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Inmathematics,abuse of notationoccurs when an author uses amathematical notationin a way that is not entirely formally correct, but which might help simplify the exposition or suggest the correctintuition(while possibly minimizing errors and confusion at the same time). However, since the concept of formal/syntactical ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_notation |
Alocal area network(LAN) is acomputer networkthat interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, campus, or building,[1][2][3]and has itsnetwork equipmentand interconnects locally managed. LANs facilitate the distribution of data and sharing network devices, such as printers.
The LAN contrasts thew... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network |
Avideo display controller(VDC), also called adisplay engineordisplay interface, is anintegrated circuitwhich is the main component in avideo-signal generator, a device responsible for the production of aTVvideo signalin a computing or game system. Some VDCs also generate anaudio signal, but that is not their main funct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_controller |
Surface diffusionis a general process involving the motion ofadatoms,molecules, and atomic clusters (adparticles) at solid materialsurfaces.[1]The process can generally be thought of in terms of particles jumping between adjacentadsorptionsites on a surface, as in figure 1. Just as in bulkdiffusion, this motion is typi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_diffusion |
Inmathematics, aBoolean ringRis aringfor whichx2=xfor allxinR, that is, a ring that consists of onlyidempotent elements.[1][2][3]An example is the ring ofintegers modulo 2.
Every Boolean ring gives rise to aBoolean algebra, with ring multiplication corresponding toconjunctionormeet∧, and ring addition toexclusive disj... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_ring |
Domain adaptationis a field associated withmachine learningandtransfer learning. It addresses the challenge of training a model on one data distribution (thesource domain) and applying it to a related but different data distribution (thetarget domain).
A common example isspam filtering, where a model trained on emails... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_adaptation |
Inmathematics, afield of setsis amathematical structureconsisting of a pair(X,F){\displaystyle (X,{\mathcal {F}})}consisting of asetX{\displaystyle X}and afamilyF{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}}ofsubsetsofX{\displaystyle X}called analgebra overX{\displaystyle X}that contains theempty setas an element, and is closed under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_sets |
Vector calculusorvector analysisis a branch of mathematics concerned with thedifferentiationandintegrationofvector fields, primarily in three-dimensionalEuclidean space,R3.{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}.}[1]The termvector calculusis sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject ofmultivariable calculus, which sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus |
Acollective networkis a set of social groups linked, directly or indirectly, by some common bond. According to this approach of the social sciences to study social relationships, social phenomena are investigated through the properties of relations among groups, which also influence the internal relations among the ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_network |
Thesharing economyis asocio-economic systemwhereby consumers share in the creation, production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods, and services. These systems take a variety of forms, often leveraginginformation technologyand theInternet, particularly digital platforms, to facilitate the distribution, sharin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharing_economy |
The term "bin bug" was coined in August 2006 by theBritish mediato refer to the use ofRadio Frequency Identification(RFID) chips by some local councils to monitor the amount ofdomestic wastecreated by each household. The system works by having a unique RFID chip for each household's non-recyclingwheelie bin(such househ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_bug |
Bradford's lawis a pattern first described bySamuel C. Bradfordin 1934 that estimates theexponentiallydiminishing returnsof searching for references inscience journals. One formulation is that if journals in a field are sorted by number of articles into three groups, each with about one-third of all articles, then the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford%27s_law |
This is a list of the origins of computer-related terms or terms used in the computing world (i.e., alist of computer termetymologies). It relates to bothcomputer hardwareandcomputer software.
Names of many computer terms, especially computer applications, often relate to the function they perform, e.g., acompileris a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_term_etymologies |
Cohen's kappa coefficient('κ', lowercase Greekkappa) is astatisticthat is used to measureinter-rater reliability(and alsointra-rater reliability) for qualitative (categorical) items.[1]It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation, as κ takes into account the possibility ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen%27s_kappa |
Inmathematics, particularly in the area ofarithmetic, amodular multiplicative inverseof anintegerais an integerxsuch that the productaxiscongruentto 1 with respect to the modulusm.[1]In the standard notation ofmodular arithmeticthis congruence is written as
which is the shorthand way of writing the statement thatmdivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse |
Variational Bayesian methodsare a family of techniques for approximating intractableintegralsarising inBayesian inferenceandmachine learning. They are typically used in complexstatistical modelsconsisting of observed variables (usually termed "data") as well as unknownparametersandlatent variables, with various sorts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational_Bayesian_methods |
Majoritarian democracyis a form ofdemocracybased upon a principle ofmajority rule.[1]Majoritarian democracy contrasts withconsensus democracy, rule by as many people as possible.[1][2][3][4]
Arend Lijphartoffers what is perhaps the dominant definition of majoritarian democracy. He identifies that majoritarian democrac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy |
Abusiness incubatoris an organization that helpsstartup companiesand individual entrepreneurs to develop their businesses by providing a fullscale range of services, starting withmanagement trainingandoffice space, and ending with venture capital financing.[1]The National Business Incubation Association (NBIA) defines ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_incubator |
Ingenerativemorphology, therighthand head ruleis aruleofgrammarthat specifies that the rightmostmorphemein amorphological structureis almost always theheadin certain languages. What this means is that it is the righthand element that provides the primarysyntacticand/orsemanticinformation. The projection of syntactic in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righthand_head_rule |
HARKing(hypothesizing after the results are known) is an acronym coined by social psychologistNorbert Kerr[1]that refers to the questionable research practice of "presenting a post hochypothesisin the introduction of a research report as if it were ana priorihypothesis".[1][2]Hence, a key characteristic of HARKing is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HARKing |
Innetwork theory, agiant componentis aconnected componentof a givenrandom graphthat contains a significant fraction of the entire graph'svertices.
More precisely, in graphs drawn randomly from a probability distribution over arbitrarily large graphs, a giant component is a connected component whose fraction of the ove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_component |
Inmathematical optimizationanddecision theory, aloss functionorcost function(sometimes also called an error function)[1]is a function that maps aneventor values of one or more variables onto areal numberintuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event. Anoptimization problemseeks to minimize a loss functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_loss_function |
Inpublic relationsandpolitics,spinis a form ofpropaganda, achieved through knowingly
providing a biased interpretation of an event. While traditional public relations andadvertisingmay manage their presentation of facts, "spin" often implies the use ofdisingenuous,deceptive, andmanipulativetactics.[1]
Because of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(propaganda) |
Thecausal setsprogram is an approach toquantum gravity. Its founding principles are thatspacetimeis fundamentally discrete (a collection of discrete spacetime points, called the elements of the causal set) and that spacetime events are related by apartial order. This partial order has the physical meaning of thecausali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_sets |
Michael James David PowellFRSFAA[2](29 July 1936 – 19 April 2015) was a British mathematician, who worked in theDepartment of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics(DAMTP) at theUniversity of Cambridge.[3][1][4][5][6]
Born in London, Powell was educated atFrensham Heights SchoolandEastbourne College.[2]He earned ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINCOA |
Vote countingis the process of countingvotesin anelection. It can be done manually orby machines. In the United States, the compilation of election returns and validation of the outcome that forms the basis of the official results is calledcanvassing.[1]
Counts are simplest in elections where just one choice is on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_counting_system |
Inmathematical optimizationtheory,dualityor theduality principleis the principle thatoptimization problemsmay be viewed from either of two perspectives, theprimal problemor thedual problem. If the primal is a minimization problem then the dual is a maximization problem (and vice versa). Any feasible solution to the pri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_problem |
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications(DECT) is acordless telephonystandard maintained byETSI. It originated inEurope, where it is the common standard, replacing earlier standards, such asCT1andCT2.[1]Since the DECT-2020 standard onwards, it also includesIoTcommunication.
Beyond Europe, it has been adopted byAus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECT |
Database testingusually consists of a layered process, including theuser interface(UI) layer, the business layer, the data access layer and the database itself. The UI layer deals with the interface design of the database, while the business layer includes databases supportingbusiness strategies.
Databases, the collec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_testing |
Music and artificial intelligence(music and AI) is the development ofmusic softwareprograms which useAIto generate music.[1]As with applications in other fields, AI in music also simulates mental tasks. A prominent feature is the capability of an AI algorithm to learn based on past data, such as in computer accompanime... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence |
SIMHis afree and open source, multi-platform multi-systememulator. It is maintained by Bob Supnik, a formerDECengineer and DEC vice president, and has been in development in one form or another since the 1960s.
SIMH was based on a much older systems emulator called MIMIC, which was written in the late 1960s at Applied... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMH |
Inlinguisticmorphology, atransfixis a discontinuousaffixwhich is inserted into aword root, as inroot-and-patternsystems of morphology, like those of manySemitic languages.
A discontinuous affix is an affix whose phonetic components are not sequential within a word, and instead, are spread out between or around thephon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfix |
Business process modeling(BPM) is the action of capturing and representingprocessesof an enterprise (i.e.modelingthem), so that the current business processes may be analyzed, applied securely and consistently, improved, and automated.
BPM is typically performed by business analysts, with subject matter experts collab... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_model |
Ingraph theory,graph coloringis a methodic assignment of labels traditionally called "colors" to elements of agraph. The assignment is subject to certain constraints, such as that no two adjacent elements have the same color. Graph coloring is a special case ofgraph labeling. In its simplest form, it is a way of colori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_coloring |
Acognitive computeris a computer that hardwiresartificial intelligenceandmachine learningalgorithms into anintegrated circuitthat closely reproduces the behavior of the human brain.[1]It generally adopts aneuromorphic engineeringapproach. Synonyms includeneuromorphic chipandcognitive chip.[2][3]
In 2023, IBM's proof-o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_computer |
Incomputing,decimal32is adecimal floating-pointcomputer numbering formatthat occupies 4 bytes (32 bits) in computer memory.
Like thebinary16andbinary32formats, decimal32 uses less space than the actually most common format binary64.
decimal32 supports'normal' values, which can have 7 digit precision from±1.000000×10^... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal32_floating-point_format |
BugMeNotis anInternetservice that providesusernamesandpasswordsallowing Internet users to bypass mandatory free registration onwebsites. It was started in August 2003 by an anonymous person, later revealed to be Guy King,[1]and allowed Internet users to access websites that have registration walls (for instance, that o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BugMeNot |
The following is alist ofAMDCPUmicroarchitectures.
Historically, AMD's CPU families were given a "K-number" (which originally stood forKryptonite,[1]an allusion to theSupermancomic book character's fatal weakness) starting with their first internal x86 CPU design, the K5, to represent generational changes. AMD has no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_CPU_microarchitectures |
Mobile RFID(M-RFID) are services that provide information on objects equipped with anRFID tagover a telecommunication network.[1]The reader or interrogator can be installed in a mobile device such as amobile phoneor PDA.[2]
Unlike ordinary fixed RFID, mobile RFID readers are mobile, and the tags fixed, instead of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_RFID |
Innumber theory,Euler's criterionis a formula for determining whether anintegeris aquadratic residuemoduloaprime. Precisely,
Letpbe anoddprime andabe an integercoprimetop. Then[1][2][3]
Euler's criterion can be concisely reformulated using theLegendre symbol:[4]
The criterion dates from a 1748 paper byLeonhard Euler... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_criterion |
The use ofevidence under Bayes' theoremrelates to the probability of finding evidence in relation to the accused, whereBayes' theoremconcerns theprobabilityof an event and its inverse. Specifically, it compares the probability of finding particular evidence if the accused were guilty, versus if they were not guilty. An... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence_under_Bayes%27_theorem |
Innon-parametric statistics, theTheil–Sen estimatoris a method forrobustlyfitting a lineto sample points in the plane (simple linear regression) by choosing themedianof theslopesof all lines through pairs of points. It has also been calledSen's slope estimator,[1][2]slope selection,[3][4]thesingle median method,[5]theK... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theil%E2%80%93Sen_estimator |
Adecision treeis adecision supportrecursive partitioning structure that uses atree-likemodelof decisions and their possible consequences, includingchanceevent outcomes, resource costs, andutility. It is one way to display analgorithmthat only contains conditional control statements.
Decision trees are commonly used in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree |
Incomputer programming,dataflow programmingis aprogramming paradigmthat models a program as adirected graphof the data flowing between operations, thus implementingdataflowprinciples and architecture.[1]Dataflowprogramming languagesshare some features offunctional languages, and were generally developed in order to bri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataflow_programming |
Inversive congruential generatorsare a type of nonlinear congruentialpseudorandom number generator, which use themodular multiplicative inverse(if it exists) to generate the next number in a sequence. The standard formula for an inversive congruential generator, modulo some primeqis:
Such a generator is denoted symbol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversive_congruential_generator |
In the field ofmathematics,normsare defined for elements within avector space. Specifically, when the vector space comprises matrices, such norms are referred to asmatrix norms. Matrix norms differ from vector norms in that they must also interact with matrix multiplication.
Given afieldK{\displaystyle \ K\ }of either... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_norm |
Ineconomicsandfinance,risk aversionis the tendency of people to prefer outcomes with lowuncertaintyto those outcomes with high uncertainty, even if the average outcome of the latter is equal to or higher in monetary value than the more certain outcome.[1]
Risk aversion explains the inclination to agree to a situation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_aversion |
TheJaccard indexis astatisticused for gauging thesimilarityanddiversityofsamplesets.
It is defined in general taking the ratio of two sizes (areas or volumes), the intersection size divided by the union size, also calledintersection over union(IoU).
It was developed byGrove Karl Gilbertin 1884 as hisratio of verificat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaccard_index |
Meta(from theμετά,meta, meaning 'after' or 'beyond') is an adjective meaning 'more comprehensive' or 'transcending'.[1]
In modern nomenclature, the prefix
meta can also serve as a prefix meaning self-referential, as a field of study or endeavor (metatheory: theory about a theory;metamathematics: mathematical theories... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_(prefix) |
Inprobability theoryandmachine learning, themulti-armed bandit problem(sometimes called theK-[1]orN-armed bandit problem[2]) is a problem in which a decision maker iteratively selects one of multiple fixed choices (i.e., arms or actions) when the properties of each choice are only partially known at the time of allocat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-armed_bandit |
In software, astack buffer overfloworstack buffer overrunoccurs when a program writes to amemoryaddress on the program'scall stackoutside of the intended data structure, which is usually a fixed-lengthbuffer.[1][2]Stack buffer overflow bugs are caused when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_buffer_overflow |
Insociology, asocial organizationis a pattern ofrelationshipsbetween and amongindividualsandgroups.[1][2]Characteristics of social organization can include qualities such as sexual composition, spatiotemporal cohesion,leadership,structure, division of labor, communication systems, and so on.[3][4]
Because of these cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization |
Zero to the power of zero, denoted as00, is amathematical expressionwith different interpretations depending on the context. In certain areas of mathematics, such ascombinatoricsandalgebra,00is conventionally defined as 1 because this assignment simplifies manyformulasand ensures consistency in operations involvingexpo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_to_the_power_of_zero |
Content Security Policy(CSP) is acomputer securitystandard introduced to preventcross-site scripting(XSS),clickjackingand othercode injectionattacks resulting from execution of malicious content in the trustedweb pagecontext.[1]It is a Candidate Recommendation of theW3Cworking group on Web Application Security,[2]widel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy |
Incryptography, acustom hardware attackuses specifically designedapplication-specific integrated circuits(ASIC) to decipherencrypted messages.
Mounting a cryptographicbrute force attackrequires a large number of similar computations: typically trying onekey, checking if the resulting decryption gives a meaningful answ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custom_hardware_attack |
Acomputer wormis a standalonemalwarecomputer programthat replicates itself in order to spread to other computers.[1]It often uses acomputer networkto spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it. It will use this machine as a host to scan and infect other computers. When these new wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_worm |
Aconspiracy theoryis an explanation for an event or situation that asserts the existence of aconspiracy(generally by powerful sinister groups, often political in motivation),[3][4][5]when other explanations are more probable.[3][6][7]The term generally has a negativeconnotation, implying that the appeal of a conspiracy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory |
Radio-frequency identification(RFID) useselectromagnetic fieldsto automaticallyidentifyandtracktags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radiotranspondercalled a tag, aradio receiver, and atransmitter. When triggered by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification |
Thedistributional learning theoryorlearning of probability distributionis a framework incomputational learning theory. It has been proposed fromMichael Kearns,Yishay Mansour,Dana Ron,Ronitt Rubinfeld,Robert SchapireandLinda Selliein 1994[1]and it was inspired from thePAC-frameworkintroduced byLeslie Valiant.[2]
In thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_learning_theory |
The following is alist ofMacsoftware– notable computer applications for currentmacOSoperating systems.
For software designed for theClassic Mac OS, seeList of old Macintosh software.
This section listsbitmap graphics editorsandvector graphics editors.
macOS includes the built-in XProtect antimalware as part ofGateKe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mac_software |
Inpublic-key cryptography,Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm(EdDSA) is adigital signaturescheme using a variant ofSchnorr signaturebased ontwisted Edwards curves.[1]It is designed to be faster than existing digital signature schemes without sacrificing security. It was developed by a team includingDaniel J. Bern... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdDSA |
Incryptography,MD5CRKwas avolunteer computingeffort (similar todistributed.net) launched by Jean-Luc Cooke and his company, CertainKey Cryptosystems, to demonstrate that theMD5message digestalgorithmis insecure by finding acollision– two messages that produce the same MD5 hash. The project went live on March 1, 2004. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5CRK |
Aeuphemism(/ˈjuːfəmɪzəm/YOO-fə-miz-əm) is an innocuous word or expression used in place of one that is deemedoffensiveor suggests something unpleasant.[1]Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, while others use bland, inoffensive terms for concepts that the user wishes to downplay. Euphemisms may be used to mask profani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism_treadmill |
Open Mind Common Sense(OMCS) is anartificial intelligenceproject based at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)Media Labwhose goal is to build and utilize a largecommonsense knowledge basefrom the contributions of many thousands of people across the Web. It has been active from 1999 to 2016.
Since its founding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Mind_Common_Sense |
In software distribution andsoftware development, aREADMEfilecontains information about the other files in adirectoryorarchiveof computersoftware. A form ofdocumentation, it is usually a simpleplain textfile calledREADME,Read Me,READ.ME,README.txt,[1]orREADME.md(to indicate the use ofMarkdown)
The file's name is gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/README |
Ingraph theory, aproper edge coloringof agraphis an assignment of "colors" to the edges of the graph so that no two incident edges have the same color. For example, the figure to the right shows an edge coloring of a graph by the colors red, blue, and green. Edge colorings are one of several different types ofgraph co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_coloring |
Enhanced Messaging Service(EMS) was a cross-industry collaboration betweenmagic4,Ericsson,Motorola,SiemensandAlcatelamong others, which provided an application-level extension toShort Message Service(SMS) forcellular phonesavailable onGSM,TDMAandCDMAnetworks. EMS is defined in3GPPTechnical Specification3GPP TS 23.040 (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Messaging_Service |
Incomputing,computer performanceis the amount of useful work accomplished by acomputer system. Outside of specific contexts, computer performance is estimated in terms of accuracy,efficiencyand speed of executingcomputer programinstructions. When it comes to high computer performance, one or more of the following facto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_performance |
Incomputer science,all-pairs testingorpairwise testingis acombinatorialmethod ofsoftware testingthat, foreach pairof input parameters to a system (typically, asoftwarealgorithm), tests all possible discrete combinations of those parameters. Using carefully chosentest vectors, this can be done much faster than an exhaus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pairs_testing |
The following is a list ofintegrals(anti-derivativefunctions) ofhyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, seelist of integrals.
In all formulas the constantais assumed to be nonzero, andCdenotes theconstant of integration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of_hyperbolic_functions |
Akey ringis a file which contains multiple public keys ofcertificate authority(CA).
A key ring is a file which is necessary forSecure Sockets Layer(SSL) connection over the web. It is securely stored on theserverwhichhosts the website. It contains thepublic/private key pairfor the particular website. It also contains ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_ring_file |
Cache hierarchy,ormulti-level cache, is a memory architecture that uses a hierarchy of memory stores based on varying access speeds to cache data. Highly requested data is cached in high-speed access memory stores, allowing swifter access bycentral processing unit(CPU) cores.
Cache hierarchy is a form and part ofmemor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_hierarchy |
Algorithmic transparencyis the principle that the factors that influence the decisions made byalgorithmsshould be visible, or transparent, to the people who use, regulate, and are affected by systems that employ those algorithms. Although the phrase was coined in 2016 by Nicholas Diakopoulos and Michael Koliska about t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmic_transparency |
Inmathematics, especiallygroup theory, thecentralizer(also calledcommutant[1][2]) of asubsetSin agroupGis the setCG(S){\displaystyle \operatorname {C} _{G}(S)}of elements ofGthatcommutewith every element ofS, or equivalently, the set of elementsg∈G{\displaystyle g\in G}such thatconjugationbyg{\displaystyle g}leaves ea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralizer |
Informal languagetheory, acontext-free grammaris inGreibach normal form(GNF) if the right-hand sides of allproductionrules start with aterminal symbol, optionally followed by some non-terminals. A non-strict form allows one exception to this format restriction for allowing theempty word(epsilon, ε) to be a member of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greibach_normal_form |
Remote monitoring and management(RMM) is the process of supervising and controlling IT systems (such as network devices, desktops, servers and mobile devices) by means of locally installedagentsthat can be accessed by a management service provider.[1][2]
Functions include the ability to:
Traditionally this function ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_monitoring_and_management |
Blockmodeling linked networksis an approach inblockmodelingin analysing thelinked networks. Such approach is based on thegeneralizedmultilevel blockmodelingapproach.[1]: 259The main objective of this approach is to achieveclusteringof the nodes from all involved sets, while at the same time using all available informat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockmodeling_linked_networks |
Theclique gameis apositional gamewhere two players alternately pick edges, trying to occupy a completecliqueof a given size.
The game is parameterized by two integersn>k. The game-board is the set of all edges of acomplete graphonnvertices. The winning-sets are all the cliques onkvertices. There are several variants o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_game |
Inlogic, astrict conditional(symbol:◻{\displaystyle \Box }, or ⥽) is a conditional governed by amodal operator, that is, alogical connectiveofmodal logic. It islogically equivalentto thematerial conditionalofclassical logic, combined with thenecessityoperator frommodal logic. For any twopropositionspandq, theformulap→q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_conditional |
This is a list of notable tools forstatic program analysis(program analysis is a synonym for code analysis).
(7.9)
(6.3.5)
Tools that usesound, i.e. over-approximating a rigorous model,formal methodsapproach to static analysis (e.g., using staticprogram assertions). Sound methods contain no false negatives for bug-f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis |
Afallacyis the use ofinvalidor otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument. All forms of human communication can contain fallacies.
Because of their variety, fallacies are challenging to classify. They can be classified by their structure (formal fallacies) or content (informal fallacies). Informal f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies |
In computing,defense strategyis a concept and practice used by computer designers, users, and IT personnel to reducecomputer securityrisks.[1]
Boundary protection employs security measures and devices to prevent unauthorized access to computer systems (referred to as controlling the system border). The approach is bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_strategy_(computing) |
Test automation management toolsare specific tools that provide acollaborativeenvironment that is intended to maketest automationefficient, traceable and clear for stakeholders. Test automation is becoming a cross-discipline (i.e. a mix of both testing and development practices.)
Test automationsystems usually need mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_automation_management_tools |
VisSimis a visualblock diagramprogram for the simulation ofdynamical systemsandmodel-based designofembedded systems, with its ownvisual language. It is developed by Visual Solutions ofWestford, Massachusetts. Visual Solutions was acquired byAltairin August 2014 and its products have been rebranded as Altair Embed as a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisSim |
Aschema(pl.:schemata) is a template incomputer scienceused in the field ofgenetic algorithmsthat identifies asubsetof strings with similarities at certain string positions. Schemata are a special case ofcylinder sets, forming abasisfor aproduct topologyon strings.[1]In other words, schemata can be used to generate atop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schema_(genetic_algorithms) |
Inmathematics, afieldis aseton whichaddition,subtraction,multiplication, anddivisionare defined and behave as the corresponding operations onrationalandreal numbers. A field is thus a fundamentalalgebraic structurewhich is widely used inalgebra,number theory, and many other areas of mathematics.
The best known fields ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics) |
Programming languagesandcomputing platformsthat typically supportreflective programming(reflection) includedynamically typedlanguages such asSmalltalk,Perl,PHP,Python,VBScript, andJavaScript. Also the.NETlanguages are supported and theMaude systemof rewriting logic. Very rarely there are some non-dynamic or unmanaged l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reflective_programming_languages_and_platforms |
Inpsychology, thecollective unconsciousness(German:kollektives Unbewusstes) is a coined term byCarl Jung, which is the belief that theunconscious mindcomprises theinstinctsofJungian archetypes—innate symbols understood from birth in all humans.[1]Jung considered the collective unconscious to underpin and surround the u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscious |
In mathematics,Galois ringsare a type offinitecommutative ringswhich generalize both thefinite fieldsand therings of integers moduloaprime power. A Galois ring is constructed from the ringZ/pnZ{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} /p^{n}\mathbb {Z} }similar to how a finite fieldFpr{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} _{p^{r}}}is constructe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galois_ring |
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss(/ɡaʊs/ⓘ;[2]German:Gauß[kaʁlˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈɡaʊs]ⓘ;[3][4]Latin:Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a Germanmathematician,astronomer,geodesist, andphysicist, who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science. He was director of theGöttingen Observatoryand professo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_F._Gauss |
Object-oriented programming(OOP) is aprogramming paradigmbased on the concept ofobjects.[1]Objects can containdata(calledfields,attributesorproperties) and have actions they can perform (calledproceduresormethodsand implemented incode). In OOP,computer programsare designed by making them out of objects that interact wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming |
TheKey Management Interoperability Protocol(KMIP) is anextensiblecommunication protocolthat defines message formats for the manipulation ofcryptographic keyson akey managementserver. This facilitates dataencryptionby simplifying encryption key management. Keys may be created on a server and then retrieved, possibly wra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMIP |
Innumber theoryandcombinatorics, apartitionof a non-negativeintegern, also called aninteger partition, is a way of writingnas asumofpositive integers. Two sums that differ only in the order of theirsummandsare considered the same partition. (If order matters, the sum becomes acomposition.) For example,4can be partitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_partition |
In mathematics, theerror function(also called theGauss error function), often denoted byerf, is a functionerf:C→C{\displaystyle \mathrm {erf} :\mathbb {C} \to \mathbb {C} }defined as:[1]erfz=2π∫0ze−t2dt.{\displaystyle \operatorname {erf} z={\frac {2}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\int _{0}^{z}e^{-t^{2}}\,\mathrm {d} t.}
The integral... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function |
Atrailing zerois any 0 digit that comes after the last nonzero digit in a number string inpositional notation. For digitsbeforethe decimal point, the trailing zeros between thedecimal pointand the last nonzero digit are necessary for conveying the magnitude of a number and cannot be omitted (ex. 100), whileleading zero... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_zero |
Theaviation transponder interrogation modesare the standard formats of pulsed sequences from an interrogatingSecondary Surveillance Radar(SSR) or similarAutomatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast(ADS-B) system. The reply format is usually referred to as a "code" from atransponder, which is used to determine detailed in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_transponder_interrogation_modes |
Inphysics,Minkowski space(orMinkowski spacetime) (/mɪŋˈkɔːfski,-ˈkɒf-/[1]) is the main mathematical description ofspacetimein the absence ofgravitation. It combinesinertialspaceandtimemanifoldsinto afour-dimensionalmodel.
The model helps show how aspacetime intervalbetween any twoeventsis independent of theinertial fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_space#Standard_basis |
Artificial consciousness,[1]also known asmachine consciousness,[2][3]synthetic consciousness,[4]ordigital consciousness,[5]is theconsciousnesshypothesized to be possible inartificial intelligence.[6]It is also the corresponding field of study, which draws insights fromphilosophy of mind,philosophy of artificial intelli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness |
Simultaneous multithreading(SMT) is a technique for improving the overall efficiency ofsuperscalarCPUswithhardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independentthreadsof execution to better use the resources provided by modernprocessor architectures.
The termmultithreadingis ambiguous, because not only can multiple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_multithreading |
Aspambotis acomputer programdesigned to assist in the sending ofspam. Spambots usually create accounts and send spam messages with them.[1]Web hosts and website operators have responded by banning spammers, leading to an ongoing struggle between them and spammers in which spammers find new ways to evade the bans and an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spambot |
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