gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-84496 | 5ad4b42c5b96ef001a109dfb | San_Diego | The original town of San Diego was located at the foot of Presidio Hill, in the area which is now Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. The location was not ideal, being several miles away from navigable water. In 1850, William Heath Davis promoted a new development by the Bay shore called "New San Diego", several mi... | What happened in 1887 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth? | What happened in 1887 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth? | [
"What happened in 1887 that played a role in San Diego's economic growth?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87334 | 56ce67f4aab44d1400b88764 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | Lee has said that To Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography, but rather an example of how an author "should write about what he knows and write truthfully". Nevertheless, several people and events from Lee's childhood parallel those of the fictional Scout. Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, was an attorney, similar t... | At what age did Harper Lee's mother die? | At what age did Harper Lee's mother die? | [
"At what age did Harper Lee's mother die?"
] | {
"text": [
"25"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76068 | 5a4d45dd7a6c4c001a2bbc9a | Web_browser | This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for example http://en.wikipedia.org/, into the browser. The prefix of the URL, the Uniform Resource Identifier or URI, determines how the URL will be interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to ... | What does a common browser identify? | What does a common browser identify? | [
"What does a common browser identify?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107464 | 5726262f89a1e219009ac3dd | Royal_Dutch_Shell | Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central of... | What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers? | What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers? | [
"What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"exploration and production\""
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56471 | 5a0f250dd7c85000188645b4 | Geography_of_the_United_States | The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. A large portion of the country's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains. Before their general conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands, from tallgrass prairie in the eastern plains ... | A small portion of the countries what is grown in the Great Plains? | A small portion of the countries what is grown in the Great Plains? | [
"A small portion of the countries what is grown in the Great Plains? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114280 | 57269fe55951b619008f7814 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | The Sun switched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997, six weeks before the General Election victory which saw the New Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority, despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier. Its front page headline read TH... | How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives? | How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives? | [
"How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"tired, divided and rudderless\""
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64525 | 57334d274776f41900660822 | Portugal | Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the Atlantic Ocean, discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Ve... | What South American country did Portugal discover? | What South American country did Portugal discover? | [
"What South American country did Portugal discover?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brazil"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83013 | 56de81a14396321400ee299d | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a re... | At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title? | At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title? | [
"At which year's Mr. Olympia contest did Schwarzenegger become the youngest person to win the title?"
] | {
"text": [
"1970"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23736 | 5728367e4b864d190016474f | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? | Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? | [
"Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? "
] | {
"text": [
"indirectly"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7708 | 56ddf08d66d3e219004dae33 | Iranian_languages | All Iranian languages are descended from a common ancestor, Proto-Iranian. In turn, and together with Proto-Indo-Aryan and the Nuristani languages, Proto-Iranian descends from a common ancestor Proto-Indo-Iranian. The Indo-Iranian languages are thought to have originated in Central Asia. The Andronovo culture is the su... | What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from? | What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from? | [
"What part of the world is it theorized that Indo-Iranian languages came from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Central Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105732 | 5a56743b6349e2001acdcd86 | Compact_disc | In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers... | Who was the director of Philips by 1977? | Who was the director of Philips by 1977? | [
"Who was the director of Philips by 1977?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43141 | 5a85ddf3b4e223001a8e723b | Poultry | Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a ... | Why can't you identify a duck from other poultry? | Why can't you identify a duck from other poultry? | [
"Why can't you identify a duck from other poultry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113171 | 570de31a0dc6ce1900204cef | Adolescence | The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract,... | How do children tend to define themselves? | How do children tend to define themselves? | [
"How do children tend to define themselves?"
] | {
"text": [
"by physical traits"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12786 | 5ad308c3604f3c001a3fdaee | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" (optazione) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation ... | How many cardinals were there in the order of popes? | How many cardinals were there in the order of popes? | [
"How many cardinals were there in the order of popes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57672 | 5ad22d0ed7d075001a428628 | Quran | Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims. Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad, like ʻAli ibn Abi Talib, ʻAbdullah ibn Abbas, ʻAbdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Kaʻb. Exe... | What is the name of the activity of not explaining what Quranic verses mean? | What is the name of the activity of not explaining what Quranic verses mean? | [
"What is the name of the activity of not explaining what Quranic verses mean?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26337 | 5ad0e31f645df0001a2d07c0 | Edmund_Burke | Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural... | What did Burke believe was against the natural order of events? | What did Burke believe was against the natural order of events? | [
"What did Burke believe was against the natural order of events?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114192 | 57268173708984140094c853 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the ... | What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper? | What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper? | [
"What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Daily Star"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64760 | 573415824776f41900661824 | Portugal | Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources. In 2006, the world's largest... | Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located? | Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located? | [
"Where was Moura Photovoltaic Power Station located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Moura, in the south"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104587 | 5732a8641d5d2e14009ff886 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | These institutions, as well as certain regulated banks, had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic a... | What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007? | What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007? | [
"What was a consequence of the large loan defaults and MBS losses in 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"slowing economic activity"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27118 | 57098af9ed30961900e842cd | Orthodox_Judaism | According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as cl... | what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm? | what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm? | [
"what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?"
] | {
"text": [
"will of God"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17070 | 5725d426271a42140099d278 | Israel | In 1964 Israel hosted and won the Asian Nations Cup; in 1970 the Israel national football team managed to qualify to the FIFA World Cup, which is still considered[by whom?] the biggest achievement of Israeli football.[citation needed] The 1974 Asian Games held in Tehran, were the last Asian Games in which Israel partic... | When did the Israel national football team qualify to the FIFA World Cup? | When did the Israel national football team qualify to the FIFA World Cup? | [
"When did the Israel national football team qualify to the FIFA World Cup?"
] | {
"text": [
"1970"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65279 | 5726ec36708984140094d62f | Crimean_War | In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted. In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 ... | Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field? | Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field? | [
"Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?"
] | {
"text": [
"lack of equipment"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25428 | 5730d151f6cb411900e244ce | Namibia | A combined UN civilian and peace-keeping force called UNTAG (United Nations Transition Assistance Group) under Finnish diplomat Martti Ahtisaari was deployed from April 1989 to March 1990 to monitor the peace process, elections and supervise military withdrawals. As UNTAG began to deploy peacekeepers, military observer... | What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG? | What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG? | [
"What nationality was the diplomat in UNTAG?"
] | {
"text": [
"Finnish"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68604 | 570ade206d058f1900183136 | Mesozoic | The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The M... | At what point did the Mesozoic era begin? | At what point did the Mesozoic era begin? | [
"At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Permian–Triassic extinction"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99779 | 56fb847db28b3419009f1dde | Middle_Ages | From the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples of Gothic architect... | Among which builders was the Gothic style first used? | Among which builders was the Gothic style first used? | [
"Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?"
] | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90228 | 5727be6f3acd2414000deb3a | Tibet | The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix, 区 qū, which means "area, district, region, ward". Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where th... | How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture? | How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture? | [
"How do the Chinese refer to Tibetan people, language, and culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zang"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49373 | 5a87300c1d3cee001a6a1118 | Tuberculosis | The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infe... | When did Koch describe the connection between TB and infected milk? | When did Koch describe the connection between TB and infected milk? | [
"When did Koch describe the connection between TB and infected milk?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115435 | 56eaaa8f5a205f1900d6d3d8 | Political_corruption | The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega. | What is Noriega's first name? | What is Noriega's first name? | [
"What is Noriega's first name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manuel"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107042 | 5ace6ad232bba1001ae4a63b | Hunting | Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied th... | In what year did the antelope population first start to decline? | In what year did the antelope population first start to decline? | [
"In what year did the antelope population first start to decline?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101308 | 5ad2858fd7d075001a4298a7 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perfo... | How many Polish people weren't used in labor camps? | How many Polish people weren't used in labor camps? | [
"How many Polish people weren't used in labor camps?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22842 | 5735ad64e853931400426abc | Kathmandu | Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), w... | Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin? | Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin? | [
"Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116017 | 572e8fdecb0c0d14000f129a | Richard_Feynman | Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "... | What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not? | What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not? | [
"What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?"
] | {
"text": [
"the chosen people"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36536 | 5a2733a3c93d92001a400420 | Immaculate_Conception | In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the A... | Who appointed Spada master of the sacred palace in the eighteenth century? | Who appointed Spada master of the sacred palace in the eighteenth century? | [
"Who appointed Spada master of the sacred palace in the eighteenth century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114840 | 5a7dc5b470df9f001a875169 | Matter | Baryonic matter is the part of the universe that is made of baryons (including all atoms). This part of the universe does not include dark energy, dark matter, black holes or various forms of degenerate matter, such as compose white dwarf stars and neutron stars. Microwave light seen by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy P... | What type of light accounts for 72% of the universe? | What type of light accounts for 72% of the universe? | [
"What type of light accounts for 72% of the universe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6661 | 5ad34b7b604f3c001a3fdc9e | PlayStation_3 | Although its PlayStation predecessors had been very dominant against the competition and were hugely profitable for Sony, PlayStation 3 had an inauspicious start, and Sony chairman and CEO Sir Howard Stringer initially could not convince investors of a turnaround in its fortunes. The PS3 lacked the unique gameplay of t... | What did Wii offer that PS3 could compete with? | What did Wii offer that PS3 could compete with? | [
"What did Wii offer that PS3 could compete with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104270 | 5728a75e4b864d1900164b96 | Mandolin | In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung m... | What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? | What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? | [
"What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? "
] | {
"text": [
"less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67690 | 5a81c18c31013a001a334e57 | Norfolk_Island | The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted first past the post system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as... | What Council do three members of the Assembly consist of that are responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island? | What Council do three members of the Assembly consist of that are responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island? | [
"What Council do three members of the Assembly consist of that are responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103695 | 5a3bfaf6cc5d22001a521c9c | East_Prussia | In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered ... | In what year was the Protestant Reformation started? | In what year was the Protestant Reformation started? | [
"In what year was the Protestant Reformation started?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98261 | 56f88f71aef23719006261a2 | Alps | The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals are fo... | The cinnabar deposits are found in what area? | The cinnabar deposits are found in what area? | [
"The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Slovenia"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44916 | 56f8e1499e9bad19000a0673 | Gene | Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (alth... | With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with? | With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with? | [
"With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?"
] | {
"text": [
"homologs in other species"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103211 | 571ddffdb64a571400c71dc0 | Multiracial_American | In their attempt to ensure white supremacy decades after emancipation, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the one-drop rule, defining as black, persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many ... | What was the rule in the 1800s called? | What was the rule in the 1800s called? | [
"What was the rule in the 1800s called?"
] | {
"text": [
"the traceable amount rule"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56618 | 57277660dd62a815002e9d86 | Gramophone_record | A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a "record", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the cen... | In what method is the rotational speed measured in? | In what method is the rotational speed measured in? | [
"In what method is the rotational speed measured in?"
] | {
"text": [
"rpm"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8777 | 56e0a534231d4119001ac319 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through an era of stagnation. Even after he died in 1982, the era didn’t end until Mikhail Gorbachev took power and introduced liberal reforms in So... | Who lost power in 1964? | Who lost power in 1964? | [
"Who lost power in 1964?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nikita Khrushchev"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102572 | 5a79cef317ab25001a8a00a1 | Association_football | The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shr... | What year did the Sheffield FA disband? | What year did the Sheffield FA disband? | [
"What year did the Sheffield FA disband?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82207 | 572697d6708984140094cb31 | Pesticide | Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds. In general, farmers benefit ... | How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops? | How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops? | [
"How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops?"
] | {
"text": [
"vast quantities of produce available year-round"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79682 | 5ad01abb77cf76001a686a17 | Kievan_Rus%27 | The change in political structure led to the inevitable development of the peasant class or smerdy. The smerdy were free un-landed people that found work by labouring for wages on the manors which began to develop around 1031 as the verv' began to dominate socio-political structure. The smerdy were initially given equa... | Who was theoretically not equal to the prince? | Who was theoretically not equal to the prince? | [
"Who was theoretically not equal to the prince?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113292 | 572e95ba03f98919007567dc | Vacuum | The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambe... | Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent? | Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent? | [
"Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?"
] | {
"text": [
"a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28034 | 57318c2ca5e9cc1400cdc02a | Steven_Spielberg | In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to a magazine interviewer, "My dad's still-camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father's movie... | What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge? | What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge? | [
"What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Last Gunfight"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37354 | 5727b0983acd2414000de9d6 | Switzerland | In many places in Switzerland, household rubbish disposal is charged for. Rubbish (except dangerous items, batteries etc.) is only collected if it is in bags which either have a payment sticker attached, or in official bags with the surcharge paid at the time of purchase. This gives a financial incentive to recycle as ... | What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee? | What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee? | [
"What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee?"
] | {
"text": [
"from CHF 200–500"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50691 | 56e888c799e8941900975e77 | Bern | The Rose Garden (Rosengarten), from which a scenic panoramic view of the medieval town centre can be enjoyed, is a well-kept Rosarium on a hill, converted into a park from a former cemetery in 1913. | What is the Rose Garden also known as? | What is the Rose Garden also known as? | [
"What is the Rose Garden also known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rosengarten"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44409 | 570710cb90286e26004fc896 | Chihuahua_(state) | The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state la... | Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from? | Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from? | [
"Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?"
] | {
"text": [
"2000 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88260 | 56d8a732bfea0914004b7712 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | The attacks on the torch in London and Paris were described as "despicable" by the Chinese government, condemning them as "deliberate disruptions... who gave no thought to the Olympic spirit or the laws of Britain and France" and who "tarnish the lofty Olympic spirit", and vowed they would continue with the relay and n... | Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan? | Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan? | [
"Who overwhelmed the protesters in Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"counter-protesters"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12514 | 5a65e8ebc2b11c001a425df1 | Antibiotics | Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a... | What happens when a host includes polysaccharides? | What happens when a host includes polysaccharides? | [
"What happens when a host includes polysaccharides?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98473 | 56f8d0e19e9bad19000a0592 | Alps | At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is i... | What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? | What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? | [
"What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world? "
] | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102163 | 56f9dacd9e9bad19000a0b1a | High-definition_television | Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the m... | How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953? | How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953? | [
"How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?"
] | {
"text": [
"525"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114847 | 5a7dccd270df9f001a8751aa | Matter | Strange matter is a particular form of quark matter, usually thought of as a liquid of up, down, and strange quarks. It is contrasted with nuclear matter, which is a liquid of neutrons and protons (which themselves are built out of up and down quarks), and with non-strange quark matter, which is a quark liquid that con... | What is nuclear matter similar to? | What is nuclear matter similar to? | [
"What is nuclear matter similar to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100551 | 572e64b9c246551400ce4223 | Post-punk | Though the music varied widely between regions and artists, the post-punk movement has been characterized by its "conceptual assault" on rock conventions and rejection of aesthetics perceived of as traditionalist, hegemonic or rockist in favor of experimentation with production techniques and non-rock musical styles su... | What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist? | What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist? | [
"What does post-punk reject any of which are perceived as being traditionalist, hegemonic, or rockist?"
] | {
"text": [
"aesthetics"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78932 | 56d128ed17492d1400aabadb | The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess | There is very little voice acting in the game, as is the case in most Zelda titles to date. Link remains silent in conversation, but grunts when attacking or injured and gasps when surprised. His emotions and responses are largely indicated visually by nods and facial expressions. Other characters have similar language... | What character has the most voice acting? | What character has the most voice acting? | [
"What character has the most voice acting?"
] | {
"text": [
"Midna"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9338 | 570e69cb0dc6ce1900205047 | Order_of_the_British_Empire | At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours sys... | What was the medal renamed as? | What was the medal renamed as? | [
"What was the medal renamed as?"
] | {
"text": [
"British Empire Medal"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75376 | 5ad13a0b645df0001a2d12a9 | Labour_Party_(UK) | After losing the 1970 general election, Labour returned to opposition, but retained Harold Wilson as Leader. Heath's government soon ran into trouble over Northern Ireland and a dispute with miners in 1973 which led to the "three-day week". The 1970s proved a difficult time to be in government for both the Conservative... | What group of people supported the Conservatives? | What group of people supported the Conservatives? | [
"What group of people supported the Conservatives? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39003 | 5a2c78f8bfd06b001a5aeb98 | Serbo-Croatian | The jat-reflex rules are not without exception. For example, when short jat is preceded by r, in most Ijekavian dialects developed into /re/ or, occasionally, /ri/. The prefix prě- ("trans-, over-") when long became pre- in eastern Ijekavian dialects but to prije- in western dialects; in Ikavian pronunciation, it also ... | In Ikavian pronunications what did ri evolve into? | In Ikavian pronunications what did ri evolve into? | [
"In Ikavian pronunications what did ri evolve into?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97428 | 56d354c659d6e414001462ce | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's relations with Sand were soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculptor Auguste Clésinger. The composer frequently took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he also faced jealousy from Sand's son Maurice. Chopin was utterly indifferent ... | What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed? | What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed? | [
"What role did Sand take on as her relationship with Chopin progressed?"
] | {
"text": [
"nurse"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90044 | 5acf7e2877cf76001a684f92 | Somerset | Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station. On 18 October 2010, the British government announced that Hinkley Point – already the site of the disused Hinkley Point A and the still operational Hinkley Point B power stations – was one of the eight sites it... | In what year was Hinkley Point A shut down? | In what year was Hinkley Point A shut down? | [
"In what year was Hinkley Point A shut down?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76052 | 5a4d40ce7a6c4c001a2bbc86 | Web_browser | Today, most commercial web browsers are paid by search engine companies to make their engine default, or to include them as another option. For example, Google pays Mozilla, the maker of Firefox, to make Google Search the default search engine in Firefox. Mozilla makes enough money from this deal that it does not need ... | What lets Google not charge users for using Chrome? | What lets Google not charge users for using Chrome? | [
"What lets Google not charge users for using Chrome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29146 | 5ad399f2604f3c001a3fe843 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A dir... | What drugs are the least fundamental to develop? | What drugs are the least fundamental to develop? | [
"What drugs are the least fundamental to develop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8721 | 5ace04ac32bba1001ae4996d | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | On March 3, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the invaders and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative unit of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR. | What state was created on March 3, 1944? | What state was created on March 3, 1944? | [
"What state was created on March 3, 1944?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86114 | 57301c8ea23a5019007fcd95 | Tucson,_Arizona | East Tucson is relatively new compared to other parts of the city, developed between the 1950s and the 1970s,[citation needed] with developments such as Desert Palms Park. It is generally classified as the area of the city east of Swan Road, with above-average real estate values relative to the rest of the city. The ar... | Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author? | Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author? | [
"Which estates were named after a ranch of a famous author?"
] | {
"text": [
"Harold Bell Wright Estates"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114592 | 5ad24351d7d075001a4289e1 | Emotion | Emotions have been described by some theorists as discrete and consistent responses to internal or external events which have a particular significance for the organism. Emotions are brief in duration and consist of a coordinated set of responses, which may include verbal, physiological, behavioural, and neural mechani... | What is Michael Graham's interest? | What is Michael Graham's interest? | [
" What is Michael Graham's interest?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93889 | 572e87d3c246551400ce42e6 | Cyprus | On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta under Dimitrios Ioannides carried out a coup d'état in Cyprus, to unite the island with Greece. The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced him with pro-enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson. In response to the coup, five days later, on 20 July 1974, the Turkish army invaded... | Who replaced president Makarios Ill? | Who replaced president Makarios Ill? | [
"Who replaced president Makarios Ill?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nikos Sampson"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91544 | 5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a6 | Avicenna | In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthp... | Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor? | Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor? | [
"Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?"
] | {
"text": [
"a bust"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10243 | 5a7ffa9c8f0597001ac00121 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp? | What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp? | [
"What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42193 | 5ad2444bd7d075001a428a51 | Karl_Popper | This led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of human behaviour. The na... | What did Popper think the weakness of a scientific theory lay in? | What did Popper think the weakness of a scientific theory lay in? | [
"What did Popper think the weakness of a scientific theory lay in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92748 | 5727a539ff5b5019007d91dc | Alsace | There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Sélestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag simi... | What does the "Union jack-like" flag represent? | What does the "Union jack-like" flag represent? | [
"What does the \"Union jack-like\" flag represent?"
] | {
"text": [
"the union of the two déprtements"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74913 | 570e8dd10b85d914000d7f8b | Melbourne | A long list of AM and FM radio stations broadcast to greater Melbourne. These include "public" (i.e., state-owned ABC and SBS) and community stations. Many commercial stations are networked-owned: DMG has Nova 100 and Smooth; ARN controls Gold 104.3 and KIIS 101.1; and Southern Cross Austereo runs both Fox and Triple M... | What are examples of Youth radio stations? | What are examples of Youth radio stations? | [
"What are examples of Youth radio stations?"
] | {
"text": [
"ABC Triple J and youth run SYN"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106373 | 5725f4d2271a42140099d368 | Hellenistic_period | Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the ... | What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture? | What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture? | [
"What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"military"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28613 | 572e8567cb0c0d14000f1238 | Canadian_football | At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kic... | What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball? | What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball? | [
"What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball?"
] | {
"text": [
"which direction of the field to play in"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83454 | 5727e1d64b864d1900163f2d | Dominican_Order | As the image of God grows within man, he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness. Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One (God/Christ) who created them, sustains them, and guides them. Thus, man ... | According to Christianity, who is the "One"? | According to Christianity, who is the "One"? | [
"According to Christianity, who is the \"One\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"God/Christ"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67007 | 5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e82b | Nutrition | In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran... | What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens? | What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens? | [
"What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?"
] | {
"text": [
"unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11518 | 5727af682ca10214002d93bc | North_Carolina | In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital, African American Cultural Complex, Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh, Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU, Haywood Hall House & Gardens, Marbles Kids Museum, North Carolina Museum of Art, North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Car... | What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh? | What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh? | [
"What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh?"
] | {
"text": [
"North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97797 | 5a81f99f31013a001a335024 | Humanism | In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe... | What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that discouraged ethics? | What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that discouraged ethics? | [
"What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that discouraged ethics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39897 | 5729778f6aef051400154f5c | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University fur... | In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs? | In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs? | [
"In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs?"
] | {
"text": [
"over half (56%)"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76808 | 572ac9f434ae481900deacd9 | Philadelphia | Historically, Philadelphia sourced its water by the Fairmount Water Works, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods. Today, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection... | Where dos PWD get it's water from? | Where dos PWD get it's water from? | [
"Where dos PWD get it's water from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46058 | 57324509e17f3d14004227aa | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, ... | Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church? | Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church? | [
"Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?"
] | {
"text": [
"traveling overseers"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12804 | 5ad3057d604f3c001a3fdad1 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | The cardinal deacons are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday. Bishops with diocesan responsibilities, however, are created cardinal priests. | What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals? | What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals? | [
"What title is given to the highest ranking cardinals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57799 | 5ad23010d7d075001a4286b0 | Quran | According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in questio... | The explicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta'wil? | The explicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta'wil? | [
"The explicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta'wil?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86512 | 570cedbbb3d812140066d32e | Gymnastics | Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities ... | Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from? | Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from? | [
"Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?"
] | {
"text": [
"stick gymnastics"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93038 | 5733e4e7d058e614000b6501 | Tajikistan | As a landlocked country Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In recent years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to... | What year was the agreement signed? | What year was the agreement signed? | [
"What year was the agreement signed?"
] | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47368 | 5726fc78f1498d1400e8f1be | Madonna_(entertainer) | Madonna's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV; Chris Nelson from The New York Times spoke of pop artists like Madonna saying, "MTV, with its almost exclusively lip-synched videos, ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day, every day, watching singers just mouth the words." Th... | What came as an expense of live singing? | What came as an expense of live singing? | [
"What came as an expense of live singing?"
] | {
"text": [
"highly athletic dancing"
],
"answer_start": [
672
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91841 | 5a8173b931013a001a334c2d | Cotton | In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In Persian poets' poems, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to co... | Us of cotton in France dates back to what period? | Us of cotton in France dates back to what period? | [
"Us of cotton in France dates back to what period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15275 | 572fc0b5a23a5019007fc971 | Hyderabad | Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Seco... | What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad? | What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad? | [
"What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad?"
] | {
"text": [
"Central Board of Secondary Education"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41767 | 56d62ff91c85041400946fbd | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Many websites converted their home page to black and white; Sina.com and Sohu, major internet portals, limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements. Chinese video sharing websites Youku and Tudou displayed a black background and placed multiple videos showing earthquake footage and news reports.... | What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence? | What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence? | [
"What did the crowds in Tiananmen Square do after the moment of silence?"
] | {
"text": [
"burst out cheering"
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74014 | 56e4793839bdeb140034794e | Architecture | In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the producti... | What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century? | What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century? | [
"What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"sustainability"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114362 | 5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92c | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | On 6 February 2015, it was announced that Judge Richard Marks is to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial. Two days earlier, Marks had emailed counsel for the defendants telling them: "It has been decided (not by me but by my elders and betters) that I am not going to be doing the retrial". Reporting the dec... | Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015? | Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015? | [
"Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Wide"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72361 | 57265c22708984140094c387 | Greece | With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and... | OTE is known as what? | OTE is known as what? | [
"OTE is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek telecommunications company"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110344 | 5a39ae6c2f14dd001ac7257d | Culture | Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of... | When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies? | When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies? | [
"When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63020 | 572b8668f75d5e190021fe29 | Czech_language | The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, decle... | How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech? | How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech? | [
"How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech?"
] | {
"text": [
"through the sixteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19494 | 56dc695914d3a41400c26872 | Comprehensive_school | Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less... | What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? | What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education? | [
"What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges"
],
"answer_start": [
750
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86815 | 5a8cb54afd22b3001a8d8d86 | Biodiversity | A 2007 study conducted by the National Science Foundation found that biodiversity and genetic diversity are codependent—that diversity among species requires diversity within a species, and vice versa. "If any one type is removed from the system, the cycle can break down, and the community becomes dominated by a single... | What can cause a break down of a water system? | What can cause a break down of a water system? | [
"What can cause a break down of a water system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116366 | 5706f6a790286e26004fc778 | Letter_case | Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no long... | Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument? | Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument? | [
"Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?"
] | {
"text": [
"pen"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104686 | 57333da94776f419006607be | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for "unfair business practices" and "false advertising" was making high cost mortgages "to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs... | Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising? | Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising? | [
"Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?"
] | {
"text": [
"California Attorney General Jerry Brown"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
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