gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-2666 | 56d295de59d6e414001460e9 | Buddhism | Buddhist scriptures and other texts exist in great variety. Different schools of Buddhism place varying levels of value on learning the various texts. Some schools venerate certain texts as religious objects in themselves, while others take a more scholastic approach. Buddhist scriptures are mainly written in Pāli, Tib... | Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what? | Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what? | [
"Some schools venerate certain texts as religious what?"
] | {
"text": [
"objects"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76901 | 572655bf708984140094c2c7 | Dutch_language | Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non st... | What's the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian? | What's the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian? | [
"What's the \"cheesy\" name for East Low Franconian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Limburgish"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27040 | 570980f2200fba14003680c4 | Orthodox_Judaism | Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orth... | What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called? | What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called? | [
"What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?"
] | {
"text": [
"tzitzit"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30027 | 5a552738134fea001a0e199c | CBC_Television | CBC's sports coverage has also attained high viewership in border markets, including its coverage of the NHL's Stanley Cup Playoffs, which was generally considered to be more complete and consistent than coverage by other networks such as NBC. Its coverage of the Olympic Games also found a significant audience in borde... | It is difficult to find a broadcast network that does not engage in this practice? | It is difficult to find a broadcast network that does not engage in this practice? | [
"It is difficult to find a broadcast network that does not engage in this practice?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47418 | 572f871db2c2fd14005681bd | Armenia | During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC u... | Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign? | Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign? | [
"Under who did Areminia become fully sovereign?"
] | {
"text": [
"King Artaxias I"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111457 | 57320eef0fdd8d15006c672c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium? | In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium? | [
"In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium?"
] | {
"text": [
"179 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89293 | 5a149b9fa54d420018529296 | Great_power | Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of political and diplomatic questions of the day, and have influence on the final outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to ... | What should geographical and nationalist claims have influence on? | What should geographical and nationalist claims have influence on? | [
"What should geographical and nationalist claims have influence on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18105 | 570dae0816d0071400510cbf | Eritrea | The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and E... | What was the result of the War of Independence? | What was the result of the War of Independence? | [
"What was the result of the War of Independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eritrean independence"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91135 | 572acab534ae481900deaced | John_Kerry | In addition to the sports he played at Yale, Kerry is described by Sports Illustrated, among others, as an "avid cyclist", primarily riding on a road bike. Prior to his presidential bid, Kerry was known to have participated in several long-distance rides (centuries). Even during his many campaigns, he was reported to h... | What are 'centuries' in bicycling? | What are 'centuries' in bicycling? | [
"What are 'centuries' in bicycling?"
] | {
"text": [
"long-distance rides"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74638 | 570c38b26b8089140040fc42 | Melbourne | With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne an... | What was protected by high tarriffs? | What was protected by high tarriffs? | [
"What was protected by high tarriffs?"
] | {
"text": [
"wool"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104105 | 5a0803c33fc8740018207111 | Infrared | Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, a... | What does the greenhouse effect absorb from the sun? | What does the greenhouse effect absorb from the sun? | [
"What does the greenhouse effect absorb from the sun?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93326 | 5ad1934e645df0001a2d2022 | Light-emitting_diode | Among the challenges being faced to improve the efficiency of LED-based white light sources is the development of more efficient phosphors. As of 2010, the most efficient yellow phosphor is still the YAG phosphor, with less than 10% Stoke shift loss. Losses attributable to internal optical losses due to re-absorption i... | What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in non-YAG phosphor? | What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in non-YAG phosphor? | [
" What is the percentage of stoke shift loss in non-YAG phosphor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74073 | 56de3de54396321400ee26d5 | Architecture | Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The wide... | What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's? | What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's? | [
"What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?"
] | {
"text": [
"European architecture"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6308 | 5ad33c83604f3c001a3fdb7b | PlayStation_3 | Sony officially unveiled PlayStation 3 (then marketed as PLAYSTATION 3) to the public on May 16, 2005, at E3 2005, along with a 'boomerang' shaped prototype design of the Sixaxis controller. A functional version of the system was not present there, nor at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2005, although demonstrations (... | What shape was the Sixaxis final model in? | What shape was the Sixaxis final model in? | [
"What shape was the Sixaxis final model in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58482 | 5a2ab00c5b078a001a2f06af | Sanskrit | For nearly 2000 years, Sanskrit was the language of a cultural order that exerted influence across South Asia, Inner Asia, Southeast Asia, and to a certain extent East Asia. A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of Indian epic poetry—the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The deviations from Pāṇini ... | In what poetry will you find early Vedic Sanskrit? | In what poetry will you find early Vedic Sanskrit? | [
"In what poetry will you find early Vedic Sanskrit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73456 | 56db2be3e7c41114004b4e97 | American_Idol | Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He un... | Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run? | Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run? | [
"Which contestant had eight surgeries during his Idol run?"
] | {
"text": [
"Phillip Phillips"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103628 | 572a268f6aef051400155312 | East_Prussia | In the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Prussian king Frederick the Great annexed neighboring Royal Prussia, i.e. the Polish voivodeships of Pomerania (Gdańsk Pomerania or Pomerelia), Malbork, Chełmno and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, thereby bridging the "Polish Corridor" between his Prussian and Farther Pomerani... | In what year was Royal Prussia annexed? | In what year was Royal Prussia annexed? | [
"In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1772"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7357 | 5a139e17c8eab200188dc9de | Georgian_architecture | Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to a... | What were filled with monuments to God? | What were filled with monuments to God? | [
"What were filled with monuments to God?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27728 | 5acd153607355d001abf33cd | Energy | The total energy of a system can be subdivided and classified in various ways. For example, classical mechanics distinguishes between kinetic energy, which is determined by an object's movement through space, and potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object within a field. It may also be convenien... | what part of a system can be multiplied? | what part of a system can be multiplied? | [
"what part of a system can be multiplied?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26560 | 5a77c375b73996001af5a567 | University | There are several major exceptions on tuition fees. In many European countries, it is possible to study without tuition fees. Public universities in Nordic countries were entirely without tuition fees until around 2005. Denmark, Sweden and Finland then moved to put in place tuition fees for foreign students. Citizens o... | Until what year were public universities in the UK free of tuition? | Until what year were public universities in the UK free of tuition? | [
"Until what year were public universities in the UK free of tuition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10072 | 57282fa44b864d1900164696 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 2... | How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt? | How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt? | [
"How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?"
] | {
"text": [
"depoliticizing the armed forces"
],
"answer_start": [
735
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72401 | 57266881f1498d1400e8deb0 | Greece | Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000. Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers. Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. Assemblies of... | How many Protestants live in Greece? | How many Protestants live in Greece? | [
"How many Protestants live in Greece? "
] | {
"text": [
"30,000"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34105 | 5ad41050604f3c001a400198 | Alaska | Alaska has few road connections compared to the rest of the U.S. The state's road system covers a relatively small area of the state, linking the central population centers and the Alaska Highway, the principal route out of the state through Canada. The state capital, Juneau, is not accessible by road, only a car ferry... | Compared to the rest of the UN, does Alaska has many or few road connections? | Compared to the rest of the UN, does Alaska has many or few road connections? | [
"Compared to the rest of the UN, does Alaska has many or few road connections?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91409 | 5726e53df1498d1400e8ef20 | Avicenna | Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philos... | Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights? | Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights? | [
"Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?"
] | {
"text": [
"al-Ghazali"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6876 | 5731314305b4da19006bce76 | Red | Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune t... | At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red? | At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red? | [
"At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?"
] | {
"text": [
"all court ceremonies"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77168 | 5a29976503c0e7001a3e1800 | United_Nations_Population_Fund | UNFPA has been falsely accused by anti-family planning groups of providing support for government programs which have promoted forced-abortions and coercive sterilizations. Controversies regarding these claims have resulted in a sometimes shaky relationship between the organization and three presidential administration... | What claims were not controversial? | What claims were not controversial? | [
"What claims were not controversial?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114643 | 5ad261d7d7d075001a42906d | Emotion | In the 1990s, sociologists focused on different aspects of specific emotions and how these emotions were socially relevant. For Cooley (1992), pride and shame were the most important emotions that drive people to take various social actions. During every encounter, he proposed that we monitor ourselves through the "loo... | What emotions didn't Cooley regard as of paramount social importance? | What emotions didn't Cooley regard as of paramount social importance? | [
"What emotions didn't Cooley regard as of paramount social importance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56974 | 5727fbd42ca10214002d9aaf | Gramophone_record | Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the ... | How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation? | How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation? | [
"How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?"
] | {
"text": [
"cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46816 | 57277a85708984140094debe | Textual_criticism | Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not i... | An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what? | An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what? | [
"An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"eclectic."
],
"answer_start": [
744
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76420 | 57336c1cd058e614000b5ac1 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and r... | What is the native language of St. Barts? | What is the native language of St. Barts? | [
"What is the native language of St. Barts?"
] | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14018 | 56f8b80e9e9bad19000a03a0 | Brain | The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain; diffuse or localised nerve nets are present instead. The brain is located in the head, usually c... | Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what? | Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what? | [
"Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"axons"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110772 | 5730220f04bcaa1900d771f4 | Iran | At least 74 species of Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a sign of serious threats against the country’s biodiversity. The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of In... | The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife? | The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife? | [
"The Iranian Parliament passes legislation without the involvement of what department to the detriment of wildlife?"
] | {
"text": [
"Department of Environment"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51950 | 570c67dcfed7b91900d459b4 | John,_King_of_England | John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the familiares regis, John's immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the curia regi... | Who were the curia regis? | Who were the curia regis? | [
"Who were the curia regis?"
] | {
"text": [
"senior officials and agents of the king"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99193 | 572ef128c246551400ce47d5 | 51st_state | Puerto Rico has been discussed as a potential 51st state of the United States. In a 2012 status referendum a majority of voters, 54%, expressed dissatisfaction with the current political relationship. In a separate question, 61% of voters supported statehood (excluding the 26% of voters who left this question blank). O... | What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship? | What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship? | [
"What percentage of voters expressed dissatisfaction with their current political relationship?"
] | {
"text": [
"54%"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40548 | 56e763f737bdd419002c3f2d | Paper | The density of paper ranges from 250 kg/m3 (16 lb/cu ft) for tissue paper to 1,500 kg/m3 (94 lb/cu ft) for some speciality paper. Printing paper is about 800 kg/m3 (50 lb/cu ft). | What is the lightest density of paper produced? | What is the lightest density of paper produced? | [
"What is the lightest density of paper produced?"
] | {
"text": [
"tissue paper"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42743 | 571034a1a58dae1900cd6965 | Sexual_orientation | One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that g... | What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar? | What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar? | [
"What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?"
] | {
"text": [
"using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107438 | 5a624339f8d794001af1bee6 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. ... | How many allegations did the Dutch court approve? | How many allegations did the Dutch court approve? | [
"How many allegations did the Dutch court approve?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105278 | 5727ee784b864d1900164047 | History_of_science | In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-... | The geocentric model is similar to what other model? | The geocentric model is similar to what other model? | [
"The geocentric model is similar to what other model?"
] | {
"text": [
"Copernican heliocentric model"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10905 | 5733a9144776f41900660f8e | Anthropology | Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (... | When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History? | When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History? | [
"When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?"
] | {
"text": [
"1850"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52577 | 5729317d6aef051400154b5e | Planck_constant | where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trad... | What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum? | What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum? | [
" What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?"
] | {
"text": [
"time vs. energy"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88344 | 56d8decfdc89441400fdb362 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay |
Great Britain: The torch relay leg held in London, the host city of the 2012 Summer Olympics, on April 6 began at Wembley Stadium, passed through the City of London, and eventually ended at O2 Arena in the eastern part of the city. The 48 km (30 mi) leg took a total of seven and a half hours to complete, and attracte... | Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics? | Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics? | [
"Which city hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics?"
] | {
"text": [
"London"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-827 | 56df7b3d56340a1900b29c0f | Plymouth | Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Lan... | In what year did Langage Power Station come on line? | In what year did Langage Power Station come on line? | [
"In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?"
] | {
"text": [
"2009"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35592 | 5726d73d708984140094d313 | Gothic_architecture | In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-... | What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on? | What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on? | [
"What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on?"
] | {
"text": [
"Notre Dame de Paris"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33082 | 572607cd89a1e219009ac15e | Incandescent_light_bulb | Although inefficient, incandescent light bulbs have an advantage in applications where accurate color reproduction is important, since the continuous blackbody spectrum emitted from an incandescent light-bulb filament yields near-perfect color rendition, with a color rendering index of 100 (the best possible). White-ba... | What is the highest possible color rendering index score? | What is the highest possible color rendering index score? | [
"What is the highest possible color rendering index score?"
] | {
"text": [
"100"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83004 | 56de771dcffd8e1900b4b94e | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiat... | How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex? | How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex? | [
"How frequently did Schwarzenegger write a column for Muscle & Fitness and Flex?"
] | {
"text": [
"monthly"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21542 | 5730ab3a8ab72b1400f9c660 | Sumer | The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—lead... | What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with? | What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with? | [
"What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"increased war"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74192 | 5acfb0eb77cf76001a6858bb | Architecture | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the ne... | What details did Modernists' encourage? | What details did Modernists' encourage? | [
" What details did Modernists' encourage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10919 | 5ad28857d7d075001a429937 | Anthropology | Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities b... | What methods were developed in the 1900's? | What methods were developed in the 1900's? | [
"What methods were developed in the 1900's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75663 | 5acfd19a77cf76001a6861ad | Cubism | The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917–24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, Léger and Gleizes. The occasional return to classicism—figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubis... | In 1919 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism? | In 1919 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism? | [
"In 1919 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70698 | 56dff3c2231d4119001abeee | Pub | The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and these pubs have become household names. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emm... | What pub is featured on EastEnders? | What pub is featured on EastEnders? | [
"What pub is featured on EastEnders?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Queen Vic"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115871 | 5a8dcbd3df8bba001a0f9c3f | Richard_Feynman | He immersed himself in work on the project, and was present at the Trinity bomb test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiat... | What bomb test was Feynman not present for? | What bomb test was Feynman not present for? | [
"What bomb test was Feynman not present for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52358 | 5ad398a7604f3c001a3fe7ff | Miami | Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of ... | What year was to see the incompletion of the Miami Intermodal Center? | What year was to see the incompletion of the Miami Intermodal Center? | [
"What year was to see the incompletion of the Miami Intermodal Center?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7938 | 5acfd13e77cf76001a686192 | Copyright_infringement | In the U.S., copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly, or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster a... | What studio's case decision was overturned? | What studio's case decision was overturned? | [
"What studio's case decision was overturned?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75151 | 572f1256cb0c0d14000f1761 | Elevator | The passenger cabs are mechanically separated from the lift mechanism, thus allowing the elevator shafts to be used continuously while passengers board and embark from the cabs, as well as move through show scenes on various floors. The passenger cabs, which are automated guided vehicles or AGVs, move into the vertical... | What is special about the doorways of the top floors? | What is special about the doorways of the top floors? | [
"What is special about the doorways of the top floors?"
] | {
"text": [
"The doorways of the top few \"floors\" of the attraction are open to the outdoor environment"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81038 | 57263a9f89a1e219009ac599 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure... | When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria? | When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria? | [
"When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?"
] | {
"text": [
"after the release of her diary and letters"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37386 | 5727b7c74b864d1900163b4a | Switzerland | Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent... | What religion has immigration brought by 2%? | What religion has immigration brought by 2%? | [
"What religion has immigration brought by 2%?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eastern Orthodoxy"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10957 | 5ad29b2ed7d075001a429bbb | Anthropology | Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol... | What was the name of Waitz new publication? | What was the name of Waitz new publication? | [
"What was the name of Waitz new publication?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84270 | 56de3c8acffd8e1900b4b6b9 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Who appoints a judge? | Who appoints a judge? | [
"Who appoints a judge?"
] | {
"text": [
"the president"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42497 | 570fa3d65ab6b81900390f54 | Sexual_orientation | From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two indepen... | What did the published scheme attempt to do? | What did the published scheme attempt to do? | [
"What did the published scheme attempt to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106752 | 57267ba4f1498d1400e8e153 | East_India_Company | This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, th... | when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown | when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown | [
"when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown"
] | {
"text": [
"greater accountability"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106236 | 5725d315271a42140099d261 | Hellenistic_period | The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenisti... | Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt? | Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt? | [
"Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greco-Macedonian settlers"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104711 | 57334868d058e614000b5822 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed... | Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009? | Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009? | [
"Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?"
] | {
"text": [
"Janet Yellen"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71314 | 5727ce054b864d1900163d80 | Oklahoma | Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains. Contained within the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains mark the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. A port... | What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into? | What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into? | [
"What part of Oklahoma does the Flint Hills reach into?"
] | {
"text": [
"north-central"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113662 | 572f4f74a23a5019007fc517 | Central_Intelligence_Agency | The CIA established its first training facility, the Office of Training and Education, in 1950. Following the end of the Cold War, the CIA's training budget was slashed, which had a negative effect on employee retention. In response, Director of Central Intelligence George Tenet established CIA University in 2002. CIA ... | In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility? | In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility? | [
"In what year did the CIA establish its first training facility?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10771 | 56fde89119033b140034cdaf | Computer | The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the ... | What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine? | What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine? | [
"What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?"
] | {
"text": [
"Baby"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10706 | 56fdc9b8761e401900d28bfc | Computer | In the 1770s Pierre Jaquet-Droz, a Swiss watchmaker, built a mechanical doll (automata) that could write holding a quill pen. By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically "programmed" to read instructions... | Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located? | Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located? | [
"Where is the Musee d-Art et d'Histoire located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Neuchâtel, Switzerland"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111805 | 5acd857607355d001abf4560 | Education | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses? | What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses? | [
"What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80041 | 5a624829f8d794001af1bf36 | Samoa | Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture ... | What happened to cause the British civil war to come to an end? | What happened to cause the British civil war to come to an end? | [
"What happened to cause the British civil war to come to an end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55944 | 56e7974337bdd419002c41c1 | Arena_Football_League | From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the af2. The AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008; internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both lea... | When was the first AFL season played? | When was the first AFL season played? | [
"When was the first AFL season played?"
] | {
"text": [
"1987"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83710 | 5acd8c2507355d001abf46b2 | Florida | Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state... | What state has the lowest precipitation levels? | What state has the lowest precipitation levels? | [
"What state has the lowest precipitation levels?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60053 | 56f9914a9b226e1400dd15ac | Zhejiang | Zhejiang is mountainous and has therefore fostered the development of many distinct local cultures. Linguistically speaking, Zhejiang is extremely diverse. Most inhabitants of Zhejiang speak Wu, but the Wu dialects are very diverse, especially in the south, where one valley may speak a dialect completely unintelligible... | How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking? | How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking? | [
"How diverse is Zhejiang, linguistically speaking?"
] | {
"text": [
"extremely"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69011 | 572f7d4d04bcaa1900d76a14 | Modern_history | Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation ... | Who invested in European debts? | Who invested in European debts? | [
"Who invested in European debts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wall Street"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38465 | 56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8e | Materialism | Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philos... | Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | [
"Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha?"
] | {
"text": [
"Madhavacharya"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30726 | 57267507f1498d1400e8e048 | Mexico_City | Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity is frequent here. Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, call... | Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City? | Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City? | [
"Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?"
] | {
"text": [
"southern boroughs"
],
"answer_start": [
696
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59839 | 5acfbbe877cf76001a685b25 | Zhejiang | The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its pros... | Who dissolved in 960? | Who dissolved in 960? | [
"Who dissolved in 960?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108959 | 5a7d1c3670df9f001a874fa3 | Literature | Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction. The separation of "mainstream" and "genre" forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up... | What genre does skeptical realities and alternative detective refer to? | What genre does skeptical realities and alternative detective refer to? | [
"What genre does skeptical realities and alternative detective refer to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33099 | 57260ae238643c19005acf7b | Incandescent_light_bulb | The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as... | What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system? | What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system? | [
"What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?"
] | {
"text": [
"heat from the heating system"
],
"answer_start": [
1040
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1454 | 573157bae6313a140071ce46 | Mosaic | In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in t... | Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th? | Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th? | [
"Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th?"
] | {
"text": [
"Triclinio Leoniano"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80240 | 5a629af0f8d794001af1c14a | Samoa | Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991, and made the quarter finals in 1991, 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup. At the 20... | How often did England make quarter finals? | How often did England make quarter finals? | [
"How often did England make quarter finals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94065 | 5a7e45da70df9f001a875670 | Cork_(city) | Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port. It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandina... | What did Dublin achieve between 915 and 922? | What did Dublin achieve between 915 and 922? | [
"What did Dublin achieve between 915 and 922?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7815 | 56de110e4396321400ee25a2 | Iranian_languages | The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in par... | Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found? | Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found? | [
"Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?"
] | {
"text": [
"Zarafshan valley"
],
"answer_start": [
927
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90728 | 57321ec20fdd8d15006c67c3 | Pacific_War | The U.S. Navy, by contrast, relied on commerce raiding from the outset. However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines, during the early part of 1942, led to diversion of boats to "guerrilla submarine" missions. As well, basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route t... | What did the US Navy rely on? | What did the US Navy rely on? | [
"What did the US Navy rely on?"
] | {
"text": [
"commerce raiding"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52985 | 5705fa3075f01819005e7810 | Bird_migration | Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migrato... | What is leap frog migration? | What is leap frog migration? | [
"What is leap frog migration?"
] | {
"text": [
"birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes"
],
"answer_start": [
604
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61319 | 5a3ad5f03ff257001ab842aa | Flowering_plant | Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have ... | What is an explanation for the sudden appearance of fig wasps? | What is an explanation for the sudden appearance of fig wasps? | [
"What is an explanation for the sudden appearance of fig wasps?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12206 | 56e16a5ecd28a01900c678bd | Universal_Studios | In late 2005, Viacom's Paramount Pictures acquired DreamWorks SKG after acquisition talks between GE and DreamWorks stalled. Universal's long time chairperson, Stacey Snider, left the company in early 2006 to head up DreamWorks. Snider was replaced by then-Vice Chairman Marc Shmuger and Focus Features head David Linde.... | In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks? | In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks? | [
"In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks?"
] | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33584 | 5a677239f038b7001ab0c23d | Film_speed | Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index, requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed a slow film. Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both digital and film photography, the reduction of... | Higher sensitivity leads to greater what? | Higher sensitivity leads to greater what? | [
"Higher sensitivity leads to greater what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23760 | 5728384dff5b5019007d9f4e | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What is federalism in the United States? | What is federalism in the United States? | [
"What is federalism in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
1
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115211 | 57262eb438643c19005ad2b3 | Mammal | Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to ... | At which group did Therapsids end with? | At which group did Therapsids end with? | [
"At which group did Therapsids end with?"
] | {
"text": [
"probainognathian cynodonts"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82257 | 5a7116a20efcfe001a8afd33 | Pesticide | In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of haloge... | What slows down degradation of microbes? | What slows down degradation of microbes? | [
"What slows down degradation of microbes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28517 | 572e7c7303f9891900756692 | Canadian_football | The first written account of a game played was on October 15, 1862, on the Montreal Cricket Grounds. It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing.[citation needed] In 1864, at Trinity College, T... | What is the oldest football club in Canada? | What is the oldest football club in Canada? | [
"What is the oldest football club in Canada?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hamilton Football Club"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94577 | 5726af65f1498d1400e8e737 | Queen_(band) | After working on various solo projects during 1988 (including Mercury's collaboration with Montserrat Caballé, Barcelona), the band released The Miracle in 1989. The album continued the direction of A Kind of Magic, using a pop-rock sound mixed with a few heavy numbers. It spawned the European hits "I Want It All", "Br... | When did Queen release The Miracle? | When did Queen release The Miracle? | [
"When did Queen release The Miracle?"
] | {
"text": [
"1989"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53425 | 5727ba513acd2414000deabb | Sichuan | Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of 82.5 km2 (31.9 sq mi), consisting of the South Park and the West Park. By relying on the city sub-center, which is under construction, the South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innova... | Which industries does West Park give priority to? | Which industries does West Park give priority to? | [
"Which industries does West Park give priority to?"
] | {
"text": [
"electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery"
],
"answer_start": [
758
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40170 | 5727d1343acd2414000ded27 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven–Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachuset... | Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.? | Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.? | [
"Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Vermonter"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82381 | 56e6fd9cde9d371400068115 | Daylight_saving_time | New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895. Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on 30 April 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. | Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect? | Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect? | [
"Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?"
] | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69609 | 570ab7096d058f19001830ac | Houston | The primary city airport is George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), the tenth-busiest in the United States for total passengers, and twenty eighth-busiest worldwide. Bush Intercontinental currently ranks fourth in the United States for non-stop domestic and international service with 182 destinations. In 2006, the ... | How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers? | How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers? | [
"How does Houston's George Bush Intercontinental Airport rank for number of passengers?"
] | {
"text": [
"tenth-busiest"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39426 | 5a8c7ba2fd22b3001a8d88e8 | FA_Cup | Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Aston Villa 4–0 in ... | Who is the least successful club? | Who is the least successful club? | [
"Who is the least successful club?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6766 | 57284b802ca10214002da269 | PlayStation_3 | The Super Slim model of PS3 has received positive reviews. Gaming website Spong praised the new Super Slim's quietness, stating "The most noticeable noise comes when the drive seeks a new area of the disc, such as when starting to load a game, and this occurs infrequently." They added that the fans are quieter than tha... | What did Spong said you have to do to the disc loader before the console will start reading the disc? | What did Spong said you have to do to the disc loader before the console will start reading the disc? | [
"What did Spong said you have to do to the disc loader before the console will start reading the disc?"
] | {
"text": [
"close the cover"
],
"answer_start": [
785
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39453 | 57273647f1498d1400e8f4ae | FA_Cup | The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also el... | Do I need a stadium to compete? | Do I need a stadium to compete? | [
"Do I need a stadium to compete? "
] | {
"text": [
"All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium."
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19495 | 56dc695914d3a41400c26874 | Comprehensive_school | Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less... | Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question? | Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question? | [
"Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?"
] | {
"text": [
"City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes"
],
"answer_start": [
1051
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87663 | 5a68f4c28476ee001a58a902 | IBM | IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). In 1932 IBM created an Education Department to oversee training for employees, which oversaw the completion of the IBM Schoolhouse at Endicott in 1933. In 1935, the employee magazine Think wa... | What was held for female system service professionals in 1937? | What was held for female system service professionals in 1937? | [
"What was held for female system service professionals in 1937?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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