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Acatch-22is aparadoxicalsituation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules or limitations.[1]The term was first used byJoseph Hellerin his 1961 novelCatch-22.
Catch-22s often result from rules, regulations, or procedures that an individual is subject to, but has no control over, because to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22_(logic) |
Thesample mean(sample average) orempirical mean(empirical average), and thesample covarianceorempirical covariancearestatisticscomputed from asampleof data on one or morerandom variables.
The sample mean is theaveragevalue (ormean value) of asampleof numbers taken from a largerpopulationof numbers, where "population" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_mean |
Atrusted execution environment(TEE) is a secure area of amain processor. It helps the code and data loaded inside it be protected with respect toconfidentiality and integrity. Data confidentiality prevents unauthorized entities from outside the TEE from reading data, while code integrity prevents code in the TEE from b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Enclave |
TheNano[1]microprocessor fromVIA Technologiesis an eighth-generation CPU targeted at the consumer and embedded market. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_VIA_Nano_microprocessors |
Ahumanmicrochip implantis any electronic device implanted subcutaneously (subdermally) usually via an injection. Examples include an identifyingintegrated circuitRFID device encased insilicate glasswhich is implanted in the body of a human being. This type ofsubdermal implantusually contains a uniqueID numberthat can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PositiveID |
Roger Frontenac(fl.1950) was aFrench navyofficer and a scholar ofNostradamus' prophecies. He proposed an interpretation system for the text ofLes Prophéties, based upon a form ofcryptographyknown as theVigenère table.
Roger Frontenac, as a navy officer, was in charge ofmilitary ciphers. After World War II, he began to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Frontenac |
Ananadrome[1][2][3][4][a]is a word or phrase whose letters can be reversed to spell a different word or phrase. For example,dessertsis an anadrome ofstressed. An anadrome is therefore a special type ofanagram. The English language is replete with such words.
The wordanadromecomes from Greekanádromos(ἀνάδρομος), "runni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananym |
Incomputing, alinear-feedback shift register(LFSR) is ashift registerwhose input bit is alinear functionof its previous state.
The most commonly used linear function of single bits isexclusive-or(XOR). Thus, an LFSR is most often a shift register whose input bit is driven by the XOR of some bits of the overall shift r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-feedback_shift_register |
Secure codingis the practice of developing computersoftwarein such a way that guards against the accidental introduction ofsecurity vulnerabilities. Defects,bugsand logic flaws are consistently the primary cause of commonly exploited software vulnerabilities.[1]Through the analysis of thousands of reported vulnerabilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_coding |
Incomputational complexity theory, afunction problemis acomputational problemwhere a single output (of atotal function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of adecision problem. For function problems, the output is not simply 'yes' or 'no'.
A functional problemP{\displaystyle P}is def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_problem |
Evolutionary linguisticsorDarwinian linguisticsis asociobiologicalapproach to the study oflanguage.[1][2]Evolutionary linguists consider linguistics as a subfield ofsociobiologyandevolutionary psychology. The approach is also closely linked withevolutionary anthropology,cognitive linguisticsandbiolinguistics. Studying ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics |
Intheoretical physics, thehierarchy problemis the problem concerning the large discrepancy between aspects of the weak force and gravity.[1]There is no scientific consensus on why, for example, theweak forceis 1024times stronger thangravity.
A hierarchy problem[2]occurs when the fundamental value of some physical para... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_problem |
YAGO(Yet Another GreatOntology) is an open source[3]knowledge basedeveloped at theMax Planck Institute for InformaticsinSaarbrücken. It is automatically extracted fromWikidataandSchema.org.
YAGO4, which was released in 2020, combines data that was extracted from Wikidata with relationship designators from Schema.org.[... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAGO_(database) |
Addition(usually signified by theplus symbol, +) is one of the four basicoperationsofarithmetic, the other three beingsubtraction,multiplication, anddivision. The addition of twowhole numbersresults in the total orsumof those values combined. For example, the adjacent image shows two columns of apples, one with three a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition |
Incoding theory,burst error-correcting codesemploy methods of correctingburst errors, which are errors that occur in many consecutive bits rather than occurring in bits independently of each other.
Many codes have been designed to correctrandom errors. Sometimes, however, channels may introduce errors which are locali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_error-correcting_code |
Quantum error correction(QEC) is a set of techniques used inquantum computingto protectquantum informationfrom errors due todecoherenceand otherquantum noise. Quantum error correction is theorised as essential to achievefault tolerant quantum computingthat can reduce the effects of noise on stored quantum information, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_error_correction |
A nationalidentity documentis an identity card with a photo, usable as an identity card at least inside the country, and which is issued by an official national authority. Identity cards can be issued voluntarily or may be compulsory to possess as a resident or citizen.[1]
Driving licencesand other cards issued bystat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_identity_card_policies_by_country |
Inmachine learning,multiple-instance learning(MIL) is a type ofsupervised learning. Instead of receiving a set of instances which are individuallylabeled, the learner receives a set of labeledbags, each containing many instances. In the simple case of multiple-instancebinary classification, a bag may be labeled negati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_instance_learning |
Perceptual learningislearningbetterperceptionskills such as differentiating twomusical tonesfrom one another or categorizations of spatial and temporal patterns relevant to real-world expertise. Examples of this may includereading, seeing relations amongchesspieces, and knowing whether or not anX-rayimage shows a tumor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_learning |
SuperMemo(from "Super Memory") is alearningmethod andsoftwarepackage developed by SuperMemo World and SuperMemo R&D withPiotr WoźniakinPolandfrom 1985 to the present.[2]It is based on research intolong-term memory, and is a practical application of thespaced repetitionlearning method that has been proposed for efficien... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperMemo |
Inmathematical logic,abstract algebraic logicis the study of the algebraization ofdeductive systemsarising as an abstraction of the well-knownLindenbaum–Tarski algebra, and how the resulting algebras are related to logical systems.[1]
The archetypal association of this kind, one fundamental to the historical origins o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebraic_logic |
In thehistory of cryptography,Typex(alternatively,Type XorTypeX) machines wereBritishcipher machines used from 1937. It was an adaptation of the commercial GermanEnigmawith a number of enhancements that greatly increased its security. The cipher machine (and its many revisions) was used until the mid-1950s when other m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typex |
Aphonestheme(/foʊˈnɛsθiːm/foh-NESS-theem;[1]phonaesthemein British English) is a pattern of sounds systematically paired with a certainmeaningin alanguage. The concept was proposed in 1930 by British linguistJ. R. Firth, who coined the term from the Greekφωνήphone, "sound", andαἴσθημαaisthema, "perception" (fromαίσθάνο... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonestheme |
Inuniversal algebra, avariety of algebrasorequational classis theclassof allalgebraic structuresof a givensignaturesatisfying a given set ofidentities. For example, thegroupsform a variety of algebras, as do theabelian groups, therings, themonoidsetc. According toBirkhoff's theorem, a class of algebraic structures of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(universal_algebra) |
AnABX testis a method of comparing two choices of sensory stimuli to identify detectable differences between them. A subject is presented with two known samples (sampleA, the first reference, and sampleB, the second reference) followed by one unknown sampleXthat is randomly selected from either A or B. The subject is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABX_test |
Inmathematics, inlinear algebra, aWeyr canonical form(or,Weyr formorWeyr matrix) is asquare matrixwhich (in some sense) induces "nice" properties with matrices it commutes with. It also has a particularly simple structure and the conditions for possessing a Weyr form are fairly weak, making it a suitable tool for study... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyr_canonical_form |
Inmachine learning,diffusion models, also known asdiffusion-based generative modelsorscore-based generative models, are a class oflatent variablegenerativemodels. A diffusion model consists of two major components: the forward diffusion process, and the reverse sampling process. The goal of diffusion models is to learn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_model |
Inabstract algebra, askew latticeis analgebraic structurethat is anon-commutativegeneralization of alattice. While the termskew latticecan be used to refer to any non-commutative generalization of a lattice, since 1989 it has been used primarily as follows.
Askew latticeis asetSequipped with twoassociative,idempotentb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew_lattice |
Ingraph theory, the termbipartite hypergraphdescribes several related classes ofhypergraphs, all of which are natural generalizations of abipartite graph.
The weakest definition of bipartiteness is also called2-colorability. A hypergraphH= (V,E) is called 2-colorable if its vertex setVcan be partitioned into two sets,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_hypergraph |
Value theory, also calledaxiology, studies the nature, sources, and types ofvalues. It is a branch ofphilosophyand an interdisciplinary field closely associated withsocial sciencessuch aseconomics,sociology,anthropology, andpsychology.
Value is the worth of something, usually understood as a degree that covers both po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiology#Intrinsic_value |
Indatabase management, anaggregate functionoraggregation functionis afunctionwhere multiple values are processed together to form a singlesummary statistic.
Common aggregate functions include:
Others include:
Formally, an aggregate function takes as input aset, amultiset(bag), or alistfrom some input domainIand outp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate_function |
Analog signal processingis a type ofsignal processingconducted oncontinuousanalog signalsby some analog means (as opposed to the discretedigital signal processingwhere thesignal processingis carried out by a digital process). "Analog" indicates something that is mathematically represented as a set of continuous values.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal_processing |
Informal ontology, a branch ofmetaphysics, and inontological computer science,mereotopologyis afirst-order theory, embodyingmereologicalandtopologicalconcepts, of the relations among wholes, parts, parts of parts, and theboundariesbetween parts.
Mereotopology begins in philosophy with theories articulated byA. N. Whit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mereotopology |
InDOS memory management,conventional memory, also calledbase memory, is the first 640kilobytesof the memory onIBM PCor compatible systems. It is the read-write memory directly addressable by the processor for use by the operating system and application programs. As memory prices rapidly declined, this design decision b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_redirection |
Inprobabilityandstatistics, acompound probability distribution(also known as amixture distributionorcontagious distribution) is theprobability distributionthat results from assuming that arandom variableis distributed according to some parametrized distribution, with (some of) the parameters of that distribution themse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_mixture |
Poshis asoftwareframeworkused incross-platformsoftwaredevelopment. It was created by Brian Hook.[1]It isBSD licensedand as of 17 March 2014[update], atversion1.3.002.
The Posh software framework provides aheader fileand an optionalCsource file.
Posh does not provide alternatives where a hostplatformdoes not offer a f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poshlib |
Rule inductionis an area ofmachine learningin which formal rules are extracted from a set of observations. The rules extracted may represent a fullscientific modelof the data, or merely represent localpatternsin the data.
Data miningin general and rule induction in detail are trying to create algorithms without human... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_induction |
Inpsychologyandphilosophy,theory of mind(often abbreviated to ToM) refers to the capacity to understand other individuals by ascribingmental statesto them. A theory of mind includes the understanding that others'beliefs,desires,intentions,emotions, andthoughtsmay be different from one's own.[1]Possessing a functional t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind |
Aflash mob(orflashmob)[1]is a group of people that assembles suddenly in a public place, performs for a brief time, then quickly disperses, often for the purposes of entertainment, satire, and/or artistic expression.[2][3][4]Flash mobs may be organized viatelecommunications,social media, orviral emails.[5][6][7][8][9]
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_mob |
Informal methodsofcomputer science, aparamorphism(fromGreekπαρά, meaning "close together")
is an extension of the concept ofcatamorphismfirst introduced byLambert Meertens[1]to deal with a form which “eats its argument and keeps it too”,[2][3]as exemplified by thefactorialfunction. Itscategorical dualis theapomorphism... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramorphism |
RAS syndrome, whereRASstands forredundant acronym syndrome(making the phrase "RAS syndrome"autological), is the redundant use of one or more of the words that make up anacronymin conjunction with the abbreviated form. This means, in effect, repeating one or more words from the acronym. For example:PINnumber(expanding t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAS_syndrome |
In the field ofartificial intelligence(AI),alignmentaims to steer AI systems toward a person's or group's intended goals, preferences, or ethical principles. An AI system is consideredalignedif it advances the intended objectives. AmisalignedAI system pursues unintended objectives.[1]
It is often challenging for AI de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_alignment |
AnSSH clientis a software program which uses thesecure shellprotocol to connect to aremote computer. This article compares a selection of notable clients.
Theoperating systemsorvirtual machinesthe SSH clients are designed to run on withoutemulationinclude several possibilities:
The list is not exhaustive, but rather ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_SSH_clients |
Inmathematics, anonlocaloperatoris amappingwhich maps functions on a topological space to functions, in such a way that the value of the output function at a given point cannot be determined solely from the values of the input function in any neighbourhood of any point. An example of a nonlocal operator is theFourier t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlocal_operator |
Steganography(/ˌstɛɡəˈnɒɡrəfi/ⓘSTEG-ə-NOG-rə-fee) is the practice of representing information within another message or physical object, in such a manner that the presence of the concealed information would not be evident to an unsuspecting person's examination. In computing/electronic contexts, acomputer file, message... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography |
Electromagnetic interference(EMI), also calledradio-frequency interference(RFI) when in theradio frequencyspectrum, is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit byelectromagnetic induction,electrostatic coupling, or conduction.[1]The disturbance may degrade the performance of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference |
TheSoftware for Open Networking in the Cloudor alternatively abbreviated and stylized asSONiC, is afree and open sourcenetwork operating systembased onLinux. It was originally developed byMicrosoftand theOpen Compute Project. In 2022, Microsoft ceded oversight of the project to theLinux Foundation, who will continue to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SONiC_(operating_system) |
Anelectronic symbolis apictogramused to represent variouselectricalandelectronicdevices or functions, such aswires,batteries,resistors, andtransistors, in aschematic diagramof an electrical orelectronic circuit. These symbols are largely standardized internationally today, but may vary from country to country, or engi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_symbol |
Instatistics, aneffect sizeis a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample ofdata, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size#Eta-squared_(η2) |
Mobile malwareis malicious software that targetsmobile phonesor wireless-enabledPersonal digital assistants(PDA), by causing the collapse of the system and loss or leakage of confidential information. As wireless phones and PDA networks have become more and more common and have grown in complexity, it has become increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_malware |
Backward inductionis the process of determining asequenceof optimal choices by reasoning from the endpoint of a problem or situation back to its beginning using individual events or actions.[1]Backward induction involves examining the final point in a series of decisions and identifying the optimal process or action re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_induction |
Wheeler's delayed-choice experimentdescribes a family ofthought experimentsinquantum physicsproposed byJohn Archibald Wheeler, with the most prominent among them appearing in 1978 and 1984.[1]These experiments illustrate the central point ofquantum theory: "It is wrong to attribute a tangibility to the photon in all it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%27s_delayed-choice_experiment |
S/KEYis aone-time passwordsystem developed forauthenticationtoUnix-likeoperating systems, especially fromdumb terminalsor untrusted public computers on which one does not want to type a long-term password. A user's real password is combined in an offline device with a short set of characters and a decrementing counter ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/KEY |
The Big Electric Cat, named for anAdrian Belewsong, was a public access computer system inNew York Cityin the late 1980s, known onUsenetas nodedasys1.
Based on aStride Computerbrandminicomputerrunning the UniStrideUnixvariant, the Big Electric Cat (sometimes known asBEC) provided dialupmodemusers with textterminal-bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Electric_Cat |
BlueSoleilis aBluetoothsoftware/driver forMicrosoft Windows,LinuxandWindows CE. It supports Bluetooth chipsets fromCSR,Broadcom,Marvelletc. Bluetoothdongles,PCs,Laptops,PDAs,PNDsandUMPCsare sometimes bundled with a version of this software albeit with limited functionality and OEM licensing. The software is rarely need... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueSoleil |
Aristarchus's inequality(after the GreekastronomerandmathematicianAristarchus of Samos; c. 310 – c. 230 BCE) is a law oftrigonometrywhich states that ifαandβareacute angles(i.e. between 0 and a right angle) andβ<αthen
Ptolemyused the first of these inequalities while constructinghis table of chords.[1]
The proof is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus%27s_inequality |
Incomputer science, anLL parser(left-to-right,leftmost derivation) is atop-down parserfor a restrictedcontext-free language. It parses the input fromLeft to right, performingLeftmost derivationof the sentence.
An LL parser is called an LL(k) parser if it usesktokensoflookaheadwhen parsing a sentence. A grammar is call... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL_parser |
Doorway pages(bridge pages,portal pages,jump pages,gateway pagesorentry pages) are web pages that are created for the deliberate manipulation of search engine indexes (spamdexing). A doorway page will affect the index of asearch engineby inserting results for particular phrases while sending visitors to a different pag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorway_pages |
Inmathematics,physicsandengineering, thesinc function(/ˈsɪŋk/SINK), denoted bysinc(x), has two forms, normalized and unnormalized.[1]
In mathematics, the historicalunnormalized sinc functionis defined forx≠ 0bysinc(x)=sinxx.{\displaystyle \operatorname {sinc} (x)={\frac {\sin x}{x}}.}
Alternatively, the unnormalize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhc_function |
Anand-inverter graph (AIG)is a directed, acyclicgraphthat represents a structural implementation of the logical functionality of acircuit or network. An AIG consists of two-input nodes representinglogical conjunction, terminal nodes labeled with variable names, and edges optionally containing markers indicatinglogical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And-inverter_graph |
Infinance, thecapital asset pricing model(CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate requiredrate of returnof anasset, to make decisions about adding assets to awell-diversifiedportfolio.
The model takes into account the asset's sensitivity to non-diversifiable risk (also known assystematic riskorm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_asset_pricing_model |
Security breach notification lawsordata breach notification lawsarelawsthat require individuals or entities affected by adata breach, unauthorized access to data,[1]to notify their customers and other parties about the breach, as well as take specific steps to remedy the situation based on state legislature. Data breac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_breach_notification_laws |
InEnglish legalproceedings, aconfidentiality club(also known asconfidentiality ring)[1]is an agreement occasionally reached by parties to alitigationto reduce the risk ofconfidentialdocuments being used outside the litigation. The agreement typically provides that only specified persons can access some documents. Setti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality_club |
Inalgebra, atransformation semigroup(orcomposition semigroup) is a collection oftransformations(functionsfrom a set to itself) that isclosedunderfunction composition. If it includes theidentity function, it is amonoid, called atransformation(orcomposition)monoid. This is thesemigroupanalogue of apermutation group.
A t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_semigroup |
Ordinal priority approach(OPA) is amultiple-criteria decision analysismethod that aids in solving thegroup decision-makingproblems based onpreference relations.
Various methods have been proposed to solve multi-criteria decision-making problems.[1]The basis of methods such asanalytic hierarchy processandanalytic netwo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_priority_approach |
TheAthlon XPmicroprocessor fromAMDis a seventh-generation32-bitCPU targeted at the consumer market.
AHL1200DHT3B | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMD_Athlon_XP_processors |
TheSafety-Critical Systems Club(SCSC)[1]is a professional association in theUnited Kingdom.[2][3]It aims to share knowledge aboutsafety-critical systems, including current and emerging practices in safety engineering, software engineering, and product andprocess safetystandards.[4]
Since it started in 1991, the Club h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety-Critical_Systems_Club |
In mathematicalqueueing theory,Little's law(alsoresult,theorem,lemma, orformula[1][2]) is a theorem byJohn Littlewhich states that the long-term average numberLof customers in astationarysystem is equal to the long-term average effective arrival rateλmultiplied by the average timeWthat a customer spends in the system. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%27s_lemma |
The following tables compare general and technical information for a number ofdocumentation generators. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs. Note... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_documentation_generators |
Acomputer clusteris a set ofcomputersthat work together so that they can be viewed as a single system. Unlikegrid computers, computer clusters have eachnodeset to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. The newest manifestation of cluster computing iscloud computing.
The components of a cluster ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster |
Inquantum computing, aquantum algorithmis analgorithmthat runs on a realistic model ofquantum computation, the most commonly used model being thequantum circuitmodel of computation.[1][2]A classical (or non-quantum) algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, or a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_algorithm |
Inmechanics, thevirial theoremprovides a general equation that relates the average over time of the totalkinetic energyof a stable system of discrete particles, bound by aconservative force(where theworkdone is independent of path), with that of the totalpotential energyof the system. Mathematically, thetheoremstates t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem |
Open-source hardware(OSH,OSHW) consists of physicalartifactsof technology designed and offered by theopen-design movement. Bothfree and open-source software(FOSS) and open-source hardware are created by thisopen-source culturemovement and apply a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware |
Analgorithmis fundamentally a set of rules or defined procedures that is typically designed and used to solve a specific problem or a broad set of problems.
Broadly, algorithms define process(es), sets of rules, or methodologies that are to be followed in calculations, data processing, data mining, pattern recognition... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algorithms |
Aviation Information Data Exchange(AIDX) is the globalXMLmessaging standard for exchanging flight data betweenairlines,airports, and any third party consuming the data. It is endorsed as a recommended standard by theInternational Air Transport Association(IATA), and theAirports Council International(ACI).
The developm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDX |
Social profilingis the process of constructing asocial mediauser's profile using his or hersocial data. In general,profilingrefers to thedata scienceprocess of generating a person's profile with computerizedalgorithmsand technology.[1]There are various platforms for sharing this information with the proliferation of gr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_profiling |
Ann-gramis a sequence ofnadjacent symbols in particular order.[1]The symbols may benadjacentletters(includingpunctuation marksand blanks),syllables, or rarely wholewordsfound in a language dataset; or adjacentphonemesextracted from a speech-recording dataset, or adjacent base pairs extracted from a genome. They are col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-gram#Character_n-grams |
Innatural language processing,semantic compressionis a process of compacting a lexicon used to build
a textual document (or a set of documents) by reducing language heterogeneity, while maintaining textsemantics.
As a result, the same ideas can be represented using a smaller set of words.
In most applications, seman... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_compression |
Inobject-oriented programming,inheritanceis the mechanism of basing anobjectorclassupon another object (prototype-based inheritance) or class (class-based inheritance), retaining similarimplementation. Also defined as deriving new classes (sub classes) from existing ones such as super class orbase classand then forming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming) |
Thepandemonium effectis a problem that may appear when high-resolution detectors (usually germaniumsemiconductor detectors) are used inbeta decaystudies. It can affect the correct determination of the feeding to the different levels of thedaughter nucleus. It was first introduced in 1977.[1]
Typically, when a parent n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemonium_effect |
Adistributed control system(DCS) is a computerizedcontrol systemfor a process or plant usually with manycontrol loops, in which autonomous controllers are distributed throughout the system, but there is no central operator supervisory control. This is in contrast to systems that use centralized controllers; either disc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_control_system |
Instatistics, theRobbins lemma, named afterHerbert Robbins, states that ifXis arandom variablehaving aPoisson distributionwith parameterλ, andfis any function for which theexpected valueE(f(X)) exists, then[1]
Robbins introduced this proposition while developingempirical Bayes methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins_lemma |
Inabstract algebra,group theorystudies thealgebraic structuresknown asgroups.
The concept of a group is central to abstract algebra: other well-known algebraic structures, such asrings,fields, andvector spaces, can all be seen as groups endowed with additionaloperationsandaxioms. Groups recur throughout mathematics, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory |
Grammar-orientedprogramming(GOP) andGrammar-oriented Object Design(GOOD) are good for designing and creating adomain-specific programming language(DSL) for a specific business domain.
GOOD can be used to drive the execution of the application or it can be used to embed the declarative processing logic of a context-awa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar-oriented_programming |
BPCS-steganography (Bit-Plane Complexity Segmentation steganography)is a type ofdigital steganography.
Digital steganography can hide confidential data (i.e. secret files) very securely by embedding them into some media data called "vessel data." The vessel data is also referred to as "carrier, cover, or dummy data". ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPCS-Steganography |
Telegram style,telegraph style,telegraphic style, ortelegraphese[1]is a clipped way of writing which abbreviates words and packs information into the smallest possible number of words or characters. It originated in thetelegraphage when telecommunication consisted only of short messages transmitted by hand over the tel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphese |
Acommon data model(CDM) can refer to any standardiseddata modelwhich allows fordataandinformation exchangebetween differentapplicationsanddata sources. Common data models aim to standardise logical infrastructure so that related applications can "operate on and share the same data",[1]and can be seen as a way to "organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_data_model |
Incomputer science, theSharp Satisfiability Problem(sometimes calledSharp-SAT,#SATormodel counting) is the problem of counting the number ofinterpretationsthatsatisfya givenBooleanformula, introduced by Valiant in 1979.[1]In other words, it asks in how many ways the variables of a given Boolean formula can be consisten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp-SAT |
Cyber insuranceis a specialtyinsuranceproduct intended to protect businesses from Internet-basedrisks, and more generally from risks relating toinformation technologyinfrastructure and activities. Risks of this nature are typically excluded from traditionalcommercial general liabilitypolicies or at least are not speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_insurance |
Adiscrete cosine transform(DCT) expresses a finite sequence ofdata pointsin terms of a sum ofcosinefunctions oscillating at differentfrequencies. The DCT, first proposed byNasir Ahmedin 1972, is a widely used transformation technique insignal processinganddata compression. It is used in mostdigital media, includingdigi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform |
Queue areasare places in which people queue (first-come, first-served) for goods or services. Such a group of people is known as aqueue(Britishusage) orline(Americanusage), and the people are said to be waiting or standingin a queueorin line, respectively. (In theNew York Cityarea, the phraseon lineis often used in pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queue_management_system |
In software, astack overflowoccurs if thecall stackpointer exceeds thestackbound. The call stack may consist of a limited amount ofaddress space, often determined at the start of the program. The size of the call stack depends on many factors, including the programming language, machine architecture, multi-threading, a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_overflow |
Infinite regressis aphilosophicalconcept to describe a series of entities. Each entity in the series depends on its predecessor, following arecursiveprinciple. For example, theepistemic regressis a series of beliefs in which thejustificationof each belief depends on the justification of the belief that comes before it.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress_argument |
Thereflected binary code(RBC), also known asreflected binary(RB) orGray codeafterFrank Gray, is an ordering of thebinary numeral systemsuch that two successive values differ in only onebit(binary digit).
For example, the representation of the decimal value "1" in binary would normally be "001", and "2" would be "010".... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_code |
Inmathematics, theHessian matrix,Hessianor (less commonly)Hesse matrixis asquare matrixof second-orderpartial derivativesof a scalar-valuedfunction, orscalar field. It describes the localcurvatureof a function of many variables. The Hessian matrix was developed in the 19th century by the German mathematicianLudwig Otto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessian_matrix |
Social information processingis "an activity through which collective human actions organize knowledge."[1]It is the creation and processing of information by a group of people. As an academic field Social Information Processing studies theinformation processingpower of networkedsocial systems.
Typically computer tool... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_information_processing |
Rprop, short for resilientbackpropagation, is a learningheuristicforsupervised learninginfeedforwardartificial neural networks. This is afirst-orderoptimizationalgorithm. This algorithm was created by Martin Riedmiller and Heinrich Braun in 1992.[1]
Similarly to theManhattan update rule, Rprop takes into account only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rprop |
Acontractionis a shortened version of the spoken and written forms of aword,syllable, orword group, created by omission of internal letters and sounds.
Inlinguistic analysis, contractions should not be confused withcrasis,abbreviationsandinitialisms(includingacronyms), with which they share somesemanticandphoneticfunc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_(grammar) |
Insoftware engineering, aspinlockis alockthat causes athreadtrying to acquire it to simply wait in aloop("spin") while repeatedly checking whether the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind ofbusy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinlock |
"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" is an English-languagepangram– asentencethat contains all the letters of thealphabet. The phrase is commonly used fortouch-typingpractice, testingtypewritersandcomputer keyboards, displaying examples offonts, and other applications involving text where the use of all lette... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog |
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