the fortune he made as a footballer, and had to move out of his mansion and into a council house.
His son Josh is also a footballer, who plays in the same position. Josh signed a first professional contract with Hibernian in January 2021 and made his first team debut in March 2022, and as of right now, is currently on loan at Airdrieonians FC.
Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first; score column indicates score after each O'Connor goal.
Honours
Lokomotiv Moscow
Russian Cup: 2006–07
Birmingham City
Football League Championship promotion: 2008–09
References
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Footballers from East Lothian
Men's association football forwards
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Scotland men's B international footballers
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Hibernian F.C. players
Peterhead F.C. players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Russian Premier League players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
FC Tom Tomsk players
Greenock Morton F.C. players
Selkirk F.C. players
Selkirk F.C. managers
Scottish football managers
Lowland Football League players
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Russia |
Ernest Harlington Barnes (3 April 1899 – 4 May 1985) was a Bermudian dairy farmer, member of the Legislative Council of Bermuda and politician for the United Bermuda Party.
References
United Bermuda Party politicians
1899 births
1985 deaths |
This article includes a list of biblical proper names that start with A in English transcription. Some of the names are given with a proposed etymological meaning. For further information on the names included on the list, the reader may consult the sources listed below in the References and External Links.
A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T – U – V – Y – Z
A
Aaron, a teacher or lofty, bright, shining (etymology doubtful)
Abba, father
Abaddon, see Apollyon a destroyer,
Abagtha, God-given "etymology doubtful"
Abana, perennial, stony
Abarim, regions beyond
Abda, a servant
Abdeel, servant of God
Abdi, my servant
Abdiel, servant of God
Abdon, servile
Abednego, servant of Nego, perhaps the same as Nebo
Abel, breath, vapor, transitoriness; breath, or vanity
Abel-beth-maachah, meadow of the house of Maachah, "also called ABEL-MAIM"
Abel-cheramim
Abel-maim
Abel-meholah, meadow of dancing, or the dancing-meadow
Abel-mizraim, the meadow of the Egyptians
Abel-shittim, meadow of the acacias
Abez, lofty
Abi
Abiyyah
Abi-albon, father of strength, i.e. "valiant"; "also called ABIEL"
Abiasaph, father of gathering, i.e. gathered father of gathering; the gatherer
Abiathar, father of abundance, i.e. liberal, father of abundance, or my father excels
Abib, an ear of corn, green fruits
Abida (or Abidah)
Abidan, father of the judge
Abiel, father (i.e., "possessor") of God = "pious"
Abiezer (or Abieezer), father of help, helpful
Abigail, father, i.e. source, of joy
Abihail, father of, i.e. possessing, strength
Abihu, he (God) is my father, father of Him; i.e., "worshipper of God"
Abihud, father of renown, famous, father (i.e., "possessor") of renown
Abijah, father (i.e., "possessor or worshipper") of Yahweh
Abijam, father of the sea; i.e., "seaman", Abijah or Abijam: my father is Yahweh
Abilene, land of meadows
Abimael, father of Mael, God is a father
Abimelech, father of the king; "my father a king, or, father of a king"
Abinadab, father of nobleness; i.e., "noble"
Abinoam
Abiram, father of height; i.e., "proud"
Abishag
Abishai, father of (i.e., "desirous of") a gift
Abishalom
Abishua, father of welfare; i.e., "fortunate"
Abishur, father of the wall father of the wall, i.e. "mason"
Abital, father of the dew father of the dew, i.e. "fresh"
Abitub, father of goodness,
Abiud, father of praise
Abner, father of light
Abram, a high father
Abraham, father of a multitude
Absalom, father of peace
Abubus
Accad
Accho
Aceldama, field of blood
Achab
Achaia, trouble
Achaicus, belonging to Achaia
Achan, or Achar, troubler
Achaz
Achbor, mouse
Achim
Achish
Achmetha
Achor
Achsah
Achshaph
Achzib, lying, false
Adadah, festival or boundary, possible miswritten form of Aroer
Adah, ornament, ornament, beauty
Adaiyyah
Adalia
Adam, red earth
Adamah, red earth
Adami, my man; earth
Adar, high
Adbeel
Addi, ornament
Addin
Addon, lord
Adiel
Adin dainty, delicate
Adinah
Adithaim, double ornament
Adlai
Admah
Admatha
Admin
Adna
Adnah
Adoni-bezek (or Adonibezek)
Adonijah, my lord is Yahweh
Adonikam
Adoniram
Adoni-zedek
Adoraim
Adoram
Adrammelech, splendor of the king
Adramyttium
Adria
Adriel, God is helper
Aduel
Adullam
Adummim
Aedias
Aeneas (or Æneas)
Aenon (or Ænon)
Aesora
Agabus
Agag
Agagite
Agar
Agee
Aggaba (variant of Hagabah)
Agia (Greek variant of Hebrew Hattil)
Agrippa
Agur
Ahab, uncle
Aharah
Aharhel
Ahasbai
Ahasuerus
Ahava
Ahaz, one that takes or possesses
Ahaziyyah
Ahi, my brother; my brethren
Ahiah
Ahiam
Ahian
Ahiezer
Ahihud
Ahijah, brother of the Lord
Ahikam, a brother who raises up
Ahilud
Ahimaaz
Ahiman, brother of the right hand
Ahimelech, brother of the king
Ahimoth, brother of death
Ahinadab
Ahinoam
Ahio
Ahira, brother of evil, i.e. unlucky
Ahiram
Ahisamach
Ahishahar, "the [divine] brother is dawning light"
Ahishar
Ahithophel, brother of foolishness
Ahitub, brother of goodness
Ahlab
Ahlai, beseeching; sorrowing; expecting
Ahoah
Aholah
Aholiab
Aholibah
Aholibamah, my tabernacle is exalted
Ahumai, brother of water, i.e. cowardly
Ahuzam
Ahuzzath
Ai, or Hai, heap of ruins
Aiah
Aiath
Aijeleth-Shahar
Ain, spring, well
Ajalon
Akeldama
Akkad
Akkub
Akrabbim
Alammelech
Alemeth
Alian
Alleluyah, praise ye Yahweh
Allon, an oak
Allon-bachuth
Almodad, measure
Almon, concealed
Almon-diblathaim
Alpheus
Alush
Alvah
Amad
Amal, labor
Amalek
Aman
Amana
Amariyyah, the Lord says, i.e. promises
Amasa
Amasia
Amashai
Ami
Amaziah, the strength of the Lord
Aminadab
Amittai
Ammah
Ammi, my people
Ammiel
Ammihud, people of praise
Amminadab
Ammishaddai
Ammizabad
Ammon
Amnon, faithful
Amok
Amon
Amorite
Amos, burden
Amoz, strong; robust
Amplias, large
Amram, an exalted people
Amraphel
Amzi, strong
Anab, grape-town
Anah, one who answers
Anaharath
Anaiah, whom Yahweh answers
Anak
Anamim
Anammelech
Anani
Ananias
Anathema
Anathoth
Andrew, manly
Andronicus
Anem
Aner
Aniam
Anim
Anna, grace
Annas, humble
Antichrist
Antioch
Antipas
Antipatris, for his father
Antothijah, answers of Yahweh
Anub
Apelles
Apharsathchites, etymology uncertain
Aphek, strength
Aphekah
Aphik
Aphiah
Apocalypse, revelation
Apocrypha, concealed, hidden
Apollonia
Apollonius
Apollos
Apollyon, a destroyer, angel of the bottomless pit
Appaim, nostrils
Apphia
Aquila, an eagle
Ar
Ara
Arab
Arabia, barren, desert
Arad, a wild ass
Arah, wayfaring
Aram, high
Aran, wild goat
Aranda
Ararat
Araunah, ark
Arba, city of the four
Archelaus, the prince of the people
Archippus, master of the horse
Arcturus
Ard, one that descending, descent
Ardon
Areli
Areopagus
Aretas
Argob
Ariel, lion of God
Arimathea
Arioch
Aristarchus, the best ruler
Aristobulus, the best counsellor
Armageddon, the hill or city of Megiddo
Arnon
Aroer
Arpad
Arphaxad
Artaxerxes, the great warrior
Artemas
Arumah, height
Asa, physician; cure
Asahel, made by God
Asaiah, the Lord has made
Asaph, collector of the people
Asareel
Asenath, worshipper of Neith
Ashan, smoke
Ashbel, old fire
Ashdod
Asher, happy, blessed
Asherah
Ashima
Ashkenaz, spreading fire
Ashnah
Ashriel
Ashtaroth
Ashur, black
Asia
Asiel, created by God
Askelon
Asnapper
Asriel,
Assir, captive
Asshurim, possibly peasants
Assos, approaching
Assur, same as Ashur
Assyria
Asuppim, house of gatherings
Asyncritus, incomparable
Atad, a thorn
Atarah, a crown
Ataroth, crowns
Ataroth-addar
Ater, shut up
Athach
Athaiah, "meaning obscure"
Athaliah
Athlai
Attai
Attalia, from Attalus
Augustus, venerable
Ava
Aven
Avim
Avith
Azaliah, "Yahweh has reserved"
Azaniah, Yahweh listened
Azariah
Azaz, strong
Azazel
Azaziah
Azekah
Azgad, "Gad is strong"
Azmaveth
Azmon
Aznoth-tabor, ears of Tabor
Azor
Azotus
Azrael
Azriel, help of God
Azrikam
Azubah, forsaken
Azur
Azzan
Azzur, one who helps
References
Comay, Joan, Who's Who in the Old Testament, Oxford University Press, 1971,
Lockyer, Herbert, All the men of the Bible, Zondervan Publishing House (Grand Rapids, Michigan), 1958
Lockyer, Herbert, All the women of the Bible, Zondervan Publishing 1988,
Lockyer, Herbert, All the Divine Names and Titles in the Bible, Zondervan Publishing 1988,
Tischler, Nancy M., All things in the Bible: an encyclopedia of the biblical world , Greenwood Publishing, Westport, Conn. : 2006
Inline references
A |
Greg Uttsada Panichkul (; ; born September 3, 1973) is an American-born Thai actor, television presenter and model. He was a VJ for MTV Asia for over 15 years, making him one of Asia's longest running hosts and cementing his star status. Most recently Panichkul was the Director of Entertainment at IN Channel in Thailand and also a directorship at Beam Artistes in Singapore
Early life
Panichkul was born and raised in California in a Thai Chinese household. His father was a professor in social science. Panichkul studied at California State University, Northridge majoring in Biology and transferred to Assumption University majoring in Communication Arts. While at Assumption, he did some modeling on the side, although, initially to earn enough for a plane ticket back to California.
Career
Fluent in both English and Thai, Panichkul acted in several Thai television series while in Thailand, one of his notable roles very early on was in Song Klam Doag Rak (1997), where he acted as an HIV-positive sex worker. Panichkul received a nomination for Best Actor at the Thailand Television Awards.
Panichkul was previously the spokesperson for the Giordano, Pepsi and Brand's Essence of Chicken. He is the Director of Beam Artistes Singapore and also the owner and director of his own Singapore-based Artiste Management company, Seven95ive Artistes.
Together with former model Thúy Hạnh, Panichkul is a permanent judge of MTV VJ Hunt for MTV Vietnam. He is also one of the regular guest judges on Supermodel Me.
In Linkin Park's Burning In The Skies music video, Panichkul got a small role as the guy who broke a sweat and jumped out from fire.
Filmography
Television
Shows
References
External links
Official Website
VJ Utt at MTV Asia
Seven95ive Artistes
Profile on xinmnsn
1973 births
Utt Panichkul
Utt Panichkul
VJs (media personalities)
Living people
Utt Panichkul
Male models from California
Utt Panichkul
Utt Panichkul |
Þrymskviða (Þrym's Poem; the name can be anglicised as Thrymskviða, Thrymskvitha, Thrymskvidha or Thrymskvida) is one of the best known poems from the Poetic Edda. The Norse myth had enduring popularity in Scandinavia and continued to be told and sung in several forms until the 19th century.
Synopsis
In the poem Þrymskviða, Thor wakes and finds that his powerful hammer, Mjöllnir, is missing. Thor turns to Loki first, and tells him that nobody knows that the hammer has been stolen. The two then go to the court of the goddess Freyja, and Thor asks her if he may borrow her feather cloak so that he may attempt to find Mjöllnir. Freyja agrees, saying she would lend it even if it were made of silver and gold, and Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling.
In Jötunheimr, the jötunn Þrymr sits on a burial mound, plaiting golden collars for his female dogs, and trimming the manes of his horses. Þrymr sees Loki, and asks what could be amiss among the Æsir and the Elves; why is Loki alone in the Jötunheimr? Loki responds that he has bad news for both the elves and the Æsir: that Thor's hammer, Mjöllnir, was gone. Þrymr says that he has hidden Mjöllnir eight leagues beneath the earth, from which it will be retrieved if Freyja is brought to marry him. Loki flies off, the feather cloak whistling, away from Jötunheimr and back to the court of the gods.
Thor asks Loki if his efforts were successful, and that Loki should tell him while he is still in the air as "tales often escape a sitting man, and the man lying down often barks out lies". Loki states that it was indeed an effort, and also a success, for he has discovered that Þrymr has the hammer, but that it cannot be retrieved unless Freyja is brought to marry Þrymr. The two return to Freyja, and tell her to dress herself in a bridal head dress, as they will drive her to Jötunheimr. Freyja, indignant and angry, goes into a rage, causing all of the halls of the Æsir to tremble in her anger, and her necklace, the famed Brísingamen, falls from her. Freyja pointedly refuses.
As a result, the gods and goddesses meet and hold a thing to discuss and debate the matter. At the thing, the god Heimdallr puts forth the suggestion that, in place of Freyja, Thor should be dressed as the bride, complete with jewels, women's clothing down to his knees, a bridal head-dress, and the necklace Brísingamen. Thor rejects the idea, and Loki (here described as "son of Laufey") interjects that this will be the only way to get back Mjöllnir, and points out that without Mjöllnir, the jötnar will be able to invade and settle in Asgard. The gods dress Thor as a bride, and Loki states that he will go with Thor as his maid, and that the two shall drive to Jötunheimr together.
After riding together in Thor's goat-driven chariot, the two, disguised, arrive in Jötunheimr. Þrymr commands the jötnar in his hall to spread straw on the benches, for Freyja has arrived to marry him. Þrymr recounts his treasured animals and objects, stating that Freyja was all that he was missing in his wealth.
Early in the evening, the disguised Loki and Thor meet with Þrymr and the assembled jötnar. Thor eats and drinks ferociously, consuming entire animals and three casks of mead. Þrymr finds the behaviour at odds with his impression of Freyja, and Loki, sitting before Þrymr and appearing as a "very shrewd maid", makes the excuse that "Freyja's" behaviour is due to her having not consumed anything for eight entire days before arriving due to her eagerness to arrive. Þrymr then lifts "Freyja's" veil and wants to kiss "her" until catching the terrifying eyes staring back at him, seemingly burning with fire. Loki states that this is because "Freyja" had not slept for eight nights in her eagerness.
The "wretched sister" of the jötnar appears, asks for a bridal gift from "Freyja", and the jötnar bring out Mjöllnir to "sanctify the bride", to lay it on her lap, and marry the two by "the hand" of the goddess Vár. Thor laughs internally when he sees the hammer, takes hold of it, strikes Þrymr, beats all of the jötnar, and kills the "older sister" of the jötnar.
Analysis
There is no agreement among scholars on the age of Þrymskviða. Some have seen it as thoroughly heathen and among the oldest of the Eddaic poems, dating it to 900 AD. Others have seen it as a young Christian parody of the heathen gods.
In other tales, Loki's explanations for Thor's behavior has its clearest analogies in the tale Little Red Riding Hood, where the wolf provides equally odd explanations for its differences from the grandmother than Little Red Riding Hood was expecting.
Songs
Parts of the story related in Þrymskviða remained in the Thor song, a song which is known from Scandinavia and of which there are Swedish accounts from the 17th century to the 19th century. In this song, Thor is called Torkar, Loki is called Locke Lewe, Freyja is called Miss Frojenborg and Þrymr is called Trolletrams.
A 15th century Icelandic rímur cycle, Þrymlur, relates the same story and is evidently based on Þrymskviða.
Opera
The first full-length Icelandic opera, Jón Ásgeirsson's Þrymskviða, was premiered at Iceland's National Theater in 1974. The libretto is based on the text of the poem Þrymskviða, but also incorporates material from several other Eddic poems.
Icelandic statue
A seated bronze statue of Thor (about 6.4 cm) known as the Eyrarland statue from about AD 1000 was recovered at a farm near Akureyri, Iceland and is a featured display at the National Museum of Iceland. Thor is holding Mjöllnir, sculpted in the typically Icelandic cross-like shape. It has been suggested that the statue is related to a scene from Þrymskviða where Thor recovers his hammer while seated by grasping it with both hands during the wedding ceremony.
References
Other sources
Schön, Ebbe. Asa-Tors hammare. Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo 2004.
External links
Þrymskviða in Old Norse from heimskringla.no
The Scandinavian Thor songs and Þrymlur from heimskringla.no
An English translation of Þrymskviða
Text of Þrymskviða with an English marginal glossary
MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image repository) illustrations from Victorian and Edwardian retellings of Þrymskviða. Clicking on the thumbnail will give you the full image and information concerning it.
Eddic poetry |
Kristopher Reisz (born February 7, 1979) is an American author known for his young adult novels.
Early life
Reisz grew up in Decatur, Alabama. He became interested in writing during high school. In college, he reported for the student newspaper and edited the literary magazine, later recalling, "I set out to learn anything anyone could possibly teach me about being a writer." Reisz worked as a paramedic and in a psychiatric hospital.
Work
Reisz published the short story "Special" in Cthulhu Sex Magazine in 2004, then his first novel Tripping to Somewhere in 2006. His second novel, Unleashed appeared in 2008, followed by the short story "Quiet Haunts" in Drops of Crimson online in 2009.
In 2008 Reisz wrote in his blog that a new novel, The Drowned Forest, was in progress; in February 2010, he wrote that it was completed.
In 2010, Reisz published an illustrated free e-book Quiet Haunts and Other Stories, including his two previously published (and two unpublished) short stories.
Reception
Reisz's writing has received recognition twice. In 2007, the New York Public Library chose Tripping to Somewhere as one of their "Books for the Teen Age." His second novel, Unleashed, was recognized by the Young Adult Library Services Association in its 2009 list of "Quick Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers."
Tripping to Somewhere received positive reviews. The Trades ' R.J. Carter gave a "B+" score, describing it as "heavy with teenage angst and nihilism, and lack[ing] any likeable heroes," and "a drug-filled idyll that blends Hunter S. Thompson with the works of comic book horror masters Alan Moore and Neil Gaiman", where "elements of the Norse Odin and Greek Orpheus also become evident as our two fugitives tumble pell-mell to the story's ultimate conclusion." Kimberley Pauley, writing for Young Adult Central, "really liked" the "unique" story, and recommended it for older young adult readers, noting that the "very intense," "gritty" fantasy and characters "stay with you."
Bibliography
Tripping to Somewhere (2006) Simon Pulse
Unleashed (2008) Simon & Schuster,
Quiet Haunts and Other Stories (2010)
References
External links
Official website
Reisz's page at Simon & Schuster
Interview from Teens Read Too
1979 births
21st-century American novelists
American children's writers
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
Living people
People from Decatur, Alabama
Novelists from Alabama
American male short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American male writers |
Leonid Mikhailovich Shkadov (1927–2003) scientist, engineer in aircraft development and optimisation, one of the TsAGI deputy directors (1986-2003), Doctor of Engineering, professor, recipient of the USSR State Prize (1977).
Shkadov came up with the idea of the Shkadov Thruster.
Awards and decorations
USSR State Prize (1977)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1971)
Order of the Badge of Honour (1966)
Order of Friendship (1998)
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin", Medal "Veteran of Labour" and Jubilee Medal "300 Years of the Russian Navy" (1997)
Honoured Scientist of the RSFSR (1988)
Honoured Aircraft Engineer of the USSR (1987)
Zhukovsky Honorary Citizen
References
1927 births
Soviet aerospace engineers
Russian aerospace engineers
People in aviation
Russian physicists
2003 deaths
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees
Soviet physicists |
Bank of Ireland v O'Donnell & ors [2015] IESC 90 is an Irish Supreme Court case that centred around whether the appellants had any right or capacity to bring a motion before the court. They wanted to seek an order of a stay on Mr Justice McGovern's order dated 24 July 2014. In their appeal, they referred to the principle of objective bias and Mr Justice McGovern's refusal to recuse himself. The Supreme Court rejected the application for a stay and held that the law regarding objective bias was clearly stated in the lower court.
Background
The case began in 2011, but had been moved to the desk of McGovern J after Kelly J was accused of objective bias.
Brian and Mary Patricia O'Donnell, the appellants, were a married couple who brought a motion to the Court in order to remove any ownership they had in a variety of companies and properties. They sought to transfer them to their two sons, Blake O'Donnell and Bruce O'Donnell, the other two appellants. They had applied to the Supreme Court for a stay on an order made by McGovern J, which adjudicated their relationship with the plaintiffs in that case and Bank of Ireland, the respondent in this case.
Holding of the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court, made up of Denham C.J , MacMenamin J and Laffoy J in a unanimous decision dismissed the motion. The ruling was split into two parts, dealing with Mr and Mrs O'Donnell and their sons separately.
Brian and Mary Patricia O' Donnell were declared bankrupt in 2013 and thus, their property rights were conferred to the Official Assignee as per section 44 of the Bankruptcy Act 1988. They sought an order of a stay on the order of McGovern J. Under section 3 of the same Act, the term 'property' includes the right to litigate, which now rested with the Official Assignee as Mr and Mrs O'Donnell were declared bankrupt. Therefore, the Court found that this meant the first two appellants, Brian O'Donnell and Mary Patricia O'Donnell did not have locus standi. Although, some personal actions may rest with the appellants as opposed to the Official Assignee, litigation is not one of them. Subsequently, Mr and Mrs O'Donnell did not have the capacity to bring a motion before the court. The order for a stay could only be accepted if it is initiated by the Official Assignee in this case. Thus, the Court decided that Mr and Mrs O'Donnell could not raise a motion before the court as they did not have the capacity to do so and so dismissed their application for a stay.
The remaining appellants, Bruce and Blake O'Donnell faced the same result. The Court found no reasons as to why they should be given a stay. They questioned McGovern J's previous connection with Bank of Ireland and alleged it could be the sole reason for his partiality towards the respondents (Bank of Ireland). However, the Court rejected their arguments of objective bias by referring to McGovern J's statement on that matter. He stated that he at the time had no outstanding debt with Bank of Ireland, although he had had in the past. Ultimately, the fact that McGovern J had a mortgage loan with Bank of Ireland in the past is not a valid reason for his recusal, as to do so is unreasonable. The only account he has with them is a current or savings account. Merely having a bank account with the said bank for his own private matters is irrelevant to this case as neither was he a shareholder nor did Bank of Ireland owe him any money. Furthermore, McGovern J went on to make the point that in a banking sector as small as Ireland's it would be impractical for every judge to step down each time they came upon a case in which the respondents were the ones they had personal banking arrangements with. In the matter of adjudicating the judgement for a stay the Court relied on Danske Bank v. McFadden. The Court also held that "[t]he law as to objective bias has been clearly stated by this Court: see Bula Ltd v. Tara Mines Ltd [2000] 4 I.R. 412; Kenny v. Trinity College Dublin [2008] 2 IR 40; O’Callaghan v. Mahon [2008] 2 IR 514; O’Ceallaigh v. An Bord Altranais [2011] IESC 50." Blake O'Donnell and Bruce O'Donnell, were not, therefore, granted an order for a stay either. However, the court did agree to prioritise this appeal case and hold a directions hearing with the parties concerned.
The Court therefore denied the application for a stay, and the motion was dismissed.
Subsequent developments
Mr Brian O'Donnell claimed he would be taking his case to the European courts as he was deeply unsatisfied with the decision of the Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court in its ruling said there are no solid issues on the basis of which the case can be referred to the Court of Justice of the European Union.
See also
Supreme Court of Ireland
Standing (law)
External links
Bank of Ireland v O'Donnell & ors
References
Supreme Court of Ireland cases
2015 in case law
2015 in Irish law
2015 in the Republic of Ireland |
```c
/*
*
*/
#include <zephyr/bluetooth/conn.h>
#include "conn.h"
uint8_t bt_conn_index(const struct bt_conn *conn)
{
return conn->index;
}
int bt_conn_get_info(const struct bt_conn *conn, struct bt_conn_info *info)
{
*info = conn->info;
return 0;
}
struct bt_conn *bt_conn_ref(struct bt_conn *conn)
{
return conn;
}
void bt_conn_unref(struct bt_conn *conn)
{
}
void mock_bt_conn_disconnected(struct bt_conn *conn, uint8_t err)
{
STRUCT_SECTION_FOREACH(bt_conn_cb, cb) {
if (cb->disconnected) {
cb->disconnected(conn, err);
}
}
}
``` |
PetSmart Charities and PetSmart Charities of Canada, are non-profit organizations dedicated to saving the lives of homeless pets. In the United States, PetSmart Charities is the largest financial supporter of animal welfare and among the 400 largest philanthropic organizations working on any issue. PetSmart Charities was formed in 1994 by PetSmart founders Jim and Janice Dougherty, who chose never to sell dogs and cats within their stores. Their primary goal is to save the lives of homeless pets through programs such as their In-Store Adoption Centers in many PetSmart locations, Rescue Waggin' disaster relief program, grant program for animal welfare agencies across North America, and community adoption events. Another focus of the organization is increasing spay/neuter services to help communities solve the problem of pet overpopulation.
Funding
The primary source of funding is from in-store PIN pad donations when customers check out, as well as PetSmart employee contributions through the PetSmart Associates United to Stop Euthanasia (P.A.U.S.E.) fundraising program.
Major donations
The charity has made major donations to further animal welfare. In 2007, it gave a $420,750 to the University of California-Davis. According to the organization, the fund will be used to finance an urgent need for an academic position dedicated to extending medical knowledge to shelter professionals. In 2006, PetSmart Charities awarded $2.3 million in grants to help disaster relief agencies and animal welfare organizations address the needs of pets abandoned, hurt or lost during hurricanes and other natural disasters. In 2006, it offered a request for proposals for $20,000 matching grants toward the establishment of state animal response teams in the U.S. The SART model is a public-private partnership for preparation and response to animal emergencies.
Animal welfare and adoption support
PetSmart Charities fund spay and neuter programs to reduce the number of feral or unwanted animals. It also funds animal rescue operations that transfer animals to adoption shelters.
Most PetSmart locations have an adoption center to house animals from local animal welfare organizations. PetSmart donates space for each center in their stores, PetSmart Charities funds the cost to build the center, and local animal welfare organizations are invited to bring their animals into the centers. While most stores are equipped with an Everyday Adoption Center that can house cats 24 hours a day, some stores have Enhanced Adoption Centers which lend the ability to house dogs as well, and also include a playroom to meet the animals. The animal welfare organizations are still responsible for the care of the pets, even when placed in an adoption center.
PetSmart Charities also has a program where they will partner with other local animal welfare agencies in order to further the pet adoption process.
PetSmart stores host adoption events by partnering with local animal rescue and welfare organizations. In addition, PetSmart Charities sponsors four national adoption events each year showcasing animals from multiple adoption groups in each store. On average, more than 17,000 pets find a new home during each national adoption event.
The Rescue Waggin’ helps to relocate pets from facilities in overpopulated communities to adoption centers in areas where there is more demand and higher chance of adoption. The Emergency Relief Waggin' program was formed to quickly deliver emergency supplies to areas that have gone through a type of major disaster or emergency. The trucks are strategically placed at PetSmart owned distribution centers around the country to ensure quick response and deployment.
References
Charities based in Arizona
Pet stores
Animal charities based in the United States |
Pride Shockwave 2006 was a mixed martial arts event held by Pride Fighting Championships on December 31, 2006.
Background
The main event was scheduled to be heavyweight Champion Fedor Emelianenko defending his heavyweight championship against the winner of the Absolute Grand Prix, but Mirko Filipović was recovering from foot surgery he underwent on October 26 and could not fight at Shockwave.
Josh Barnett, the Absolute Grand Prix runner up, was also a contender to face Emelianenko, as mentioned by the heavyweight champion in a Pride 32 post-fight press conference, but was "not in the best condition" to compete and instead fought Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira in a rematch and lost that fight to. Ultimately, Fedor defended his title against Mark Hunt.
The event was the first outside of tournaments, title bouts, and fights under the NSAC jurisdiction to feature concrete weight classes. All Lightweight (-73 kg) and Welterweight (-83 kg) bouts were fought under Bushido rules with one ten-minute and one five-minute round. The sole exception however was the fight between Minowa and Tamura, as both had requested to fight under full Pride rules as well as fight in the opening fight of the night.
Results
See also
Pride Fighting Championships
List of Pride Fighting Championships champions
List of Pride FC events
2006 in Pride FC
References
Shockwave 2006
2006 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Japan
Sport in Saitama (city) |
Infantry Branch may refer to:
Royal Australian Infantry Corps, the organisation to which all Australian infantry regiments belong
Royal Canadian Infantry Corps, the organisation to which all Canadian infantry regiments belong
Infantry Branch (United States), a branch of the United States Army first established in 1775. |
James M. Crowley (born 19 February 1949) is an American mathematician currently at Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and an Elected Fellow to the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
After graduating with a bachelor's degree in mathematics from the College of the Holy Cross, Crowley graduated in 1972 with an M.S. from Virginia Tech. From 1972 to 1977 he was a mathematician working for the U. S. Air Force Foreign Technology Division. From 1977 to 1986 he was an associate professor at the U.S. Air Force Academy. At Brown University he studied from 1978 to 1981, graduating in 1982 with doctoral thesis Numerical Methods Of Parameter Identification For Problems Arising In Elasticity under the supervision of Harvey Thomas Banks. After another four years (from 1986 to 1990) of work for the U. S. Air Force, Crowley was a program manager at DARPA from 1992 to 1994. He then became the SIAM executive director and has continued in that post until the present. In 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
References
1949 births
Living people
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
20th-century American mathematicians
College of the Holy Cross alumni
Virginia Tech alumni
Brown University alumni
United States Air Force Academy faculty |
Chandrakant Sardeshmukh (1955 – 15 August 2011) was an Indian classical sitar player of the Maihar Gharana school.
Education
Sardeshmukh was taught by Ustad Shabuddin Khan and Khurshid Mirajkar from the age of 4, and became popular as child artist. He performed in the Sawai Gandharva Music Festival in Pune in 1963. In the same year, when he was eight years old, he was declared a child prodigy by Pandit Ravi Shankar, who accepted him as a student. From then until 1976 he learned with both Shankar and his wife Annapurna Devi. In 1976 he was awarded Sangeet Vibhushan (Sitar Pravin) by University of Rajasthan.
After his first successful concert tour to Germany in 1982, he focused on his Ph.D. He was awarded a Ph.D. in the Samavedic basis of Indian music from University of Poona in 1987.
Academic work and organisational affiliations
Dr. Sardeshmukh was visiting professor to the Instrumental Music Department of Shivaji University, Kolhapur and the University of Poona . He was also an ad hoc board member, 1990-2000 for Shivaji University , Kolhapur
It was Dr. Sardeshmukh's idea to establish the Lalit Kala Kendra (Centre for Performing Arts) on Pune University campus. He was a student founder, ad hoc board member and member of the advisory committee for this department from 1987-1990. He was also honorary joint coordinator of the Lalit Kala Kendra during the same period.
As a student at the University of Poona , Dr. Sardeshmukh applied his creativity, initiative and organizational talent which directly translated into a number of awards in various state and national level competitions for his alma mater during 1982 till 1990. He also took an initiative in forming MUDRA (Music and Drama Arts Circle) on campus.
Dr. Sardeshmukh co-authored the paper "Analytical and Computerized Music Composition with Reference to Samavedic Gana Text," published in the IEEE Transactions on Acoustic Speech and Signal Processing, New York, USA. This research was also presented at the World Sanskrit Conference held in Bangalore in 1987 where it was much appreciated by traditional Samavedic scholars from South India who were awed at his mastery in overcoming computer related difficulties in generating the chanting sound.
He conducted a series of lecture-demonstrations for South Australian colleges in 1990.
Since 1991, he has given lectures and demonstrations about Indian music at various Japanese Universities including those in Gifu , Nagoya and Tokyo.
In 1999, he conducted lecture-demonstrations, workshops and performances for a joint project involving dance, drama and music at the Centre for the Performing Arts, Adelaide Institute of Training and Further Education (TAFE SA); the Drama Centre, Flinders University ; the Elder Conservatorium-School of Performing Arts, University of Adelaide and the Noarlunga Music Centre, Onkaparinga Institute of TAFE SA. The award of a grant for funding from the Helpmann Academy for the Visual and Performing Arts supported the project.
He presented a seminar to composers of electronic music at the Faculty of Performing Arts, University of Adelaide , South Australia , 1998. An integral part of this work was the input of material performed on sitar by Dr. Sardeshmukh, which was realized as subsequent electronic compositions and issued as a compact disc. This opened a unique cross-cultural perspective on the use of technology in music.
Touring
He has given hundreds of performances during the period of 1990-2011 and has toured around the world extensively, giving concerts in India, Germany, Australia, Japan, and the United States. He recorded traditional Indian music as well as experimented with several western and Japanese musicians.
Ayurveda
He had knowledge and background in Ayurveda (Indian medicine) from his father. He did extensive research in healing music and gave several healing music sessions to individuals and groups as well as disabled children and their parents.
Death
Sardeshmukh died in a car accident near Solapur on 15 August 2011. He was 56 years old.
References
2.CONTRIBUTION OF PANDIT HARIPRASAD CHAURASIA IN NORTH INDIAN FLUTE http://ijmer.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/volume10/volume10-issue8(7)/20.pdf
External links
Official web site: www.darshanam.com
Sawai Gandharva 1963
1955 births
2011 deaths
Sitar players
Hindustani instrumentalists
Indian male composers
Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni
Place of birth missing
Road incident deaths in India |
```tex
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% paper.tex = template for Real Time Linux Workshop papers
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{framed}
\usepackage{graphics}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{float}
\usepackage{listings}
\setlength{\paperheight}{297mm}
\setlength{\paperwidth}{210mm}
\setlength{\voffset}{-12mm}
\setlength{\topmargin}{0mm}
\setlength{\headsep}{8mm}
\setlength{\headheight}{10mm}
\setlength{\textheight}{235mm}
\setlength{\hoffset}{-4mm}
\setlength{\textwidth}{166mm}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0mm}
\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0mm}
\setlength{\marginparwidth}{0mm}
\setlength{\marginparpush}{0mm}
\setlength{\columnsep}{6mm}
\setlength{\parindent}{6mm}
\setlength{\parskip}{2mm}
%% insert eps pictures
%% use as \epsin{epsfile}{width_in_mm}{label}{caption}
\usepackage{epsfig}
\newcounter{figcounter}
\def\epsin #1#2#3#4{
\refstepcounter{figcounter} \label{#3}
\[
\mbox{
\epsfxsize=#2mm
\epsffile{#1.eps}
}
\]
%\vspace{0mm}
\begin{center}
\parbox{7cm}{{\bf FIGURE \arabic{figcounter}:}\quad {\it #4 } } \\
\end{center}
}
%% insert table
%% use as \tabin{size_in_mm}{label}{caption}{table_data}
\newcounter{tabcounter}
\def\tabin #1#2#3#4{
\refstepcounter{tabcounter} \label{#2}
\[ \makebox[#1mm][c]{#4} \]
%\vspace{0mm}
\begin{center}
\parbox{7cm}{{\bf TABLE \arabic{tabcounter}:}\quad {\it #3 } } \\
\end{center}
}
\title{\LARGE
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% TITLE OF PAPER (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Tiny Linux Kernel Project: Section Garbage Collection Patchset
}
\author{\large
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% AUTHOR (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{\bf Wu Zhangjin}\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% AFFILIATION (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Tiny Lab - Embedded Geeks\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% STREET ADDRESS (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
path_to_url
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% E-MAIL (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
wuzhangjin$@$gmail.com \\
\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% AUTHOR (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
{\bf Sheng Yong}\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% AFFILIATION (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Distributed \& Embedded System Lab, SISE, Lanzhou University, China\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% STREET ADDRESS (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou, P.R.China\\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% E-MAIL (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\vspace{8mm}
shengy07$@$lzu.edu.cn\\
}
\date{}
\newcommand{\codesize}{\fontsize{6pt}{\baselineskip}\selectfont}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% ABSTRACT (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{abstract}
Linux is widely used in embedded systems which always have storage limitation
and hence require size optimization. In order to reduce the kernel size, based
on the previous work of the ``Section Garbage Collection Patchset", this paper
focuses on details of its principle, presents some new ideas, documents the
porting steps, reports the testing results on the top 4 popular architectures:
ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, X86 and at last proposes future works which may enhance or
derive from this patchset.
\end{abstract}
\vspace{10mm}
\begin{multicols}{2}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% SECTION (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Introduction}
The size of Linux kernel source code increases rapidly, while the memory and
storage are limited in embedded systems (e.g. in-vehicle driving safety
systems, data acquisition equipments etc.). This requires small or even tiny
kernel to lighten or even eliminate the limitation and eventually expand the
potential applications.
{\em Tiny Lab} estimated the conventional tailoring methods and found that the
old Tiny-linux project is far from being finished and requires more work and
hence submitted a project proposal to CELF: ``Work on Tiny Linux Kernel'' to
improve the previous work and explore more ideas[1, 9].
``Section garbage collection patchset(gc-sections)'' is a subproject of
Tiny-linux, the initial work is from Denys Vlasenko[9]. The existing patchset
did make the basic support of section garbage collection work on X86 platforms,
but is still outside of the mainline for the limitation of the old GNU
toolchains and for there are some works to be done(e.g. compatibility of the
other kernel features).
Our gc-sections subproject focuses on analyzes its working mechanism, improves
the patchset(e.g. unique user defined sections), applies the ideas for more
architectures, tests them and explores potential enhancement and derivation.
The following sections will present them respectively.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% NEXT SECTION (OPTIONAL)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Link time dead code removing using section garbage collection}
Compiler puts all executable code produced by compiling C codes into section
called .text, r/o data into section called .rodata, r/w data into .data, and
uninitialized data into .bss[2, 3]. Linker does not know which parts of
sections are referenced and which ones are not referenced. As a result,
unused(or `dead') function or data cannot be removed. In order to solve this
issue, each function or data should has its own section.
{\em gcc} provides {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} or {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} option to put each function or data to its own section, for
instance, there is a function called unused\_func(), it goes to
.text.unused\_func section. Then, {\em ld} provides the {\small {\tt
--gc-sections}} option to check the references and determine which
function or data should be removed, and the {\small {\tt --print-gc-sections}}
option of {\em ld} can print the the function or data being removed, which is
helpful to debugging.
The following two figures demonstrates the differences between the typical
object and the one with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}:
%% the figure will be in file rt-tux.eps and will occupy 75mm on the page
\epsin{typical}{80}{fig1:f1}{Typical Object}
\epsin{gc}{80}{fig1:f2}{Object with -ffunction-sections}
To learn more about the principle of section garbage collection, the basic
compiling, assebmling and linking procedure should be explained at first (Since
the handling of data is similar to function, will mainly present function below).
\subsection{Compile: Translate source code from C to assembly}
If no {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} for {\em gcc}, all functions are put into
.text section (indicated by the .text instruction of assembly):
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | gcc -S -x c -o - - \
| grep .text
.text
\end{lstlisting}
Or else, each function has its own section (indicated by the .section
instruction of assembly):
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' \
| gcc -ffunction-sections -S -x c -o - - | grep .text
.section .text.unused,"ax",@progbits
.section .text.main,"ax",@progbits
\end{lstlisting}
As we can see, the prefix is the same .text, the suffix is function name, this
is the default section naming rule of {\em gcc}.
Expect {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, the section attribute instruction of
{\em gcc} can also indicate where should a section of the funcion or data be put in,
and if it is used together with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, it has
higher priority, for example:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo '__attribute__ ((__section__(".text.test"))) unused(){} \
main(){}' | gcc -ffunction-sections -S -x c -o - - | grep .text
.section .text.test,"ax",@progbits
.section .text.main,"ax",@progbits
\end{lstlisting}
.text.test is indicated instead of the default .text.unused. In order to avoid
function redefinition, the function name in a source code file should be
unique, and if only with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, every function has
its own unique section, but if the same section attribute applies on different
functions, different functions may share the same section:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo '__attribute__ ((__section__(".text.test"))) unused(){} \
__attribute__ ((__section__(".text.test"))) main(){}' \
| gcc -ffunction-sections -S -x c -o - - | grep .text
.section .text.test,"ax",@progbits
\end{lstlisting}
Only one section is reserved, this breaks the core rule of section garbage
collection: {\em before linking, each function or data should has its own
section}. But sometimes, for example, if want to call some functions at the
same time, section attribute instruction is required to put these functions to
the same section and call them one by one, but how to meet these two
requirements? Use the section attribute instruction to put the functions to the
section named with the same prefix but unique suffix, and at the linking stage,
merge the section which has the same prefix to the same section, so, to linker,
the sections are unique and hence better for dead code elimination, but still
be able to link the functions to the same section. The implementation will be
explained in the coming sections.
Based on the same rule, the usage of section attribute instruction should also
follow the other two rules:
\begin{enumerate}
\item The section for function should be named with .text prefix, then,
the linker may be able to merge all of the .text sections. Or else, it
will not be able to or not conveniently merge the sections and at last
instead may increase the size of executable for the accumulation of
the section alignment.
\item The section name for function should be prefixed with .text.
instead of the default .text prefix used by {\em gcc} and break the core rule.
\end{enumerate}
And we must notice that: `You will not be able to use ``gprof" on all systems if
you specify this option and you may have problems with debugging if you specify
both this option and -g.' (gcc man page)
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | \
gcc -ffunction-sections -p -x c -o test -
<stdin>:1:0: warning: -ffunction-sections disabled; \
it makes profiling impossible
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection{Assemble: Translate assembly files to binary objects}
In assembly file, it is still be possible to put the function or data to an
indicated section with the .section instruction (.text equals .section
``.text"). Since {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} and {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} don't work for assembly files and they have no way to determine
the function or data items, therefore, for the assembly files written from
scratch (not translated from C language), .section instruction is required to
added before the function or data item manually, or else the function or data
will be put into the same .text or .data section and the section name indicated
should also be unique to follow the core rule of section garbage collection.
The following commands change the section name of the `unused' function in the
assembly file and show that it does work.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' \
| gcc -ffunction-sections -S -x c -o - - \
| sed -e "s/unused/test/g" \
| gcc -c -xassembler - -o test
$ objdump -d test | grep .section
Disassembly of section .text.test:
Disassembly of section .text.main:
\end{lstlisting}
\subsection{Link: Link binary objects to target executable}
At the linking stage, based on a linker script, the linker should be able to
determine which sections should be merged and included to the last executables[4].
When linking, the {\small {\tt -T}} option of {\em ld} can be used to indicate the
path of the linker script, if no such option is used, a default linker script
is called and can be printed with {\small {\tt ld --verbose}}.
Here is a basic linker script:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386", "elf32-i386",
"elf32-i386")
OUTPUT_ARCH(i386)
ENTRY(_start)
SECTIONS
{
.text :
{
*(.text .stub .text.* .gnu.linkonce.t.*)
...
}
.data :
{
*(.data .data.* .gnu.linkonce.d.*)
...
}
/DISCARD/ : { *(.note.GNU-stack) *(.gnu.lto_*) }
}
\end{lstlisting}
The first two commands tell the target architecture and the ABI, the ENTRY
command indicates the entry of the executable and the SECTIONS command deals
with sections.
The entry (above is \_start, the standard C entry, defined in crt1.o) is the
root of the whole executable, all of the other symbols (function or data)
referenced (directly or indirectly) by the the entry must be kept in the
executable to make ensure the executable run without failure. Besides, the
undefined symbols (defined in shared libraries) may also need to be kept with
the EXTERN command. Note, the {\small {\tt --entry}} and {\small {\tt
--undefined}} options of {\em ld} functions as the same to the ENTRY and EXTERN
commands of linker script respectively.
{\small {\tt --gc-sections}} will follow the above rule to determine which
sections should be reserved and then pass them to the SECTIONS command to do
left merging and including. The above linker script merges all section prefixed
by .text, .stub and .gnu.linkonce.t to the last .text section, the .data
section merging is similar. The left sections will not be merged and kept as
their own sections, some of them can be removed by the /DISCARD/ instruction.
Let's see how {\small {\tt --gc-section}} work, firstly, without it:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | gcc -x c -o test -
$ size test
text data bss dec hex filename
800 252 8 1060 424 test
\end{lstlisting}
Second, With {\small {\tt --gc-sections}} (passed to {\em ld} with -Wl option of
{\em gcc}):
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | gcc -ffunction-sections \
-Wl,--gc-sections -x c -o test -
$ size test
text data bss dec hex filename
794 244 8 1046 416 test
\end{lstlisting}
It shows, the size of the .text section is reduced and {\small {\tt
--print-gc-sections}} proves the dead `unused' function is really removed:
\noindent{\codesize {\tt
\$ echo 'unused()\{\} main()\{\}' | gcc -ffunction-sections $\backslash$\\
-Wl,--gc-sections,--print-gc-sections -x c -o test -\\
/usr/bin/ld: Removing unused section '.rodata' in file '.../crt1.o'\\
/usr/bin/ld: Removing unused section '.data' in file '.../crt1.o'\\
/usr/bin/ld: Removing unused section '.data' in file '.../crtbegin.o'\\
/usr/bin/ld: Removing unused section '.text.unused' in file '/tmp/cclR3Mgp.o'
}}
The above output also proves why the size of the .data section is also reduced.
But if a section is not referenced (directly or indirectly) by the entry, for
instance, if want to put a file into the executable for late accessing, the
file can be compressed and put into a .image section like this:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
...
SECTIONS
{
...
.data :
{
__image_start = .;
*(.image)
__image_end = .;
...
}
}
\end{lstlisting}
The file can be accessed through the pointers: \_\_image\_start and
\_\_image\_end, but the .image section itself is not referenced by anybody, then,
{\small {\tt --gc-sections}} has no way to know the fact that .image section is
used and hence removes .image and as a result, the executable runs without
expected. In order to solve this issue, another KEEP instruction of the linker
script can give a help[4].
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
...
SECTIONS
{
...
.data :
{
__image_start = .;
KEEP(*(.image))
image_end = .;
...
}
}
\end{lstlisting}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% NEXT SECTION (OPTIONAL)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Section garbage collection patchset for Linux}
The previous section garbage collection patchset is for the -rc version of
2.6.35, which did add the core support of section garbage collection for Linux
but it still has some limitations.
Now, let's analyze the basic support of section garbage collection patchset for
Linux and then list the existing limitations.
\subsection{Basic support of gc-sections patchset for Linux}
The basic support of gc-sections patchset for Linux includes:
\begin{itemize}
\item Avoid naming duplication between the magic sections defined by section
attribute instruction and {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} or {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}}
The kernel has already defined some sections with the section attribute
instruction of {\em gcc}, the naming method is prefixing the sections with .text., as
we have discussed in the above section, the name of the sections may be the
same as the ones used by {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} or {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} and hence break the core rule of section garbage collections.
Therefore, several patches have been upstreamed to rename the magic sections
from \{.text.X, .data.X, .bss.X, .rodata.X\} to \{.text..X, .data..X, .bss..X,
.rodata..X\} and from \{.text.X.Y, .data.X.Y, .bss.X.Y, .rodata.X.Y\} to
\{.text..X..Y, .data..X..Y, .bss..X..Y, .rodata..X..Y\}, accordingly, the
related headers files, c files, assembly files, linker scripts which
reference the sections should be changed to use the new section names.
As a result, the duplication between the section attribute instruction and
{\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}/{\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} is
eliminated.
\item Allow linker scripts to merge the sections generated by {\small {\tt
-ffunction-sections}} or {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} and prevent
them from merging the magic sections
In order to link the function or data sections generated by {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}
or {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} to the last \{.text,
.data, .bss, .rodata\}, the related linker scripts should be changed to merge the
corresponding \{.text.*, .data.*, .bss.*, .rodata.*\} and to prevent the linker
from merging the magic sections(e.g. .data..page\_aligned), more restrictive
patterns like the following is preferred:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
*(.text.[A-Za-z0-9_$^]*)
\end{lstlisting}
A better pattern may be the following:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
*(.text.[^.]*)
\end{lstlisting}
Note, both of the above patterns are only supported by the latest {\em ld}, please
use the versions newer than 2.21.0.20110327 or else, they don't work and will
on the contrary to generate bigger kernel image for ever such section will be
linked to its own section in the last executable and the size will be increased
heavily for the required alignment of every section.
\item Support objects with more than 64k sections
The variant type of section number(the e\_shnum member of elf\{32,64\}\_hdr) is
\_u16, the max number is 65535, the old {\em modpost} tool (used to postprocess
module symbol) can only handle an object which only has small than 64k sections
and hence may fail to handle the kernel image compiled with huge kernel builds
(allyesconfig, for example) with -ffunction-sections. Therefore, the modpost
tool is fixed to support objects with more than 64k sections by the document
``IA-64 gABI Proposal 74: Section Indexes'':
path_to_url
\item Invocation of {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}/{\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} and {\small {\tt --gc-sections}}
In order to have a working kernel with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} and
{\small {\tt -fdata-sections}}:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ make KCFLAGS="-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections"
\end{lstlisting}
Then, in order to also garbage-collect the sections, added
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --gc-sections
\end{lstlisting}
in the top-level Makefile.
\end{itemize}
The above support did make a working kernel with section garbage collection on
X86 platforms, but still has the following limitations:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Lack of test, and is not fully compatible with some main kernel features,
such as Ftrace, Kgcov
\item The current usage of section attribute instruction itself still breaks
the core rule of section garbage collections for lots of functions or data may
be put into the same sections(e.g. \_\_init), which need to be fixed
\item Didn't take care of assembly carefully and therefore, the dead sections
in assembly may also be reserved in the last kernel image
\item Didn't focus on the support of compressed kernel images, the dead
sections in them may also be reserved in the last compressed kernel image
\item The invocation of the gc-sections requires to pass the {\em gcc} options to
`make' through the environment variables, which is not convenient
\item Didn't pay enough attention to the the kernel modules, the kernel modules
may also include dead symbols which should be removed
\item Only for X86 platform, not enough for the other popular embedded
platforms, such as ARM, MIPS and PowerPC
\end{enumerate}
In order to break through the above limitations, improvement has been added in
our gc-sections project, see below section.
\subsection{Improvement of the previous gc-sections patchset}
Our gc-sections project is also based on mainline 2.6.35(exactly 2.6.35.13),
it brings us with the following improvement:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Ensure the other kernel features work with gc-sections
Ftrace requires the \_\_mcount\_loc section to store the mcount calling
sites; Kgcov requires the .ctors section to do gcov initialization. These two
sections are not referenced directly and will be removed by {\small {\tt
--gc-sections}} and hence should be kept by the KEEP instruction explicitly.
Besides, more sections listed in include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h or the other
arch specific header files have the similar situation and should be kept
explicitly too.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
/* include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h */
...
- *(__mcount_loc) \
+ KEEP(*(__mcount_loc)) \
...
- *(.ctors) \
+ KEEP(*(.ctors)) \
...
\end{lstlisting}
\item The section name defined by section attribute instruction should be
unique
The symbol name should be globally unique (or else gcc will report symbol
redefinition), in order to keep every section name unique, it is possible to
code the section name with the symbol name. {\small {\tt \_\_FUNCTION\_\_}} (or
{\small {\tt \_\_func\_\_}} in Linux) is available to get function name, but
there is no way to get the variable name, which means there is no general
method to get the symbol name, so instead, another method should be used, that
is coding the section name with line number and a file global counter. the
combination of these two will minimize the duplication of the section name (but
may also exist duplication) and also reduces total size cost of the section
names.
{\em gcc} provides {\small {\tt \_\_LINE\_\_}} and {\small \tt{\_\_COUNTER\_\_}} to
get the line number and counter respectively, so, the previous \_\_section()
macro can be changed from:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
#define __section(S) \
__attribute__ ((__section__(#S)))
\end{lstlisting}
to the following one:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
#define __concat(a, b) a##b
#define __unique_impl(a, b) __concat(a, b)
#define __ui(a, b) __unique_impl(a, b)
#define __unique_counter(a) \
__ui(a, __COUNTER__)
#define __uc(a) __unique_counter(a)
#define __unique_line(a) __ui(a, __LINE__)
#define __ul(a) __unique_line(a)
#define __unique(a) __uc(__ui(__ul(a),l_c))
#define __unique_string(a) \
__stringify(__unique(a))
#define __us(a) __unique_string(a)
#define __section(S) \
__attribute__ ((__section__(__us(S.))))
\end{lstlisting}
Let's use the \_\_init for an example to see the effect. Before, the section
name is .init.text, all of the functions marked with \_\_init will be put into
that section. With the above change, every function will be put into a unique
section like .text.init.13l\_c16 and make the linker be able to determine which
one should be removed.
Similarly, the other macros used the section attribute instruction should be
revisited, e.g. \_\_sched.
In order to make the linker link the functions marked with \_\_init to the last
.init.text section, the linker scripts must be changed to merge .init.text.* to
.init.text. The same change need to be applied to the other sections.
\item Ensure every section name indicated in assembly is unique
{\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}} and {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} only
works for C files, for assembly files, the .section instruction is used
explicitly. By default, the kernel uses the instruction like this: {\small {\tt
.section .text}}, which will break the core rule of section garbage collection
tool, therefore, every assembly file should be revisited.
For the macros, like {\small {\tt LEAF}} and {\small {\tt NESTED}} used by
MIPS, the section name can be uniqued with symbol name:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
#define LEAF(symbol) \
- .section .text; \
+ .section .text.asm.symbol;\
\end{lstlisting}
But the other directly used .section instructions require a better solution,
fortunately, we can use the same method proposed above, that is:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
#define __asm_section(S) \
.section __us(S.)
\end{lstlisting}
Then, every .section instruction used in the assembly files should be changed
as following:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
/* include/linux/init.h */
-#define __HEAD .section ".head.text","ax"
+#define __HEAD __asm_section(.head.text), "ax"
\end{lstlisting}
\item Simplify the invocation of the gc-sections
In order to avoid passing {\small {\tt -ffunction-sectoins}}, {\small {\tt
-fdata-sections}} to `make' in every compiling, both of these two options
should be added to the top-level Makefile or the arch specific Makefile
directly, and we also need to disable {\small {\tt -ffunction-sectoins}}
explicitly when Ftrace is enabled for Ftrace requires the {\small {\tt -p}}
option, which is not compatible with {\small {\tt -ffunction-sectoins}}.
Adding them to the Makefile directly may also be better to fix the other
potential compatiabilities, for example, {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} doesn't
work on 32bit kernel, which can be fixed as following:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/mips/Makefile
ifndef CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER
cflags-y := -ffunction-sections
endif
# FIXME: 32bit doesn't work with -fdata-sections
ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
cflags-y += -fdata-sections
endif
\end{lstlisting}
Note, some architectures may prefer {\small {\tt KBUILD\_CFLAGS}} than
cflags-y, it depends.
Besides, the {\small {\tt --print-gc-sections}} option should be added for
debugging, which can help to show the effect of gc-sections or when the kernel
doesn't boot with gc-sections, it can help to find out which sections are
wrongly removed and hence keep them explicitly.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# Makefile
ifeq ($(KBUILD_VERBOSE),1)
LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --print-gc-sections
endif
\end{lstlisting}
Then, {\small {\tt make V=1}} can invocate the linker to print which symbols
are removed from the last executables.
In the future, in order to make the whole gc-sections configurable, 4 new
kernel config options may be required to reflect the selection of
{\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}}, {\small
{\tt --gc-sections}} and {\small {\tt --print-gc-sections}}.
\item Support compressed kernel image
The compressed kernel image often include a compressed vmlinux and an extra
bootstraper. The bootstraper decompresses the compressed kernel image
and boots it. the bootstraper may also include dead code, but for its Makefile
does not inherit the make rules from either the top level Makefile or the
Makefile of a specific architecture, therefore, this should be taken care of
independently.
Just like we mentioned in section 2.3, the section stored the kernel image must
be kept with the KEEP instruction, and the {\small {\tt -ffunction-sectoins}},
{\small {\tt -fdata-sections}}, {\small {\tt --gc-sections}} and {\small {\tt
--print-gc-sections}} options should also be added for the compiling and
linking of the bootstraper.
\item Take care of the kernel modules
Currently, all of the kernel modules share a common linker script:
scripts/module-common.lds, which is not friendly to {\small {\tt
--gc-sections}} for some architectures may require to discard some specific
sections. Therefore, an arch specific module linker script should be added to
arch/ARCH/ and the following lines should be added to the top-level Makefile:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# Makefile
+ LDS_MODULE = \
-T $(srctree)/arch/$(SRCARCH)/module.lds
+ LDFLAGS_MODULE = \
$(if $(wildcard arch/$(SRCARCH)/module.lds),\
$(LDS_MODULE))
LDFLAGS_MODULE += \
-T $(srctree)/scripts/module-common.lds
\end{lstlisting}
Then, every architecture can add the architecture specific parts to its own
module linker script, for example:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/mips/module.lds
SECTIONS {
/DISCARD/ : {
*(.MIPS.options)
...
}
}
\end{lstlisting}
In order to remove the dead code in the kernel modules, it may require to
enhance the common module linker script to keep the functions called by
module\_init() and module\_exit(), for these two are the init and exit entries of
the modules. Besides, the other specific sections (e.g. .modinfo, \_\_version)
may need to be kept explicitly. This idea is not implemented in our
gc-sections project yet.
\item Port to the other architectures based platforms
Our gc-sections have added the gc-sections support for the top 4 architectures
(ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and X86) based platforms and all of them have been tested.
The architecture and platform specific parts are small but need to follow some
basic steps to minimize the time cost, the porting steps to a new platform will
be covered in the next section.
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{The steps of porting gc-sections patchset to a new platform}
In order to make gc-sections work on a new platform, the following steps should
be followed (use ARM as an example).
\begin{enumerate}
\item Prepare the development and testing environment, including real
machine(e.g. dev board) or emulator(e.g. qemu), cross-compiler, file system
etc.
For ARM, we choose {\em qemu} 0.14.50 as the emulator and versatilepb as the test
platform, the corss-compiler ({\em gcc} 4.5.2, {\em ld} 2.21.0.20110327) is provided by
ubuntu 11.04 and the filesystem is installed by debootstrap, the ramfs is
available from path_to_url
\item Check whether the GNU toolchains support {\small {\tt
-ffunction-sections}}, {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}} and {\small {\tt
--gc-sections}}. If not, add the toolchains support at first.
The following command shows the GNU toolchains of ARM does support gc-sections,
or else, there will be failure.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ echo 'unused(){} main(){}' | arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc \
-ffunction-sections -Wl,--gc-sections \
-S -x c -o - - | grep .section
.section .text.unused,"ax",%progbits
.section .text.main,"ax",%progbits
\end{lstlisting}
\item Add {\small {\tt -ffunction-sections}}, {\small {\tt -fdata-sections}},
at proper place in arch or platform specific Makefile
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/Makefile
ifndef CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER
KBUILD_CFLAGS += -ffunction-sections
endif
KBUILD_CFLAGS += -fdata-sections
\end{lstlisting}
\item Fix the potential compatibility problem (e.g. disable {\small {\tt
-ffunction-sections}} while requires Ftrace)
The Ftrace compatiability problem is fixed above, no other compatibility has
been found up to now.
\item Check if there are sections which are unreferenced but used, keep them
The following three sections are kept for ARM:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
...
KEEP(*(.proc.info.init*))
...
KEEP(*(.arch.info.init*))
...
KEEP(*(.taglist.init*))
\end{lstlisting}
\item Do basic build and boot test. If a boot failure happens, use {\small {\tt
make V=1}} to find out the wrongly removed sections and keep them
explicitly with the KEEP instruction
\begin{lstlisting}[language=bash,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -m 128M \
-kernel vmlinux -initrd initrd.gz \
-append "root=/dev/ram init=/bin/sh" \
\end{lstlisting}
If the required sections can not be determined in the above step, it will be
found at this step for {\small {\tt make V=1}} will tell you which sections may
be related to the boot failure.
\item Add support for assembly files with the \_\_asm\_section() macro
Using grep command to find out every .section place and replace it with the
\_\_asm\_section() macro, for example:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/mm/proc-arm926.S
- .section ".rodata"
+ __asm_section(.rodata)
\end{lstlisting}
\item Follow the above steps to add support for compressed kernel
Enable gc-sections in the Makefile of compressed kernel:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/boot/compressed/Makefile
EXTRA_CFLAGS+=-ffunction-sections -fdata-sections
...
LDFLAGS_vmlinux := --gc-sections
ifeq ($(KBUILD_VERBOSE),1)
LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --print-gc-sections
endif
...
\end{lstlisting}
And then, keep the required sections in the linker script of the compressed
kernel:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/boot/compressed/vmlinux.lds.in
KEEP(*(.start))
KEEP(*(.text))
KEEP(*(.text.call_kernel))
\end{lstlisting}
\item Make sure the main kernel features (e.g. Ftrace, Kgcov, Perf and
Oprofile) work normally with gc-sections
Validated Ftrace, Kgcov, Perf and Oprofile on ARM platform and found they
worked well.
\item Add architecture or platform specific module.lds to remove unwanted
sections for the kernel modules
In order to eliminate the unneeded sections(e.g. .fixup, \_\_ex\_table) for
modules while no CONFIG\_MMU, a new module.lds.S is added for ARM:
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
# arch/arm/module.lds.S
...
SECTIONS {
/DISCARD/ : {
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
*(.fixup)
*(__ex_table)
#endif
}
}
# arch/arm/Makefile
extra-y := module.lds
\end{lstlisting}
\item Do full test: test build, boot with NFS root filesystem, the modules and
so forth.
Enable the network bridge support between qemu and your host machine, open the
NFS server on your host, config smc91c111 kernel driver, dhcp and NFS root
client, then, boot your kernel with NFS root filesystem to do a full test.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
$ qemu-system-arm -kernel /path/to/zImage \
-append "init=/bin/bash root=/dev/nfs \
nfsroot=$nfs_server:/path/to/rootfs ip=dhcp" \
-M versatilepb -m 128M -net \
nic,model=smc91c111 -net tap
\end{lstlisting}
\end{enumerate}
\section{Testing results}
Test has been run on all of the top 4 architectures, including basic boot with
ramfs, full boot with NFS root filesystem and the main kernel features (e.g.
Ftrace, Kgcov, Perf and Oprofile).
The host machine is thinkpad SL400 with Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T5670, the
host sytem is ubuntu 11.04.
The qemu version and the cross compiler for ARM is the same as above section,
the cross compiler for MIPS is compiled from buildroot, the cross compiler for
PowerPC is downloaded from emdebian.org/debian/, the details are below:
\tabin{75}{tbl:t1}{Testing environment}{
\begin{tabular}{lllll}
\hline
arch & board & net & gcc & ld \\
\hline
ARM & {\tiny versatilepb} & {\tiny smc91c111} & 4.5.2 & {\tiny 2.21.0.20110327} \\
MIPS & malta & pcnet & 4.5.2 & 2.21 \\
PPC & g3beige & pcnet & 4.4.5 & {\tiny 2.20.1.20100303 } \\
X86 & pc-0.14 & {\tiny ne2k\_pci} & 4.5.2 & {\tiny 2.21.0.20110327}\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
Note:
\begin{itemize}
\item In order to boot qemu-system-ppc on ubuntu 11.04, the openbios-ppc must
be downloaded from debian repository and installed, then use the -bios option
of qemu-system-ppc to indicate the path of the openbios.
\item Due to the regular experssion pattern bug of {\em ld} \textless 2.20 described in
section 3, in order to make the gc-sections features work with {\tiny
2.20.1.20100303}, the linker script of powerpc is changed through using the
pattern .text.*, .data.*, .bss.*, .sbss.*, but to avoid wrongly merging the
kernel magic sections (e.g. .data..page\_aligned) to the .data section, the
magic sections are moved before the merging of .data, then it works well
because of the the .data..page\_aligned will be linked at first, then, it will
not match .data.* and then it will not go to the .data section. Due to the
unconvenience of this method, the real solution will be forcing the users to use
{\em ld} \textgreater= 2.21, or else, will disable this gc-sections feature to avoid generating
bigger kernel image.
\begin{lstlisting}[language=c,
commentstyle=\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont,
basicstyle=\ttfamily\fontsize{7}{8}\selectfont]
SECTIONS
{
...
.data..page_aligned : ... {
PAGE_ALIGNED_DATA(PAGE_SIZE)
}
...
.data : AT(ADDR(.data) - LOAD_OFFSET) {
DATA_DATA
*(.data.*)
...
*(.sdata.*)
...
}
...
}
\end{lstlisting}
\end{itemize}
The following table shows the size information of the vanilla kernel
image(vmlinux) and the kernel with gc-sections, both of them are
stripped through {\small {\tt strip -x}} (or even {\small {\tt strip s}})
because gc-sections may introduce more symbols (especially, non-global
symbols) which are not required for running on the embedded platforms.
The kernel config is gc\_sections\_defconfig placed under arch/ARCH/configs/,
it is based on the versatile\_defconfig, malta\_defconfig, pmac32\_defconfig
and i386\_defconfig respectively, extra config options only include the DHCP,
net driver, NFS client and NFS root file system.
\tabin{75}{tbl:t1}{Testing results}{
\begin{tabular}{llllll}
\hline
arch & text & data & bss & total & save \\
\hline
ARM & 3062975 & 137504 & 198940 & 3650762 & \\
& 3034990 & 137120 & 198688 & 3608866 & -1.14\% \\
MIPS & 3952132 & 220664 & 134400 & 4610028 & \\
& 3899224 & 217560 & 123224 & 4545436 & -1.40\% \\
PPC & 5945289 & 310362 & 153188 & 6671729 & \\
& 5849879 & 309326 & 152920 & 6560912 & -1.66\% \\
X86 & 2320279 & 317220 & 1086632 & 3668580 & \\
& 2206804 & 311292 & 498916 & 3572700 & -2.61\% \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% NEXT SECTION (OPTIONAL)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{Conclusions}
The testing result shows that gc-sections does eliminate some dead code and
reduces the size of the kernel image by about 1\~{}3\%, which is useful to some
size critical embedded applications.
Besides, this brings Linux kernel with link time dead code elimination, more
dead code can be further eliminated in some specific applications (e.g. only
parts of the kernel system calls are required by the target system, finding out
the system calls really not used may guide the kernel to eliminate those system
calls and their callees), and for safety critical systems, dead code
elimination may help to reduce the code validations and reduce the possibinity
of execution on unexpected code. And also, it may be possible to scan the
kernel modules(`make export\_report' does help this) and determine which
exported kernel symbols are really required, keep them and recompile the kernel
may help to only export the required symbols.
Next step is working on the above ideas and firstly will work on application
guide system call optimization, which is based on this project and maybe
eliminate more dead code.
And at the same time, do more test, clean up the existing patchset, rebase it
to the latest stable kernel, then, upstream them.
Everything in this work is open and free, the homepage is {\small
tinylab.org/index.php/projects/tinylinux}, the project repository is
{\small gitorious.org/tinylab/tinylinux}.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%% REFERENCES (REQUIRED)
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{thebibliography}{8}%use this if you have <=9 bib refs
%\begin{thebibliography}{99}%use this if you have >9 bib refs
\bibitem {link1}{\it Tiny Lab, path_to_url }
\bibitem {book1}{\it Link time dead code and data elimination using GNU toolchain, path_to_url}, {\sc Denys Vlasenko}
\bibitem {book2}{\it Executable and Linkable Format, path_to_url}
\bibitem {link2}{\it GNU Linker ld, path_to_url}
\bibitem {book3}{\it A Whirlwind Tutorial on Creating Really Teensy ELF Executables for Linux, path_to_url~breadbox/software/\\tiny/teensy.html}
\bibitem {book4}{\it Understanding ELF using readelf and objdump, path_to_url understanding-elf-using-readelf-and-objdump\_125.html}
\bibitem {book5}{\it ELF: From The Programmers Perspective, path_to_url}
\bibitem {link3}{\it Section garbage collection patchset, path_to_url}, {\sc Denys Vlasenko}
\bibitem {link4}{\it Work on Tiny Linux Kernel, path_to_url}, {\sc Wu Zhangjin}
\end{thebibliography}
\end{multicols}
\end{document}
``` |
Guy Bertrand Madjo (born 1 June 1984) is a Cameroonian former footballer who played as a striker.
Following a spell playing football in his native Cameroon, Madjo moved to England and played for Petersfield Town of the Wessex League. He attracted the attention of Bristol City, signing for the club in August 2005. Having only made a handful of appearances for Bristol City, Madjo joined Forest Green Rovers on loan in November 2005, making the loan move permanent in January 2006. At the end of 2005–06 season, he was released by Forest Green after failing to agree terms on a new contract. He ultimately signed for newly-promoted Conference National club Stafford Rangers on a free transfer in August 2006, spending a season with the club.
In June 2007, Madjo signed for Crawley Town on a free transfer. He scored 11 goals in 18 games at the start of the 2007–08 campaign, which attracted the attention of a number of Football League clubs. In November 2007, Madjo signed for Cheltenham Town on loan, with a view to a permanent move. However, he only played five times for the club, and returned to Crawley in January 2008 after hearing of interest from Shrewsbury Town. Madjo signed for Shrewsbury shortly after, commanding a £20,000 transfer fee. He spent a year with the club, although made no appearances during the 2008–09 season. In January 2009, Madjo opted for a move abroad, joining Chinese League One side Guangdong Sunray Cave on a free transfer. The following season, he played for KF Bylis Ballsh in the Albanian Superliga. He returned to England in June 2011, signing for newly promoted League One club Stevenage on a free transfer. He joined Port Vale on a six-week loan spell in November 2011. He signed with Aldershot Town in January 2012, before joining Plymouth Argyle on loan nine months later. He joined Macclesfield Town in March 2013, and six months later moved to Hong Kong to play for Tuen Mun SA and then played for Looktabfah in Thailand. He returned to England to sign for Tranmere Rovers in November 2014. He was sent to prison by a UK court for sexual assault in January 2016 following a trial in his absence.
Club career
Early career
Madjo played for hometown club PMUC Douala before moving to England and signing with Petersfield Town of the Wessex League. He scored 12 goals in 11 games during the 2004–05 season before captivating the attention of a number of higher league clubs. He had a trial at both Stoke City and Port Vale, and impressed Stoke manager Johan Boskamp and Vale manager Martin Foyle, but left Stoke-on-Trent after only being offered non-contract terms at Port Vale. In August 2005, Madjo went on trial with Bristol City, playing for the reserve team in a 3–0 defeat against Cheltenham Town. He went on to score two goals in three reserve games for the club. Madjo was without a work permit, and subsequently could not sign a contract with Bristol City until a decision was made as to whether his work permit application would be accepted. Having trialled with Bristol City for three weeks without pay, Madjo was offered a trial by Argentine Primera División side Boca Juniors. However, a day before he was due to fly out to Argentina, he was granted a work permit, and subsequently signed for Bristol City on a free transfer. Madjo made his Bristol City debut in the club's first away win of the 2005–06 season, playing 86 minutes in their 3–2 win at Brentford. He played a further five times for Bristol City, scoring once in a 3–2 Football League Trophy defeat at Barnet – scoring just six minutes after coming on as a substitute.
Forest Green Rovers
Having made only a handful of appearances under new manager Gary Johnson, Madjo joined Conference National side Forest Green Rovers on loan, with a view to a permanent move, in November 2005. Madjo made his debut for Forest Green a day after signing for the club, coming on as a substitute for Zema Abbey in the club's 2–0 away loss to eventual champions Accrington Stanley. He scored his first goal for the club a week later, scoring the first goal of the game in a 2–1 away loss at Aldershot Town, a game in which Madjo was also sent off in. The sending off meant that Madjo missed the club's next three games, returning to the first-team a month later, on 26 December 2005, scoring a late equaliser as a substitute in Forest Green's 2–2 home draw with Hereford United. Four days later, he scored twice against Aldershot in a 4–2 home win, before scoring his fifth goal in four games in a 1–1 away draw at Hereford. Following a successful loan spell, scoring five goals in six games, Madjo signed for the club permanently on 13 January 2006, signing a contract until the end of the 2005–06 season. In his first game after signing permanently for the club, Madjo scored twice in a 5–0 victory against Altrincham. He scored a total of 9 goals for Forest Green, playing 24 games for the club.
Stafford Rangers
Forest Green were unable to offer Madjo an extended contract at the end of the season as the player "was out of the country". Shortly before the 2006–07 campaign, on 8 August 2006, Madjo joined newly-promoted Conference National side Stafford Rangers. He was the first ever full-time player at Stafford Rangers. Madjo made his debut four days later in a 1–1 draw away at Grays Athletic. He scored the winning goal in the club's following fixture, a 1–0 home win against Altrincham – firing the ball high into the net in the 81st minute after connecting with Dolapo Olaoye's cross. Madjo failed to find the net again until 10 October 2006, scoring in Stafford's 4–1 away win at Gravesend & Northfleet. Four days later, he was on hand to score the only goal of the game in the 8th minute in a 1–0 win victory against Woking, scoring from out. A month later, Madjo scored his fourth goal of the 2006–07 campaign in a 3–1 defeat at Halifax Town, before scoring a week later in a 2–2 home draw against St Albans City. Madjo failed to find the scoresheet for two months, before scoring a consolation strike in a 3–1 home loss to Morecambe on 27 January 2007, with the visitors 3–0 up Madjo struck a "superb 20-yard volley" past Morecambe goalkeeper Steven Drench. He went a further nine games without a goal, ending his goal drought in a 4–2 win against Grays Athletic on 24 March 2007. Three days later, he scored a crucial winner in a 1–0 away win at Altrincham, scoring with a header from Nathan Talbott's driven cross. A brace away at Aldershot Town in a 4–2 defeat meant that Madjo had taken his goal tally into double figures, scoring two first-half goals with close range finishes. Madjo scored both goals in Stafford's 2–0 home win against Northwich Victoria on 17 April 2007, the win all but secured Stafford's Conference National status for another season. He scored 12 times for Stafford in 45 appearances.
Crawley Town
Madjo joined Crawley Town on 28 June 2007, signing alongside Jon-Paul Pittman and Tyrone Thompson. He scored twice on his debut in Crawley's first game of the 2007–08 season, a 2–1 home win against Stevenage. The following week, Madjo scored again, this time in a 4–1 away loss at Salisbury City. In September 2007, Madjo scored in five consecutive fixtures, including a brace in a 5–3 home win against Woking. He also scored twice within the space of a week in October 2007, scoring in away fixtures against Kidderminster Harriers and Weymouth respectively. Madjo had scored 11 goals in 18 games, which prompted speculation regarding a move into the Football League. Madjo said "It is nice to have people say good things about you but at the moment I'm not thinking about other clubs. All I think about is doing my job and doing my best for Crawley". On 21 November 2007, four days after earning a call up to the Cameroon squad, Madjo joined League One side Cheltenham Town on a one-month loan, with a view to a permanent move. On Madjo's departure, Crawley Town manager Steve Evans said "As a manager, I'm extremely disappointed. As a club, we always knew this day would come. He's an exceptional talent and a model professional". Madjo made his Cheltenham debut on 25 November 2007, coming on as a 77th-minute substitute in Cheltenham's "shock" 1–0 home victory over Leeds United. He started his first game three weeks later, a 1–0 win against Luton Town. During his one-month loan spell, Madjo made five appearances for Cheltenham. Despite impressing Cheltenham manager Keith Downing, the club opted against buying the player on a permanent basis as a result of Downing having more funds at his disposal – "Madjo had done nothing but impress all those at Cheltenham, but thanks to the extra money made available to Keith Downing, Cheltenham have set their requirements higher".
Shrewsbury Town
In January 2008, Madjo signed for Shrewsbury Town for £20,000. Madjo made his debut a day after signing for the club, playing the whole game as Shrewsbury lost 3–1 at rivals Hereford United. He scored his first goal for the club in Shrewsbury's following game, scoring "with a fierce left-foot low drive" to double Shrewsbury's lead in a 2–0 win against Morecambe. Madjo scored again the following week, giving ten-man Shrewsbury the lead away at Grimsby Town, in a game that ended 1–1. He went five games without a goal, before scoring in a 4–1 defeat at Barnet. He made 15 appearances for the club during the second half of the 2007–08 season, scoring three goals. In July 2008, Madjo was told that he did not figure in new manager Paul Simpson's immediate plans, being left behind as the club travelled to Spain on a pre-season training camp. After failing to make a single appearance in the first four months of the 2008–09 season, his contract was terminated on 4 December 2008.
China and Albania
Following his release from Shrewsbury, Madjo opted to move abroad, signing for Chinese League One side Guangdong Sunray Cave on a free transfer. He made 18 league appearances for the club, scoring ten goals. He finished the 2009 campaign as the club's top goalscorer, and fifth in the overall goalscoring charts. The following season, Madjo signed for Albanian Superliga side KF Bylis Ballsh. He made his debut for the club in a 3–2 defeat to Vllaznia Shkodër on 22 August 2010, playing the whole 90 minutes. Madjo scored his first goal for the club on 30 October 2010, netting in the first minute of the match as Bylis beat Besa Kavajë 3–1. He also scored a last minute winner in the club's 3–2 home win against Shkumbini Peqin in November 2010. Madjo was given a straight red card in the club's 2–1 defeat to KS Kastrioti on 24 December 2010. It was to be Madjo's last game for Bylis. He later said that "I felt that Bylis Ballsh did not respect my contract so I sat down with the club and cancelled my contract." He made a total of 15 appearances for the Albanian side, scoring twice.
Stevenage
In June 2011, it was announced that Madjo had joined League One side Stevenage on a free transfer. He signed a one-year contract with the club. Stevenage manager Graham Westley had previously tried to sign Madjo ahead of the 2008–09 season, but the player instead opted to seek a move abroad. On signing for Stevenage, Madjo said "I have met the players at Stevenage, I really like the team and the way they looked after me when I arrived. I’m really looking forward to the new season and hope to score lots of goals for my new club". In July 2011, Westley stated that the signing of Madjo had been held up by an "administrative hitch", and that there was a delay in transferring his registration — "There are a couple of issues that need sorting out with his former club, but I'm hopeful that will resolve itself in the coming days". Stevenage announced that they had received international clearance for Madjo on 22 July. Madjo was not involved in any of Stevenage's first ten fixtures of the 2011–12 season, although was an unused substitute in a 4–3 defeat to Peterborough United in the League Cup on 9 August 2011. After scoring in a reserve match against Oxford United, Madjo made his first appearance of the season three days later, on 24 September, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 loss to Carlisle United at Brunton Park.
Port Vale (loan)
After making just one substitute appearance for Stevenage, Madjo joined League Two side Port Vale on loan on 24 November 2011. He aimed to "prove himself" at the club, having previously had a trial at Vale Park before he turned professional at Bristol City in 2005. He made his debut for the club a day after signing, playing 80 minutes in a 0–0 home draw against Torquay United; he was praised for his performance despite being 'rusty' and short of match fitness. In his second appearance for the club, he scored only his fourth league goal in the Football League, as he "displayed quick feet, an assured touch and deadly instincts in front of goal" to net the winning goal of a 2–1 victory at Dagenham & Redbridge. He dedicated the goal to coach Geoff Horsfield, after the pair spent many hours on the training ground working on Madjo's finishing skills. For his performance, Madjo was named on the League Two Team of the Week. He scored a 60-minute hat-trick in his third appearance for the club, a 4–0 home win over Aldershot Town; despite this he stated that "I didn't play that well in the first half. I feel I can give a lot more." For this achievement he was named on the League Two Team of the Week for a second time. He returned to Broadhall Way in January having scored four goals in six games for Port Vale, who were unable to extend the loan deal due to an acute lack of funds.
Aldershot Town
Madjo joined League Two side Aldershot Town for an "undisclosed five-figure fee" on 20 January 2012. Having secured Madjo on a contract running until summer 2013, manager Dean Holdsworth stated that "He will fit in very well. He is a strong lad who is well focussed too. He has a genuine appetite to score goals. We know he can score goals and that is what we need." He opened his account with the only goal of the game against Hereford United at the Recreation Ground on 14 February, to give the "Shots" their first home win in two months.
He started the 2012–13 season on the Aldershot bench. On 8 September, Madjo signed an emergency four-week loan deal with Plymouth Argyle. He opened his account for the "Pilgrims" on 2 October, when he netted the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw with Wycombe Wanderers at Adams Park. During his time at Home Park, he admitted that he was worried by the form of his parent club Aldershot, who slipped into the relegation zone in his absence. He was dropped from the first team by manager Carl Fletcher, despite being a "model pro" for a Plymouth team struggling for goals and low on strikers. He left Aldershot in January 2013, and began training with Bristol Rovers.
Macclesfield Town
Madjo joined Conference National side Macclesfield Town in March 2013. He made his debut for the club two days after signing, as an 80th-minute substitute in Macclesfield's 2–1 home victory over lowly AFC Telford United. It took Madjo seven games to open his goalscoring account, and it came in Macclesfield's penultimate game of the campaign, in an entertaining 5–4 defeat away to Woking. A week later, on 20 April 2013, he ended the campaign by scoring a "30-yard stunner" to help earn Macclesfield a 2–1 win against Cambridge United at Moss Rose, ending the club's five-match losing streak in the process.
Tuen Mun SA and Looktabfah
In September 2013, Madjo joined Hong Kong First Division League club Tuen Mun SA for the 2013–14 season. However, he stayed at the club for just two months, scoring two goals in five league games. He later played for Looktabfah in the Thai Regional League Central & Western Division.
Tranmere Rovers
Madjo joined Tranmere Rovers on a two-month contract on 19 November 2014 after being signed by Micky Adams, his former manager at Port Vale. He left Prenton Park six weeks later, having only made three substitute appearances. He was reported to have played for teams in Gabon in 2015.
International career
In November 2007, Madjo earned a call-up to play for Cameroon after Samuel Eto'o was forced to withdraw following a thigh injury. He had previously played for the under-17 side. Madjo was also named in the provisional Cameroon U23 squad ahead of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. He joined the Cameroon U23 squad in France for a training camp in June 2008, and played in a 0–0 draw against Japan U23. However, he was ultimately not selected as part of the final squad.
Sexual assault conviction
In January 2016, Madjo was put on trial in his absence for sexual assault after an incident in his home in Grayshott on 17 August 2014; he was found guilty and sentenced to three-and-a-half years, though he was believed to be somewhere in West Africa and unwilling to return to the UK.
Career statistics
A. The "League" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Football League, Conference, China League One and Albanian Superliga.
B. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the FA Trophy and Football League Trophy.
C. The final totals do not include appearances and goals for Tuen Mun SA and Looktabfah.
References
External links
1984 births
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Living people
Footballers from Douala
Cameroonian men's footballers
Cameroonian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Petersfield Town F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Forest Green Rovers F.C. players
Stafford Rangers F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Shaanxi Wuzhou F.C. players
China League One players
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
KF Bylis players
Stevenage F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
Tuen Mun SA players
Expatriate men's footballers in Thailand
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Thailand
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in Gabon
National League (English football) players
English Football League players
Kategoria Superiore players
Hong Kong First Division League players
People convicted of sexual assault
Sportspeople convicted of crimes
Fugitives wanted by the United Kingdom
Fugitives wanted on sex crime charges
Wessex Football League players |
Treasury Department Federal Credit Union (TDFCU) is a credit union headquartered in Washington, D.C., chartered and regulated under the authority of the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) of the U.S. federal government.
History
The Treasury Department Federal Credit Union (TDFCU) founded in 1935, is a full service financial institution with a voluntary Board of Directors that is elected by the members. Each member is an owner of the credit union with an equal vote.
Membership
Membership in the Treasury Department Federal Credit Union is available to employees of the US Treasury Department, Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Courts, United States Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC), CDC National Center for Health Statistics, as well as persons who live, work (or regularly conduct business), worship, or attend school in, and businesses and other legal entities located in, Washington, D.C.
In addition, once an eligible member joins, their family members are eligible. Family members include spouse / partner, parents, grandparents, siblings, children (includes adopted, foster, and stepchildren) and grandchildren.
Services
TDFCU offers the typical suite of account services offered by most financial institutions, including savings accounts, checking accounts, IRA accounts, and certificates of deposit. The savings product is named "Share Savings" to reflect the fact that a member's initial savings deposit ($10) literally represents their share of ownership in the credit union. TDFCU also offers members consumer loans, credit cards, vehicle loans, education loans, mortgages and home equity lines of credit.
Branch locations
The Treasury Department Federal Credit Union has six full service branches. Five of the branches are located in the District of Columbia, while the remaining branch is located in Prince George's County, MD.
Losses
TDFCU and several other credit unions were victimized when U.S. Mortgage Corporation sold mortgages that it managed on behalf of the credit union to Fannie Mae and kept the money.
TDFCU lost more than $500,000 in the first nine months of 2008, and some other District of Columbia credit unions also experienced losses.
References
External links
Official Website
TDFCU Mortgage Web Center
National Credit Union Administration
Credit unions based in Washington, D.C.
Banks established in 1935
1935 establishments in Washington, D.C. |
Ma Sicong (; May 7, 1912 – May 20, 1987) was a Chinese violinist and composer. He was referred to in China as "The King of Violinists." His Nostalgia (思鄉曲) for violin, composed in 1937 as part of the Inner Mongolia Suite (內蒙組曲), is considered one of the most favorite pieces of 20th century China.
In early 1932, Ma returned to China, and got married in the same year to Wang Muli (王慕理). In the following period, he composed many renowned pieces such as Lullaby, Inner Mongolia suite, Tibet tone poem (西藏音詩), and Madrigal (牧歌). Ma was appointed president of the newly established Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing by the government of the People's Republic of China in December 1949.
When the Cultural Revolution broke out in June 1966, Ma became a target of the Chinese government and its Red Guards. On the night of January 15, 1967, Ma and his family managed to escape to Hong Kong by boat. While in Hong Kong, Ma contacted Nancy Zi (Hsu Meifen 徐美芬), daughter of Ma's eldest sister Ma Sijin (马思锦). On behalf of Ma reuniting with his youngest brother Ma Sihong (马思宏) in New York City, Zi contacted the US Consulate in Hong Kong, leading to Ma's escape to the United States with escorts provided by the consulate itself.
In May 1967, a special file was opened to investigate the circumstances of Ma's escape, under the leadership of Kang Sheng, head of the Central Investigation Agency, and Xie Fuzhi, the Minister of Public Security. Many of Ma's friends and family members were subsequently implicated. In 1968, a standing warrant was issued for Ma's arrest for treason, and the charge was not retracted until 1985.
Early life
On May 7, 1912, Ma Sicong was born in Haifeng, Guangdong province.
His father Ma Yuhang (馬育航) was a colleague and confidant of revolutionary figure Chen Jiongming. After the Wuchang Uprising, Ma's father became the finance minister of Guangdong. Ma's mother Huang Chuliang (黃楚良), also from Haifeng. Ma Sicong was the fifth of ten children. Most of Ma's siblings became musicians in their own right, e.g. Ma Sisun (馬思荪), Ma Siju (馬思琚), Ma Sihong (马思宏), and Ma Siyun (馬思芸). Some of their children also became well known musicians.
According to Ma Sicong's 1937 autobiography, he did not come from a particularly musical family. His interest in music began at age five, when he sang along with his grandfather's gramophone recording. He started playing the piano when he was seven, and two years later the harmonica and the yueqin when he went to a boarding school in Guangdong. In the summer of 1923, Ma Sicong's brother returned to France from his studies, and brought Ma Sicong a violin. The 11-year-old immediately fell in love with the instrument, and decided to follow his brother to France to study the violin.
Education
Ma and his brother arrived in Paris, France in the winter of 1923. Their first place of residence was in Fontainebleau, and later in a family house. In the first six months, Ma had four violin teachers, the last of whom was a graduate of Conservatoire de Paris.
Ma proved to be a fast learner, and in 1925, he was admitted to the Music Conservatory of Nancy, an affiliate of the Conservatoire de Paris. There he played the violin with his landlady's pianist daughter. In summer of 1926, Ma won second prize by playing a concerto by Niccolò Paganini, but he was dissatisfied with his performance and progress. So he returned to Paris in August of the same year.
Through a friend, Ma became a student of violinist Paul Oberdoerffer at the Conservatoire de Paris. At the same time, he also studied the piano with Oberdoerffer's wife. However, in March 1927, he developed a neck condition, and had to stop playing. He spent his time in the coastal city of Berck, concentrating on the piano, and became familiar with many composers, with Claude Debussy being his most favorite.
In the fall of 1928, Ma returned to France. Ma was officially admitted to the Conservatoire de Paris in Paris, France. Ma majored in violin. There he met future Chinese composer Xian Xinghai, and Ma recommended Xian to also study under Oberdoerffer.
Career
Concerts in China
Ma returned to China in 1929 due to financial difficulties. He gave concerts in Chinese cities including Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Nanjing. In Shanghai, critics referred him as the "Wunderkind of the Chinese Musical World", and his music was "mesmerizing, and uplighting", and "brought the audience to new levels of excitement and tranquility". He met Chinese novelist Lu Xun, who inspired him to compose the Seven classic poems. In January, 1930, Ma returned to Guangzhou, and became first violin of the orchestra of the Research Institute for Dramatic Arts in Guangdong (廣東戲劇研究所).
With financial support from the Guangdong regional government, Ma returned to France in 1931 to study composition. Through Oberdoerffer, Ma became a student of Janko Binenbaum, a Turkish composer of Jewish descent, who served as musical director in Regensburg, Hamburg, and Berlin. Though he led a private life, Binenbaum's compositions had a unique style. "It was not melancholy, but rather some kind of Greek tragedy. There was passion like fire, the passion of music that could not be reined," Ma wrote describing Binenbaum's music. Despite the forty-year age difference between the two, Binenbaum had great influence on Ma's composition, and they became close friends. When the second world war broke out, Ma lost contact with Binenbaum and, according to Ma, "Then I did not know to which country he fled. It was, indeed, one of the saddest moment for me."
Youth and musical career in China
In early 1932, the 19-year-old Ma completed his studies and returned to China. With his colleague Chen Hong (陳洪) he established a private conservatory in Guangzhou. There he met pianist Wang Muli (王慕理), who was two years his senior. They were married later that year. The following year, Ma passed the administration of the conservatory to Chen, and went to Shanghai. He sought a position at the National Conservatory of Shanghai, but was rejected. Then, through introduction, he became a lecturer at the Central University of Nanjing. The Ma family rented a property from fellow artist Xu Beihong.
In Nanjing, Ma resumed his concert career, and composed his Piano Trio in B major. In February 1934, Ma collaborated with pianist Harry Ore, who had been a classmate of Sergei Prokofiev, and composed the Violin sonata No. 1 in G major. Ma and Ore continued concertizing in 1935 in Hong Kong. In February, Ma composed the song, You are my life (你是我的生命線), which became his first publicly performed work. In August, Ma and his wife returned to Hong Kong and performed recitals there, and met Xian Xinghai for the second and last time. He also completed the Berceuse (搖籃曲) for violin.
Later that year, he wrote his autobiography, entitled Chasing my childhood (童年追想曲), serialized and published in Shanghai. In early 1936, Ma organized a concert for his 13-year-old brother Ma Sihong. His future wife Tung Kwong Kwong (董光光) was at the piano. Ma and his wife traveled north to Beijing and held concerts there. They became acquainted with novelist Chen Ying (沉櫻) and her husband. Ma also composed his Sonata No. 2 in b minor later that year.
Sino-Japanese War, Pacific War, and Chinese Civil war
Ma resigned his position in Nanjing in 1937, to accept a professorship at the Sun Yat-sen University in Guangdong. However, on July 7, 1937, the Sino-Japanese War broke out. Ma became the director of the patriotic Anti-Japanese Choir, and made many media appearances and recordings. He wrote a large number of patriotic songs during this period, such as The Call for Freedom (自由的號聲), Forward (前進), Guerilla squadron hymn (游擊隊歌), Defend south China (保衛華南) Wang Fah Gong (黃花崗), and From death comes eternal life (不是死是永生). He composed the Inner Mongolia Suite (內蒙組曲). Its second movement, Nostalgia (思鄉曲), would later become synonymous with Ma.
In December 1938, he was commissioned by the Dong River Traveling Chorus to compose their anthem for the troupe. On January 29, 1939, Ma's father Ma Yuhang was assassinated in Shanghai, and Ma's first daughter Ma Bixue (馬碧雪) was born in Hong Kong only two days later. In the summer of the same year, Ma and his family moved to Chengjiang (徵江) to accept a teaching position there. In Chengjiang, Ma completed the Sonata No. 1 for Piano. Ma went to Chongqing, where he met left-wing musicologist Li Ling (李凌). In June 1940, Ma became the conductor of the Sino Philharmonic, and met poet Xu Chi (徐遲). He also wrote the incidental music to the film An Exploration of Tibet (西藏巡禮).
In Summer of 1941, Ma left Chongqing for Hong Kong, but returned to his home Heifeng when the Pacific War broke out on December 8, where he arrived in February 1942. The music from the Inner Mongolia Suite was used in the 1942 film Chronicles of the Fringes (of China) (塞上風雲), and the music was hailed national heritage by Tsui. Ma's family relocated to Guilin in April, where he held concerts, and met novelist Duanmu Hongliang. He returned to Guangdong to resume teaching at Sun Yat-sen University, and published articles in academic musical journals. In spring of 1943, Ma's second daughter, Ma Ruixue (馬瑞雪), was born. In 1944, with the Japanese army approaching, Ma and his family fled to Wuzhou in neighboring Guangxi province, then on September 23 to Liuzhou, and Guilin on October 11, and a week later to Guiyang as each of the regions fell to Japanese hands. By the end of 1944, the Ma family returned to Chongqing. In this period, Ma composed the Madrigal (牧歌), and Harvest Dance (秋收舞曲). In 1945, Ma gave concerts in Chongqing and surrounding areas, and published a number of songs: The Light of Democracy (和平之光), Sabre Dance (劍舞) and "Shuyi" (述異).
In 1946, after the Japanese surrendered, Ma was still the director of the Center of Fine Arts in Guiyang. In collaboration with writer Duanmu Hongliang, Ma composed the grand chorus Democracy (民主大合唱). Ma returned to Shanghai in spring of 1946, and was elected general manager of the Music Society of Shanghai. In July 1946, Ma moved to Taiwan, and in August 1946, his only son Ma Rulong (馬如龍) was born in Taiwan. In November, he returned to Shanghai and met with delegates Zhou Enlai, Qiao Guanhua and Gong Peng. In November, Ma returned to Guangzhou and became the Dean of Music at the Guangdong College of Fine Arts, and in May 1947, under the encouragement of Li Ling, Ma became the director of the Music Conservatory of Hong Kong. While there, Ma gave recitals, and took on the editorship of the Music Weekly of newspaper Sing Tao Daily. He collaborated with poet Jin Fan (金帆), and composed the grand chorus Motherland (祖國大合唱).
Ma's family moved to Hong Kong in early 1948 to escape prosecution, as a result of his protest against authoritarian rule by the Kuomintang government. When John Leighton Stuart, the US Ambassador to China, offered Ma and his family an opportunity to live in the US and US citizen, Ma rejected the offer. While in Hong Kong, Ma also composed the grand chorus Spring (春天大合唱).
The Founding of the People's Republic of China
On March 24, 1949, took on roles in a number of central government committees dedicated to the performing arts. His family resided in Beijing. In November 1949, Ma was requested by Zhou Enlai to be part of an entourage in an official visit to the Soviet Union. And on December 18, 1949, Ma was appointed first president of the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, which had opened November 17, 1949. In addition, Ma also held the vice-chairmanship of the Association of Chinese Musicians (中華全國音樂工作者協會).
Ma and his family moved once again to Tianjin, and there Ma composed Tribute of October (十月禮讚), We enter the battlefield with bravery (我們勇敢地奔向戰場) and grand chorus Yalu River (鴨綠江大合唱). In May and June 1951, Ma represented China to attend The Prague Spring International Music Festival (Mezinárodní hudební festival Pražské jaro) in Czechoslovakia. After holding various administrative positions, Ma was appointed a delegate of the First National People's Congress in September 1954 and returned to Beijing. In 1957, Ma embarked on a concert tour of China, the first large-scale concert series in China since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and received critical acclaim. In March 1958, Ma served on the jury for the First Tchaikovsky International Competition.
The Cultural Revolution
In February 1966, Ma composed The Elegy for Jiao Yulu (焦裕祿悼歌), which would become his last composition to be composed in China. The Cultural Revolution broke out in early June, 1966 and Ma became the target of the revolutionary Anti Academic Elitism movement (反動學術權威). Along with colleagues at the Central Conservatory, Ma was assigned to re-education camp, and later was placed under house arrest. The Red Guards harassed Ma's family and, in August, confiscated all of the family's property. Ma's wife escaped with her children and they hid at her sister's home in Nanjing and shortly after in Danzao (丹灶). In November, Ma was diagnosed with hepatitis and was permitted to return home for recovery. He left Beijing to reunite with his family. On January 15, 1967, Ma and his family fled to Hong Kong by boat, an event that was known colloquially as en passant (上卒), after the chess move. From Hong Kong, Ma traveled to the United States, where he remained until his death in 1987.
His escape was investigated by the Chinese government. The investigation was led by Kang Sheng, head of the Central Investigation Agency, and Xie Fuzhi, the Minister of Public Security. Many of Ma's friends and family members were subsequently implicated. In 1968, a standing warrant was issued for Ma's arrest for treason. The charge was not retracted until 1985. His Nostalgia became his most famous work, renamed as The East is Red (東方紅), a propaganda piece glorifying both Mao Zedong and Communism.
Exile in the United States
In the United States, he wrote music for the ballet Sunset Clouds (晚霞), and composed the opera Rebia (熱碧亞). Like many other nationalist composers, he integrated national folk elements with western music structure. He also continued his compositions of Chinese patriotic music in the US, and he seldom discussed his experience during the Cultural Revolution in public. When President Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger visited China in 1972, Zhou Enlai expressed his regret for the persecution and escape of Ma.
Ma visited Taiwan several times to find new musical inspiration, collecting elements of Chinese folk music and incorporating them in his compositions. In June 1985, when Ma and his wife were in their seventies, they toured Europe to critical acclaim.
Personal life
In 1932, Ma married Wang Muli. In 1939, Ma's daughter Ma Bixue was born in Hong Kong. In 1943, Ma's second daughter Ma Ruixue was born.
Ma lived a low profile life in the United States.
Death
In 1987, Ma died during a heart operation in Philadelphia. Ma was 75. Ma had authorized the high-risk procedure, and was hoping to visit China had it been successful.
Legacy
The Ma Sicong Museum of Musical Arts (馬思聰音樂藝術館) was opened in 2002. It is located in the Guangzhou Museum of Art in Guangzhou, China.
In December 2007, the Chinese government held ceremonies for welcoming Ma's ashes to his home town of Haifeng. Meanwhile, his music and letters were issued, including a 13-CD collection of his musical works. From then on, China began to rediscover the value of Ma's music and many other accomplishments.
Selected compositions
Concertos:
• Violin Concerto in F major, 1944
• Concerto for Two Violins, 1983
• Cello Concerto, 1958–1960
Symphonic works
• Symphony No.1, 1941–1942
• Symphony No.2, 1958–1959
• Song of Wooded Mountain (山林之歌), 1953–1954
• Suite of Joy (欢喜组曲), 1949
Choral works:
• Democracy Cantata (民主大合唱), 1946
• Homeland Cantata (祖國大合唱), 1947
• Spring Cantata (春天大合唱), 1948
• Huai-River Cantata (淮河大合唱), 1956
Violin pieces:
• Lullaby (搖籃曲), 1935
• Inner Mongolia Suite (內蒙組曲) 1937
• Tone Poem of Tibetan (西藏音詩), 1941
• Pastoral Song (牧歌), 1944
• Dance of Autumn Harvest (秋收舞曲) 1944
• Lyric Melody (抒情曲) (1952)
• Dragon Lantern Dance (跳龍燈) 1952
• Mountain Song (山歌) 1952
• Spring Dance (春天舞曲), 1953
• Pouring out slowly (慢訴) 1952
• Rondo No. I, 1937
• Rondo No. II, 1950
• Rondo No. III, 1983
• Rondo No. IV, 1984
• Xinjiang Rhapsody (新疆狂想曲) (1954)
• Kaoshan Suite (高山組曲), 1973.
• Amis Suite (阿美組曲), 1973
Chamber Music
• Violin Duo, 1982
• Piano Quintet, 1954
• String Quartet No.2 Op.10, 1938
• Piano Trio in bB major, 1933
• Violin Sonata No.1, 1934
• Violin Sonata No.2, 1936
• Violin Sonata No.3, 1984
Opera & Ballet:
• Ballet, Sunset Clouds (晚霞)
• Opera, Rebia (熱碧亞), 1980
Piano Works
• Three Pieces for Piano, 1961
• Three Dances, 1952
• Three Pieces of Cantonese Music, 1952–1953
• Sonatina No.4, 1956
Songs
• Song cycle: After Rain, 1943
• In memory of Xian Xinghai, 1946
• Prosecution, 1947
• Song of Chinese Young Pioneers, 1950
• Spring Water, 1962
References
Additional sources
Grove Dictionary of music;
Biography of Ma Sicong, Written by Ye Yonglie (1940-), ;
Jugaoshengziyuan, (collection of Ma's essays), ;
A chronicle of Ma Sicong, Zhang Jingwei, 2004, ;
On Ma Sicong, Ma Sicong Editorial Committee, 1997, .
1912 births
1987 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Chinese classical violinists
20th-century Chinese composers
Chinese expatriates in the United States
Delegates to the 3rd National People's Congress
Delegates to the 2nd National People's Congress
Delegates to the 1st National People's Congress
People from Haifeng County
People's Republic of China politicians from Guangdong
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Musicians from Guangdong
Academic staff of Nanjing University
Chinese expatriates in France
20th-century classical violinists
Chinese male classical composers
Chinese classical composers
Chinese Civil War refugees
Politicians from Shanwei
Male classical violinists
20th-century male musicians |
Hail the Woman is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by John Griffith Wray. Produced by Thomas Ince, it stars Florence Vidor as a woman who takes a stand against the hypocrisy of her father and brother, played by Theodore Roberts and Lloyd Hughes respectively.
Plot
Oliver Beresford is a controlling and uncompromisingly rigid father. When shameful stories about his daughter Judith surface, he bans her from his house. Her brother David is training for the ministry at his father's insistence, but he has secretly wed Nan Higgins, the stepdaughter of an odd-jobs man, and has fathered a child. Oliver Beresford, learning the truth, buys the silence of the odd-jobs man who then evicts the pregnant Nan from his home. Nan travels to New York where she becomes a prostitute after the baby is born. Seeking a career, Judith also goes to New York where she finds Nan and her baby just as the young woman is dying. Judith decides to raise the child, and later she returns to New England, on the day that David is to be ordained, and confronts him with the child in front of the congregation.
Cast
Florence Vidor as Judith Beresford
Lloyd Hughes as David Beresford
Theodore Roberts as Oliver Beresford
Gertrude Claire as Mrs. Beresford
Madge Bellamy as Nan Higgins
Tully Marshall as "Odd Jobs Man"
Vernon Dent as Joe Hurd
Edward Martindel as Wyndham Gray
Charles Meredith as Richard Stuart
Mathilde Brundage as Mrs. Stuart
Eugene Hoffman as The Baby
Muriel Frances Dana as David Junior
Preservation status
Complete copies of the film survive. The Library of Congress holds a 35mm nitrate negative and a 35mm acetate master positive. The film is also preserved in the archives of the Museum of Modern Art in New York as well as in the Cinematheque Royale de Belgique in Brussels.
References
Further reading
External links
1921 films
American black-and-white films
1921 drama films
American silent feature films
Films directed by John Griffith Wray
Silent American drama films
1920s American films
1920s English-language films |
```python
"""Add UI_BASE_URL to config
Revision ID: 469d88477c13
Revises: 2e0dc31fcb2e
Create Date: 2023-11-01 22:22:10.112867
"""
from alembic import op
import sqlalchemy as sa
# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
revision = '469d88477c13'
down_revision = '2e0dc31fcb2e'
branch_labels = None
depends_on = None
def upgrade():
op.add_column('config',
sa.Column('UI_BASE_URL', sa.String(length=128), nullable=True)
)
def downgrade():
op.drop_column('config', 'UI_BASE_URL')
``` |
The 2012 Albirex Niigata season is Albirex Niigata's 9th consecutive season in J.League Division 1. It also includes the 2012 J.League Cup, and the 2012 Emperor's Cup.
Match results
Pre-season
J.League
League table
Results summary
Results by round
J.League Cup
Emperor's Cup
Players
First team squad
Pre-season transfers
In:
Out:
References
External links
2012 schedule – Albirex Niigata
Albirex Niigata
Albirex Niigata seasons |
Umdoni Bird Sanctuary is situated in Amanzimtoti, KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The sanctuary is often simply referred to as The Bird Park by locals or as Amanzimtoti Bird Sanctuary. The area is roughly 4 ha of land including a dam on a tributary of the Amanzimtoti River. There are picnic areas and forest trails.
A kilometer-long trail runs through the sanctuary. There are three hides on the trail from which visitors can watch some of the 150 species of birds that inhabit the sanctuary. The sanctuary is home to large flocks of Spur-winged geese and White-faced ducks. The sanctuary was also home to the southernmost breeding pair of Palm-nut vultures in 2009. Narina trogons are also often sighted here and the endangered Spotted ground-thrush has been seen.
Blue duiker and endangered Cape clawless otters frequent the sanctuary.
Gallery
Bird sanctuaries of South Africa
Tourist attractions in Durban
Protected areas of KwaZulu-Natal |
Basil Dearden (born Basil Clive Dear; 1 January 1911 – 23 March 1971) was an English film director.
Early life and career
Dearden was born at 5, Woodfield Road, Leigh-on-Sea, Essex to Charles James Dear, a steel manufacturer, and his wife, Florence Tripp.
Basil Dean
Dearden graduated from theatre direction to film, working as an assistant to Basil Dean. He later changed his own name to Dearden to avoid confusion with his mentor.
He wrote This Man Is News (1938), a hugely popular quota quickie and wrote and directed a film for TV Under Suspicion (1939).
He was assistant director on Penny Paradise (1938), produced by Dean and directed by Carol Reed, and two George Formby comedies directed by Anthony Kimmins: George Takes the Air (1938), produced by Dean, and Come on George! (1939).
Dearden was promoted to associate producer on two more George Formby films, which he also co-wrote: To Hell with Hitler (1940) aka Let George Do It and Spare a Copper (1940).
Dearden went over to Ealing Studios where he produced The Ghost of St. Michael's (1941) with Will Hay, then he produced Turned Out Nice Again (1941) with George Formby.
Director
Ealing Studios
He first began working as a director at Ealing Studios, co-directing comedy films with Will Hay, starting with Black Sheep of Whitehall (1942). This was followed by The Goose Steps Out (1942) and My Learned Friend (1943), which was Hay's last movie.
Dearden's first solo director credit was The Bells Go Down (1943), a wartime movie with Tommy Trinder. It was produced by Michael Relph who would form a notable collaboration with Dearden.
Dearden also directed The Halfway House (1944), a drama set in wales, and wrote and directed They Came to a City (1944), based on a play by J.B Priestley.
Dearden worked on the influential chiller compendium Dead of Night (1945) and directed the linking narrative and the "Hearse Driver" segment.
He also directed The Captive Heart (1946) starring Michael Redgrave, which was a big hit. The film was entered into the 1946 Cannes Film Festival. He directed Frieda (1947) with Mai Zetterling and produced by Relph, which was also popular.
Dearden directed Saraband for Dead Lovers (1948) an expensive costume picture that was not a large success. He wrote and directed a segment of Train of Events (1949).
The Blue Lamp (1950), probably the most frequently shown of Dearden's Ealing films, is a police drama which first introduced audiences to PC George Dixon, later resurrected for the long-running Dixon of Dock Green television series. It was hugely popular.
Less so were Cage of Gold (1950), a drama with Jean Simmons; Pool of London (1951), a crime film with a black lead, very rare for the time; and I Believe in You (1952), a drama which he also wrote and produced.
Dearden made The Gentle Gunman (1952), an IRA thriller with Dirk Bogarde; The Square Ring (1953), a boxing film with Jack Warner; The Rainbow Jacket (1954), a horse racing drama; and Out of the Clouds (1955), set at an airport.
He did a war film which he also wrote, The Ship That Died of Shame (1955) then a comedy with Benny Hill, Who Done It? (1956).
Dearden did some uncredited directing on The Green Man (1956) then made an Ealing style comedy for British Lion The Smallest Show on Earth (1957).
For Rank he made Violent Playground (1958) with Stanley Baker. He did some uncredited directing on one of Ealing's last films, Nowhere to Go (1958). He also produced Davy (1958), with Harry Secombe, for Ealing.
Social Justice Movies
Dearden and Michael Relph made a series of films on subjects generally not tackled by British cinema in this era starting with Sapphire (1959), a thriller about race relations that
proved popular.
Dearden and Relph helped set up Allied Film Makers for whom they made The League of Gentlemen (1960), a cynical comedy that was very popular.
Dearden directed episodes of The Four Just Men on TV and produced two films directed by Michael Relph: Mad Little Island (1958) and Desert Mice (1959).
For Allied, Dearden directed Man in the Moon (1960), a science fiction comedy with Kenneth More that lost money. The Secret Partner (1961) was a thriller for MGM starring Stewart Granger.
Dearden directed Victim (1961) with Dirk Bogarde for Allied; a thriller about homosexuality, it was a huge success.
However, his next few movies were not popular: All Night Long (1961), an adaptation of Othello; Life for Ruth (1962), for Allied, which dealt with religious objections to operations.; A Place to Go (1964), for Bryanston Films, a thriller not released for two years; and The Mind Benders (1963) a science fiction with Dirk Bogarde.
Later films
Dearden and Relph then made two films for release by United Artists: Woman of Straw (1964) starring Sean Connery; and Masquerade (1965) with Cliff Robertson. He was then hired to replace Lewis Gilbert as director of Khartoum (1966), with Charlton Heston and Laurence Olivier.
Two films were then made for release by Paramount: Only When I Larf (1968) and the Edwardian era black comedy The Assassination Bureau (1969), again with Michael Relph; it was the 25th film they had made together.
His last film was The Man Who Haunted Himself (1970), which he wrote and directed, starring Roger Moore, made for EMI Films. With Moore, Dearden made three episodes of the television series The Persuaders!: Overture, Powerswitch and To the Death, Baby.
He had two sons, Torquil Dearden and the screenwriter and director James Dearden.
Death
Dearden died on 23 March 1971 at Hillingdon Hospital, London after being involved in a road accident on the M4 motorway near Heathrow Airport, in which he suffered multiple injuries. His death was coincidentally foreshadowed in his final film, which opens with a sequence in which Roger Moore's character almost dies in a car accident after driving recklessly at high speed along the M4.
Reputation
The film critic David Thomson does not hold Dearden in high regard. He writes: "Dearden's films are decent, empty and plodding and his association with Michael Relph is a fair representative of the British preference for bureaucratic cinema. It stands for the underlining of obvious meaning".
More positively, for Brian McFarlane, the Australian writer on film: "Dearden's films offer, among other rewards, a fascinating barometer of public taste at its most nearly consensual over three decades".
Regular Ealing cinematographer Douglas Slocombe enjoyed working with Dearden personally, describing him as the 'most competent' of the directors he worked with at Ealing.
Filmography
References
External links
Criterion Collection Essay
Film Reference biography
Screenonline biography
Fandango filmography
1911 births
1971 deaths
English film directors
English film producers
English male screenwriters
English television directors
People from Westcliff-on-Sea
Road incident deaths in London
20th-century English screenwriters
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English businesspeople |
Raymond Tatafu (born 14 February 1995) is a New Zealand rugby union player who plays for Counties Manukau in the National Provincial Championship. His playing position is lock.
Born in Tonga, he moved to New Zealand with his family at the age of 14.
Reference list
External links
itsrugby.co.uk profile
1995 births
New Zealand rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union locks
Tongan emigrants to New Zealand
Tongan rugby union players
Southland rugby union players
Counties Manukau rugby union players
Kyuden Voltex players |
```javascript
/**
* @license Apache-2.0
*
*
*
* path_to_url
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
/* eslint-disable object-curly-newline, object-property-newline */
'use strict';
// MODULES //
var tape = require( 'tape' );
var noop = require( '@stdlib/utils/noop' );
var Float64Array = require( '@stdlib/array/float64' );
var keyBy = require( './../lib' );
// TESTS //
tape( 'main export is a function', function test( t ) {
t.ok( true, __filename );
t.strictEqual( typeof keyBy, 'function', 'main export is a function' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function throws an error if not provided a collection', function test( t ) {
var values;
var i;
values = [
'5',
5,
NaN,
true,
false,
null,
void 0,
{},
function noop() {},
/.*/,
new Date()
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[i] ), TypeError, 'throws a type error when provided '+values[i] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
keyBy( value, noop );
};
}
});
tape( 'the function throws an error if not provided a function to invoke', function test( t ) {
var values;
var i;
values = [
'5',
5,
NaN,
true,
false,
null,
void 0,
{},
[],
/.*/,
new Date()
];
for ( i = 0; i < values.length; i++ ) {
t.throws( badValue( values[i] ), TypeError, 'throws a type error when provided '+values[i] );
}
t.end();
function badValue( value ) {
return function badValue() {
keyBy( [ 1, 2, 3 ], value );
};
}
});
tape( 'if provided an empty collection, the function never invokes a provided function', function test( t ) {
var arr = [];
function foo() {
t.fail( 'should not be invoked' );
}
keyBy( arr, foo );
t.deepEqual( arr, [], 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function returns an object', function test( t ) {
var arr;
var out;
function toKey( v ) {
t.pass( 'invoked provided function' );
return v;
}
arr = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
out = keyBy( arr, toKey );
t.strictEqual( typeof out, 'object', 'returns an object' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function converts a collection to an object (array)', function test( t ) {
var expected;
var arr;
var out;
function toKey( value ) {
return value.name;
}
arr = [
{ 'name': 'v0', 'value': 1 },
{ 'name': 'v1', 'value': 2 },
{ 'name': 'v2', 'value': 3 }
];
expected = {
'v0': arr[ 0 ],
'v1': arr[ 1 ],
'v2': arr[ 2 ]
};
out = keyBy( arr, toKey );
t.deepEqual( out, expected, 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function converts a collection to an object (array-like object)', function test( t ) {
var expected;
var arr;
var out;
function toKey( value ) {
return value.name;
}
arr = {
'length': 3,
'0': { 'name': 'v0', 'value': 1 },
'1': { 'name': 'v1', 'value': 2 },
'2': { 'name': 'v2', 'value': 3 }
};
expected = {
'v0': arr[ 0 ],
'v1': arr[ 1 ],
'v2': arr[ 2 ]
};
out = keyBy( arr, toKey );
t.deepEqual( out, expected, 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function converts a collection to an object (typed array)', function test( t ) {
var expected;
var arr;
var out;
function toKey( value, index ) {
return index;
}
arr = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 ] );
expected = {
'0': 1.0,
'1': 2.0,
'2': 3.0
};
out = keyBy( arr, toKey );
t.deepEqual( out, expected, 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function supports providing an execution context', function test( t ) {
var ctx;
var arr;
function toKey( value ) {
/* eslint-disable no-invalid-this */
this.sum += value;
this.count += 1;
return value;
}
ctx = {
'sum': 0,
'count': 0
};
arr = [ 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 ];
keyBy( arr, toKey, ctx );
t.strictEqual( ctx.sum/ctx.count, 2.0, 'expected result' );
t.end();
});
tape( 'the function does not skip empty elements', function test( t ) {
var expected;
var arr;
arr = [ 1, , , 4 ]; // eslint-disable-line no-sparse-arrays
expected = [ 1, void 0, void 0, 4 ];
function verify( value, index ) {
t.strictEqual( value, expected[ index ], 'provides expected value' );
}
keyBy( arr, verify );
t.end();
});
``` |
Lumaria zeteotoma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Yunnan, China.
References
Moths described in 1984
Archipini |
Jomo Kenyatta (22 August 1978) was a Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as its first President from 1964 to his death in 1978. He was the country's first president and played a significant role in the transformation of Kenya from a colony of the British Empire into an independent republic. Ideologically an African nationalist and a conservative, he led the Kenya African National Union (KANU) party from 1961 until his death.
Kenyatta was born to Kikuyu farmers in Kiambu, British East Africa. Educated at a mission school, he worked in various jobs before becoming politically engaged through the Kikuyu Central Association. In 1929, he travelled to London to lobby for Kikuyu land affairs. During the 1930s, he studied at Moscow's Communist University of the Toilers of the East, University College London, and the London School of Economics. In 1938, he published an anthropological study of Kikuyu life before working as a farm labourer in Sussex during the Second World War. Influenced by his friend George Padmore, he embraced anti-colonialist and Pan-African ideas, co-organising the 1945 Pan-African Congress in Manchester. He returned to Kenya in 1946 and became a school principal. In 1947, he was elected President of the Kenya African Union, through which he lobbied for independence from British colonial rule, attracting widespread indigenous support but animosity from white settlers. In 1952, he was among the Kapenguria Six arrested and charged with masterminding the anti-colonial Mau Mau Uprising. Although protesting his innocence—a view shared by later historians—he was convicted. He remained imprisoned at Lokitaung until 1959 and was then exiled to Lodwar until 1961.
On his release, Kenyatta became President of KANU and led the party to victory in the 1963 general election. As Prime Minister, he oversaw the transition of the Kenya Colony into an independent republic, of which he became president in 1964. Desiring a one-party state, he transferred regional powers to his central government, suppressed political dissent, and prohibited KANU's only rival—Oginga Odinga's leftist Kenya People's Union—from competing in elections. He promoted reconciliation between the country's indigenous ethnic groups and its European minority, although his relations with the Kenyan Indians were strained and Kenya's army clashed with Somali separatists in the North Eastern Province during the Shifta War. His government pursued capitalist economic policies and the "Africanisation" of the economy, prohibiting non-citizens from controlling key industries. Education and healthcare were expanded, while UK-funded land redistribution favoured KANU loyalists and exacerbated ethnic tensions. Under Kenyatta, Kenya joined the Organisation of African Unity and the Commonwealth of Nations, espousing a pro-Western and anti-communist foreign policy amid the Cold War. Kenyatta died in office and was succeeded by Daniel arap Moi. Kenyatta's son Uhuru later also became president.
Kenyatta was a controversial figure. Prior to Kenyan independence, many of its white settlers regarded him as an agitator and malcontent, although across Africa he gained widespread respect as an anti-colonialist. During his presidency, he was given the honorary title of Mzee and lauded as the Father of the Nation, securing support from both the black majority and the white minority with his message of reconciliation. Conversely, his rule was criticised as dictatorial, authoritarian, and neocolonial, of favouring Kikuyu over other ethnic groups, and of facilitating the growth of widespread corruption.
Early life
Childhood
A member of the Kikuyu people, Kenyatta was born with the name Kamau in the village of Ngenda. Birth records were not then kept among the Kikuyu, and Kenyatta's date of birth is not known. One biographer, Jules Archer, suggested he was likely born in 1890, although a fuller analysis by Jeremy Murray-Brown suggested a birth circa 1897 or 1898. Kenyatta's father was named Muigai, and his mother Wambui. They lived in a homestead near River Thiririka, where they raised crops and bred sheep and goats. Muigai was sufficiently wealthy that he could afford to keep several wives, each living in a separate nyũmba (woman's hut).
Kenyatta was raised according to traditional Kikuyu custom and belief, and was taught the skills needed to herd the family flock. When he was ten, his earlobes were pierced to mark his transition from childhood. Wambui subsequently bore another son, Kongo, shortly before Muigai died. In keeping with Kikuyu tradition, Wambui then married her late husband's younger brother, Ngengi. Kenyatta then took the name of Kamau wa Ngengi ("Kamau, son of Ngengi"). Wambui bore her new husband a son, whom they also named Muigai. Ngengi was harsh and resentful toward the three boys, and Wambui decided to take her youngest son to live with her parental family further north. It was there that she died, and Kenyatta—who was very fond of the younger Muigai—travelled to collect his infant half-brother. Kenyatta then moved in with his grandfather, Kongo wa Magana, and assisted the latter in his role as a traditional healer.
In November 1909, Kenyatta left home and enrolled as a pupil at the Church of Scotland Mission (CSM) at Thogoto. The missionaries were zealous Christians who believed that bringing Christianity to the indigenous peoples of Eastern Africa was part of Britain's civilizing mission. While there, Kenyatta stayed at the small boarding school, where he learnt stories from the Bible, and was taught to read and write in English. He also performed chores for the mission, including washing the dishes and weeding the gardens. He was soon joined at the mission dormitory by his brother Kongo. The longer the pupils stayed, the more they came to resent the patronising way many of the British missionaries treated them.
Kenyatta's academic progress was unremarkable, and in July 1912 he became an apprentice to the mission's carpenter. That year, he professed his dedication to Christianity and began undergoing catechism. In 1913, he underwent the Kikuyu circumcision ritual; the missionaries generally disapproved of this custom, but it was an important aspect of Kikuyu tradition, allowing Kenyatta to be recognized as an adult. Asked to take a Christian name for his upcoming baptism, he first chose both John and Peter after Jesus' apostles. Forced by the missionaries to choose just one, he chose Johnstone, the -stone chosen as a reference to Peter. Accordingly, he was baptized as Johnstone Kamau in August 1914. After his baptism, Kenyatta moved out of the mission dormitory and lived with friends. Having completed his apprenticeship to the carpenter, Kenyatta requested that the mission allow him to be an apprentice stonemason, but they refused. He then requested that the mission recommend him for employment, but the head missionary refused because of an allegation of minor dishonesty.
Nairobi: 1914–1922
Kenyatta moved to Thika, where he worked for an engineering firm run by the Briton John Cook. In this position, he was tasked with fetching the company wages from a bank in Nairobi, away. Kenyatta left the job when he became seriously ill; he recuperated at a friend's house in the Tumutumu Presbyterian mission. At the time, the British Empire was engaged in the First World War, and the British Army had recruited many Kikuyu. One of those who joined was Kongo, who disappeared during the conflict; his family never learned of his fate. Kenyatta did not join the armed forces, and like other Kikuyu he moved to live among the Maasai, who had refused to fight for the British. Kenyatta lived with the family of an aunt who had married a Maasai chief, adopting Maasai customs and wearing Maasai jewellery, including a beaded belt known as kĩnyata in the Kikuyu language. At some point, he took to calling himself "Kĩnyata" or "Kenyatta" after this garment.
In 1917, Kenyatta moved to Narok, where he was involved in transporting livestock to Nairobi, before relocating to Nairobi to work in a store selling farming and engineering equipment. In the evenings, he took classes in a church mission school. Several months later he returned to Thika before obtaining employment building houses for the Thogota Mission. He also lived for a time in Dagoretti, where he became a retainer for a local sub-chief, Kioi; in 1919 he assisted Kioi in putting the latter's case in a land dispute before a Nairobi court. Desiring a wife, Kenyatta entered a relationship with Grace Wahu, who had attended the CMS School in Kabete; she initially moved into Kenyatta's family homestead, although she joined Kenyatta in Dagoretti when Ngengi drove her out. On 20 November 1920 she gave birth to Kenyatta's son, Peter Muigui. In October 1920, Kenyatta was called before the Thogota Kirk Session and suspended from taking Holy Communion; the suspension was in response to his drinking and his relations with Wahu out of wedlock. The church insisted that a traditional Kikuyu wedding would be inadequate, and that he must undergo a Christian marriage; this took place on 8 November 1922. Kenyatta had initially refused to cease drinking, but in July 1923 officially renounced alcohol and was allowed to return to Holy Communion.
In April 1922, Kenyatta began working as a stores clerk and meter reader for Cook, who had been appointed water superintendent for Nairobi's municipal council. He earned 250/= (£12/10/–, ) a month, a particularly high wage for a native African, which brought him financial independence and a growing sense of self-confidence. Kenyatta lived in the Kilimani neighbourhood of Nairobi, although he financed the construction of a second home at Dagoretti; he referred to this latter hut as the Kinyata Stores for he used it to hold general provisions for the neighborhood. He had sufficient funds that he could lend money to European clerks in the offices, and could enjoy the lifestyle offered by Nairobi, which included cinemas, football matches, and imported British fashions.
Kikuyu Central Association: 1922–1929
Anti-imperialist sentiment was on the rise among both native and Indian communities in Kenya following the Irish War of Independence and the Russian October Revolution. Many indigenous Africans resented having to carry kipande identity certificates at all times, being forbidden from growing coffee, and paying taxes without political representation. Political upheavals occurred in Kikuyuland—the area inhabited largely by the Kikuyu—following World War I, among them the campaigns of Harry Thuku and the East African Association, resulting in the government massacre of 21 native protesters in March 1922. Kenyatta had not taken part in these events, perhaps so as not to disrupt his lucrative employment prospects.
Kenyatta's interest in politics stemmed from his friendship with James Beauttah, a senior figure in the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA). Beauttah took Kenyatta to a political meeting in Pumwani, although this led to no firm involvement at the time. In either 1925 or early 1926, Beauttah moved to Uganda, but remained in contact with Kenyatta. When the KCA wrote to Beauttah and asked him to travel to London as their representative, he declined, but recommended that Kenyatta—who had a good command of English—go in his place. Kenyatta accepted, probably on the condition that the Association matched his pre-existing wage. He thus became the group's secretary.
It is likely that the KCA purchased a motorbike for Kenyatta, which he used to travel around Kikuyuland and neighbouring areas inhabited by the Meru and Embu, helping to establish new KCA branches. In February 1928, he was part of a KCA party that visited Government House in Nairobi to give evidence in front of the Hilton Young Commission, which was then considering a federation between Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika. In June, he was part of a KCA team which appeared before a select committee of the Kenyan Legislative Council to express concerns about the recent introduction of Land Boards. Introduced by the British Governor of Kenya, Edward Grigg, these Land Boards would hold all land in native reserves in trust for each tribal group. Both the KCA and the Kikuyu Association opposed these Land Boards, which treated Kikuyu land as collectively-owned rather than recognising individual Kikuyu land ownership. Also in February, his daughter, Wambui Margaret, was born.
By this point he was increasingly using the name "Kenyatta", which had a more African appearance than "Johnstone".
In May 1928, the KCA launched a Kikuyu-language magazine, Mũigwithania (roughly translated as "The Reconciler" or "The Unifier"), in which it published news, articles, and homilies. Its purpose was to help unify the Kikuyu and raise funds for the KCA. Kenyatta was listed as the publication's editor, although Murray-Brown suggested that he was not the guiding hand behind it and that his duties were largely confined to translating into Kikuyu. Aware that Thuku had been exiled for his activism, Kenyatta's took a cautious approach to campaigning, and in Mũigwithania he expressed support for the churches, district commissioners, and chiefs. He also praised the British Empire, stating that: "The first thing [about the Empire] is that all people are governed justly, big or small—equally. The second thing is that nobody is regarded as a slave, everyone is free to do what he or she likes without being hindered." This did not prevent Grigg from writing to the authorities in London requesting permission to shut the magazine down.
Overseas
London: 1929–1931
After the KCA raised sufficient funds, in February 1929 Kenyatta sailed from Mombasa to Britain. Grigg's administration could not stop Kenyatta's journey but asked London's Colonial Office not to meet with him. He initially stayed at the West African Students' Union premises in West London, where he met Ladipo Solanke. He then lodged with a prostitute; both this and Kenyatta's lavish spending brought concern from the Church Mission Society. His landlord subsequently impounded his belongings due to unpaid debt. In the city, Kenyatta met with W. McGregor Ross at the Royal Empire Society, Ross briefing him on how to deal with the Colonial Office. Kenyatta became friends with Ross' family, and accompanied them to social events in Hampstead. He also contacted anti-imperialists active in Britain, including the League Against Imperialism, Fenner Brockway, and Kingsley Martin. Grigg was in London at the same time and, despite his opposition to Kenyatta's visit, agreed to meet with him at the Rhodes Trust headquarters in April. At the meeting, Kenyatta raised the land issue and Thuku's exile, the atmosphere between the two being friendly. In spite of this, following the meeting, Grigg convinced Special Branch to monitor Kenyatta.
Kenyatta developed contacts with radicals to the left of the Labour Party, including several communists. In the summer of 1929, he left London and traveled by Berlin to Moscow before returning to London in October. Kenyatta was strongly influenced by his time in the Soviet Union. Back in England, he wrote three articles on the Kenyan situation for the Communist Party of Great Britain's newspapers, the Daily Worker and Sunday Worker. In these, his criticism of British imperialism was far stronger than it had been in Muĩgwithania. These communist links concerned many of Kenyatta's liberal patrons. In January, Kenyatta met with Drummond Shiels, the Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, at the House of Commons. Kenyatta told Shiels that he was not affiliated with communist circles and was unaware of the nature of the newspaper which published his articles. Shiels advised Kenyatta to return home to promote Kikuyu involvement in the constitutional process and discourage violence and extremism.
After eighteen months in Europe, Kenyatta had run out of money. The Anti-Slavery Society advanced him funds to pay off his debts and return to Kenya. Although Kenyatta enjoyed life in London and feared arrest if he returned home, he sailed back to Mombasa in September 1930. On his return, his prestige among the Kikuyu was high because of his time spent in Europe.
In his absence, female genital mutilation (FGM) had become a topic of strong debate in Kikuyu society. The Protestant churches, backed by European medics and the colonial authorities, supported the abolition of this traditional practice, but the KCA rallied to its defence, claiming that its abolition would damage the structure of Kikuyu society. Anger between the two sides had heightened, several churches expelling KCA members from their congregations, and it was widely believed that the January 1930 killing of an American missionary, Hulda Stumpf, had been due to the issue. As Secretary of the KCA, Kenyatta met with church representatives. He expressed the view that although personally opposing FGM, he regarded its legal abolition as counter-productive, and argued that the churches should focus on eradicating the practice through educating people about its harmful effects on women's health. The meeting ended without compromise, and John Arthur—the head of the Church of Scotland in Kenya—later expelled Kenyatta from the church, citing what he deemed dishonesty during the debate. In 1931, Kenyatta took his son out of the church school at Thogota and enrolled him in a KCA-approved, independent school.
Return to Europe: 1931–1933
In May 1931, Kenyatta and Parmenas Mockerie sailed for Britain, intent on representing the KCA at a Joint Committee of Parliament on the future of East Africa. Kenyatta would not return to Kenya for fifteen years. In Britain, he spent the summer attending an Independent Labour Party summer school and Fabian Society gatherings. In June, he visited Geneva, Switzerland to attend a Save the Children conference on African children. In November, he met the Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi while in London. That month, he enrolled in the Woodbrooke Quaker College in Birmingham, where he remained until the spring of 1932, attaining a certificate in English writing.
In Britain, Kenyatta befriended an Afro-Caribbean Marxist, George Padmore, who was working for the Soviet-run Comintern. Over time, he became Padmore's protégé. In late 1932, he joined Padmore in Germany. Before the end of the year, the duo relocated to Moscow, where Kenyatta studied at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East. There he was taught arithmetic, geography, natural science, and political economy, as well as Marxist-Leninist doctrine and the history of the Marxist-Leninist movement. Many Africans and members of the African diaspora were attracted to the institution because it offered free education and the opportunity to study in an environment where they were treated with dignity, free from the institutionalised racism present in the U.S. and British Empire. Kenyatta complained about the food, accommodation, and poor quality of English instruction. There is no evidence that he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and one of his fellow students later characterised him as "the biggest reactionary I have ever met." Kenyatta also visited Siberia, probably as part of an official guided tour.
The emergence of Germany's Nazi government shifted political allegiances in Europe; the Soviet Union pursued formal alliances with France and Czechoslovakia, and thus reduced its support for the movement against British and French colonial rule in Africa. As a result, Comintern disbanded the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, with which both Padmore and Kenyatta were affiliated. Padmore resigned from the Soviet Communist Party in protest, and was subsequently vilified in the Soviet press. Both Padmore and Kenyatta left the Soviet Union, the latter returning to London in August 1933. The British authorities were highly suspicious of Kenyatta's time in the Soviet Union, suspecting that he was a Marxist-Leninist, and following his return the MI5 intelligence service intercepted and read all his mail.
Kenyatta continued writing articles, reflecting Padmore's influence. Between 1931 and 1937 he wrote several articles for the Negro Worker and joined the newspaper's editorial board in 1933. He also produced an article for a November 1933 issue of Labour Monthly, and in May 1934 had a letter published in The Manchester Guardian. He also wrote the entry on Kenya for Negro, an anthology edited by Nancy Cunard and published in 1934. In these, he took a more radical position than he had in the past, calling for complete self-rule in Kenya. In doing so he was virtually alone among political Kenyans; figures like Thuku and Jesse Kariuki were far more moderate in their demands. The pro-independence sentiments that he was able to express in Britain would not have been permitted in Kenya itself.
University College London and the London School of Economics: 1933–1939
Between 1935 and 1937, Kenyatta worked as a linguistic informant for the Phonetics Department at University College London (UCL); his Kikuyu voice recordings assisted Lilias Armstrong's production of The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu. The book was published under Armstrong's name, although Kenyatta claimed he should have been listed as co-author. He enrolled at UCL as a student, studying an English course between January and July 1935 and then a phonetics course from October 1935 to June 1936. Enabled by a grant from the International African Institute, he also took a social anthropology course under Bronisław Malinowski at the London School of Economics (LSE). Kenyatta lacked the qualifications normally required to join the course, but Malinowski was keen to support the participation of indigenous peoples in anthropological research. For Kenyatta, acquiring an advanced degree would bolster his status among Kenyans and display his intellectual equality with white Europeans in Kenya.
Over the course of his studies, Kenyatta and Malinowski became close friends. Fellow course-mates included the anthropologists Audrey Richards, Lucy Mair, and Elspeth Huxley. Another of his fellow LSE students was Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark, who invited Kenyatta to stay with him and his mother, Princess Marie Bonaparte, in Paris during the spring of 1936.
Kenyatta returned to his former dwellings at 95 Cambridge Street, but did not pay his landlady for over a year, owing over £100 in rent. This angered Ross and contributed to the breakdown of their friendship. He then rented a Camden Town flat with his friend Dinah Stock, whom he had met at an anti-imperialist rally in Trafalgar Square. Kenyatta socialised at the Student Movement House in Russell Square, which he had joined in the spring of 1934, and befriended Africans in the city. To earn money, he worked as one of 250 black extras in the film Sanders of the River, filmed at Shepperton Studios in Autumn 1934. Several other Africans in London criticized him for doing so, arguing that the film degraded black people. Appearing in the film also allowed him to meet and befriend its star, the African-American Paul Robeson.
In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia (Abyssinia), incensing Kenyatta and other Africans in London; he became the honorary secretary of the International African Friends of Abyssinia, a group established by Padmore and C. L. R. James. When Ethiopia's monarch Haile Selassie fled to London in exile, Kenyatta personally welcomed him at Waterloo station. This group developed into a wider pan-Africanist organisation, the International African Service Bureau (IASB), of which Kenyatta became one of the vice chairs. Kenyatta began giving anti-colonial lectures across Britain for groups like the IASB, the Workers' Educational Association, Indian National Congress of Great Britain, and the League of Coloured Peoples. In October 1938, he gave a talk to the Manchester Fabian Society in which he described British colonial policy as fascism and compared the treatment of indigenous people in East Africa to the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany. In response to these activities, the British Colonial Office reopened their file on him, although could not find any evidence that he was engaged in anything sufficiently seditious to warrant prosecution.
Kenyatta assembled the essays on Kikuyu society written for Malinowski's class and published them as Facing Mount Kenya in 1938. Featuring an introduction written by Malinowski, the book reflected Kenyatta's desire to use anthropology as a weapon against colonialism. In it, Kenyatta challenged the Eurocentric view of history by presenting an image of a golden African past by emphasising the perceived order, virtue, and self-sufficiency of Kikuyu society. Utilising a functionalist framework, he promoted the idea that traditional Kikuyu society had a cohesion and integrity that was better than anything offered by European colonialism. In this book, Kenyatta made clear his belief that the rights of the individual should be downgraded in favour of the interests of the group. The book also reflected his changing views on female genital mutilation; where once he opposed it, he now unequivocally supported the practice, downplaying the medical dangers that it posed to women.
The book's jacket cover featured an image of Kenyatta in traditional dress, wearing a skin cloak over one shoulder and carrying a spear. The book was published under the name "Jomo Kenyatta", the first time that he had done so; the term Jomo was close to a Kikuyu word describing the removal of a sword from its scabbard. Facing Mount Kenya was a commercial failure, selling only 517 copies, but was generally well received; an exception was among white Kenyans, whose assumptions about the Kikuyu being primitive savages in need of European civilization it challenged. Murray-Brown later described it as "a propaganda tour de force. No other African had made such an uncompromising stand for tribal integrity." Bodil Folke Frederiksen, a scholar of development studies, referred to it as "probably the most well-known and influential African scholarly work of its time", while for fellow scholar Simon Gikandi, it was "one of the major texts in what has come to be known as the invention of tradition in colonial Africa".
World War II: 1939–1945
After the United Kingdom entered World War II in September 1939, Kenyatta and Stock moved to the Sussex village of Storrington. Kenyatta remained there for the duration of the war, renting a flat and a small plot of land to grow vegetables and raise chickens. He settled into rural Sussex life, and became a regular at the village pub, where he gained the nickname "Jumbo". In August 1940, he took a job at a local farm as an agricultural worker—allowing him to evade military conscription—before working in the tomato greenhouses at Lindfield. He attempted to join the local Home Guard, but was turned down. On 11 May 1942 he married an English woman, Edna Grace Clarke, at Chanctonbury Registry Office. In August 1943, their son, Peter Magana, was born.
Intelligence services continued monitoring Kenyatta, noting that he was politically inactive between 1939 and 1944. In Sussex, he wrote an essay for the United Society for Christian Literature, My People of Kikuyu and the Life of Chief Wangombe, in which he called for his tribe's political independence. He also began—although never finished—a novel partly based on his life experiences. He continued to give lectures around the country, including to groups of East African soldiers stationed in Britain. He became frustrated by the distance between him and Kenya, telling Edna that he felt "like a general separated by 5000 miles from his troops". While he was absent, Kenya's authorities banned the KCA in 1940.
Kenyatta and other senior IASB members began planning the fifth Pan-African Congress, held in Manchester in October 1945. They were assisted by Kwame Nkrumah, a Gold Coast (Ghanaian) who arrived in Britain earlier that year. Kenyatta spoke at the conference, although made no particular impact on the proceedings. Much of the debate that took place centred on whether indigenous Africans should continue pursuing a gradual campaign for independence or whether they should seek the military overthrow of the European imperialists. The conference ended with a statement declaring that while delegates desired a peaceful transition to African self-rule, Africans "as a last resort, may have to appeal to force in the effort to achieve Freedom". Kenyatta supported this resolution, although was more cautious than other delegates and made no open commitment to violence. He subsequently authored an IASB pamphlet, Kenya: The Land of Conflict, in which he blended political calls for independence with romanticised descriptions of an idealised pre-colonial African past.
Return to Kenya
Presidency of the Kenya African Union: 1946–1952
After British victory in World War II, Kenyatta received a request to return to Kenya in September 1946, sailing back that month. He decided not to bring Edna—who was pregnant with a second child—with him, aware that if they joined him in Kenya their lives would be made very difficult by the colony's racial laws. On his arrival in Mombasa, Kenyatta was greeted by his first wife, Grace Wahu and their children. He built a bungalow at Gatundu, near to where he was born, and began farming his 32-acre estate. Kenyatta met with the new Governor of Kenya, Philip Euen Mitchell, and in March 1947 accepted a post on an African Land Settlement Board, holding the post for two years. He also met with Mbiyu Koinange to discuss the future of the Koinange Independent Teachers' College in Githungui, Koinange appointing Kenyatta as its Vice-Principal. In May 1947, Koinange moved to England, leaving Kenyatta to take full control of the college. Under Kenyatta's leadership, additional funds were raised for the construction of school buildings and the number of boys in attendance rose from 250 to 900. It was also beset with problems, including a decline in standards and teachers' strikes over non-payment of wages. Gradually, the number of enrolled pupils fell. Kenyatta built a friendship with Koinange's father, a Senior Chief, who gave Kenyatta one of his daughters to take as his third wife.
They had another child, but she died in childbirth. In 1951, he married his fourth wife, Ngina, who was one of the few female students at his college; she then gave birth to a daughter.
In August 1944, the Kenya African Union (KAU) had been founded; at that time it was the only active political outlet for indigenous Africans in the colony. At its June 1947 annual general meeting, KAU's President James Gichuru stepped down and Kenyatta was elected as his replacement. Kenyatta began to draw large crowds wherever he travelled in Kikuyuland, and Kikuyu press began describing him as the "Saviour", "Great Elder", and "Hero of Our Race". He was nevertheless aware that to achieve independence, KAU needed the support of other indigenous tribes and ethnic groups. This was made difficult by the fact that many Maasai and Luo—tribes traditionally hostile to the Kikuyu—regarded him as an advocate of Kikuyu dominance. He insisted on intertribal representation on the KAU executive and ensured that party business was conducted in Swahili, the lingua franca of indigenous Kenyans.
To attract support from Kenya's Indian community, he made contact with Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of the new Indian republic. Nehru's response was supportive, sending a message to Kenya's Indian minority reminding them that they were the guests of the indigenous African population. Relations with the white minority remained strained; for most white Kenyans, Kenyatta was their principal enemy, an agitator with links to the Soviet Union who had the impertinence to marry a white woman. They too increasingly called for further Kenyan autonomy from the British government, but wanted continued white-minority rule and closer links to the white-minority governments of South Africa, Northern Rhodesia, and Southern Rhodesia; they viewed Britain's newly elected Labour government with great suspicion. The white Electors' Union put forward a "Kenya Plan" which proposed greater white settlement in Kenya, bringing Tanganyika into the British Empire, and incorporating it within their new British East African Dominion. In April 1950, Kenyatta was present at a joint meeting of KAU and the East African Indian National Congress in which they both expressed opposition to the Kenya Plan.
By 1952, Kenyatta was widely recognized as a national leader, both by his supporters and by his opponents. As KAU leader, he was at pains to oppose all illegal activity, including workers' strikes. He called on his supporters to work hard, and to abandon laziness, theft, and crime. He also insisted that in an independent Kenya, all racial groups would be safeguarded. Kenyatta's gradualist and peaceful approach contrasted with the growth of the Mau Mau Uprising, as armed guerrilla groups began targeting the white minority and members of the Kikuyu community who did not support them. By 1959, the Mau Mau had killed around 1,880 people. For many young Mau Mau militants, Kenyatta was regarded as a hero, and they included his name in the oaths they gave to the organisation; such oathing was a Kikuyu custom by which individuals pledged allegiance to another. Kenyatta publicly distanced himself from the Mau Mau. In April 1952, he began a speaking tour in which he denounced the Mau Mau to assembled crowds, insisting that independence must be achieved through peaceful means. In August he attended a much-publicised mass meeting in Kiambu where—in front of 30,000 people—he said that "Mau Mau has spoiled the country. Let Mau Mau perish forever. All people should search for Mau Mau and kill it." Despite Kenyatta's vocal opposition to the Mau Mau, KAU had moved towards a position of greater militancy. At its 1951 AGM, more militant African nationalists had taken senior positions and the party officially announced its call for Kenyan independence within three years. In January 1952, KAU members formed a secret Central Committee devoted to direct action, formulated along a cell structure. Whatever Kenyatta's views on these developments, he had little ability to control them. He was increasingly frustrated, and—without the intellectual companionship he experienced in Britain—felt lonely.
Trial: 1952–1953
In October 1952, Kenyatta was arrested and driven to Nairobi, where he was taken aboard a plane and flown to Lokitaung, northwest Kenya, one of the most remote locations in the country. From there he wrote to his family to let them know of his situation. Kenya's authorities believed that detaining Kenyatta would help quell civil unrest. Many white settlers wanted him exiled, but the government feared this would turn him into a martyr for the anti-colonialist cause. They thought it better that he be convicted and imprisoned, although at the time had nothing to charge him with, and so began searching his personal files for evidence of criminal activity. Eventually, they charged him and five senior KAU members with masterminding the Mau Mau, a proscribed group. The historian John M. Lonsdale stated that Kenyatta had been made a "scapegoat", while the historian A. B. Assensoh later suggested that the authorities "knew very well" that Kenyatta was not involved in the Mau Mau, but that they were nevertheless committed to silencing his calls for independence.
The trial took place in Kapenguria, a remote area near the Ugandan border that the authorities hoped would not attract crowds or attention. Together, Kenyatta, Bildad Kaggia, Fred Kubai, Paul Ngei, Achieng Oneko and Kung'u Karumba—the "Kapenguria Six"—were put on trial. The defendants assembled an international and multiracial team of defence lawyers, including Chaman Lall, H. O. Davies, F. R. S. De Souza, and Dudley Thompson, led by British barrister and Member of Parliament Denis Nowell Pritt. Pritt's involvement brought much media attention; during the trial he faced government harassment and was sent death threats. The judge selected, Ransley Thacker, had recently retired from the Supreme Court of Kenya; the government knew he would be sympathetic to their case and gave him £20,000 to oversee it. The trial lasted five months: Rawson Macharia, the main prosecution witness, turned out to have perjured himself; the judge had only recently been awarded an unusually large pension and maintained secret contact with the then colonial Governor Evelyn Baring. The prosecution failed to produce any strong evidence that Kenyatta or the other accused had any involvement in managing the Mau Mau.
In April 1953, Judge Thacker found the defendants guilty. He sentenced them to seven years' hard labour, to be followed by indefinite restriction preventing them from leaving a given area without permission. In addressing the court, Kenyatta stated that he and the others did not recognise the judge's findings; they claimed that the government had used them as scapegoats as a pretext to shut down KAU. The historian Wunyabari O. Maloba later characterised it as "a rigged political trial with a predetermined outcome". The government followed the verdict with a wider crackdown, banning KAU in June 1953, and closing down most of the independent schools in the country, including Kenyatta's. It appropriated his land at Gatundu and demolished his house.
Kenyatta and the others were returned to Lokitaung, where they resided on remand while awaiting the results of the appeal process. Pritt pointed out that Thacker had been appointed magistrate for the wrong district, a technicality voiding the whole trial; the Supreme Court of Kenya concurred and Kenyatta and the others were freed in July 1953, only to be immediately re-arrested. The government took the case to the East African Court of Appeal, which reversed the Supreme Court's decision in August. The appeals process resumed in October 1953, and in January 1954 the Supreme Court upheld the convictions against all but Oneko. Pritt finally took the case to the Privy Council in London, but they refused his petition without providing an explanation. He later noted that this was despite the fact his case was one of the strongest he had ever presented during his career. According to Murray-Brown, it is likely that political, rather than legal considerations, informed their decision to reject the case.
Imprisonment: 1954–1961
During the appeal process, a prison had been built at Lokitaung, where Kenyatta and the four others were then interned. The others were made to break rocks in the hot sun but Kenyatta, because of his age, was instead appointed their cook, preparing a daily diet of beans and posho. In 1955, P. de Robeck became the District Officer, after which Kenyatta and the other inmates were treated more leniently. In April 1954, they had been joined by a captured Mau Mau commander, Waruhiu Itote; Kenyatta befriended him, and gave him English lessons. By 1957, the inmates had formed into two rival cliques, with Kenyatta and Itote on one side and the other KAU members—now calling themselves the "National Democratic Party"—on the other. In one incident, one of his rivals made an unsuccessful attempt to stab Kenyatta at breakfast. Kenyatta's health had deteriorated in prison; manacles had caused problems for his feet and he had eczema across his body.
Kenyatta's imprisonment transformed him into a political martyr for many Kenyans, further enhancing his status. A Luo anti-colonial activist, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, was the first to publicly call for Kenyatta's release, an issue that gained growing support among Kenya's anti-colonialists. In 1955, the British writer Montagu Slater—a socialist sympathetic to Kenyatta's plight—released The Trial of Jomo Kenyatta, a book which raised the profile of the case. In 1958, Rawson Macharia, the key witness in the state's prosecution of Kenyatta, signed an affidavit swearing that his evidence against Kenyatta had been false; this was widely publicised. By the late 1950s, the imprisoned Kenyatta had become a symbol of African nationalism across the continent.
His sentence served, in April 1959 Kenyatta was released from Lokitaung. The administration then placed a restricting order on Kenyatta, forcing him to reside in the remote area of Lodwar, where he had to report to the district commissioner twice a day. There, he was joined by his wife Ngina. In October 1961, they had another son, Uhuru, and later on another daughter, Nyokabi, and a further son, Muhoho. Kenyatta spent two years in Lodwar. The Governor of Kenya, Patrick Muir Renison, insisted that it was necessary; in a March 1961 speech, he described Kenyatta an "African leader to darkness and death" and stated that if he were released, violence would erupt.
This indefinite detention was widely interpreted internationally as a reflection of the cruelties of British imperialism. Calls for his release came from the Chinese government, India's Nehru, and Tanganyika's Prime Minister Julius Nyerere. Kwame Nkrumah—whom Kenyatta had known since the 1940s and who was now President of a newly independent Ghana—personally raised the issue with British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and other UK officials, with the Ghanaian government offering Kenyatta asylum in the event of his release. Resolutions calling for his release were produced at the All-African Peoples' Conferences held in Tunis in 1960 and Cairo in 1961. Internal calls for his release came from Kenyan Asian activists in the Kenya Indian Congress, while a colonial government commissioned poll revealed that most of Kenya's indigenous Africans wanted this outcome.
By this point, it was widely accepted that Kenyan independence was inevitable, the British Empire having been dismantled throughout much of Asia and Macmillan having made his "Wind of Change" speech. In January 1960, the British government made its intention to free Kenya apparent. It invited representatives of Kenya's anti-colonial movement to discuss the transition at London's Lancaster House. An agreement was reached that an election would be called for a new 65-seat Legislative Council, with 33 seats reserved for black Africans, 20 for other ethnic groups, and 12 as 'national members' elected by a pan-racial electorate. It was clear to all concerned that Kenyatta was going to be the key to the future of Kenyan politics.
After the Lancaster House negotiations, the anti-colonial movement had split into two parties, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), which was dominated by Kikuyu and Luo, and the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), which was led largely by members of smaller ethnic groups like the Kalenjin and Maasai. In May 1960, KANU nominated Kenyatta as its president, although the government vetoed it, insisting that he had been an instigator of the Mau Mau. KANU then declared that it would refuse to take part in any government unless Kenyatta was freed. KANU campaigned on the issue of Kenyatta's detainment in the February 1961 election, where it gained a majority of votes. KANU nevertheless refused to form a government, which was instead created through a KADU-led coalition of smaller parties. Kenyatta had kept abreast of these developments, although he had refused to back either KANU or KADU, instead insisting on unity between the two parties.
Preparing for independence: 1961–1963
Renison decided to release Kenyatta before Kenya achieved independence. He thought public exposure to Kenyatta prior to elections would make the populace less likely to vote for a man Renison regarded as a violent extremist. In April 1961, the government flew Kenyatta to Maralal, where he maintained his innocence of the charges but told reporters that he bore no grudges. He reiterated that he had never supported violence or the illegal oathing system used by the Mau Mau, and denied having ever been a Marxist, stating: "I shall always remain an African Nationalist to the end". In August, he was moved to Gatundu in Kikuyuland, where he was greeted by a crowd of 10,000. There, the colonial government had built him a new house to replace that they had demolished. Now a free man, he travelled to cities like Nairobi and Mombasa to make public appearances.
After his release, Kenyatta set about trying to ensure that he was the only realistic option as Kenya's future leader. In August he met with Renison at Kiambu, and was interviewed by the BBC's Face to Face. In October 1961, Kenyatta formally joined KANU and accepted its presidency. In January 1962 he was elected unopposed as KANU's representative for the Fort Hall constituency in the legislative council after its sitting member, Kariuki Njiiri, resigned.
Kenyatta traveled elsewhere in Africa, visiting Tanganyika in October 1961 and Ethiopia in November at the invitation of their governments. A key issue facing Kenya was a border dispute in North East Province, alongside Somalia. Ethnic Somalis inhabited this region and claimed it should be part of Somalia, not Kenya. Kenyatta disagreed, insisting the land remain Kenyan, and stated that Somalis in Kenya should "pack up [their] camels and go to Somalia". In June 1962, Kenyatta travelled to Mogadishu to discuss the issue with the Somalian authorities, but the two sides could not reach an agreement.
Kenyatta sought to gain the confidence of the white settler community. In 1962, the white minority had produced 80% of the country's exports and were a vital part of its economy, yet between 1962 and 1963 they were emigrating at a rate of 700 a month; Kenyatta feared that this white exodus would cause a brain drain and skills shortage that would be detrimental to the economy. He was also aware that the confidence of the white minority would be crucial to securing Western investment in Kenya's economy. Kenyatta made it clear that when in power, he would not sack any white civil servants unless there were competent black individuals capable of replacing them. He was sufficiently successful that several prominent white Kenyans backed KANU in the subsequent election.
In 1962 he returned to London to attend one of the Lancaster House conferences. There, KANU and KADU representatives met with British officials to formulate a new constitution. KADU desired a federalist state organised on a system they called Majimbo with six largely autonomous regional authorities, a two-chamber legislature, and a central Federal Council of Ministers who would select a rotating chair to serve as head of government for a one-year term. Renison's administration and most white settlers favoured this system as it would prevent a strong central government implementing radical reform. KANU opposed Majimbo, believing that it served entrenched interests and denied equal opportunities across Kenya; they also insisted on an elected head of government. At Kenyatta's prompting, KANU conceded to some of KADU's demands; he was aware that he could amend the constitution when in office. The new constitution divided Kenya into six regions, each with a regional assembly, but also featured a strong central government and both an upper and a lower house. It was agreed that a temporary coalition government would be established until independence, several KANU politicians being given ministerial posts. Kenyatta accepted a minor position, that of the Minister of State for Constitutional Affairs and Economic Planning.
The British government considered Renison too ill at ease with indigenous Africans to oversee the transition to independence and thus replaced him with Malcolm MacDonald as Governor of Kenya in January 1963. MacDonald and Kenyatta developed a strong friendship; the Briton referred to the latter as "the wisest and perhaps strongest as well as most popular potential Prime Minister of the independent nation to be". MacDonald sped up plans for Kenyan independence, believing that the longer the wait, the greater the opportunity for radicalisation among African nationalists. An election was scheduled for May, with self-government in June, followed by full independence in December 1964.
Leadership
Premiership: 1963–1964
The May 1963 general election pitted Kenyatta's KANU against KADU, the Akamba People's Party, and various independent candidates. KANU was victorious with 83 seats out of 124 in the House of Representatives; a KANU majority government replaced the pre-existing coalition. On 1 June 1963, Kenyatta was sworn in as prime minister of the autonomous Kenyan government. Kenya remained a monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. In November 1963, Kenyatta's government introduced a law making it a criminal offence to disrespect the Prime Minister, exile being the punishment. Kenyatta's personality became a central aspect of the creation of the new state. In December, Nairobi's Delamere Avenue was renamed Kenyatta Avenue, and a bronze statue of him was erected beside the country's National Assembly. Photographs of Kenyatta were widely displayed in shop windows, and his face was also printed on the new currency. In 1964, Oxford University Press published a collection of Kenyatta's speeches under the title of Harambee!.
Kenya's first cabinet included not only Kikuyu but also members of the Luo, Kamba, Kisii, and Maragoli tribal groups. In June 1963, Kenyatta met with Julius Nyerere and Ugandan President Milton Obote in Nairobi. The trio discussed the possibility of merging their three nations (plus Zanzibar) into a single East African Federation, agreeing that this would be accomplished by the end of the year. Privately, Kenyatta was more reluctant regarding the arrangement and as 1964 came around the federation had not come to pass. Many radical voices in Kenya urged him to pursue the project; in May 1964, Kenyatta rejected a back-benchers resolution calling for speedier federation. He publicly stated that talk of a federation had always been a ruse to hasten the pace of Kenyan independence from Britain, but Nyerere denied that this was true.
Continuing to emphasize good relations with the white settlers, in August 1963 Kenyatta met with 300 white farmers at Nakuru. He reassured them that they would be safe and welcome in an independent Kenya, and more broadly talked of forgiving and forgetting the conflicts of the past. Despite his attempts at wooing white support, he did not do the same with the Indian minority. Like many indigenous Africans in Kenya, Kenyatta bore a sense of resentment towards this community, despite the role that many Indians had played in securing the country's independence. He also encouraged the remaining Mau Mau fighters to leave the forests and settle in society. Throughout Kenyatta's rule, many of these individuals remained out of work, unemployment being one of the most persistent problems facing his government.
A celebration to mark independence was held in a specially constructed stadium on 12 December 1963. During the ceremony, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh—representing the British monarchy—formally handed over control of the country to Kenyatta. Also in attendance were leading figures from the Mau Mau. In a speech, Kenyatta described it as "the greatest day in Kenya's history and the happiest day in my life." He had flown Edna and Peter over for the ceremony, and in Kenya they were welcomed into Kenyatta's family by his other wives.
Disputes with Somalia over the Northern Frontier District (NFD) continued; for much of Kenyatta's rule, Somalia remained the major threat to his government. To deal with sporadic violence in the region by Somali shifta guerrillas, Kenyatta sent soldiers into the region in December 1963 and gave them broad powers of arrest and seizure in the NFD in September 1964. British troops were assigned to assist the Kenyan Army in the region. Kenyatta also faced domestic opposition: in January 1964, sections of the army launched a mutiny in Nairobi, and Kenyatta called on the British Army to put down the rebellion. Similar armed uprisings had taken place that month in neighboring Uganda and Tanganyika. Kenyatta was outraged and shaken by the mutiny. He publicly rebuked the mutineers, emphasising the need for law and order in Kenya. To prevent further military unrest, he brought in a review of the salaries of the army, police, and prison staff, leading to pay rises. Kenyatta also wanted to contain parliamentary opposition and at Kenyatta's prompting, in November 1964 KADU officially dissolved and its representatives joined KANU. Two of the senior members of KADU, Ronald Ngala and Daniel arap Moi, subsequently became some of Kenyatta's most loyal supporters. Kenya therefore became a de facto one-party state.
Presidency: 1964–1978
In December 1964, Kenya was officially proclaimed a republic. Kenyatta became its executive president, combining the roles of head of state and head of government. Over the course of 1965 and 1966, several constitutional amendments enhanced the president's power. For instance, a May 1966 amendment gave the president the ability to order the detention of individuals without trial if he thought the security of the state was threatened. Seeking the support of Kenya's second largest ethnic group, the Luo, Kenyatta appointed the Luo Oginga Odinga as his vice president. The Kikuyu—who made up around 20 percent of population—still held most of the country's important government and administrative positions. This contributed to a perception among many Kenyans that independence had simply seen the dominance of a British elite replaced by the dominance of a Kikuyu elite.
Kenyatta's calls to forgive and forget the past were a keystone of his government. He preserved some elements of the old colonial order, particularly in relation to law and order. The police and military structures were left largely intact. White Kenyans were left in senior positions within the judiciary, civil service, and parliament, with the white Kenyans Bruce Mackenzie and Humphrey Slade being among Kenyatta's top officials. Kenyatta's government nevertheless rejected the idea that the European and Asian minorities could be permitted dual citizenship, expecting these communities to offer total loyalty to the independent Kenyan state. His administration pressured whites-only social clubs to adopt multi-racial entry policies, and in 1964 schools formerly reserved for European pupils were opened to Africans and Asians.
Kenyatta's government believed it necessary to cultivate a united Kenyan national culture. To this end, it made efforts to assert the dignity of indigenous African cultures which missionaries and colonial authorities had belittled as "primitive". An East African Literature Bureau was created to publish the work of indigenous writers. The Kenya Cultural Centre supported indigenous art and music, and hundreds of traditional music and dance groups were formed; Kenyatta personally insisted that such performances were held at all national celebrations. Support was given to the preservation of historic and cultural monuments, while street names referencing colonial figures were renamed and symbols of colonialism—like the statue of British settler Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere in Nairobi city centre—were removed. The government encouraged the use of Swahili as a national language, although English remained the main medium for parliamentary debates and the language of instruction in schools and universities. The historian Robert M. Maxon nevertheless suggested that "no national culture emerged during the Kenyatta era", most artistic and cultural expressions reflecting particular ethnic groups rather than a broader sense of Kenyanness, while Western culture remained heavily influential over the country's elites.
Economic policy
Independent Kenya had an economy heavily molded by colonial rule; agriculture dominated while industry was limited, and there was a heavy reliance on exporting primary goods while importing capital and manufactured goods. Under Kenyatta, the structure of this economy did not fundamentally change, remaining externally oriented and dominated by multinational corporations and foreign capital. Kenyatta's economic policy was capitalist and entrepreneurial, with no serious socialist policies being pursued; its focus was on achieving economic growth as opposed to equitable redistribution. The government passed laws to encourage foreign investment, recognising that Kenya needed foreign-trained specialists in scientific and technical fields to aid its economic development. Under Kenyatta, Western companies regarded Kenya as a safe and profitable place for investment; between 1964 and 1970, large-scale foreign investment and industry in Kenya nearly doubled.
In contrast to his economic policies, Kenyatta publicly claimed he would create a democratic socialist state with an equitable distribution of economic and social development. In 1965, when Thomas Mboya was minister for economic planning and development, the government issued a session paper titled "African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya", in which it officially declared its commitment to what it called an "African socialist" economic model. The session proposed a mixed economy with an important role for private capital, with Kenyatta's government specifying that it would consider only nationalisation in instances where national security was at risk. Left-wing critics highlighted that the image of "African socialism" portrayed in the document provided for no major shift away from the colonial economy.
Kenya's agricultural and industrial sectors were dominated by Europeans and its commerce and trade by Asians; one of Kenyatta's most pressing issues was to bring the economy under indigenous control. There was growing black resentment towards the Asian domination of the small business sector, with Kenyatta's government putting pressure on Asian-owned businesses, intending to replace them with African-owned counterparts. The 1965 session paper promised an "Africanization" of the Kenyan economy, with the government increasingly pushing for "black capitalism". The government established the Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation to provide loans for black-owned businesses, and secured a 51% share in the Kenya National Assurance Company. In 1965, the government established the Kenya National Trading Corporation to ensure indigenous control over the trade in essential commodities, while the Trade Licensing Act of 1967 prohibited non-citizens from involvement in the rice, sugar, and maize trade. During the 1970s, this expanded to cover the trade in soap, cement, and textiles. Many Asians who had retained British citizenship were affected by these measures. Between late 1967 and early 1968, growing numbers of Kenyan Asians migrated to Britain; in February 1968 large numbers migrated quickly before a legal change revoked their right to do so. Kenyatta was not sympathetic to those leaving: "Kenya's identity as an African country is not going to be altered by the whims and malaises of groups of uncommitted individuals."
Under Kenyatta, corruption became widespread throughout the government, civil service, and business community. Kenyatta and his family were tied up with this corruption as they enriched themselves through the mass purchase of property after 1963. Their acquisitions in the Central, Rift Valley, and Coast Provinces aroused great anger among landless Kenyans. His family used his presidential position to circumvent legal or administrative obstacles to acquiring property. The Kenyatta family also heavily invested in the coastal hotel business, Kenyatta personally owning the Leonard Beach Hotel. Other businesses they were involved with included ruby mining in Tsavo National Park, the casino business, the charcoal trade—which was causing significant deforestation—and the ivory trade. The Kenyan press, which was largely loyal to Kenyatta, did not delve into this issue; it was only after his death that publications appeared revealing the scale of his personal enrichment. Kenyan corruption and Kenyatta's role in it was better known in Britain, although many of his British friends—including McDonald and Brockway—chose to believe Kenyatta was not personally involved.
Despite Kenyatta's shortcomings on economic policy, compared with the economic performance of the vast majority of countries in independent Africa, Kenya's economic success during Kenyatta's tenure was outstanding. During the years following its independence in December, 1963, Kenya attained such a high rate of economic growth that it came to be widely regarded as something of an economic "miracle." According to World Bank figures, Kenya's economy attained an average growth rate of 6.4 percent per year from 1965 to 1980. Among the 40 or more independent countries in sub-Saharan Africa, only 3 exceeded that growth rate; Nigeria, Ivory Coast, and Botswana. Kenyatta's success can be attributed to his focus on the agricultural sector, particularly on cash crops such as tea and coffee.
Land, healthcare, and education reform
The question of land ownership had deep emotional resonance in Kenya, having been a major grievance against the British colonialists. As part of the Lancaster House negotiations, Britain's government agreed to provide Kenya with £27 million with which to buy out white farmers and redistribute their land among the indigenous population. To ease this transition, Kenyatta made Bruce McKenzie, a white farmer, the Minister of Agriculture and Land. Kenyatta's government encouraged the establishment of private land-buying companies that were often headed by prominent politicians. The government sold or leased lands in the former White Highlands to these companies, which in turn subdivided them among individual shareholders. In this way, the land redistribution programs favoured the ruling party's chief constituency. Kenyatta himself expanded the land that he owned around Gatundu. Kenyans who made claims to land on the basis of ancestral ownership often found the land given to other people, including Kenyans from different parts of the country. Voices began to condemn the redistribution; in 1969, the MP Jean-Marie Seroney censured the sale of historically Nandi lands in the Rift to non-Nandi, describing the settlement schemes as "Kenyatta's colonization of the rift".
In part fuelled by high rural unemployment, Kenya witnessed growing rural-to-urban migration under Kenyatta's government. This exacerbated urban unemployment and housing shortages, with squatter settlements and slums growing up and urban crime rates rising. Kenyatta was concerned by this, and promoted the reversal of this rural-to-urban migration, but in this was unsuccessful. Kenyatta's government was eager to control the country's trade unions, fearing their ability to disrupt the economy. To this end it emphasised social welfare schemes over traditional industrial institutions, and in 1965 transformed the Kenya Federation of Labour into the Central Organization of Trade (COT), a body which came under strong government influence. No strikes could be legally carried out in Kenya without COT's permission. There were also measures to Africanise the civil service, which by mid-1967 had become 91% African. During the 1960s and 1970s the public sector grew faster than the private sector. The growth in the public sector contributed to the significant expansion of the indigenous middle class in Kenyatta's Kenya.
The government oversaw a massive expansion in education facilities. In June 1963, Kenyatta ordered the Ominda Commission to determine a framework for meeting Kenya's educational needs. Their report set out the long-term goal of universal free primary education in Kenya but argued that the government's emphasis should be on secondary and higher education to facilitate the training of indigenous African personnel to take over the civil service and other jobs requiring such an education. Between 1964 and 1966, the number of primary schools grew by 11.6%, and the number of secondary schools by 80%. By the time of Kenyatta's death, Kenya's first universities—the University of Nairobi and Kenyatta University—had been established. Although Kenyatta died without having attained the goal of free, universal primary education in Kenya, the country had made significant advances in that direction, with 85% of Kenyan children in primary education, and within a decade of independence had trained sufficient numbers of indigenous Africans to take over the civil service.
Another priority for Kenyatta's government was improving access to healthcare services. It stated that its long-term goal was to establish a system of free, universal medical care. In the short-term, its emphasis was on increasing the overall number of doctors and registered nurses while decreasing the number of expatriates in those positions. In 1965, the government introduced free medical services for out-patients and children. By Kenyatta's death, the majority of Kenyans had access to significantly better healthcare than they had had in the colonial period. Before independence, the average life expectancy in Kenya was 45, but by the end of the 1970s it was 55, the second-highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. This improved medical care had resulted in declining mortality rates while birth rates remained high, resulting in a rapidly growing population; from 1962 to 1979, Kenya's population grew by just under 4% a year, the highest rate in the world at the time. This put a severe strain on social services; Kenyatta's government promoted family planning projects to stem the birth-rate, but these had little success.
Foreign policy
In part due to his advanced years, Kenyatta rarely traveled outside of Eastern Africa. Under Kenyatta, Kenya was largely uninvolved in the affairs of other states, including those in the East African Community. Despite his reservations about any immediate East African Federation, in June 1967 Kenyatta signed the Treaty for East African Co-operation. In December he attended a meeting with Tanzanian and Ugandan representatives to form the East African Economic Community, reflecting Kenyatta's cautious approach toward regional integration. He also took on a mediating role during the Congo Crisis, heading the Organisation of African Unity's Conciliation Commission on the Congo.
Facing the pressures of the Cold War, Kenyatta officially pursued a policy of "positive non-alignment". In reality, his foreign policy was pro-Western and in particular pro-British. Kenya became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, using this as a vehicle to put pressure on the white-minority apartheid regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia. Britain remained one of Kenya's foremost sources of foreign trade; British aid to Kenya was among the highest in Africa. In 1964, Kenya and the UK signed a Memorandum of Understanding, one of only two military alliances Kenyatta's government made; the British Special Air Service trained Kenyatta's own bodyguards. Commentators argued that Britain's relationship with Kenyatta's Kenya was a neo-colonial one, with the British having exchanged their position of political power for one of influence. The historian Poppy Cullen nevertheless noted that there was no "dictatorial neo-colonial control" in Kenyatta's Kenya.
Although many white Kenyans accepted Kenyatta's rule, he remained opposed by white far-right activists; while in London at the July 1964 Commonwealth Conference, he was assaulted by Martin Webster, a British neo-Nazi. Kenyatta's relationship with the United States was also warm; the United States Agency for International Development played a key role in helping respond to a maize shortage in Kambaland in 1965. Kenyatta also maintained a warm relationship with Israel, including when other East African nations endorsed Arab hostility to the state; he for instance permitted Israeli jets to refuel in Kenya on their way back from the Entebbe raid. In turn, in 1976 the Israelis warned of a plot by the Palestinian Liberation Army to assassinate him, a threat he took seriously.
Kenyatta and his government were anti-communist, and in June 1965 he warned that "it is naive to think that there is no danger of imperialism from the East. In world power politics the East has as much designs upon us as the West and would like to serve their own interests. That is why we reject Communism. " His governance was often criticised by communists and other leftists, some of whom accused him of being a fascist. When Chinese Communist official Zhou Enlai visited Dar es Salaam, his statement that "Africa is ripe for revolution" was clearly aimed largely at Kenya. In 1964, Kenyatta impounded a secret shipment of Chinese armaments that passed through Kenyan territory on its way to Uganda. Obote personally visited Kenyatta to apologise. In June 1967, Kenyatta declared the Chinese Chargé d'Affairs persona non grata in Kenya and recalled the Kenyan ambassador from Peking. Relations with the Soviet Union were also strained; Kenyatta shut down the Lumumba Institute—an educational organisation named after the Congolese independence leader Patrice Lumumba—on the basis that it was a front for Soviet influence in Kenya.
Dissent and the one-party state
Kenyatta made clear his desire for Kenya to become a one-party state, regarding this as a better expression of national unity than a multi-party system. In the first five years of independence, he consolidated control of the central government, removing the autonomy of Kenya's provinces to prevent the entrenchment of ethnic power bases. He argued that centralised control of the government was needed to deal with the growth in demands for local services and to assist quicker economic development. In 1966, it launched a commission to examine reforms to local government operations, and in 1969 passed the Transfer of Functions Act, which terminated grants to local authorities and transferred major services from provincial to central control.
A major focus for Kenyatta during the first three and a half years of Kenya's independence were the divisions within KANU itself. Opposition to Kenyatta's government grew, particularly following the assassination of Pio Pinto in February 1965. Kenyatta condemned the assassination of the prominent leftist politician, although UK intelligence agencies believed that his own bodyguard had orchestrated the murder. Relations between Kenyatta and Odinga were strained, and at the March 1966 party conference, Odinga's post—that of party vice president—was divided among eight different politicians, greatly limiting his power and ending his position as Kenyatta's automatic successor. Between 1964 and 1966, Kenyatta and other KANU conservatives had been deliberately trying to push Odinga to resign from the party. Under growing pressure, in 1966 Odinga stepped down as state vice president, claiming that Kenya had failed to achieve economic independence and needed to adopt socialist policies. Backed by several other senior KANU figures and trade unionists, he became head of the new Kenya Peoples Union (KPU). In its manifesto, the KPU stated that it would pursue "truly socialist policies" like the nationalisation of public utilities; it claimed Kenyatta's government "want[ed] to build a capitalist system in the image of Western capitalism but are too embarrassed or dishonest to call it that." The KPU were legally recognised as the official opposition, thus restoring the country's two party system.
The new party was a direct challenge to Kenyatta's rule, and he regarded it as a communist-inspired plot to oust him. Soon after the KPU's creation, the Kenyan Parliament amended the constitution to ensure that the defectors—who had originally been elected on the KANU ticket—could not automatically retain their seats and would have to stand for re-election. This resulted in the election of June 1966. The Luo increasingly rallied around the KPU, which experienced localized violence that hindered its ability to campaign, although Kenyatta's government officially disavowed this violence. KANU retained the support of all national newspapers and the government-owned radio and television stations. Of the 29 defectors, only nine were re-elected on the KPU ticket; Odinga was among them, having retained his Central Nyanza seat with a high majority. Odinga was replaced as vice president by Joseph Murumbi, who in turn would be replaced by Moi.
In July 1969, Mboya—a prominent and popular Luo KANU politician—was assassinated by a Kikuyu. Kenyatta had reportedly been concerned that Mboya, with U.S. backing, could remove him from the presidency, and across Kenya there were suspicions voiced that Kenyatta's government was responsible for Mboya's death. The killing sparked tensions between the Kikuyu and other ethnic groups across the country, with riots breaking out in Nairobi. In October 1969, Kenyatta visited Kisumu, located in Luo territory, to open a hospital. On being greeted by a crowd shouting KPU slogans, he lost his temper. When members of the crowd started throwing stones, Kenyatta's bodyguards opened fire on them, killing and wounding several. In response to the rise of KPU, Kenyatta had introduced oathing, a Kikuyu cultural tradition in which individuals came to Gatundu to swear their loyalty to him. Journalists were discouraged from reporting on the oathing system, and several were deported when they tried to do so. Many Kenyans were pressured or forced to swear oaths, something condemned by the country's Christian establishment. In response to the growing condemnation, the oathing was terminated in September 1969, and Kenyatta invited leaders from other ethnic groups to a meeting in Gatundu.
Kenyatta's government resorted to un-democratic measures to restrict the opposition. It used laws on detention and deportation to perpetuate its political hold. In 1966, it passed the Public Security (Detained and Restricted Persons) Regulations, allowing the authorities to arrest and detain anyone "for the preservation of public security" without putting them on trial. In October 1969 the government banned the KPU, and arrested Odinga before putting him under indefinite detainment. With the organised opposition eliminated, from 1969, Kenya was once again a de facto one-party state. The December 1969 general election—in which all candidates were from the ruling KANU—resulted in Kenyatta's government remaining in power, but many members of his government lost their parliamentary seats to rivals from within the party. Over coming years, many other political and intellectual figures considered hostile to Kenyatta's rule were detained or imprisoned, including Seroney, Flomena Chelagat, George Anyona, Martin Shikuku, and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Other political figures who were critical of Kenyatta's administration, including Ronald Ngala and Josiah Mwangi Kariuki, were killed in incidents that many speculated were government assassinations.
Illness and death
For many years, Kenyatta had suffered health problems. He had a mild stroke in 1966, and a second in May 1968. He suffered from gout and heart problems, all of which he sought to keep hidden from the public. By 1970, he was increasingly feeble and senile, and by 1975 Kenyatta had—according to Maloba—"in effect ceased to actively govern". Four Kikuyu politicians—Koinange, James Gichuru, Njoroge Mungai, and Charles Njonjo—formed his inner circle of associates, and he was rarely seen in public without one of them present. This clique faced opposition from KANU back-benchers spearheaded by Josiah Mwangi Kariuki. In March 1975 Kariuki was kidnapped, tortured, and murdered, and his body was dumped in the Ngong Hills. After Kariuki's murder, Maloba noted, there was a "noticeable erosion" of support for Kenyatta and his government. Thenceforth, when the president spoke to crowds, they no longer applauded his statements.
In 1977, Kenyatta had several further strokes or heart attacks. On 22 August 1978, he died of a heart attack in the State House, Mombasa. The Kenyan government had been preparing for Kenyatta's death since at least his 1968 stroke; it had requested British assistance in organising his state funeral as a result of the UK's longstanding experience in this area. McKenzie had been employed as a go-between, and the structure of the funeral was orchestrated to deliberately imitate that of deceased British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. In doing so, senior Kenyans sought to project an image of their country as a modern nation-state rather than one incumbent on tradition. The funeral took place at St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, six days after Kenyatta's death. Britain's heir to the throne, Charles, Prince of Wales, attended the event, a symbol of the value that the British government perceived in its relationship with Kenya. African heads of state also attended, including Nyerere, Idi Amin, Kenneth Kaunda, and Hastings Banda, as did India's Morarji Desai and Pakistan's Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. His body was buried in a mausoleum in the grounds of the Parliament Buildings in Nairobi.
Kenyatta's succession had been an issue of debate since independence, and Kenyatta had not unreservedly nominated a successor. The Kikuyu clique surrounding him had sought to amend the constitution to prevent vice president Moi—who was from the Kalenjin people rather than the Kikuyu—from automatically becoming acting president, but their attempts failed amid sustained popular and parliamentary opposition. After Kenyatta's death, the transition of power proved smooth, surprising many international commentators. As vice president, Moi was sworn in as acting president for a 90-day interim period. In October he was unanimously elected KANU President and subsequently declared President of Kenya itself. Moi emphasised his loyalty to Kenyatta—"I followed and was faithful to him until his last day, even when his closest friends forsook him"—and there was much expectation that he would continue the policies inaugurated by Kenyatta. He nevertheless criticised the corruption, land grabbing, and capitalistic ethos that had characterised Kenyatta's period and expressed populist tendencies by emphasizing a closer link to the poor. In 1982 he would amend the Kenyan constitution to create a de jure one-party state.
Political ideology
Kenyatta was an African nationalist, and was committed to the belief that European colonial rule in Africa must end. Like other anti-colonialists, he believed that under colonialism, the human and natural resources of Africa had been used not for the benefit of Africa's population but for the enrichment of the colonisers and their European homelands. For Kenyatta, independence meant not just self-rule, but an end to the colour bar and to the patronising attitudes and racist slang of Kenya's white minority. According to Murray-Brown, Kenyatta's "basic philosophy" throughout his life was that "all men deserved the right to develop peacefully according to their own wishes". Kenyatta expressed this in his statement that "I have stood always for the purposes of human dignity in freedom, and for the values of tolerance and peace." This approach was similar to the Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda's ideology of "African humanism".
Murray-Brown noted that "Kenyatta had always kept himself free from ideological commitments", while the historian William R. Ochieng observed that "Kenyatta articulated no particular social philosophy". Similarly, Assensoh noted that Kenyatta was "not interested in social philosophies and slogans". Several commentators and biographers described him as being politically conservative, an ideological viewpoint likely bolstered by his training in functionalist anthropology. He pursued, according to Maloba, "a conservatism that worked in concert with imperial powers and was distinctly hostile to radical politics".
Kenyatta biographer Guy Arnold described the Kenyan leader as "a pragmatist and a moderate", noting that his only "radicalism" came in the form of his "nationalist attack" on imperialism. Arnold also noted that Kenyatta "absorbed a great deal of the British approach to politics: pragmatism, only dealing with problems when they become crises, [and] tolerance as long as the other side is only talking". Donald Savage noted that Kenyatta believed in "the importance of authority and tradition", and that he displayed "a remarkably consistent view of development through self-help and hard work". Kenyatta was also an elitist and encouraged the emergence of an elite class in Kenya. He wrestled with a contradiction between his conservative desire for a renewal of traditional custom and his reformist urges to embrace Western modernity. He also faced a contradiction between his internal debates on Kikuyu ethics and belief in tribal identity with his need to create a non-tribalised Kenyan nationalism.
Views on Pan-Africanism and socialism
While in Britain, Kenyatta made political alliances with individuals committed to Marxism and to radical Pan-Africanism, the idea that African countries should politically unify; some commentators have posthumously characterised Kenyatta as a Pan-Africanist. Maloba observed that during the colonial period Kenyatta had embraced "radical Pan African activism" which differed sharply from the "deliberate conservative positions, especially on the question of African liberation" that he espoused while Kenya's leader. As leader of Kenya, Kenyatta published two collected volumes of his speeches: Harambee and Suffering Without Bitterness. The material included in these publications was carefully selected so as to avoid mention of the radicalism he exhibited while in Britain during the 1930s.
Kenyatta had been exposed to Marxist-Leninist ideas through his friendship with Padmore and the time spent in the Soviet Union, but had also been exposed to Western forms of liberal democratic government through his many years in Britain. He appears to have had no further involvement with the communist movement after 1934. As Kenya's leader, Kenyatta rejected the idea that Marxism offered a useful framework for analysing his country's socio-economic situation. The academics Bruce J. Berman and John M. Lonsdale argued that Marxist frameworks for analysing society influenced some of his beliefs, such as his view that British colonialism had to be destroyed rather than simply reformed. Kenyatta nevertheless disagreed with the Marxist attitude that tribalism was backward and retrograde; his positive attitude toward tribal society frustrated some of Kenyatta's Marxist Pan-Africanist friends in Britain, among them Padmore, James, and T. Ras Makonnen, who regarded it as parochial and un-progressive.
Assensoh suggested that Kenyatta initially had socialist inclinations but "became a victim of capitalist circumstances"; conversely, Savage stated that "Kenyatta's direction was hardly towards the creation of a radical new socialist society", and Ochieng called him "an African capitalist". When in power, Kenyatta displayed a preoccupation with individual and mbari land rights that were at odds with any socialist-oriented collectivisation. According to Maloba, Kenyatta's government "sought to project capitalism as an African ideology, and communism (or socialism) as alien and dangerous".
Personality and personal life
Kenyatta was a flamboyant character, with an extroverted personality. According to Murray-Brown, he "liked being at the centre of life", and was always "a rebel at heart" who enjoyed "earthly pleasures". One of Kenyatta's fellow LSE students, Elspeth Huxley, referred to him as "a showman to his finger tips; jovial, a good companion, shrewd, fluent, quick, devious, subtle, [and] flesh-pot loving". Kenyatta liked to dress elaborately; throughout most of his adult life, he wore finger rings and while studying at university in London took to wearing a fez and cloak and carrying a silver-topped black cane. He adopted his surname, "Kenyatta", after the name of a beaded belt he often wore in early life. As President he collected a variety of expensive cars.
Murray-Brown noted that Kenyatta had the ability to "appear all things to all men", also displaying a "consummate ability to keep his true purposes and abilities to himself", for instance concealing his connections with communists and the Soviet Union both from members of the British Labour Party and from Kikuyu figures at home. This deviousness was sometimes interpreted as dishonesty by those who met him. Referring to Kenyatta's appearance in 1920s Kenya, Murray-Brown stated the leader presented himself to Europeans as "an agreeable if somewhat seedy 'Europeanized' native" and to indigenous Africans as "a sophisticated man-about-town about whose political earnestness they had certain reservations".
Simon Gikandi argued that Kenyatta, like some of his contemporaries in the Pan-African movement, was an "Afro-Victorian", someone whose identity had been shaped "by the culture of colonialism and colonial institutions", especially those of the Victorian era. During the 1920s and 1930s, Kenyatta cultivated the image of a "colonial gentleman"; in England, he displayed "pleasant manners" and a flexible attitude in adapting to urban situations dissimilar to the lands he had grown up in. A. R. Barlow, a member of the Church of Scotland Mission at Kikuyu, met with Kenyatta in Britain, later relating that he was impressed by how Kenyatta could "mix on equal terms with Europeans and to hold his end up in spite of his handicaps, educationally and socially." The South African Peter Abrahams met Kenyatta in London, noting that of all the black men involved in the city's Pan-Africanist movement, he was "the most relaxed, sophisticated and 'westernized' of the lot of us". As President, Kenyatta often reminisced nostalgically about his time in England, referring to it as "home" on several occasions. Berman and Lonsdale described his life as being preoccupied with "a search for the reconciliation of the Western modernity he embraced and an equally valued Kikuyuness he could not discard". Gikandi argued that Kenyatta's "identification with Englishness was much more profound than both his friends and enemies have been willing to admit".
Kenyatta has also been described as a talented orator, author, and editor. He had dictatorial and autocratic tendencies, as well as a fierce temper that could emerge as rage on occasion. Murray-Brown noted that Kenyatta could be "quite unscrupulous, even brutal" in using others to get what he wanted, but he never displayed any physical cruelty or nihilism. Kenyatta had no racist impulses regarding white Europeans, as can, for instance, be seen through his marriage to a white English woman. He told his daughter "the English are wonderful people to live with in England." He welcomed white support for his cause, so long as it was generous and unconditional, and spoke of a Kenya in which indigenous Africans, Europeans, Arabs, and Indians could all regard themselves as Kenyans, working and living alongside each other peacefully. Despite this, Kenyatta exhibited a general dislike of Indians, believing that they exploited indigenous Africans in Kenya.
Kenyatta was a polygamist. He viewed monogamy through an anthropological lens as an interesting Western phenomenon but did not adopt the practice himself, instead having sexual relations with a wide range of women throughout his life. Murray-Brown characterized Kenyatta as an "affectionate father" to his children, but one who was frequently absent. Kenyatta had two children from his first marriage with Grace Wahu: son Peter Muigai Kenyatta (born 1920), who later became a deputy minister; and daughter Margaret Kenyatta (born 1928). Margaret served as mayor of Nairobi between 1970 and 1976 and then as Kenya's ambassador to the United Nations from 1976 to 1986. Of these children, it was Margaret who was Kenyatta's closest confidante.
During his trial, Kenyatta described himself as a Christian saying, "I do not follow any particular denomination. I believe in Christianity as a whole." Arnold stated that in England, Kenyatta's adherence to Christianity was "desultory". While in London, Kenyatta had taken an interest in the atheist speakers at Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park, while an Irish Muslim friend had unsuccessfully urged Kenyatta to convert to Islam. During his imprisonment, Kenyatta read up on Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism through books supplied to him by Stock. The Israeli diplomat Asher Naim visited him in this period, noting that although Kenyatta was "not a religious man, he was appreciative of the Bible". Despite portraying himself as a Christian, he found the attitudes of many European missionaries intolerable, in particular their readiness to see everything African as evil. In Facing Mount Kenya, he challenged the missionaries' dismissive attitude toward ancestor veneration, which he instead preferred to call "ancestor communion". In that book's dedication, Kenyatta invoked "ancestral spirits" as part of "the Fight for African Freedom."
Legacy
Within Kenya, Kenyatta came to be regarded as the "Father of the Nation", and was given the unofficial title of Mzee, a Swahili term meaning "grand old man". From 1963 until his death, a cult of personality surrounded him in the country, one which deliberately interlinked Kenyan nationalism with Kenyatta's own personality. This use of Kenyatta as a popular symbol of the nation itself was furthered by the similarities between their names. He came to be regarded as a father figure not only by Kikuyu and Kenyans, but by Africans more widely.
After 1963, Maloba noted, Kenyatta became "about the most admired post-independence African leader" on the world stage, one who Western countries hailed as a "beloved elder statesman." His opinions were "most valued" both by conservative African politicians and by Western leaders. On becoming Kenya's leader, his anti-communist positions gained favour in the West, and some pro-Western governments gave him awards; in 1965 he, for instance, received medals from both Pope Paul VI and from the South Korean government.
In 1974, Arnold referred to Kenyatta as "one of the outstanding African leaders now living", someone who had become "synonymous with Kenya". He added that Kenyatta had been "one of the shrewdest politicians" on the continent, regarded as "one of the great architects of African nationalist achievement since 1945". Kenneth O. Nyangena characterised him as "one of the greatest men of the twentieth century", having been "a beacon, a rallying point for suffering Kenyans to fight for their rights, justice and freedom" whose "brilliance gave strength and aspiration to people beyond the boundaries of Kenya". In 2018, Maloba described him as "one of the legendary pioneers of modern African nationalism". In their examination of his writings, Berman and Lonsdale described him as a "pioneer" for being one of the first Kikuyu to write and publish; "his representational achievement was unique".
Domestic influence and posthumous assessment
Maxon noted that in the areas of health and education, Kenya under Kenyatta "achieved more in a decade and a half than the colonial state had accomplished in the preceding six decades." By the time of Kenyatta's death, Kenya had gained higher life expectancy rates than most of Sub-Saharan Africa. There had been an expansion in primary, secondary, and higher education, and the country had taken what Maxon called "giant steps" toward achieving its goal of universal primary education for Kenyan children. Another significant success had been in dismantling the colonial-era system of racial segregation in schools, public facilities, and social clubs peacefully and with minimal disruption.
During much of his life, Kenya's white settlers had regarded Kenyatta as a malcontent and an agitator; for them, he was a figure of hatred and fear. As noted by Arnold, "no figure in the whole of British Africa, with the possible exception of [Nkrumah], excited among the settlers and the colonial authorities alike so many expressions of anger, denigration and fury as did Kenyatta." As the historian Keith Kyle put it, for many whites Kenyatta was "Satan Incarnate". This white animosity reached its apogee between 1950 and 1952. By 1964, this image had largely shifted, and many white settlers referred to him as "Good Old Mzee". Murray-Brown expressed the view that for many, Kenyatta's "message of reconciliation, 'to forgive and forget', was perhaps his greatest contribution to his country and to history."
To Ochieng, Kenyatta was "a personification of conservative social forces and tendencies" in Kenya. Towards the end of his presidency, many younger Kenyans—while respecting Kenyatta's role in attaining independence—regarded him as a reactionary. Those desiring a radical transformation of Kenyan society often compared Kenyatta's Kenya unfavourably with its southern neighbour, Julius Nyerere's Tanzania. The criticisms that leftists like Odinga made of Kenyatta's leadership were similar to those that the intellectual Frantz Fanon had made of post-colonial leaders throughout Africa. Drawing upon Marxist theory, Jay O'Brien, for instance, argued that Kenyatta had come to power "as a representative of a would-be bourgeoisie", a coalition of "relatively privileged petty bourgeois African elements" who wanted simply to replace the British colonialists and "Asian commercial bourgeoisie" with themselves. He suggested that the British supported Kenyatta in this, seeing him as a bulwark against growing worker and peasant militancy who would ensure continued neo-colonial dominance.
Providing a similar leftist critique, the Marxist writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o stated that "here was a black Moses who had been called by history to lead his people to the promised land of no exploitation, no oppression, but who failed to rise to the occasion". Ngũgĩ saw Kenyatta as a "twentieth-century tragic figure: he could have been a Lenin, a Mao Zedong, or a Ho Chi Minh; but he ended up being a Chiang Kai-shek, a Park Chung Hee, or a Pinochet." Ngũgĩ was among Kenyan critics who claimed that Kenyatta treated Mau Mau veterans dismissively, leaving many of them impoverished and landless while seeking to remove them from the centre stage of national politics. In other areas Kenyatta's government also faced criticism; it for instance made little progress in advancing women's rights in Kenya.
Assensoh argued that in his life story, Kenyatta had a great deal in common with Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah. Simon Gikandi noted that Kenyatta, like Nkrumah, was remembered for "initiating the discourse and process that plotted the narrative of African freedom", but at the same time both were "often remembered for their careless institution of presidential rule, one party dictatorship, ethnicity and cronyism. They are remembered both for making the dream of African independence a reality and for their invention of postcolonial authoritarianism."
In 1991, the Kenyan lawyer and human rights activist Gibson Kamau Kuria noted that in abolishing the federal system, banning independent candidates from standing in elections, setting up a unicameral legislature, and relaxing restrictions on the use of emergency powers, Kenyatta had laid "the groundwork" for Moi to further advance dictatorial power in Kenya during the late 1970s and 1980s.
In its 2013 report, the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya accused Kenyatta of using his authority as president to allocate large tracts of land to himself and his family across Kenya. The Kenyatta family is among Kenya's biggest landowners.
During the 1990s, there was still much frustration among tribal groups, namely in the Nandi, Nakuru, Uasin-Gishu, and Trans-Nzoia Districts, where under Kenyatta's government they had not regained the land taken by European settlers and more of it had been sold to those regarded as "foreigners"—Kenyans from other tribes. Among these groups there were widespread calls for restitution and in 1991 and 1992 there were violent attacks against many of those who obtained land through Kenyatta's patronage in these areas. The violence continued sporadically until 1996, with an estimated 1500 killed and 300,000 displaced in the Rift Valley.
Bibliography
Notes
References
Footnotes
Sources
Further reading
External links
A 1964 newsreel from British Pathe of Kenyatta's swearing in as President of Kenya
|-
|-
|-
1890s births
1978 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
People from Kiambu County
Kenyan Presbyterians
Kikuyu people
Kenya African National Union politicians
Alumni of University College London
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Anti-imperialism
Converts to Christianity
Kenyan anti-communists
Kenyan expatriates in the United Kingdom
Kenyan prisoners and detainees
Kenyan writers
Kenyan male writers
Kenyan pan-Africanists
Operation Entebbe
Postcolonial theorists
Presidents of Kenya
Prime Ministers of Kenya
Jomo
Members of the Legislative Council of Kenya
Kenyan independence activists
Articles containing video clips
People from Storrington
Burials in Kenya |
```powershell
function Test-LabPathIsOnLabAzureLabSourcesStorage
{
[CmdletBinding()]
param
(
[Parameter(Mandatory)]
[string]$Path
)
if (-not (Test-LabHostConnected)) { return $false }
try
{
if (Test-LabAzureLabSourcesStorage)
{
$azureLabSources = Get-LabAzureLabSourcesStorage
return $Path -like "$($azureLabSources.Path)*"
}
else
{
return $false
}
}
catch
{
return $false
}
}
``` |
```smalltalk
using System;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace UnityEngine.Analytics.Tests
{
public partial class AnalyticsEventTests
{
[Test]
public void LevelSkip_LevelIndexTest(
[Values(-1, 0, 1)] int levelIndex
)
{
Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => m_Result = AnalyticsEvent.LevelSkip(levelIndex));
EvaluateAnalyticsResult(m_Result);
}
[Test]
public void LevelSkip_LevelNameTest(
[Values("test_level", "", null)] string levelName
)
{
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(levelName))
{
Assert.Throws<ArgumentException>(() => AnalyticsEvent.LevelSkip(levelName));
}
else
{
Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => m_Result = AnalyticsEvent.LevelSkip(levelName));
EvaluateAnalyticsResult(m_Result);
}
}
// [Test]
// public void LevelSkip_LevelIndex_LevelNameTest (
// [Values(-1, 0, 1)] int levelIndex,
// [Values("test_level", "", null)] string levelName
// )
// {
// Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => m_Result = AnalyticsEvent.LevelSkip(levelIndex, levelName));
// EvaluateAnalyticsResult(m_Result);
// }
[Test]
public void LevelSkip_CustomDataTest()
{
var levelIndex = 0;
var levelName = "test_level";
Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => m_Result = AnalyticsEvent.LevelSkip(levelName, m_CustomData));
EvaluateCustomData(m_CustomData);
EvaluateAnalyticsResult(m_Result);
Assert.DoesNotThrow(() => m_Result = AnalyticsEvent.LevelSkip(levelIndex, m_CustomData));
EvaluateCustomData(m_CustomData);
EvaluateAnalyticsResult(m_Result);
}
}
}
``` |
```go
package sshfx
import (
"encoding"
"sync"
)
// ExtendedData aliases the untyped interface composition of encoding.BinaryMarshaler and encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler.
type ExtendedData = interface {
encoding.BinaryMarshaler
encoding.BinaryUnmarshaler
}
// ExtendedDataConstructor defines a function that returns a new(ArbitraryExtendedPacket).
type ExtendedDataConstructor func() ExtendedData
var extendedPacketTypes = struct {
mu sync.RWMutex
constructors map[string]ExtendedDataConstructor
}{
constructors: make(map[string]ExtendedDataConstructor),
}
// RegisterExtendedPacketType defines a specific ExtendedDataConstructor for the given extension string.
func RegisterExtendedPacketType(extension string, constructor ExtendedDataConstructor) {
extendedPacketTypes.mu.Lock()
defer extendedPacketTypes.mu.Unlock()
if _, exist := extendedPacketTypes.constructors[extension]; exist {
panic("encoding/ssh/filexfer: multiple registration of extended packet type " + extension)
}
extendedPacketTypes.constructors[extension] = constructor
}
func newExtendedPacket(extension string) ExtendedData {
extendedPacketTypes.mu.RLock()
defer extendedPacketTypes.mu.RUnlock()
if f := extendedPacketTypes.constructors[extension]; f != nil {
return f()
}
return new(Buffer)
}
// ExtendedPacket defines the SSH_FXP_CLOSE packet.
type ExtendedPacket struct {
ExtendedRequest string
Data ExtendedData
}
// Type returns the SSH_FXP_xy value associated with this packet type.
func (p *ExtendedPacket) Type() PacketType {
return PacketTypeExtended
}
// MarshalPacket returns p as a two-part binary encoding of p.
//
// The Data is marshaled into binary, and returned as the payload.
func (p *ExtendedPacket) MarshalPacket(reqid uint32, b []byte) (header, payload []byte, err error) {
buf := NewBuffer(b)
if buf.Cap() < 9 {
size := 4 + len(p.ExtendedRequest) // string(extended-request)
buf = NewMarshalBuffer(size)
}
buf.StartPacket(PacketTypeExtended, reqid)
buf.AppendString(p.ExtendedRequest)
if p.Data != nil {
payload, err = p.Data.MarshalBinary()
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
}
return buf.Packet(payload)
}
// UnmarshalPacketBody unmarshals the packet body from the given Buffer.
// It is assumed that the uint32(request-id) has already been consumed.
//
// If p.Data is nil, and the extension has been registered, a new type will be made from the registration.
// If the extension has not been registered, then a new Buffer will be allocated.
// Then the request-specific-data will be unmarshaled from the rest of the buffer.
func (p *ExtendedPacket) UnmarshalPacketBody(buf *Buffer) (err error) {
p.ExtendedRequest = buf.ConsumeString()
if buf.Err != nil {
return buf.Err
}
if p.Data == nil {
p.Data = newExtendedPacket(p.ExtendedRequest)
}
return p.Data.UnmarshalBinary(buf.Bytes())
}
// ExtendedReplyPacket defines the SSH_FXP_CLOSE packet.
type ExtendedReplyPacket struct {
Data ExtendedData
}
// Type returns the SSH_FXP_xy value associated with this packet type.
func (p *ExtendedReplyPacket) Type() PacketType {
return PacketTypeExtendedReply
}
// MarshalPacket returns p as a two-part binary encoding of p.
//
// The Data is marshaled into binary, and returned as the payload.
func (p *ExtendedReplyPacket) MarshalPacket(reqid uint32, b []byte) (header, payload []byte, err error) {
buf := NewBuffer(b)
if buf.Cap() < 9 {
buf = NewMarshalBuffer(0)
}
buf.StartPacket(PacketTypeExtendedReply, reqid)
if p.Data != nil {
payload, err = p.Data.MarshalBinary()
if err != nil {
return nil, nil, err
}
}
return buf.Packet(payload)
}
// UnmarshalPacketBody unmarshals the packet body from the given Buffer.
// It is assumed that the uint32(request-id) has already been consumed.
//
// If p.Data is nil, and there is request-specific-data,
// then the request-specific-data will be wrapped in a Buffer and assigned to p.Data.
func (p *ExtendedReplyPacket) UnmarshalPacketBody(buf *Buffer) (err error) {
if p.Data == nil {
p.Data = new(Buffer)
}
return p.Data.UnmarshalBinary(buf.Bytes())
}
``` |
The Blue Line, also known as Route 202, is a light rail transit (LRT) line in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Partnered with the Red Line, and future Green Line it makes up Calgary's CTrain network. Following its initial approval in 1976, the Red Line opened in 1981, with the first trains running on what is now the Blue Line in 1985.
History
Origin
The concept of a light rail transit system (LRT) was approved in 1976 by the City of Calgary, with the first section running from Anderson Road in the southwest, northbound, and into downtown, opening in 1981. Originally planned for 40,000 passengers per day, this initial section quickly achieved its designed ridership and is now part of the Red Line. Based on the success of the Anderson-downtown section, the city approved a second route which would head northwest towards the University of Calgary and the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology. Opposition to the routing through the neighborhood of Sunnyside resulted in a switch of priority to the northeast, in what would become the Blue Line. The median of some main roads had already been allocated to serve as the right of way for what would become the CTrain's Blue Line, and the first section opened in 1985, before the originally proposed northwestern expansion. Both lines share a right-of-way through the downtown core.
Northeast expansion
The Blue Line's first expansion was to McKnight–Westwinds station in 2007. with Martindale station and Saddletowne (the current terminus) opening in 2012.
Western expansion
In February 2008 the Western expansion of the CTrain began, extending the line from downtown towards 69 Street SW, and adding an additional six stations. The Western expansion opened at the end of 2012, ahead of the planned 2013 opening.
Capacity upgrade
Up until the completion of the Red Line's Fish Creek–Lacombe station, all platforms for the CTrain were originally designed to service three-car trains, although there had been enough space allotted to allow four-car trains. Beginning in 2007 construction on station platforms began to expand the entire network to allow four-car trains, with the project being completed in 2017 for CA$300 million. In 2017, Calgary Transit began running four-car trains on the Blue Line. The increase from three-car trains realized an additional capacity of 200 passengers per trip.
Stations and route
Starting at 69 Street station, the Blue line runs along 17 Avenue SW, crossing Sarcee Trail, passes briefly underground towards Westbrook Mall, and then follows along Bow Trail. The line then continues to Downtown Calgary where it shares a right of way with the Red Line along 7 Avenue S. The two lines diverge after City Hall station, where it turns north to cross the Bow River, and runs along the median of Memorial Drive, crossing Deerfoot Trail (Highway 2), to 36 Street NE, where it turns northbound, continuing within the median of 36 Street NE, crossing 16 Avenue NE (Highway 1 / Trans-Canada Highway), and McKnight Boulevard. After McKnight Boulevard, 36 Street NE turns to Métis Trail, and the Blue Line passes under a bridge in the northbound lane running parallel to the road until Martindale station, at which point it turns northeast to its terminus at Saddletowne station.
Future expansion
Northeast leg
The city of Calgary published a study in 2012 describing a extension for the northeast leg of the Blue Line beyond the existing terminus at Saddletowne station, to run north along the west side of 60 Street NE, continuing west along the north side of 128 Avenue NE, then running north along the west side of 32 Street NE. One at-grade crossing would be created at 60 St and 88 Ave; the route would be grade-separated at the crossings of Airport Trail (above grade), Country Hills Blvd (below grade), 128 Ave (below), and Metis Trail (above). The study included four stations:
88 Avenue: an at-grade station at 88 Avenue NE and 60 Street NE, with 500 park and ride stalls
Country Hills Boulevard: a below-grade station at Country Hills Boulevard and 60 Street NE
128 Avenue: an at-grade station at 128 Avenue NE and Redstone Street, with 200 parking spaces
Stoney Trail: the terminal at-grade station at 32 Street NE and Barlow Crescent, with 100 parking spaces
The four stations were studied with side-loading platforms, but the proposed terminal station at Stoney Trail would have sufficient space for a centre-loading platform. of tail tracks for LRV storage would be built north of the Stoney Trail station. By 2017, the proposed northeast leg extension had been truncated to three stations (ending at 128 Ave) and . However, the project is not included in the City's mobility plan and has yet to be funded.
The same 2012 study included concepts to provide transit connections from Calgary International Airport to either Saddletowne or the proposed 88 Ave station using light rail, tram, or bus services. The potential airport connector rail line along Airport Trail could be extended further west to connect with the proposed Green Line north-central leg, specifically at the future 96th Ave N station.
West leg
An extension west from the current terminus at 69 Street to a future station at Aspen Woods has been planned but not funded. The Aspen Woods station would be at approximately the intersection of 17 Avenue and 85 Street SW.
See also
Red Line (Calgary)
Green Line (Calgary)
References
CTrain
Railway lines opened in 1985
1985 in Alberta
Rapid transit lines in Canada |
```php
<?php
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
class AlterLeadsTableSupportQualified extends Migration
{
/**
* Run the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function up()
{
Schema::table('leads', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->boolean("qualified")->index()->after("user_created_id")->default(false);
$table->string("result")->after("qualified")->nullable();
$table->integer('invoice_id')->unsigned()->nullable()->after("result");
$table->foreign('invoice_id')->references('id')->on('invoices')->onDelete('cascade');
});
}
/**
* Reverse the migrations.
*
* @return void
*/
public function down()
{
Schema::table('leads', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->dropColumn('qualified');
$table->dropColumn('result');
$table->dropColumn('invoice_id');
});
}
}
``` |
This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in the state of Nebraska.
Most African American publishing has been concentrated in the city of Omaha, which was home to about half of the state's African American population in the 19th century, and 70-80% in the 20th century. Some have also been published in Lincoln, home to a much smaller African American community.
The state's first known African American newspaper was the short-lived Western Post of Hastings, founded in 1876. The first commercially successful newspapers were established in the 1890s. By far the most successful and longest-lived of Nebraska's African American newspapers has been the Omaha Star, which was founded in 1938 and continues in operation today.
Newspapers
See also
African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska
List of African American newspapers and media outlets
List of African American newspapers in Colorado
List of African American newspapers in Iowa
List of African American newspapers in Kansas
List of African American newspapers in Missouri
List of newspapers in Nebraska
Works cited
References
Elsewhere online
"A history of African American newspapers in North Omaha," by Adam Fletcher Sasse for NorthOmahaHistory.com.
Newspapers
Nebraska
African American
African American newspapers |
Cape Vik () is a cape marking the west side of the entrance to Marshall Bay on the south coast of Coronation Island, in the South Orkney Islands. The cape appears to be first shown and named on a chart made by the Norwegian whaler Captain Petter Sorlle in 1912–13.
Maling Peak is just northwest of the cape.
Coronation Island
Headlands of the South Orkney Islands |
Ernest J. McLean (March 23, 1925 – February 24, 2012) was an American rhythm and blues and jazz guitarist.
Career
Born in New Orleans, McLean was the son of musician Richard McLean, who played banjo in a government music project band, and his wife Beatrice. He began learning guitar at the age of 11. After the end of World War II, he joined Dave Bartholomew's band. The band featured drummer Earl Palmer and saxophonists Lee Allen, Herb Hardesty and Red Tyler, and became the best-known in New Orleans. They performed on many recordings, notably those made at Cosimo Matassa's studio. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, McLean was featured on many of the most successful and influential recordings of the era, including Fats Domino's "The Fat Man", Lloyd Price's "Lawdy Miss Clawdy", and recordings by Shirley and Lee, Little Richard and Smiley Lewis.
In the late 1950s, encouraged by his friend Scatman Crothers, McLean followed bandmate Earl Palmer to Los Angeles, where he began working in Earl Bostic's band. In the early 1960s he was hired by Walt Disney to perform at Disneyland. There he played jazz standards and regularly performed in the New Orleans Square for the next 35 years. He also played on occasional recording sessions for Lou Rawls, Sonny and Cher, and Screamin' Jay Hawkins, most notably featuring on Dr. John's debut album Gris-Gris recorded in 1967 on which he played guitar and mandolin, an instrument he had never previously played.
In 2010, he took part in a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame tribute to Dave Bartholomew at Case Western University. He died in Los Angeles in 2012 at the age of 86.
References
1925 births
2012 deaths
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
African-American guitarists
American rhythm and blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American jazz guitarists
New Orleans Square (Disneyland)
21st-century Canadian politicians
Guitarists from Louisiana
20th-century American guitarists
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American male musicians |
Dear Wife is a 1949 comedy film starring Joan Caulfield and William Holden. It is the sequel to Dear Ruth, which was based on the Broadway play of the same name by Norman Krasna.
Plot
Miriam Wilkins is a teenage girl who is campaigning for her brother-in-law Bill Seacroft to be elected to the state senate, but without his knowledge. Bill is a middle-aged war veteran who works at a bank and is frustrated by having to live with his wife Ruth's family. Bill wants to be more independent and stand on his own two feet.
Ruth's father, Judge Harry Wilkins, has already been nominated for state senator. The Wilkins family is shock to learn that Bill will run against him in the election. Harry comes to terms with the situation, believing his chances of winning considerable, but is upset when Miriam calls him a political "fathead" in a local newspaper article.
As the two campaigns begin, Ruth becomes jealous of Tommy Murphy, Bill's beautiful female campaign manager. Harry hires Albert Krummer, Ruth's former fiancé and Bill's current boss, as his campaign manager. The conflict between the two camps deepens. Albert, still in love with Ruth, seeks to inflame the rising conflict between Ruth and Bill.
Bill begins to take his campaign seriously and publicly airs his views on Harry's policy concerning a new local airport. Bill states that the airport would force many city residents out of their homes. Miriam uses her influence as secretary of the Civic Betterment Committee to arrange a live radio broadcast in support of Bill's campaign. The broadcast is a complete disaster and throws everyone into conflict. By the end of the broadcast, Bill and Ruth have separated because she stubbornly refuses to join him and move out of the family house. Harry disapproves of the separation, and he later informs Bill of a duplex that Ruth is showing in her new job as a real-estate agent.
Taking his father-in-law's advice, Bill rents the duplex, which is located in another district. He and Ruth almost reunite, but she refuses to move in with him because she is still too jealous of Bill's campaign manager Tommy. Bill's relationship with Tommy is strictly business, but she admits to Bill that she has fallen for him. He rejects her advances, but it is too late. Ruth accepts a new job in Chicago and plans to move there. Miriam wishes to reunite the couple, and as she has just had a fight with her boyfriend Ziggy, she convinces Bill to take her to a dance.
Ruth is already on her way to the railway station with Albert, who hopes to renew their relationship. Harry arranges for the police to arrest Albert because of his car's bad brakes. Albert and Ruth are brought into court, and Harry insists that they remain in town for the trial, which will not be heard until next week. Bill and Albert meet at the dance, and Albert informs Bill that he has been disqualified as a candidate because he moved to another district. Harry's sponsor announces that a piece of land will be donated to any homeowner displaced by the new airport.
When Harry wins the senate race, the political conflict is resolved. Bill fights with Albert at the dance and punches him for interfering with his marriage. Meanwhile, Harry lectures Ruth about her duties as a wife. Ruth and Bill finally reunite. Miriam secretly starts a new petition to nominate Bill for state senator.
Cast
Edward Arnold as Judge Wilkins
Mary Philips as Mrs. Edie Wilkins
Mona Freeman as Miriam Wilkins
Joan Caulfield as Ruth Wilkins then Seacroft
William Holden as Bill Seacroft
Billy De Wolfe as Albert Kummer
Arleen Whelan as Tommy Murphy
Production
In 1945, Paramount paid a record $400,000 for the film rights to the hit play Dear Ruth. This included the right to use the characters in a sequel. In December 1947, the studio announced the sequel, featuring many of the original cast. Arthur Sheekman, who co-wrote Dear Ruth, and N. Richard Nash were assigned to write the script and Richard Maibaum was to direct. However, Maibaum produced the film, and Richard Haydn, who appears in a small role in the film billed as Stanley Stayle, directed.
Filming began in early 1949 when William Holden became free after the screen adaptation of Thomas Savage's book Lona Hanson was shelved.
Reception
Dear Wife was screened for preview audiences on December 31, 1949 and premiered in New York on February 1, 1950 at the Paramount Theatre with an accompanying stage show featuring actress Celeste Holm. On March 2, the film began its run at Paramount's Hollywood and downtown Los Angeles theaters.
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Thomas M. Pryor wrote: "As sequels go, the new picture is most unusual for it is every bit as enjoyable and racy as its progenitor. This spectator had a good time all the way and so apparently did the audience".
Reviewing the film in the Los Angeles Times, John L. Scott wrote: "'Dear Wife' is pleasant to take although, when you review it, there really isn't much to the story. It's for the family trade and should hit its stride in the neighborhoods".
References
External links
1949 films
1949 comedy films
American black-and-white films
American comedy films
American sequel films
Paramount Pictures films
1950s English-language films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
1950s American films |
Stanley Diamond (January 4, 1922 in New York City, NY – March 31, 1991 in New York City, NY) was an American poet and anthropologist. As a young man, he identified as a poet, and his disdain for the fascism of the 1930s greatly influenced his thinking. Diamond was a professor at several universities, spending most of his career at The New School. He wrote several books and founded Dialectical Anthropology, a Marxist anthropology journal, in 1975.
Early life
Diamond was born into a progressive and intellectual middle-class Jewish family in New York City. His family had strong ties to the city's Yiddish community, and his grandfather had founded a Yiddish theater. However, he rarely discussed secular or religious Judaism in his work, and a biographer characterized his tone when discussing Judaism as "dismissive, even bitter."
Diamond was interested in African-Americans' civil rights at a young age, writing about the topic as early as age fourteen. As a young man, he befriended an African-American artist whom he admired, and they remained close. While he was serving with the British army in North Africa, he met soldiers who had been sold by their tribal chiefs to the South African military. Diamond attributes his social justice values to his early experiences: "Being a Jew I always tie the two things together, that is, the persecution of Jews and the persecution of Africans and African-Americans were twin horrors of civilization. I suppose it goes back, then, to the question of social conscientiousness and social conscience."
Education
Diamond attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and then New York University, graduating from the latter with a B.A. degree in English and philosophy. At the outbreak of World War II, Diamond joined the British Army Field Service and served in North Africa. Like many veterans of his generation, he went to graduate school on the G.I. Bill. And, in 1951, received a Ph.D. degree in anthropology from Columbia University, where he was greatly influenced by the anti-racism writing of Franz Boas. Supporting Diamond's Ph.D.-degree was his unpublished dissertation "Dahomey: A Proto-State in West Africa" (1951).
Career
After graduation, his first teaching position was at the University of California at Los Angeles, but, as a result of denouncing the McCarthyist politics of that era and on a politically divided campus, he was dismissed and found that no other university was willing to hire him for the next three years. It was during this period that he conducted his first ethnographic fieldwork, which took him in the 1950s to an Israeli kibbutz and a nearby Arab mountain village. On his return to the United States, he taught at Brandeis University from 1956 to 1961. At Brandeis, Diamond became very close to Paul Radin and organized a Festschrift for that notable student of Franz Boas.
In the 1960s, Diamond was a member of the research team, the first to study schizophrenia from a cultural perspective, at the National Institute of Mental Health. After a professorship at the Maxwell Graduate Faculty at Syracuse University, he moved to The New School for Social Research in 1966, where he founded The New School's anthropology program. Within a few years, the program developed into the first critical department of anthropology in the U.S., where Diamond served as the department chair until 1983. He became the Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Humanities at The New School and also Poet in the University. Diamond later taught as visiting professor in Berlin and Mexico and at Bard College.
As an ethnographer and social critic and in addition to conducting research in Israel, he was active among the Anaguta of the Jos Plateau in Nigeria during the last years of British colonial rule; among the Seneca Nation of upstate New York; and in Biafra during the 1967-1970 Biafran War, when he advocated for Biafran independence. Diamond is also known for having founded social-science journal Dialectical Anthropology in 1976.
His published books are several volumes of poetry, including Totems and Going West and a collection of essays called In Search of the Primitive: A Critique of Civilization (1974).
In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
In memoriam in the journal which he founded, his legacy was recognized thus: "Diamond was one of the first anthropologists to insist that researchers both acknowledge and confront power relations, often colonial and neocolonial, that form the context of their work. His sympathetic portrayal of the Arab mountain villages, and analysis of psychodynamics on the Israeli kibbutz — as stemming from an incomplete critique of shtetl life — was as much against the grain of contemporary research then as it is today. His concern for countering racism found its way into a number of trenchant popular and scholarly writings and, always, in his teaching" (Dialectical Anthropology, vol. 16, p. 105, 1991).
Diamond died of liver cancer on March 31, 1991, at the age of 69.
Major publications
Culture in History, Columbia University Press, 1960.
Primitive Views of the World, Columbia University Press, 1964.
Music of the Jos Plateau and Other Regions of Nigeria (audio recording), Folkways Records, 1966.
The Transformation of East Africa: Studies in political anthropology (Stanley Diamond and Fred G. Burke, editors), Basic Books, 1967.
Anthropological Perspectives on Education (Murray L. Wax, Stanley Diamond, and Fred O. Gearing, editors), Basic Books, 1971.
In Search of the Primitive: A Critique of Civilization, Transaction Books, 1974.
Toward a Marxist Anthropology: Problems and Perspectives, Mouton, 1979.
Anthropology: Ancestors and Heirs (Stanley Diamond, editor), Mouton, 1980.
Culture in History: Essays in Honor of Paul Radin (Stanley Diamond, editor), Octagon Books, 1981.
Dahomey: Transition and Conflict in State Formation, Bergin & Garvey, 1983,
Paul Radin. In: Sydel Silverman (Editor) Totems and Teachers: Key Figures in the History of Anthropology. Alta Mira, 2003, S. 51–73,
Notes
References
"Stanley Diamond: In Memoriam," Dialectical Anthropology, vol. 16, no. 2 (June, 1991), pp. 105–106.
External links
The African Activist Archive Project website includes the pamphlet NIGERIA Model of a Colonial Failure by Stanley Diamond published by the American Committee on Africa in 1967.
1922 births
1991 deaths
American ethnographers
American tax resisters
Cultural anthropologists
Jewish American social scientists
Jewish socialists
Jewish anthropologists
20th-century American anthropologists
Jewish American poets
American male poets
Jewish anti-fascists
American Jewish anti-racism activists
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
New York University alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Brandeis University faculty
The New School faculty
British Army personnel of World War II
Jewish American military personnel
Victims of McCarthyism
American anti–Vietnam War activists
Activists for African-American civil rights
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state) |
Kirby Hall is a house in Castle Hedingham, Braintree, Essex.
History
It was originally the home of John de Vere (–1624), eldest brother of Horace and Francis. They were members of a junior branch of the de Vere family and their first cousin was Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, the owner of Hedingham Castle. In the 18th century it was the residence of Peter Muilman (1706-1790), a Dutch merchant, antiquary and father of the MP and antiquary Trench Chiswell. A view of the house features on a medal Muilman had struck to commemorate his fortieth wedding anniversary. It was Grade II listed on 7 August 1952 and is now a significant local farmhouse.
References
Grade II listed buildings in Essex
Buildings and structures in Braintree District |
John Hayden may refer to:
Jack Hayden (baseball) (1880–1942), American baseball player
Jack Hayden (politician) (born c. 1950), Canadian politician
John Hayden (ice hockey) (born 1995), American ice hockey player
John Hayden (Medal of Honor) (1863–1934), American sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
John Louis Hayden (1866–1936), American brigadier general
John Hayden (NASCAR) in 2006 NASCAR Busch Series
John Michael Hayden (born 1984), American soccer player and coach
John Patrick Hayden (1863–1954), Irish nationalist politician and MP
John Hayden (bishop) (born 1940), British retired Anglican bishop
Mike Hayden (John Michael Hayden, born 1944), American politician, Governor of Kansas
John Hayden Jr. (born 1962), New Police Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis
John Hayden (priest) (1794–1855), Anglican priest |
The BL40, branded as the New Chocolate, is a mobile phone from the South Korean electronics company LG. It is designed to resemble the original LG Chocolate. It was introduced on 3 August 2009 showcasing a distinctive design, incorporating a 4-inch display that pioneers a wide aspect ratio of 21:9, a first in the history of mobile phones. It also presents the renowned S-Class 3D user interface, which was initially introduced on the LG Arena.
It is tri-band with HSDPA support. Its camera is a 5-megapixel f/2.8 with a Schneider Kreuznach Tessar lens (as seen previously on LG Renoir, LG Viewty and others). It has 335 MB internal storage but has MicroSD expandable storage for up to 32 GB extra. There's also Wi-Fi, an accelerometer, and an FM transmitter.
References
LG Chocolate BL40
Chocolate (BL40)
Mobile phones introduced in 2009
Mobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard |
The Elevador do Lavra, also known as the Ascensor do Lavra or Lavra Funicular, is a funicular railway in Lisbon, Portugal. Opened in 1884, the railway is the oldest funicular in the city. The 188m-long funicular connects Largo da Anunciada to Rua Câmara Pestana in the parishes of Santo António and Arroios. The average grade is 22.9% and the railway gauge is 90cm with a central slot for the cable's connection.
The Elevador do Lavra opened on April 19, 1884, and was designed by engineer Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard. Currently, the funicular is owned and operated by Carris. Elevador do Lavra was designated a National Monument in 2002.
References
Ascensor Gloria
Transport in Lisbon |
Arthur B. Crean was a master sergeant in the United States Army during World War I. He was the first United States armed forces member to be issued a service number and thus holds service #1 in the United States Army.
When U.S. Army service numbers were discontinued in 1969, a report in the Des Moines Tribune noted that Master Sgt. Crean had been issued the number "ASN 1" on February 28, 1918.
Biography
Crean enlisted the United States Army in 1899 and by the outbreak of the First World War was part of the enlisted cadre who formed the core of the National Army. In 1920, he became one of the most senior enlisted members of the peacetime Regular Army.
Crean's service record was destroyed in the 1973 National Archives Fire but a pay record survived, listing some of his service information. He is listed on it as a medical sergeant and the only confirmed military decoration he received was the World War I Victory Medal.
In June 1921, when John Pershing was listed as holding the first officer service number (O-1), Crean's service number was slightly modified. His new number became "R-1" to denote Regular Army #1.
References
Sources
National Personnel Records Center, Service number data and information sheet, published 1995
Archival reconstruction record of Arthur Crean, Military Personnel Records Center
External links
U.S. service number information
United States Army soldiers
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
United States Army personnel of World War I |
```yaml
version: "3"
services:
qbittorrent:
image: linuxserver/qbittorrent:${VERSION:-latest}
ports:
- 8080:8080
environment:
- WEBUI_PORT=8080
tmpfs:
- /downloads
networks:
default:
external:
name: electorrent_p2p
``` |
```tex
\documentclass{report}
\usepackage[plainpages=false,pdfpagelabels,breaklinks,pagebackref]{hyperref}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{txfonts}
\usepackage{chicago}
\usepackage{aliascnt}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{calc}
\usepackage[ruled]{algorithm2e}
\usetikzlibrary{matrix,fit,backgrounds,decorations.pathmorphing,positioning}
\usepackage{listings}
\lstset{basicstyle=\tt,flexiblecolumns=false}
\def\vec#1{\mathchoice{\mbox{\boldmath$\displaystyle\bf#1$}}
{\mbox{\boldmath$\textstyle\bf#1$}}
{\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptstyle\bf#1$}}
{\mbox{\boldmath$\scriptscriptstyle\bf#1$}}}
\providecommand{\fract}[1]{\left\{#1\right\}}
\providecommand{\floor}[1]{\left\lfloor#1\right\rfloor}
\providecommand{\ceil}[1]{\left\lceil#1\right\rceil}
\def\sp#1#2{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}
\def\spv#1#2{\langle\vec #1,\vec #2\rangle}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}
\newaliascnt{example}{theorem}
\newtheorem{example}[example]{Example}
\newaliascnt{def}{theorem}
\newtheorem{definition}[def]{Definition}
\aliascntresetthe{example}
\aliascntresetthe{def}
\numberwithin{theorem}{section}
\numberwithin{def}{section}
\numberwithin{example}{section}
\newcommand{\algocflineautorefname}{Algorithm}
\newcommand{\exampleautorefname}{Example}
\newcommand{\lstnumberautorefname}{Line}
\renewcommand{\sectionautorefname}{Section}
\renewcommand{\subsectionautorefname}{Section}
\def\Z{\mathbb{Z}}
\def\Q{\mathbb{Q}}
\def\pdom{\mathop{\rm pdom}\nolimits}
\def\domain{\mathop{\rm dom}\nolimits}
\def\range{\mathop{\rm ran}\nolimits}
\def\identity{\mathop{\rm Id}\nolimits}
\def\diff{\mathop{\Delta}\nolimits}
\providecommand{\floor}[1]{\left\lfloor#1\right\rfloor}
\begin{document}
\title{Integer Set Library: Manual\\
\small Version: \input{version} }
\author{Sven Verdoolaege}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents
\chapter{User Manual}
\input{user}
\chapter{Implementation Details}
\input{implementation}
\bibliography{isl}
\bibliographystyle{chicago}
\end{document}
``` |
Propebela pitysa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 5.5 mm, its diameter 2 mm.
(Original description) The small shell is translucent white. Its protoconch consists of a one sided subglobular smooth 1 whorl, followed by about four subsequent whorls. The suture is distinct. The anal fasciole slopes to a corded shoulder. The spiral sculpture begins by two strong cords, one of which marks the shoulder and to these are added by intercalation until the penultimate whorl has four and the body whorl fourteen, not counting the threads on the siphonal canal. These are reticulated by axial cords of similar size which do not form ribs or nodes though the posterior cord at the shoulder is slightly undulated. The anal sulcus is obscure. The aperture is simple. The inner lip is erased. The siphonal canal is short.
Distribution
This marine species was found from Point Pinos to San Diego, California, USA.
References
pitysa
Gastropods described in 1919 |
Christopher claimed the papacy from October 903 to January 904. Although he was listed as a legitimate pope in most modern lists of popes until the first half of the 20th century, the apparently uncanonical method by which he obtained the papacy led to his being removed from the quasi-official roster of popes, the Annuario Pontificio. As such, he is now considered an antipope by the Catholic Church.
Life and reign
Little is known about the life of Christopher; the lack of reliable, consistent sources makes it difficult to establish a concise biography. It is believed that he was a Roman, and that his father's name was Leo. He was cardinal-priest of the title of St. Damasus when he became pope. His predecessor, Leo V, was deposed and imprisoned, most likely around October 903. As it is believed that Leo died in prison, Christopher may be regarded as pope after his death. However, the account of Auxilius of Naples says that Sergius III murdered both Leo V and Christopher. An eleventh-century Greek document says that Christopher was the first pope to state that the Holy Ghost proceeded "from the Father and from the Son". However, the document claims that Christopher made this profession to Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople. At that time, however, Nicholas Mystikos was Patriarch of Constantinople, making the account historically suspect. (Sergius I was Patriarch in 610–638, and Sergius II in 1001–1019.)
Dethroning
Christopher was driven from the antipapacy by Pope Sergius III (904–911). Hermannus Contractus contends that Christopher was compelled to end his days living as a monk. However, the historian Eugenius Vulgarius says he was strangled in prison.
Legitimacy
Some hold that Christopher was a legitimate pope, regardless of the illegitimate means by which he appears to have acquired the title. His name is included in all major catalogues of the popes through the early twentieth century. His portrait figures among the other likenesses of the popes in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, and among the frescoes of tenth-century popes painted in the thirteenth century on the walls of the ancient church of San Pietro a Grado, outside Pisa. He was, moreover, acknowledged as pope by his successors. For example, in confirming the privileges of the Abbey of Corbie in France, Leo IX mentioned the preceding grants of Benedict and Christopher. This privilege is the only one of Christopher's acts that is extant. However, he has not been considered a legitimate pope since the first half of the 20th century and has been erased from the Annuario pontificios list of popes.
See also
Papal selection before 1059
Notes
External links
Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Christopher
904 deaths
10th-century antipopes
Antipopes
Year of birth unknown
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica |
Andrew Clifford Broom (born Norwich, 1965) has been Archdeacon of the East Riding since 2014.
Initially a Youth worker, Broom was educated at Keele University and Trinity College, Bristol. He was ordained in 1993 and served curacies in Wellington and Brampton. He was Vicar of St John, Walton from 2000 until 2009, and Director of Mission and Ministry for the Diocese of Derby from 2009 until his appointment as Archdeacon.
References
1965 births
Clergy from Norwich
Alumni of Keele University
Archdeacons of the East Riding
Alumni of Trinity College, Bristol
Living people |
Poręby Dymarskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cmolas, within Kolbuszowa County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Cmolas, north of Kolbuszowa, and north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Villages in Kolbuszowa County |
Itapiranga is a municipality located in the state of Amazonas northern Brazil on the left bank of the Solimões River about 200 km east of Manaus. Its population was 9,230 (2020) and its area is 4,231 km².
Name
The name is of Indian origin, and was given to a quarry which has a port. It comes from ita, stone and pitanga, red, so the name means "red stone".
Geography
The municipality contains about 40% of the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve, which protects the lower part of the Uatumã River basin.
History
It was founded in 1931 as a suburb of Silves.
References
Municipalities in Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Populated places on the Amazon |
Bharatgad Fort ( ) is a fort located 18 km from Malvan, in Sindhudurg district, of Maharashtra. This fort is located on the southern bank of Gad river or Kalaval creek. The fort is spread over an area of 4-5 acres and covered with mango orchard.
History
Shivaji Maharaj visited this place in 1670 but due to less availability of water on the Masure hill, he abandoned the site for building the fort. In 1680 the Wadikar Phonda Sawant decided to build the fort. The fort was completed in 1701. In 1748 Tulaji Angre, the son of Kanhoji Angre tried to captured the fort. In 1818, Captain Hutchinson captured this fort and found that the well on the fort was devoid of water.
How to reach
The nearest town is Malvan which is 526 km from Mumbai. The base village of the fort is Masure. The Bharatgad and Bhadwantgad forts can be visited in a single day. There are good hotels at Malvan, now tea and snacks are also available in small hotels on the way to Masure.
Places to see
The gates and bastion are in good state. This fort is a private property. This fort has 9 bastions. the entire fort is protected by 20feet wide and 10feet deep moat. The balekilla is in the center of the fort. It is protected by a 10feet high wall and four strong bastions. There is a well, a gunpowder storeroom, grain store room and a Mahapurush temple inside the balekilla. There is also a cave and hidden door inside the fort. It takes about an hour to visit all places on the fort.
See also
List of forts in India
Maratha Navy
Maratha War of Independence
Battles involving the Maratha Empire
Maratha Army
Military history of India
List of Maratha dynasties and states
List of people involved in the Maratha Empire
References
Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire
16th-century forts in India |
```go
// +build !ignore_autogenerated
/*
path_to_url
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
*/
// Code generated by deepcopy-gen. DO NOT EDIT.
package v1
import (
corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
runtime "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
)
// DeepCopyInto is an autogenerated deepcopy function, copying the receiver, writing into out. in must be non-nil.
func (in *PriorityClass) DeepCopyInto(out *PriorityClass) {
*out = *in
out.TypeMeta = in.TypeMeta
in.ObjectMeta.DeepCopyInto(&out.ObjectMeta)
if in.PreemptionPolicy != nil {
in, out := &in.PreemptionPolicy, &out.PreemptionPolicy
*out = new(corev1.PreemptionPolicy)
**out = **in
}
return
}
// DeepCopy is an autogenerated deepcopy function, copying the receiver, creating a new PriorityClass.
func (in *PriorityClass) DeepCopy() *PriorityClass {
if in == nil {
return nil
}
out := new(PriorityClass)
in.DeepCopyInto(out)
return out
}
// DeepCopyObject is an autogenerated deepcopy function, copying the receiver, creating a new runtime.Object.
func (in *PriorityClass) DeepCopyObject() runtime.Object {
if c := in.DeepCopy(); c != nil {
return c
}
return nil
}
// DeepCopyInto is an autogenerated deepcopy function, copying the receiver, writing into out. in must be non-nil.
func (in *PriorityClassList) DeepCopyInto(out *PriorityClassList) {
*out = *in
out.TypeMeta = in.TypeMeta
in.ListMeta.DeepCopyInto(&out.ListMeta)
if in.Items != nil {
in, out := &in.Items, &out.Items
*out = make([]PriorityClass, len(*in))
for i := range *in {
(*in)[i].DeepCopyInto(&(*out)[i])
}
}
return
}
// DeepCopy is an autogenerated deepcopy function, copying the receiver, creating a new PriorityClassList.
func (in *PriorityClassList) DeepCopy() *PriorityClassList {
if in == nil {
return nil
}
out := new(PriorityClassList)
in.DeepCopyInto(out)
return out
}
// DeepCopyObject is an autogenerated deepcopy function, copying the receiver, creating a new runtime.Object.
func (in *PriorityClassList) DeepCopyObject() runtime.Object {
if c := in.DeepCopy(); c != nil {
return c
}
return nil
}
``` |
Arnao de Vergara (probably born in Burgos around 1490, deceased around 1557) was a 16th-century Spanish master glassmaker. Between 1525 and 1536 he produced several windows for Seville Cathedral, many of which survive, before later moving to Granada.
Biography
He is the son of the master glassmaker Arnao de Flandes, who settled in Burgos between 1480 and 1490. He is the brother of Arnao de Flandes and Nicolás de Vergara el Mozo. With his brother Arnao, they worked at their father's atelier. Arno de Vergara worked on the Seville Cathedral and the Astorga Cathedral from 1525 to 1538, and on the Jerez de la Frontera Charterhouse from 1935 to 1937. His stained glass work also included the Granada Cathedral, the Casa Real's baths in the Alhambra, the Monasterio de San Jerónimo.
Related
Arnao de Flandes
Nicolás de Vergara el Mozo
Seville Cathedral
References
Spanish stained glass artists and manufacturers
Spanish people of Flemish descent
16th-century Spanish artists |
Orsan () is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
External links
Official site
Communes of Gard |
Leland Lawrence Briggs (April 24, 1893 – November 12, 1975) was an American accounting scholar, and Professor at the University of Vermont, known as founder of The Accountants Digest, which he edited and published until 1973.
Biography
Briggs was born in Byron, Minnesota to Edward Wellington, a farmer, and Alice (McPeak) Briggs. After primary education in Byron and Rochester, Minnesota, he obtained his BA in 1923 and his MA in 1924 both at the University of South Dakota. Subsequently, he obtained MBA at Northwestern University in 1927 with the thesis, entitled "Some Legal Aspects of Goodwill." and his PhD from Harvard University in 1930-31.
Briggs had started his career as teacher at the public school in 1911. In 1924 he was appointed Professor of commerce at McPherson College in Kansas. In 1926 had joined the Northwestern University as Noyes scholar. In 1927 he moved to the University of Vermont, where he served the rest of his academic career. He had started as assistant professor in economics, was promoted associate professor in 1929, and in 1952 to professor of economics.
In 1935 Briggs founded the accounting periodical Accountants Digest. The first issue included digests of "120 articles taken from 48 periodicals published in the United States, Canada, England, Australia, New Zealand and Scotland." He edited and published the periodical until 1973, and then sold it to E. Samuel Germain, Professor of Syracuse University.
Selected publications
Briggs, Leland Lawrence. Centralized Accounting Control for the Small Business. 1924.
Briggs, Leland Lawrence, ed. The Accountants Digest. Vol. 3. Germain Publishing Company, 1937.
Articles, a selection
Briggs, L. L. "Goodwill–Definition and Elements in Law." Journal of Accountancy (September 1928) (1928): 194-203.
Briggs, L. L. "Accounting in Collegiate Schools of Business." Accounting Review (1930): 175-181.
L. L. Briggs, "Stock Dividends." The Journal of Accountancy, March, 1930, pp. 193–201.
Briggs, L. L. "Accounting and the courts." Accounting Review (1931): 184-191.
L. L. Briggs: Dividends from stock premiums. Journal of Accountancy, Nr. 5. May 1932.
L. L. "Appreciation and Dividends." The Journal of Accountancy, July, 1932, pp. 29–37.
Briggs, L. L. "Stockholders' Liability for Unlawful Dividends." Temp. LQ 8 (1933): 145.
L. L. Briggs, “Asset Valuation in Dividend Decisions,” The Areounting Review (September 1934), pp. 184–191
References
1893 births
1975 deaths
American accountants
American business theorists
Accounting academics
University of South Dakota alumni
Kellogg School of Management alumni
Harvard University alumni
Northwestern University faculty
University of Vermont faculty
People from Olmsted County, Minnesota
McPherson College faculty |
Courtney Sina Meredith (born 1986) is a poet, playwright, and short story author from New Zealand.
Background
Born in 1986, Meredith grew up in Glen Innes and is of Samoan, Cook Island and Irish descent. She attended Ponsonby Primary School, Ponsonby Intermediate School, and Western Springs College, her mother Kim Meredith is also a poet. Meredith studied English and Political Studies at the University of Auckland.
Career
Meredith's writing is often political, dealing with issues such as poverty, conflict, sexism and racism, and draws on her roots in the Samoan diaspora of Auckland.
Meredith's play Rushing Dolls, was published in 2012 in the collection Urbanesia: Four Pasifika Plays. She has also published Brown Girls in Bright Red Lipstick, a book of poetry, and Tail of the Taniwha, a collection of short stories and poetry. Her work has been translated into Italian, German, Dutch, French, Spanish and Bahasa Indonesia.
Work by Meredith has also been published in literary journals including Poetry New Zealand, What's Poetry? and Ika.
Meredith has spoken at a number of book festivals including the Frankfurt Book Fair, the Mexico City Poetry Festival, and Edinburgh International Book Festival.
Her children and young persons book The Adventures of Tupaia co-authored with Mat Tait came out in 2019 and is about Tupaia, a navigator from Tahiti, who sailed to New Zealand with Captain Cook on board the Endeavour. In 2021 the poetry book by Merideth Burst Kisses on the Actual Wind was published by Beatnik Publishing.
She is director of the Tautai Pacific Arts Trust in 2022 which is a leading Pacific arts organisation based on Karangahape Road in Auckland. She has also lectured, been a contributing editor for Paperboy, worked at the Auckland Council in Arts and Culture and Festival and Community Events teams, and partnerships manager at Manukau Institute of Technology.
Awards
Meredith received a grant from Creative New Zealand to develop her collection of short stories, Tail of the Taniwha.
In 2011, Meredith became the first writer of Pasifika descent and first New Zealander to hold the LiteraturRaum Blebitreu Berlin residency. In 2016 she was invited to participant in the International Writing Program at the University of Iowa. Following this residency, she was writer in residence at the Island Institute in Sitka, Alaska. She has also held a residency at the Sylt Foundation.
In 2010, her play Rushing Dolls was the runner up for the Adam NZ Play Award and won Best Play by a Woman Playwright. The same year it won the Aotearoa Pasifika Play Competition.
In the 2013 PANZ Book Design Awards, Brown Girls in Bright Red Lipstick received a Highly Commended in the category of Hachette New Zealand Award for Best Non-Illustrated Book.
Tail of the Taniwha was longlisted for the 2017 Ockham New Zealand Book Awards for the Acorn Foundation Fiction Prize.
In 2021 she was awarded the University of Auckland’s Young Alumna of the Year
References
External links
Official website
Living people
1986 births
New Zealand people of Samoan descent
University of Auckland alumni
New Zealand women short story writers
New Zealand women poets
New Zealand women dramatists and playwrights
21st-century New Zealand short story writers
21st-century New Zealand poets
21st-century New Zealand dramatists and playwrights
21st-century New Zealand women writers |
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