gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-24219 | 5ad416c5604f3c001a400354 | Bermuda | There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in A... | When did Robert Wade take office? | When did Robert Wade take office? | [
"When did Robert Wade take office?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21850 | 570aba3b4103511400d5996f | Aircraft_carrier | The British Royal Navy is constructing two new larger STOVL aircraft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth class, to replace the three Invincible-class carriers. The ships will be named HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales. They will be able to operate up to 40 aircraft in peace time with a tailored group of up to 50, a... | What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named? | What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named? | [
"What will the 2 Queen Elizabeth class ships be named?"
] | {
"text": [
"HMS Queen Elizabeth and HMS Prince of Wales"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114407 | 5ad23dbbd7d075001a4288a4 | Emotion | Emotions are complex. According to some theories, they are a state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence our behavior. The physiology of emotion is closely linked to arousal of the nervous system with various states and strengths of arousal relating, apparently, to particular emot... | Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions never cause? | Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions never cause? | [
"Along with physical changes, what sort of changes do emotions never cause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28058 | 572e88f5dfa6aa1500f8d0de | Steven_Spielberg | His first professional TV job came when he was hired to direct one of the segments for the 1969 pilot episode of Night Gallery. The segment, "Eyes," starred Joan Crawford; she and Spielberg were reportedly close friends until her death. The episode is unusual in his body of work, in that the camerawork is more highly s... | What was Steven Spielberg's first feature-length assignment? | What was Steven Spielberg's first feature-length assignment? | [
"What was Steven Spielberg's first feature-length assignment?"
] | {
"text": [
"an episode of The Name of the Game called \"L.A. 2017\"."
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56150 | 56e7b2f200c9c71400d77512 | Arena_Football_League | After its return in 2010, the AFL had its national television deal with the NFL Network for a weekly Friday night game. All AFL games not on the NFL Network could be seen for free online, provided by Ustream. | What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010? | What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010? | [
"What cable television network signed a broadcast deal with the AFL in 2010?"
] | {
"text": [
"NFL Network"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59080 | 5a2ef31fa83784001a7d25ce | A_cappella | The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row’s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachuse... | What drama was based on two a cappella groups? | What drama was based on two a cappella groups? | [
"What drama was based on two a cappella groups?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101095 | 5a5e63da5bc9f4001a75afb8 | Hindu_philosophy | Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes we... | Salvation required the soul separating from what? | Salvation required the soul separating from what? | [
"Salvation required the soul separating from what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56490 | 5a0f2cdddecec9001847548f | Geography_of_the_United_States | West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus (also known as the Intermountain West), a large, arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges. The large southern portion, known as the Great Basin, consists of salt flats, drainage basins, and many small north-south mountain ... | The large northern portion is known as what? | The large northern portion is known as what? | [
"The large northern portion is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111392 | 5731f389e99e3014001e6417 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What Roman rites excluded men? | What Roman rites excluded men? | [
"What Roman rites excluded men?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bona Dea"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11770 | 56fae5418f12f3190063025b | Somalis | Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale, such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as... | What scale is used by most Somali songs? | What scale is used by most Somali songs? | [
"What scale is used by most Somali songs?"
] | {
"text": [
"pentatonic"
],
"answer_start": [
100
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69045 | 572f91c704bcaa1900d76a8d | Modern_history | On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, t... | Where did Japan attack the United States? | Where did Japan attack the United States? | [
"Where did Japan attack the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pearl Harbor"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62081 | 572667e6708984140094c4f8 | Chicago_Cubs | After over a dozen more subpar seasons, in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise. Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title. One of his early GM moves brought in a young Phillies minor-league 3rd baseman named Ryne Sandberg, along with Larry Bowa for Iván... | Where was GM Dallas Green from? | Where was GM Dallas Green from? | [
"Where was GM Dallas Green from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Philadelphia"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29806 | 5ad17a7d645df0001a2d1ddc | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation o... | On what day is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple? | On what day is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple? | [
"On what day is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75273 | 5ad13cb9645df0001a2d1337 | Labour_Party_(UK) | After its defeat in the 1979 general election the Labour Party underwent a period of internal rivalry between the left represented by Tony Benn, and the right represented by Denis Healey. The election of Michael Foot as leader in 1980, and the leftist policies he espoused, such as unilateral nuclear disarmament, leavin... | Who was easily defeated by Healey? | Who was easily defeated by Healey? | [
"Who was easily defeated by Healey?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26055 | 5726a292dd62a815002e8b98 | Edmund_Burke | At about this same time, Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton (known as "Single-speech Hamilton"). When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a position he held for three years. In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig ... | What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in? | What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in? | [
"What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Whig"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86751 | 56e77e8d00c9c71400d771bb | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | In 2007, RIBA called for minimum space standards in newly built British houses after research was published suggesting that British houses were falling behind other European countries. "The average new home sold to people today is significantly smaller than that built in the 1920s... We're way behind the rest of Europe... | When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain? | When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain? | [
"When did the Royal Institute promote setting lower limits on the size of new homes in Britain?"
] | {
"text": [
"2007"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84532 | 572ff077b2c2fd1400568617 | San_Diego | From the start of the 20th century through the 1970s, the American tuna fishing fleet and tuna canning industry were based in San Diego, "the tuna capital of the world". San Diego's first tuna cannery was founded in 1911, and by the mid-1930s the canneries employed more than 1,000 people. A large fishing fleet supporte... | From what region in Portugal did immigrants come from to work in San Diego's fishing industry? | From what region in Portugal did immigrants come from to work in San Diego's fishing industry? | [
"From what region in Portugal did immigrants come from to work in San Diego's fishing industry?"
] | {
"text": [
"Portuguese Azores"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18595 | 5726e3bd5951b619008f819e | Nigeria | Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic devel... | What territory is Kubwa Community in? | What territory is Kubwa Community in? | [
"What territory is Kubwa Community in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Federal Capital Territory"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62945 | 572fa99c04bcaa1900d76b83 | Pain | Physical pain is an important political topic in relation to various issues, including pain management policy, drug control, animal rights or animal welfare, torture, and pain compliance. In various contexts, the deliberate infliction of pain in the form of corporal punishment is used as retribution for an offence, or ... | What is corporal punishment used as retribution for? | What is corporal punishment used as retribution for? | [
"What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?"
] | {
"text": [
"an offence"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67888 | 5ad418dd604f3c001a40042b | Charleston,_South_Carolina | The traditional parish system persisted until the Reconstruction Era, when counties were imposed.[citation needed] Nevertheless, traditional parishes still exist in various capacities, mainly as public service districts. When the city of Charleston was formed, it was defined by the limits of the Parish of St. Philip an... | What other parish besides St. John's Parish is mostly an incorporated urban parish? | What other parish besides St. John's Parish is mostly an incorporated urban parish? | [
"What other parish besides St. John's Parish is mostly an incorporated urban parish? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101995 | 5a4745ff5fd40d001a27dd9e | States_of_Germany | Upon its founding in 1949, West Germany had eleven states. These were reduced to nine in 1952 when three south-western states (South Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern, and Württemberg-Baden) merged to form Baden-Württemberg. From 1957, when the French-occupied Saar Protectorate was returned and formed into the Saarland, ... | What were the number of states reduced to in Saar Protectorate in 1949? | What were the number of states reduced to in Saar Protectorate in 1949? | [
"What were the number of states reduced to in Saar Protectorate in 1949?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38136 | 57304c75069b53140083201b | Roman_Republic | Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. In architecture and sculpture, the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome. Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it. Its signifi... | What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on? | What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on? | [
"What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?"
] | {
"text": [
"European cultures"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115543 | 57098452ed30961900e8426b | England_national_football_team | Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defea... | To whom is the quote "it was like playing men from outer space" attributed? | To whom is the quote "it was like playing men from outer space" attributed? | [
"To whom is the quote \"it was like playing men from outer space\" attributed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Syd Owen"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13252 | 56e78a5637bdd419002c40e5 | Nanjing | Besides the city wall, other famous Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Tower, although the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either in order to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city or from superstitious fear o... | What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing? | What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing? | [
"What is the name of the famous mausoleum in Nanjing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8845 | 56e0a8ad231d4119001ac347 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | The Russian SFSR was controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, until the abortive 1991 August coup, which prompted President Yeltsin to suspend the recently created Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. | What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991? | What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991? | [
"What political organization controlled the RSFSR up to 1991?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75836 | 5705ffff75f01819005e7858 | The_Times | Robert Fisk, seven times British International Journalist of the Year, resigned as foreign correspondent in 1988 over what he saw as "political censorship" of his article on the shooting-down of Iran Air Flight 655 in July 1988. He wrote in detail about his reasons for resigning from the paper due to meddling with his ... | What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation? | What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation? | [
"What airplane was shot down in July 1988 that a famous foreign correspondent from The Times wrote an article about that later lead to his resignation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Iran Air Flight 655"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81759 | 5706d3592eaba6190074ad1f | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | The tourism district would comprise several key areas in the city; the Marina District, Ducktown, Chelsea, South Inlet, Bader Field, and Gardner's Basin. Also included are 10 roadways that lead into the district, including several in the city's northern end, or North Beach. Gardner's Basin, which is home to the Atlanti... | Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district? | Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district? | [
"Where was the residential neighborhood that was removed from the final boundaries of the district?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chelsea"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9526 | 5725bd7989a1e219009abdc8 | Montevideo | In 1868, the horse-drawn tram company Compañía de Tranvías al Paso del Molino y Cerro created the first lines connecting Montevideo with Unión, the beach resort of Capurro and the industrialized and economically independent Villa del Cerro, at the time called Cosmopolis. In the same year, the Mercado del Puerto was ina... | What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? | What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? | [
"What year was the first railway line of the company Ferrocarril Central del Uruguay inaugurated? "
] | {
"text": [
"1869"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56515 | 5a0f31d5decec900184754a8 | Geography_of_the_United_States | The Atlantic coast of the United States is low, with minor exceptions. The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast-southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system. This system had its climax of deformation so l... | What made to see advance on the land in the southeasternAppalachian? | What made to see advance on the land in the southeasternAppalachian? | [
"What made to see advance on the land in the southeasternAppalachian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102982 | 57280bee2ca10214002d9c99 | Unicode | Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (L... | How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4? | How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4? | [
"How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4? "
] | {
"text": [
"since Windows NT 4.0"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31471 | 5a63e9847f3c80001a150b9b | Germans | Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestant... | Who established Protestantism in the 15th century? | Who established Protestantism in the 15th century? | [
"Who established Protestantism in the 15th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60202 | 572fa79aa23a5019007fc83a | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any other institution in history. United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016. A presidenti... | What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates? | What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates? | [
"What building at Washington University was used to host the presidential debates?"
] | {
"text": [
"Washington University Athletic Complex"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47557 | 572fcc32a23a5019007fc9fb | Armenia | The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad. Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern industrial sec... | What group is opening a research center in Armenia? | What group is opening a research center in Armenia? | [
"What group is opening a research center in Armenia?"
] | {
"text": [
"Intel Corporation"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51006 | 572f9a52b2c2fd140056823a | Seven_Years%27_War | The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana, and to Great Britain the rest of New France except for the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Faced with the choice of retrieving e... | Who ended up owning Louisiana? | Who ended up owning Louisiana? | [
"Who ended up owning Louisiana?"
] | {
"text": [
"the most important being France's cession to Spain of Louisiana"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98603 | 5a5fcdfdeae51e001ab14c63 | Marvel_Comics | In 1968, while selling 50 million comic books a year, company founder Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News he had reached under duress during the Atlas years, allowing him now to release as many titles as demand warranted. Late that year he sold Marvel Comics and his other pub... | How many comic books had Goodman sold by 1968? | How many comic books had Goodman sold by 1968? | [
"How many comic books had Goodman sold by 1968?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103610 | 572a1e59af94a219006aa7f9 | East_Prussia | The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III, son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia. Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in ... | Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660? | Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660? | [
"Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frederick William"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90033 | 5acf7cfc77cf76001a684f56 | Somerset | Tourism is a major industry, estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people. Attractions include the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton. The town of Glastonbury has mythical associations, including leg... | How many people attend the open-air rock festival near Pilton each year? | How many people attend the open-air rock festival near Pilton each year? | [
"How many people attend the open-air rock festival near Pilton each year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55686 | 5acfde3777cf76001a686357 | Presbyterianism | The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan, with some 238,372 members as of 2009 (including a majority of the island's aborigines). English Presbyterian missionary James Laidlaw Maxwell established the first Presbyterian church in Tainan in 1865. His colleague George... | The PCT is the smallest denomination of what religion in Taiwan? | The PCT is the smallest denomination of what religion in Taiwan? | [
"The PCT is the smallest denomination of what religion in Taiwan?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20835 | 5acfa31377cf76001a68568e | Prime_minister | The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century. | What title is no longer honorific? | What title is no longer honorific? | [
"What title is no longer honorific?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111422 | 573200880fdd8d15006c66d2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | Until what era did spells persist in the empire? | Until what era did spells persist in the empire? | [
"Until what era did spells persist in the empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"7th century AD"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63242 | 572bab9334ae481900deaed0 | Czech_language | Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages, including English. Proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations are capitalized, and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages. Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to ... | What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with? | What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with? | [
"What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with?"
] | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37825 | 572fcad3947a6a140053cccd | Roman_Republic | Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions o... | What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic? | What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic? | [
"What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"independent"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39413 | 57273164708984140094dac8 | FA_Cup | The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams h... | In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals?? | In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals?? | [
"In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??"
] | {
"text": [
"never reached the quarter finals"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104292 | 5728a91e3acd2414000dfc33 | Mandolin | Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and ... | What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated? | What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated? | [
"What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gibson F-5"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99391 | 573075b12461fd1900a9ce27 | 51st_state | Several websites assert that Israel is the 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States. An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territorie... | When was Two Stars for Peace published? | When was Two Stars for Peace published? | [
"When was Two Stars for Peace published?"
] | {
"text": [
"2003"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88858 | 5a222b52819328001af38a19 | Circadian_rhythm | Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several phytochromes and cryptochromes. One phytochrome, phyA, is the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the dark but rapidly degrades... | What absorbes white light for plants? | What absorbes white light for plants? | [
"What absorbes white light for plants?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102066 | 5a516183ce860b001aa3fd79 | States_of_Germany | Paragraph 6 of Article 29 stated that if a petition was successful a referendum should be held within three years. Since the deadline passed on 5 May 1958 without anything happening the Hesse state government filed a constitutional complaint with the Federal Constitutional Court in October 1958. The complaint was dismi... | By who was the Hesse state government's complaint heard? | By who was the Hesse state government's complaint heard? | [
"By who was the Hesse state government's complaint heard?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50638 | 56e874d50b45c0140094ccb0 | Bern | The City Parliament (de: Stadtrat, fr: Conseil de ville) holds legislative power. It is made up of 80 members, with elections held every four years. The City Parliament decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of propor... | How many members are part of the City Parliament? | How many members are part of the City Parliament? | [
"How many members are part of the City Parliament?"
] | {
"text": [
"80"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55986 | 56e79b1e37bdd419002c420d | Arena_Football_League | One of the league's early success stories was the Detroit Drive. A primary team for some of the AFL's most highly regarded players, including George LaFrance and Gary and Alvin Rettig, as well as being a second career chance for quarterback Art Schlichter, the Drive regularly played before sold out crowds at Joe Louis ... | What team did Art Schlichter play for? | What team did Art Schlichter play for? | [
"What team did Art Schlichter play for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Detroit Drive"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7011 | 573140efa5e9cc1400cdbdcb | Red | Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used com... | What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy? | What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy? | [
"What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?"
] | {
"text": [
"671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers"
],
"answer_start": [
711
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97510 | 56d3711659d6e414001463d0 | Frédéric_Chopin | In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the ne... | Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin? | Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin? | [
"Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jane Stirling"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29922 | 572a33f0af94a219006aa894 | CBC_Television | Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was r... | Where are affiliates of HNIC aired? | Where are affiliates of HNIC aired? | [
"Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?"
] | {
"text": [
"a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104055 | 5a07d87b3fc874001820701c | Infrared | Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it... | What is the range of the black body radiation law? | What is the range of the black body radiation law? | [
"What is the range of the black body radiation law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55083 | 570a85536d058f1900182f24 | Everton_F.C. | Current manager, Roberto Martínez, is the fourteenth permanent holder of the position since it was established in 1939. There have also been four caretaker managers, and before 1939 the team was selected by either the club secretary or by committee. The club's longest-serving manager has been Harry Catterick, who was i... | Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager? | Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager? | [
"Who was the Everton FC team's longest serving manager?"
] | {
"text": [
"Harry Catterick"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14449 | 572f87eba23a5019007fc6fb | Han_dynasty | A commandery consisted of a group of counties, and was headed by an Administrator. He was the top civil and military leader of the commandery and handled defense, lawsuits, seasonal instructions to farmers and recommendations of nominees for office sent annually to the capital in a quota system first established by Emp... | What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county? | What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county? | [
"What individual was responsible for law and maintaining order in the county?"
] | {
"text": [
"A Magistrate"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12215 | 56e16abbe3433e1400422ee0 | Universal_Studios | Universal's multi-year film financing deal with Elliott Management expired in 2013. In July 2013, Universal made an agreement with Legendary Pictures to market, co-finance, and distribute Legendary's films for five years starting in 2014, the year that Legendary's similar agreement with Warner Bros. expires. | Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013? | Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013? | [
"Universal's deal with what company ended in 2013?"
] | {
"text": [
"Elliott Management"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43975 | 56cf7d1f4df3c31400b0d846 | Kanye_West | West has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career, receiving both criticism and praise from many, including the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC, A Concert for Hurrican... | Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? | Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? | [
"Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina? "
] | {
"text": [
"George W. Bush"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92351 | 5a503f3bce860b001aa3fb2b | Asthma | In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 188... | What condition was epinephrine connected to the treatment of in 1873? | What condition was epinephrine connected to the treatment of in 1873? | [
"What condition was epinephrine connected to the treatment of in 1873?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63645 | 5725f5ca271a42140099d37d | Buckingham_Palace | During World War I, the palace, then the home of King George V and Queen Mary, escaped unscathed. Its more valuable contents were evacuated to Windsor but the royal family remained in situ. The King imposed rationing at the palace, much to the dismay of his guests and household. To the King's later regret, David Lloyd ... | The king refrained from doing what during the war? | The king refrained from doing what during the war? | [
"The king refrained from doing what during the war?"
] | {
"text": [
"alcohol"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3861 | 56bfa761a10cfb1400551205 | Beyoncé | At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyoncé was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for "Drunk in Love", and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé. She was nominated for Album of the Year but the award was won by Beck for his Morning Phase album. In ... | With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album? | With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album? | [
"With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album?"
] | {
"text": [
"Coldplay"
],
"answer_start": [
770
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61818 | 572a6bf8fed8de19000d5c04 | Madrasa | During its formative period, the term madrasah referred to a higher education institution, whose curriculum initially included only the "religious sciences", whilst philosophy and the secular sciences were often excluded. The curriculum slowly began to diversify, with many later madaris teaching both the religious and ... | What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum? | What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum? | [
"What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?"
] | {
"text": [
"philosophy and the secular sciences"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83206 | 5ad243e7d7d075001a428a21 | Dominican_Order | The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emer... | What were Men of God expected to stay behind? | What were Men of God expected to stay behind? | [
"What were Men of God expected to stay behind?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100437 | 5acd4b5007355d001abf3c3c | BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System | Compass-M1 transmits in 3 bands: E2, E5B, and E6. In each frequency band two coherent sub-signals have been detected with a phase shift of 90 degrees (in quadrature). These signal components are further referred to as "I" and "Q". The "I" components have shorter codes and are likely to be intended for the open service.... | IQ modulation has been the only method in wired technology since how many years ago? | IQ modulation has been the only method in wired technology since how many years ago? | [
"IQ modulation has been the only method in wired technology since how many years ago?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95396 | 56dfc6f4231d4119001abdf4 | Alexander_Graham_Bell | The bel (B) and the smaller decibel (dB) are units of measurement of sound intensity invented by Bell Labs and named after him. [N 28] Since 1976 the IEEE's Alexander Graham Bell Medal has been awarded to honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications. | In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out? | In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out? | [
"In what field is the Alexander Graham Bell Medal given out?"
] | {
"text": [
"telecommunications"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28469 | 5731d33de17f3d1400422457 | Steven_Spielberg | In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the Légion d'honneur by president Jacques Chirac. On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3. The tribute to Spielberg... | Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006? | Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006? | [
"Where was Spielberg honored on Dec 3, 2006?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kennedy Center"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43498 | 57269eab708984140094cbec | Korean_War | By August, the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan in southeast Korea. In their southward advance, the KPA purged the Republic of Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals. On 20 August, General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il-... | Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA? | Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA? | [
"Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kim Il-sung"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35004 | 5a8cd168fd22b3001a8d8ee0 | Memory | While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memor... | What is the defiition of the part of short-term memory known as episodic? | What is the defiition of the part of short-term memory known as episodic? | [
"What is the defiition of the part of short-term memory known as episodic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17093 | 5ad1157f645df0001a2d0cef | Uranium | The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of ur... | What devices weren't painted with radium paint? | What devices weren't painted with radium paint? | [
"What devices weren't painted with radium paint?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104399 | 5ad22dcad7d075001a428652 | Mandolin | Antonio Vivaldi composed a mandolin concerto (Concerto in C major Op.3 6) and two concertos for two mandolins and orchestra. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart placed it in his 1787 work Don Giovanni and Beethoven created four variations of it. Antonio Maria Bononcini composed La conquista delle Spagne di Scipione Africano il gio... | What two artists created five variations of the Concerto in D Major Op 3 6? | What two artists created five variations of the Concerto in D Major Op 3 6? | [
"What two artists created five variations of the Concerto in D Major Op 3 6?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87118 | 5a1f69a754a786001a36b2a1 | Videoconferencing | Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one ... | What will persist when teachers and lecturers are brought together? | What will persist when teachers and lecturers are brought together? | [
"What will persist when teachers and lecturers are brought together?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27034 | 5a57b8de770dc0001aeefcf2 | Orthodox_Judaism | Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously att... | What does Classical Orthodoxy hold to be true? | What does Classical Orthodoxy hold to be true? | [
"What does Classical Orthodoxy hold to be true?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30619 | 5ace35c332bba1001ae49e61 | Appalachian_Mountains | The oak forests generally lack the diverse small tree, shrub and herb layers of mesic forests. Shrubs are generally ericaceous, and include the evergreen mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), various species of blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), black huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata), a number of deciduous rhododendrons (aza... | What type of layers do oak forests have plenty of? | What type of layers do oak forests have plenty of? | [
"What type of layers do oak forests have plenty of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111571 | 572b827ff75d5e190021fe12 | Education | Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values ... | Where does formal education take place? | Where does formal education take place? | [
"Where does formal education take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"school environment"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90559 | 572fc83804bcaa1900d76d1b | Pacific_War | The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), Ne... | What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.? | What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.? | [
"What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.?"
] | {
"text": [
"Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21565 | 5a651d20c2b11c001a425c2c | Sumer | The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administr... | Who's reign ended in the 22nd century BC? | Who's reign ended in the 22nd century BC? | [
"Who's reign ended in the 22nd century BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74584 | 5ace6e1832bba1001ae4a689 | Asphalt | Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. ... | What process did Dr. Karl Clark develop at the University of Canada in 1935? | What process did Dr. Karl Clark develop at the University of Canada in 1935? | [
"What process did Dr. Karl Clark develop at the University of Canada in 1935?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76091 | 5a4d4f407a6c4c001a2bbcba | Web_browser | Available web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes re... | What does e-mail also support? | What does e-mail also support? | [
"What does e-mail also support?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65193 | 5726b882dd62a815002e8e22 | Crimean_War | The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war quickly beca... | The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways? | The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways? | [
"The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?"
] | {
"text": [
"written reports and photographs"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11787 | 56fae6888f12f3190063027b | Somalis | Additionally, henna is an important part of Somali culture. It is worn by Somali women on their hands, arms, feet and neck during weddings, Eid, Ramadan, and other festive occasions. Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula, often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes. The palm is also... | What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes? | What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes? | [
"What do Somali women traditionally put around their eyes?"
] | {
"text": [
"kohl"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101737 | 56d9e5a0dc89441400fdb8c0 | Dog | Another study of dogs' roles in families showed many dogs have set tasks or routines undertaken as family members, the most common of which was helping with the washing-up by licking the plates in the dishwasher, and bringing in the newspaper from the lawn. Increasingly, human family members are engaging in activities ... | What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live? | What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live? | [
"What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?"
] | {
"text": [
"set tasks or routines"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14534 | 572fa95c947a6a140053cb32 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube ro... | What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations? | What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations? | [
"What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gaussian elimination"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60657 | 57278428708984140094dfc8 | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. There were 21 elementary schools, five middle schools (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, and Clague) thr... | What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor? | What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor? | [
"What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ann Arbor Open School"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101006 | 5727ae3e2ca10214002d9383 | Hindu_philosophy | The Vedānta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of kn... | How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge? | How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge? | [
"How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?"
] | {
"text": [
"five or six methods"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92977 | 5aced97e32bba1001ae4b755 | Tajikistan | The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain ... | The parliamentary election of 2015 aroused many what? | The parliamentary election of 2015 aroused many what? | [
"The parliamentary election of 2015 aroused many what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58364 | 5a2e024ff28ef0001a5266ea | Federal_Aviation_Administration | The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its enhanced status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control (ATC) along the airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself... | What did the bureau used to ensure the safe travels of aircraft? | What did the bureau used to ensure the safe travels of aircraft? | [
"What did the bureau used to ensure the safe travels of aircraft?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45498 | 571a76a610f8ca1400305057 | Ashkenazi_Jews | According to 16th-century mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century. The story is told that a German-speaking Palestinian Jew saved the life of a young German man surnamed Dolberger. So when the knights of the First Crusade came to siege Jerusalem, one of Dolberger's family... | Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century? | Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century? | [
"Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rabbi Elijah of Chelm"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112991 | 570d6669b3d812140066d81d | Adolescence | Wisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is not the same as intel... | How is wisdom defined? | How is wisdom defined? | [
"How is wisdom defined?"
] | {
"text": [
"capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40935 | 5a6bbfa34eec6b001a80a58e | Predation | The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from h... | What changes happened when herbivores were eliminated in Yellowstone? | What changes happened when herbivores were eliminated in Yellowstone? | [
"What changes happened when herbivores were eliminated in Yellowstone?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93622 | 5728b62eff5b5019007da52e | Estonia | Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Muna... | What is Estonia's highest mountain point? | What is Estonia's highest mountain point? | [
"What is Estonia's highest mountain point?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Suur Munamägi"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91050 | 572ac20c34ae481900deacb9 | John_Kerry | Kerry "has emerged in the past few years as an important envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan during times of crisis," a Washington Post report stated in May 2011, as Kerry undertook another trip to the two countries. The killing of Osama bin Laden "has generated perhaps the most important crossroads yet," the report con... | Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for? | Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for? | [
"Who did the Washington Post say Kerry was an envoy for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Afghanistan and Pakistan"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9368 | 5a6b5bfca9e0c9001a4e9f3d | Myocardial_infarction | Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the c... | What is heartburn a commonly known as? | What is heartburn a commonly known as? | [
"What is heartburn a commonly known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41136 | 57315bf205b4da19006bd0c6 | Egypt | In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on... | How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war? | How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war? | [
"How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?"
] | {
"text": [
"three successive steps"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53115 | 5706bbd02eaba6190074acb6 | Bird_migration | Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as wat... | What location has become famous for bird overshooters? | What location has become famous for bird overshooters? | [
"What location has become famous for bird overshooters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Point Pelee National Park"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65186 | 5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a6 | Crimean_War | Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn against their governments... | How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall? | How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall? | [
"How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?"
] | {
"text": [
"eleven months"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26926 | 5a8cf5f9fd22b3001a8d90a2 | United_States_dollar | Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States th... | What does gold rate exchange mean? | What does gold rate exchange mean? | [
"What does gold rate exchange mean?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51059 | 5a679272f038b7001ab0c2d8 | Old_English | The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon. Mercian and Northumbrian are together referred to as Anglian. In terms of geography the Northumbrian region lay north of the Humber River; the Mercian lay north of the Thames and South of the Humber River; West Saxon lay s... | What were the four main dialects of Old German? | What were the four main dialects of Old German? | [
"What were the four main dialects of Old German?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42508 | 570fa4675ab6b81900390f5f | Sexual_orientation | A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts... | What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale? | What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale? | [
"What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?"
] | {
"text": [
"they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60946 | 5aceb71132bba1001ae4b13d | Police | As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appo... | What war ended in 1497? | What war ended in 1497? | [
"What war ended in 1497?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97396 | 56d34dea59d6e414001462b1 | Frédéric_Chopin | At the funeral of the tenor Adolphe Nourrit in Paris in 1839, Chopin made a rare appearance at the organ, playing a transcription of Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne. On 26 July 1840 Chopin and Sand were present at the dress rehearsal of Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, composed to commemorate the te... | What did Chopin play at the funeral? | What did Chopin play at the funeral? | [
"What did Chopin play at the funeral?"
] | {
"text": [
"Franz Schubert's lied Die Gestirne."
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67178 | 572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ec | Nutrition | Nutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices.... | What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health? | What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health? | [
"What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nutritionism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
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