gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-107564 | 5a62926df8d794001af1c0ee | Royal_Dutch_Shell | It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the "Kulluk" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would "pause" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announc... | What project was based in Alaska? | What project was based in Alaska? | [
"What project was based in Alaska?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52429 | 57291f276aef051400154a6a | Planck_constant | Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the "quantum of action", now called the Planck... | What is the Planck constant formerly known as? | What is the Planck constant formerly known as? | [
"What is the Planck constant formerly known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"quantum of action"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67568 | 5726a33a5951b619008f7881 | Norfolk_Island | On 8 June 1856, the next settlement began on Norfolk Island. These were the descendants of Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers, including those of Fletcher Christian. They resettled from the Pitcairn Islands, which had become too small for their growing population. On 3 May 1856, 193 persons left Pitcairn Islands ab... | On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island? | On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island? | [
"On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"193"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99322 | 5730722b069b5314008320df | 51st_state | The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been par... | What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood? | What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood? | [
"What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?"
] | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100567 | 572d333e8351f81400e9d376 | Post-punk | Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as "a fusion of art and music". The era saw the robust appropriation of ideas from literature, art, cinema, philosophy, politics and critical theory into musical and pop cultural contexts. Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture and returned to th... | What was an intellectual focus of post-punk? | What was an intellectual focus of post-punk? | [
"What was an intellectual focus of post-punk?"
] | {
"text": [
"postmodernism"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27733 | 5acd166907355d001abf3418 | Energy | Some types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy. An example is mechanical energy which is the sum of (usually macroscopic) kinetic and potential energy in a system. Elastic energy in materials is also dependent upon electrical potential energy (among atoms and molecules), as is chemical ener... | What is dependent upon hydro potential energy? | What is dependent upon hydro potential energy? | [
"What is dependent upon hydro potential energy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87763 | 5ad3b8ce604f3c001a3fee5c | Tristan_da_Cunha | Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilomet... | What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the south Pacific Ocean? | What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the south Pacific Ocean? | [
"What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the south Pacific Ocean?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69624 | 5ad4918bba00c4001a268c37 | Windows_8 | Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro"... | What new security features does Windows 9 have? | What new security features does Windows 9 have? | [
"What new security features does Windows 9 have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25969 | 57098d1bed30961900e842e4 | Copper | The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica i... | What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted? | What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted? | [
"What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?"
] | {
"text": [
"oxides"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49389 | 5a8733c71d3cee001a6a1128 | Tuberculosis | In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other an... | What percentage of deaths were caused by TB in the 1950s? | What percentage of deaths were caused by TB in the 1950s? | [
"What percentage of deaths were caused by TB in the 1950s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62296 | 5a6a5a96a9e0c9001a4e9d86 | Liberal_Party_of_Australia | Menzies called a conference of conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party, which met in Canberra on 13 October 1944 and again in Albury, New South Wales in December 1944. From 1942 onward Menzies had maintained his public profile with his series of "The Forgotten People" radio ta... | Where was the second fireside chat held in 1944? | Where was the second fireside chat held in 1944? | [
"Where was the second fireside chat held in 1944?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46855 | 5a8c7c73fd22b3001a8d88fc | Textual_criticism | External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are al... | There are more early copies than what type of copies? | There are more early copies than what type of copies? | [
"There are more early copies than what type of copies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61609 | 5a62795ff8d794001af1c00c | St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador | As of the 2006 Census, there were 100,646 inhabitants in St. John's itself, 151,322 in the urban area and 181,113 in the St. John's Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Thus, St. John's is Newfoundland and Labrador's largest city and Canada's 20th largest CMA. Apart from St. John's, the CMA includes 12 other communities: th... | What nearby towns are not included in St. Johns CMA? | What nearby towns are not included in St. Johns CMA? | [
"What nearby towns are not included in St. Johns CMA?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25582 | 5acfd71977cf76001a686293 | Namibia | The capital city of Windhoek plays a very important role in Namibia's tourism due to its central location and close proximity to Hosea Kutako International Airport. According to The Namibia Tourism Exit Survey, which was produced by the Millennium Challenge Corporation for the Namibian Directorate of Tourism, 56% of al... | In what year was the Namibia Wildlife Resorts established? | In what year was the Namibia Wildlife Resorts established? | [
"In what year was the Namibia Wildlife Resorts established?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88264 | 56d8a84abfea0914004b7719 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | Prompted by the chaotic torch relays in Western Europe and North America, the president of the International Olympic Committee, Jacques Rogge described the situation as a "crisis" for the organization and stated that any athletes displaying Tibetan flags at Olympic venues could be expelled from the games. though he sto... | Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee? | Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee? | [
"Who is the president of the International Olympic Committee?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jacques Rogge"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55628 | 5acfd9a577cf76001a6862d6 | Presbyterianism | In Canada, the largest Presbyterian denomination – and indeed the largest Protestant denomination – was the Presbyterian Church in Canada, formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups. In 1925, the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church, Canada,... | Aside from the Methodist Church, which other church in Canada combined to form the United Church of Protestants? | Aside from the Methodist Church, which other church in Canada combined to form the United Church of Protestants? | [
"Aside from the Methodist Church, which other church in Canada combined to form the United Church of Protestants?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60510 | 5727575af1498d1400e8f68a | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the Unive... | Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor? | Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor? | [
"Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tower Plaza"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38357 | 5a7d388a70df9f001a87501a | Neolithic | However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not hav... | What continued without shortages? | What continued without shortages? | [
"What continued without shortages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101496 | 56d4bcef2ccc5a1400d8319a | Dog | In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the ... | What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English? | What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English? | [
"What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?"
] | {
"text": [
"hound"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75251 | 57286d4b4b864d19001649dd | Labour_Party_(UK) | The nationalist parties, in turn, demanded devolution to their respective constituent countries in return for their supporting the government. When referendums for Scottish and Welsh devolution were held in March 1979 Welsh devolution was rejected outright while the Scottish referendum returned a narrow majority in fav... | How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979? | How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979? | [
"How many votes did the vote of confidence lose by in 1979?"
] | {
"text": [
"a single vote"
],
"answer_start": [
652
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6751 | 5ad3529e604f3c001a3fdd1d | PlayStation_3 | The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales; less than 24 hours after its announcement, PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days. It regained the number-one position again one day later. PS3 Slim also re... | What score did the PS4 Slim earn from PC World? | What score did the PS4 Slim earn from PC World? | [
"What score did the PS4 Slim earn from PC World?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10572 | 56e038497aa994140058e3a5 | Comics | Webcomics are comics that are available on the internet. They are able to reach large audiences, and new readers usually can access archived installments. Webcomics can make use of an infinite canvas—meaning they are not constrained by size or dimensions of a page. | What comics are on the Internet? | What comics are on the Internet? | [
"What comics are on the Internet?"
] | {
"text": [
"Webcomics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65138 | 572975046aef051400154f26 | Renewable_energy_commercialization | Worldwide use of solar power and wind power continued to grow significantly in 2012. Solar electricity consumption increased by 58 percent, to 93 terawatt-hours (TWh). Use of wind power in 2012 increased by 18.1 percent, to 521.3 TWh. Global solar and wind energy installed capacities continued to expand even though new... | How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012? | How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012? | [
"How much was the worldwide investment in solar power in 2012?"
] | {
"text": [
"$140.4 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104031 | 570ba092ec8fbc190045ba88 | Infrared | Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the com... | In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive? | In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive? | [
"In micrometers, when do common silicon detectors cease to be sensitive?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,050"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39371 | 57326123b9d445190005eac8 | Protestantism | The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the World Council of Churches has been influential, but ine... | What conference was held in 1910? | What conference was held in 1910? | [
"What conference was held in 1910?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Edinburgh Missionary Conference"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65374 | 57271015dd62a815002e9894 | Crimean_War | 1855:Kars: In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000, mostly by disease. The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well-informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies. He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with caval... | What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease? | What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease? | [
"What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?"
] | {
"text": [
"disease"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106764 | 5a8478217cf838001a46a832 | East_India_Company | The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total... | Who had very relaxed policies? | Who had very relaxed policies? | [
"Who had very relaxed policies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77663 | 57267973dd62a815002e865e | British_Empire | In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the "jugular vein of the Empire". In 1875, the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the... | Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened? | Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened? | [
"Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?"
] | {
"text": [
"Napoleon III"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93444 | 5ad19674645df0001a2d209c | Light-emitting_diode | One-color light is well suited for traffic lights and signals, exit signs, emergency vehicle lighting, ships' navigation lights or lanterns (chromacity and luminance standards being set under the Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972, Annex I and the CIE) and LED-based Christ... | What type of light is not ideal for traffic signals? | What type of light is not ideal for traffic signals? | [
" What type of light is not ideal for traffic signals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74496 | 571b4bfe9499d21900609c5a | Asphalt | Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is... | How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have? | How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have? | [
"How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?"
] | {
"text": [
"5%"
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29458 | 5a5698266349e2001acdce6a | Swaziland | 83% of the total population adheres to Christianity, making it the most common religion in Swaziland. Anglican, Protestant and indigenous African churches, including African Zionist, constitute the majority of the Christians (40%), followed by Roman Catholicism at 20% of the population. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoy... | What country makes up 83% of Africa's Christians? | What country makes up 83% of Africa's Christians? | [
"What country makes up 83% of Africa's Christians?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53169 | 5727ad322ca10214002d936d | Sichuan | Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China. Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chine... | How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated? | How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated? | [
"How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?"
] | {
"text": [
"at least the 15th century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102076 | 5a5164d2ce860b001aa3fd83 | States_of_Germany | In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work,... | When was an expert commission established? | When was an expert commission established? | [
"When was an expert commission established?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51987 | 572a6fc47a1753140016af58 | Miami | Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, enter... | What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami? | What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami? | [
"What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alpha−World City"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53541 | 56e820ad37bdd419002c4447 | Dialect | A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbook... | Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language? | Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language? | [
"Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?"
] | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38430 | 5acd0dfc07355d001abf3287 | Materialism | During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conc... | When was Friedrich Engels born? | When was Friedrich Engels born? | [
"When was Friedrich Engels born? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47995 | 5726e3795951b619008f818e | Napoleon | During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much small... | What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death? | What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death? | [
"What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?"
] | {
"text": [
"5 feet 2 inches"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103725 | 572a4a9f1d046914007798d4 | East_Prussia | Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Pruss... | Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way? | Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way? | [
"Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?"
] | {
"text": [
"45 camps"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1170 | 5a4e7415755ab9001a10f45b | Airport | The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airpor... | What describes most automated weather stations at an airport? | What describes most automated weather stations at an airport? | [
"What describes most automated weather stations at an airport?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113808 | 5a56c9b96349e2001acdcf3e | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | The MoD has since been regarded as a leader in elaborating the post-Cold War organising concept of "defence diplomacy". As a result of the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2010, Prime Minister David Cameron signed a 50-year treaty with French President Nicolas Sarkozy that would have the two countries co-operate i... | What is France establishing in the Persian Gulf? | What is France establishing in the Persian Gulf? | [
"What is France establishing in the Persian Gulf?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93249 | 5ad1915b645df0001a2d1fc5 | Light-emitting_diode | In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993... | What technology was made possible by low-power blue light sources? | What technology was made possible by low-power blue light sources? | [
"What technology was made possible by low-power blue light sources?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113334 | 5a8776ee1d3cee001a6a11d8 | Vacuum | Almost two thousand years after Plato, René Descartes also proposed a geometrically based alternative theory of atomism, without the problematic nothing–everything dichotomy of void and atom. Although Descartes agreed with the contemporary position, that a vacuum does not occur in nature, the success of his namesake co... | What did Plato's discoveries about atomism come to define about empty space? | What did Plato's discoveries about atomism come to define about empty space? | [
"What did Plato's discoveries about atomism come to define about empty space?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31413 | 5a63db877f3c80001a150b68 | Germans | People of German origin are found in various places around the globe. United States is home to approximately 50 million German Americans or one third of the German diaspora, making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany. Brazil is the second largest with 5 million people claiming German ancest... | How many German speaking people live in Brazil? | How many German speaking people live in Brazil? | [
"How many German speaking people live in Brazil?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103324 | 5ad2bf7ed7d075001a42a0d7 | Multiracial_American | Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people perfo... | What was not a factor in how communities looked at people? | What was not a factor in how communities looked at people? | [
"What was not a factor in how communities looked at people?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56665 | 572792d6dd62a815002ea0c8 | Gramophone_record | The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about tw... | What company was known for laminate construction of discs? | What company was known for laminate construction of discs? | [
"What company was known for laminate construction of discs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Columbia Records"
],
"answer_start": [
714
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77827 | 5acd4b1307355d001abf3c32 | Strasbourg | Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity ... | When did the first Islamic people start living in Strasbourg? | When did the first Islamic people start living in Strasbourg? | [
"When did the first Islamic people start living in Strasbourg?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88795 | 570f357e80d9841400ab3569 | Circadian_rhythm | Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement, growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, and fragrance emission, among others. Circadian rhythms occur ... | Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage? | Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage? | [
"Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?"
] | {
"text": [
"agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
991
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74032 | 56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | Why did the economy begin to expand? | Why did the economy begin to expand? | [
"Why did the economy begin to expand?"
] | {
"text": [
"a surplus in production"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43185 | 572649e3dd62a815002e8081 | Poultry | The modern domesticated turkey is descended from one of six subspecies of wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) found in the present Mexican states of Jalisco, Guerrero and Veracruz. Pre-Aztec tribes in south-central Mexico first domesticated the bird around 800 BC, and Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the... | When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ? | When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ? | [
"When and with what culture did domesticated turkey start to appear in the United States ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pueblo Indians inhabiting the Colorado Plateau in the United States did likewise around 200 BC."
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36644 | 5731f388b9d445190005e6e0 | Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives | Unlike in Westminster style legislatures or as with the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader's duties and prominence vary depending upon the style and power of the Speaker of the House. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor. In some cases, Majority Leaders have... | Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader? | Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader? | [
"Who was speaker of the house When Tom Delay was Majority leader?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dennis Hastert"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23410 | 5731cae1b9d445190005e565 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | In 1962, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially-sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools. In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Court, by a vote of 6-1, determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public sch... | By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer? | By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer? | [
"By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?"
] | {
"text": [
"6-1"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69066 | 572f98fa04bcaa1900d76aca | Modern_history | Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services c... | What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by? | What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by? | [
"What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?"
] | {
"text": [
"two decades"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64228 | 572836213acd2414000df70b | Annelid | The "Lophotrochozoa" hypothesis is also supported by the fact that many phyla within this group, including annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms, follow a similar pattern in the fertilized egg's development. When their cells divide after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern. In th... | What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called? | What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called? | [
"What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?"
] | {
"text": [
"spiral determinate cleavage"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95310 | 56dfb0e97aa994140058dfe5 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | Bell is also credited with developing one of the early versions of a metal detector in 1881. The device was quickly put together in an attempt to find the bullet in the body of U.S. President James Garfield. According to some accounts, the metal detector worked flawlessly in tests but did not find the assassin's bullet... | What did Bell create in 1881? | What did Bell create in 1881? | [
"What did Bell create in 1881?"
] | {
"text": [
"metal detector"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34096 | 5ad40fec604f3c001a40017d | Alaska | Most food in Alaska is transported into the state from "Outside", and shipping costs make food in the cities relatively expensive. In rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is an essential activity because imported food is prohibitively expensive. Though most small towns and villages in Alaska lie along the coa... | How high can the cost of transport be in some urban areas? | How high can the cost of transport be in some urban areas? | [
"How high can the cost of transport be in some urban areas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93824 | 572e7e8503f98919007566ca | Cyprus | The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters, according to international law, except for the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, administered as Sovereign Base Areas. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts; the ... | How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into? | How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into? | [
"How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into?"
] | {
"text": [
"two main parts"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45696 | 57319a95e17f3d1400422261 | YouTube | In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platfor... | What platform was launched in Aug of 2015? | What platform was launched in Aug of 2015? | [
"What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?"
] | {
"text": [
"YouTube Gaming"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84768 | 573027d5947a6a140053d1bf | San_Diego | In 2005 two city council members, Ralph Inzunza and Deputy Mayor Michael Zucchet – who briefly took over as acting mayor when Murphy resigned – were convicted of extortion, wire fraud, and conspiracy to commit wire fraud for taking campaign contributions from a strip club owner and his associates, allegedly in exchange... | What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal? | What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal? | [
"What strip club-related law were the council members trying to repeal?"
] | {
"text": [
"no touch"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66652 | 5acecc8432bba1001ae4b474 | Brigham_Young_University | In literature and journalism, BYU has produced several best-selling authors, including Orson Scott Card '75, Brandon Sanderson '00 & '05, Ben English '98, and Stephenie Meyer '95. BYU also graduated American activist and contributor for ABC News Elizabeth Smart-Gilmour. Other media personalities include former CBS News... | What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1989? | What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1989? | [
"What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1989?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-148 | 56f8df889b226e1400dd114e | Guinea-Bissau | After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the CFA franc monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability. The civil war that took place in 1998 and 1999, and a military coup in September 2003 again disrupted economic activity, leaving a substantia... | In what year did Guinea-Bissau start to bring some internal monetary stability to the country? | In what year did Guinea-Bissau start to bring some internal monetary stability to the country? | [
"In what year did Guinea-Bissau start to bring some internal monetary stability to the country?"
] | {
"text": [
"1997"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58547 | 5a2ae2765b078a001a2f0732 | Sanskrit | Since the late 18th century, Sanskrit has been transliterated using the Latin alphabet. The system most commonly used today is the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration), which has been the academic standard since 1888. ASCII-based transliteration schemes have also evolved because of difficulties rep... | What software can only be used on Unicode-aware web browsers? | What software can only be used on Unicode-aware web browsers? | [
"What software can only be used on Unicode-aware web browsers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62802 | 572f7ad604bcaa1900d769e6 | Pain | In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theo... | Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory? | Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory? | [
"Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Paul Nafe"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114579 | 570a6db44103511400d596f1 | Emotion | Emotion, in everyday speech, is any relatively brief conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a high degree of pleasure or displeasure. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no consensus on a definition. Emotion is often intertwined with mood, temperament, personality,... | What do some theories see as an important part of emotion? | What do some theories see as an important part of emotion? | [
"What do some theories see as an important part of emotion?"
] | {
"text": [
"cognition"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85393 | 57280b503acd2414000df307 | European_Central_Bank | The internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial markets; communication with o... | What language does the ECB generally use? | What language does the ECB generally use? | [
"What language does the ECB generally use?"
] | {
"text": [
"English"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13600 | 5726f7fe5951b619008f839a | Glacier | A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, cr... | What causes glaciers to deform and flow? | What causes glaciers to deform and flow? | [
"What causes glaciers to deform and flow?"
] | {
"text": [
"stresses induced by their weight"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100352 | 5acd414c07355d001abf3a94 | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | In 2007, the official Xinhua News Agency reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metres. With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20m (100m, uncalibrated). | There are no terminals, but the calibration accuracy is still what? | There are no terminals, but the calibration accuracy is still what? | [
"There are no terminals, but the calibration accuracy is still what? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64609 | 5733ecdb4776f41900661520 | Portugal | The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is Aníbal Cavaco Silva. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister (currently António Costa) and includes... | For how many years is the Portugal president elected? | For how many years is the Portugal president elected? | [
"For how many years is the Portugal president elected?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48049 | 5726f6845951b619008f837e | Napoleon | Widespread rumors of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Nap... | Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what? | Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what? | [
"Anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign were sometimes celebrated in an effort to disrupt what?"
] | {
"text": [
"royal celebrations"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3196 | 5a5952543e1742001a15d06f | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developm... | What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment? | What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment? | [
"What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1860 | 570b46f8ec8fbc190045b94c | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) as well as the National Liberation Front (NLF, a... | What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops? | What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops? | [
"What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops?"
] | {
"text": [
"RVN"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35197 | 571a8a9010f8ca14003050fe | Memory | Interestingly, research has revealed that asking individuals to repeatedly imagine actions that they have never performed or events that they have never experienced could result in false memories. For instance, Goff and Roediger (1998) asked participants to imagine that they performed an act (e.g., break a toothpick) a... | Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task? | Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task? | [
"Who performed a study that showed the similarirty of imaginging doing something and then later remembering actually doing that task?"
] | {
"text": [
"Goff and Roediger"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98240 | 56f88857a6d7ea1400e17730 | Alps | In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the o... | What is an example of the ongoing orogeny? | What is an example of the ongoing orogeny? | [
"What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Matterhorn"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114512 | 5ad256acd7d075001a428d77 | Emotion | Emotions are thought to be related to certain activities in brain areas that direct our attention, motivate our behavior, and determine the significance of what is going on around us. Pioneering work by Broca (1878), Papez (1937), and MacLean (1952) suggested that emotion is related to a group of structures in the cent... | Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between non-emotional and the limbic system? | Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between non-emotional and the limbic system? | [
"Who published a work in 1937 on the relationship between non-emotional and the limbic system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102490 | 5ad3c735604f3c001a3ff03f | High-definition_television | Additionally, cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box. They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD. | What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box? | What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box? | [
"What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70359 | 5a2c5009bfd06b001a5aeb21 | Neoclassical_architecture | In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the ... | Who promoted a modern design for development on the former Chelsea barracks? | Who promoted a modern design for development on the former Chelsea barracks? | [
"Who promoted a modern design for development on the former Chelsea barracks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27621 | 5a62bc3bf8d794001af1c1f6 | Liberia | Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. Upon the end of the... | In what year did GDP growth reach 5.1%? | In what year did GDP growth reach 5.1%? | [
"In what year did GDP growth reach 5.1%?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106403 | 5725fc62271a42140099d3a5 | Hellenistic_period | The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled agains... | Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic? | Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic? | [
"Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"Attalus III"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59398 | 5ad14e08645df0001a2d16cc | Electric_motor | In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1... | What didn't Jedlik call his earliest devices? | What didn't Jedlik call his earliest devices? | [
" What didn't Jedlik call his earliest devices?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5945 | 5726a296708984140094cc8c | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is s... | Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages? | Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages? | [
"Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101890 | 57290e1f1d04691400778fee | States_of_Germany | The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bavaria (in German: Bayern), B... | What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of? | What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of? | [
"What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?"
] | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66965 | 5726abdb5951b619008f7999 | Nutrition | Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDs or RDNs) are health professionals qualified to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is eaten, a thorough review of nutritional health, and a personalized nutritional treatment plan. They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at wo... | What does RDN stand for? | What does RDN stand for? | [
"What does RDN stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Registered dietitian nutritionists"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91129 | 572aca2534ae481900deace5 | John_Kerry | Kerry is a Roman Catholic, and is said to carry a religious rosary, a prayer book, and a St. Christopher medal (the patron saint of travelers) when he campaigned. While Kerry is personally against abortion, he supports a woman's legal right to have one. Discussing his faith, Kerry said, "I thought of being a priest. I ... | Which part of the Bible did Kerry find the most moving? | Which part of the Bible did Kerry find the most moving? | [
"Which part of the Bible did Kerry find the most moving?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Letters of Paul"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59183 | 57269b6b708984140094cb75 | Alloy | An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements, which forms an impure substance (admixture) that retains the characteristics of a metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal, such as wrought iron, in that, with an alloy, the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some... | What kind of substance is an alloy? | What kind of substance is an alloy? | [
"What kind of substance is an alloy?"
] | {
"text": [
"impure"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111768 | 5acd832407355d001abf4502 | Education | Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown ... | What is not important for a student in education? | What is not important for a student in education? | [
"What is not important for a student in education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96718 | 5727a3762ca10214002d9288 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkn... | What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works? | What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works? | [
"What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?"
] | {
"text": [
"the death of kings and other major figures"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98054 | 56e16b59cd28a01900c678e1 | Hydrogen | Hydrogen was liquefied for the first time by James Dewar in 1898 by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask. He produced solid hydrogen the next year. Deuterium was discovered in December 1931 by Harold Urey, and tritium was prepared in 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. ... | What year was tritium discovered? | What year was tritium discovered? | [
"What year was tritium discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"1934"
],
"answer_start": [
260
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93522 | 572843282ca10214002da1dc | Estonia | A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing... | What financial institution is associated with Estonia? | What financial institution is associated with Estonia? | [
"What financial institution is associated with Estonia?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Nordic Investment Bank"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103872 | 5734215f4776f419006618fd | Montana | As white settlers began populating Montana from the 1850s through the 1870s, disputes with Native Americans ensued, primarily over land ownership and control. In 1855, Washington Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens negotiated the Hellgate treaty between the United States Government and the Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and th... | What year was the treaty ratified? | What year was the treaty ratified? | [
"What year was the treaty ratified?"
] | {
"text": [
"1859"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104514 | 5ad236b9d7d075001a428812 | Mandolin | Jethro Burns, best known as half of the comedy duo Homer and Jethro, was also the first important jazz mandolinist. Tiny Moore popularized the mandolin in Western swing music. He initially played an 8-string Gibson but switched after 1952 to a 5-string solidbody electric instrument built by Paul Bigsby. Modern players ... | Who popularized the mandolin in Eastern Swing Music? | Who popularized the mandolin in Eastern Swing Music? | [
" Who popularized the mandolin in Eastern Swing Music?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22040 | 570b063eec8fbc190045b7e6 | Aircraft_carrier | Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to... | What are LSO's still being used to do? | What are LSO's still being used to do? | [
"What are LSO's still being used to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67796 | 5a81ca0831013a001a334eca | Norfolk_Island | As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk T... | What is the name of Norfolk Island's only phone? | What is the name of Norfolk Island's only phone? | [
"What is the name of Norfolk Island's only phone?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29191 | 5ad39d84604f3c001a3fe8e5 | Pharmaceutical_industry | In contrast to this viewpoint, an article and associated editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine in May 2015 emphasized the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions for the development of novel treatments, and argued that moral outrage over industry malfeasance had unjustifiably led many to... | Who printed the article about the importance of malfeasance? | Who printed the article about the importance of malfeasance? | [
"Who printed the article about the importance of malfeasance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74708 | 570e59ea0dc6ce1900204f81 | Melbourne | In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a si... | How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase? | How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase? | [
"How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?"
] | {
"text": [
"600,000"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76719 | 572ab36d34ae481900deac5f | Philadelphia | Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra, generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States, and t... | What is the countries oldest opera house? | What is the countries oldest opera house? | [
"What is the countries oldest opera house?"
] | {
"text": [
"Academy of Music"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3983 | 56d4d9a92ccc5a1400d832a8 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé's music is generally R&B, but she also incorporates pop, soul and funk into her songs. 4 demonstrated Beyoncé's exploration of 90s-style R&B, as well as further use of soul and hip hop than compared to previous releases. While she almost exclusively releases English songs, Beyoncé recorded several Spanish songs... | Who coached Beyoncé for her Spanish recordings? | Who coached Beyoncé for her Spanish recordings? | [
"Who coached Beyoncé for her Spanish recordings?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rudy Perez."
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98112 | 56e19e9ccd28a01900c67a22 | Hydrogen | In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O
2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H
2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (Fe
2S... | How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen? | How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen? | [
"How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?"
] | {
"text": [
"serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113034 | 570d9c7616d0071400510beb | Adolescence | There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The ... | What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take? | What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take? | [
"What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?"
] | {
"text": [
"constructivist"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83555 | 5ad268fbd7d075001a4292aa | Dominican_Order | English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that, whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine, English Dominican mysticism's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one's personal relationship with God... | What was not ethical or an actual union of God? | What was not ethical or an actual union of God? | [
"What was not ethical or an actual union of God?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21688 | 5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c722 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on... | What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by? | What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by? | [
"What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by?"
] | {
"text": [
"objects that were deposited under them"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100582 | 5a282c07d1a287001a6d0ab7 | Post-punk | Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as "a fusion of art and music". The era saw the robust appropriation of ideas from literature, art, cinema, philosophy, politics and critical theory into musical and pop cultural contexts. Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture and returned to th... | Why did post-punk artists never produce and release their own music? | Why did post-punk artists never produce and release their own music? | [
"Why did post-punk artists never produce and release their own music?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.