gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-107797 | 571aa41910f8ca1400305234 | Umayyad_Caliphate | Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question o... | What notable battle occurred in 731? | What notable battle occurred in 731? | [
"What notable battle occurred in 731?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of the Defile"
],
"answer_start": [
744
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12044 | 5ad144d6645df0001a2d149e | Universal_Studios | When Pasternak stopped producing Durbin's pictures, and she outgrew her screen persona and pursued more dramatic roles, the studio signed 13-year-old Gloria Jean for her own series of Pasternak musicals from 1939; she went on to star with Bing Crosby, W. C. Fields, and Donald O'Connor. A popular Universal film of the l... | Who did Gloria Durbin star with? | Who did Gloria Durbin star with? | [
"Who did Gloria Durbin star with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19341 | 5727c6252ca10214002d9602 | Rule_of_law | The "formal" interpretation is more widespread than the "substantive" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law. This formal approac... | According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have? | According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have? | [
"According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?"
] | {
"text": [
"well-known"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111126 | 5a81fdc831013a001a335060 | Group_(mathematics) | for any constant c. Matrix groups over these fields fall under this regime, as do adele rings and adelic algebraic groups, which are basic to number theory. Galois groups of infinite field extensions such as the absolute Galois group can also be equipped with a topology, the so-called Krull topology, which in turn is c... | Which Galois group does not use topology? | Which Galois group does not use topology? | [
"Which Galois group does not use topology?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10045 | 57282b433acd2414000df607 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. ... | What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street? | What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street? | [
"What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?"
] | {
"text": [
"repression"
],
"answer_start": [
635
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-116227 | 5734009a4776f41900661691 | Punjab,_Pakistan | The major and native language spoken in the Punjab is Punjabi (which is written in a Shahmukhi script in Pakistan) and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in country. Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. There is not a single district in the province where Punjabi language is mother-tongue of less than ... | What is Punjab's major language? | What is Punjab's major language? | [
"What is Punjab's major language?"
] | {
"text": [
"Punjabi"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46368 | 57326423e99e3014001e6763 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization. The religion has been criticized for its "two witness rule" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sex... | Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing? | Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing? | [
"Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jehovah's"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67623 | 5a81b5f931013a001a334dab | Norfolk_Island | Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the... | Where can the smallest tree-fern in the world be found? | Where can the smallest tree-fern in the world be found? | [
"Where can the smallest tree-fern in the world be found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42316 | 5728d21b2ca10214002da8b1 | Karl_Popper | Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less ... | Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models? | Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models? | [
"Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?"
] | {
"text": [
"genetic pluralism"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33598 | 57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b6 | Film_speed | The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858–1913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed w... | What do degrees Scheiner indicate? | What do degrees Scheiner indicate? | [
"What do degrees Scheiner indicate?"
] | {
"text": [
"the speed of a plate"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75623 | 5acfcf7277cf76001a686131 | Cubism | This technique of representing simultaneity, multiple viewpoints (or relative motion) is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Gleizes' monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing), exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or, Le Fauconnier’s Abundance shown at the Indépendants of 1911, and Delaunay's... | Who did not make a response in early cubism? | Who did not make a response in early cubism? | [
"Who did not make a response in early cubism? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53667 | 5ad26eb5d7d075001a4293fc | Dialect | The situation in Switzerland and Liechtenstein is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The Swiss German dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is seldom spoken. Some Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language. | Which language do some standard German speakers perceive to be foreign? | Which language do some standard German speakers perceive to be foreign? | [
"Which language do some standard German speakers perceive to be foreign?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74531 | 5ace7c0d32bba1001ae4a7c8 | Asphalt | Selenizza is mainly used as an additive in the road construction sector. It is mixed with traditional bitumen to improve both the viscoelastic properties and the resistance to ageing. It may be blended with the hot bitumen in tanks, but its granular form allows it to be fed in the mixer or in the recycling ring of norm... | What is available in powder or fluid form and offered in various particle sizes? | What is available in powder or fluid form and offered in various particle sizes? | [
"What is available in powder or fluid form and offered in various particle sizes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97247 | 56d3171959d6e4140014622f | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever." With Woyciechowski, he headed for Austria, intending to go on to Italy. Later that month, i... | What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick? | What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick? | [
"What were the words Chopin wrote to a friend when he was alone and homesick?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"I curse the moment of my departure.\""
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52804 | 57279c7cff5b5019007d90f4 | Political_party | In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' fail... | What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power? | What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power? | [
"What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?"
] | {
"text": [
"patronage and sometimes by voting fraud"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33430 | 56f9367f9b226e1400dd1294 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 18th Street has a local subway station at the crossing with Seventh Avenue, served by the 1 2 trains on the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line. There used to be an 18th Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line at the crossing with Park Avenue South. | What is at the crossing of 18th Street and Seventh Avenue? | What is at the crossing of 18th Street and Seventh Avenue? | [
"What is at the crossing of 18th Street and Seventh Avenue?"
] | {
"text": [
"subway station"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6095 | 5ad0246777cf76001a686b87 | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his h... | What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg? | What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg? | [
"What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95577 | 5726bc43708984140094cf97 | Yale_University | The Boston Globe wrote that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale." Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the ... | What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale? | What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale? | [
"What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale.\""
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109987 | 57101004b654c5140001f79a | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | Other capital crimes include: the use of a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death, espionage, terrorism, certain violations of the Geneva Conventions that result in the death of one or more persons, and treason at the federal level; aggravated rape in Louisiana, Florida, and Oklahoma; extortionate kidnapping in ... | In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense? | In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense? | [
"In what state is extortionate kidnapping a capital offense?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oklahoma"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57095 | 5728d3982ca10214002da8ba | Apollo | Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women, obsessed by "mania" (μανία, "frenzy"), a Greek word he connected with mantis (μάντις, "prophet"). Frenzied women like Sibyls from whose lips the god speaks are recorded in the Near East as Mari in the second millennium BC. Although Crete had contac... | What Greek word is connected with mantis? | What Greek word is connected with mantis? | [
"What Greek word is connected with mantis?"
] | {
"text": [
"mania"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38008 | 573018e604bcaa1900d7717d | Roman_Republic | In 77 BC, the senate sent one of Sulla's former lieutenants, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"), to put down an uprising in Spain. By 71 BC, Pompey returned to Rome after having completed his mission. Around the same time, another of Sulla's former lieutenants, Marcus Licinius Crassus, had just put down the Sp... | Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising? | Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising? | [
"Where in the year 77 BC was an uprising?"
] | {
"text": [
"Spain"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61446 | 5a3b04c43ff257001ab84393 | Flowering_plant | While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, ... | What feature do a majority of biochemical mechanisms have? | What feature do a majority of biochemical mechanisms have? | [
"What feature do a majority of biochemical mechanisms have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114118 | 572a3a0b6aef0514001553a2 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time? | Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time? | [
"Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?"
] | {
"text": [
"J. M. E. McTaggart"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90962 | 572aadc2be1ee31400cb8156 | John_Kerry | After Kerry's third qualifying wound, he was entitled per Navy regulations to reassignment away from combat duties. Kerry's preferred choice for reassignment was as a military aide in Boston, New York or Washington, D.C. On April 11, 1969, he reported to the Brooklyn-based Atlantic Military Sea Transportation Service, ... | Who was Kerry a personal aide for? | Who was Kerry a personal aide for? | [
"Who was Kerry a personal aide for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rear Admiral Walter Schlech"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73255 | 56db1bd0e7c41114004b4d41 | American_Idol | Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's "Hemorrhage (In My Hands)" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of "I Walk the Line" was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters fo... | Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show? | Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show? | [
"Who was eliminated in the Top 4 show?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chris Daughtry"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23695 | 572833243acd2414000df6cf | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? | When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? | [
"When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? "
] | {
"text": [
"Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37405 | 5727bc053acd2414000deae8 | Switzerland | The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to finance and licensing. The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and broadcast of radio and television programs. SRG SSR studios are distributed throughout ... | Where are television programs produced? | Where are television programs produced? | [
"Where are television programs produced?"
] | {
"text": [
"Geneva, Zürich and Lugano"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5980 | 5ad01f3077cf76001a686acc | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in... | What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir? | What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir? | [
"What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39133 | 5731d461e17f3d1400422467 | Protestantism | The Third Great Awakening refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial beli... | When was the Third Great Awakening? | When was the Third Great Awakening? | [
"When was the Third Great Awakening?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late 1850s to the early 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70282 | 5a2c43fcbfd06b001a5aeab4 | Neoclassical_architecture | Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slig... | What type of city design frequently used diagonal streets? | What type of city design frequently used diagonal streets? | [
"What type of city design frequently used diagonal streets?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82867 | 56e079637aa994140058e53a | Saint_Helena | Today Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and Geo... | The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what? | The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what? | [
"The government of Saint Helena produces it's own what?"
] | {
"text": [
"coinage and banknotes"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96494 | 5a8c6e36fd22b3001a8d879d | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the startin... | What do Eddy and Boyd believe about Pilate and and how he shaped the life of the Jewish people? | What do Eddy and Boyd believe about Pilate and and how he shaped the life of the Jewish people? | [
"What do Eddy and Boyd believe about Pilate and and how he shaped the life of the Jewish people?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19364 | 5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a7 | Rule_of_law | All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time... | According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior? | According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior? | [
"According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?"
] | {
"text": [
"the rule of any human leader"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32299 | 570da377df2f5219002ed08e | Antarctica | Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAAT... | How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season? | How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season? | [
"How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?"
] | {
"text": [
"37,506"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98493 | 56f8d39d9b226e1400dd10a8 | Alps | The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway ... | How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? | How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? | [
"How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be? "
] | {
"text": [
"57 km"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83919 | 5a7e0b2c70df9f001a875463 | Translation | Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown... | When were there some minor metaphrasers? | When were there some minor metaphrasers? | [
"When were there some minor metaphrasers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37122 | 572770f9f1498d1400e8f82e | Switzerland | In about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracen... | What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border? | What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border? | [
"What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?"
] | {
"text": [
"the linear defence concept"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16231 | 57316ff8e6313a140071cf3b | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled... | What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi? | What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi? | [
"What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Free Officers"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51678 | 5706a52352bb891400689b10 | New_Delhi | New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum, National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, National Philatelic Museum, Nehru Planetarium, Shankar's International Dolls Museum. and Supreme Court of India Museum. | What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi? | What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi? | [
"What is the name of the major railroad related museum located in New Delhi?"
] | {
"text": [
"National Rail Museum"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12144 | 5ad15431645df0001a2d17a9 | Universal_Studios | The long-awaited takeover of Universal Pictures by MCA, Inc. happened in mid-1962 as part of the MCA-Decca Records merger. The company reverted in name to Universal Pictures. As a final gesture before leaving the talent agency business, virtually every MCA client was signed to a Universal contract. In 1964 MCA formed U... | What name did the company revert to after the MAC takeover? | What name did the company revert to after the MAC takeover? | [
"What name did the company revert to after the MAC takeover?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11457 | 572798e7708984140094e1d7 | North_Carolina | The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett/Pettigrew's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of an... | When was the battle of Gettysburg? | When was the battle of Gettysburg? | [
"When was the battle of Gettysburg?"
] | {
"text": [
"July 1863"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69932 | 5ad49dc7ba00c4001a268df4 | Windows_8 | Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1. Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as "full version software" at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical. With the retail ... | What is the primary similarity in Windows 8.1? | What is the primary similarity in Windows 8.1? | [
"What is the primary similarity in Windows 8.1? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98030 | 56e09c507aa994140058e651 | Hydrogen | Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors. | What theory suggests that acids are proton donors? | What theory suggests that acids are proton donors? | [
"What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bronsted-Lowry"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60038 | 5acfc4ee77cf76001a685e08 | Zhejiang | The rapid development of religions in Zhejiang has driven the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them in 2014, variously named "Three Rectifications and One Demolition" operations or "Special Treatment Work on Illegally Constructed Sites of Religious and Folk Religion Activ... | When did the slow development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them? | When did the slow development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them? | [
"When did the slow development of religions in Zhejiang drive the local committee of ethnic and religious affairs to enact measures to rationalise them?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31352 | 5a63ccca7f3c80001a150b3f | Germans | In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Aust... | What empire was formed in the late 18th century? | What empire was formed in the late 18th century? | [
"What empire was formed in the late 18th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102610 | 5a79d0f317ab25001a8a00d1 | Association_football | The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football b... | What year was the IFAB ignored? | What year was the IFAB ignored? | [
"What year was the IFAB ignored?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5287 | 572a19286aef05140015526d | Digimon | The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influence... | What influenced the look of the Digimons? | What influenced the look of the Digimons? | [
"What influenced the look of the Digimons?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27423 | 5a7b83a521c2de001afea0e6 | Transistor | The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to ... | Which devices usually have the shortest transistor device numbers? | Which devices usually have the shortest transistor device numbers? | [
"Which devices usually have the shortest transistor device numbers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61141 | 5acecb7732bba1001ae4b445 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When didn't Sheptycki write about police cooperation? | When didn't Sheptycki write about police cooperation? | [
"When didn't Sheptycki write about police cooperation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67049 | 5726c1ad708984140094d097 | Nutrition | Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated ... | Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from? | Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from? | [
"Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?"
] | {
"text": [
"animal sources"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4968 | 56e12827cd28a01900c67666 | Boston | In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the ... | The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston? | The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston? | [
"The first Europen immigrants arrival changed what in Boston?"
] | {
"text": [
"the city's ethnic composition"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14629 | 5ad3c9a9604f3c001a3ff0ac | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were a... | What is the insignificance of Principia Mathematica currently? | What is the insignificance of Principia Mathematica currently? | [
" What is the insignificance of Principia Mathematica currently?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45409 | 5728c9a54b864d1900164e29 | Sahara | The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in... | What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa take place? | What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa take place? | [
"What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"mid-7th to early 8th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27025 | 5a578a9d770dc0001aeefc6f | Orthodox_Judaism | According to the New Jersey Press Association, several media entities refrain from using the term "ultra-Orthodox", including the Religion Newswriters Association; JTA, the global Jewish news service; and the Star-Ledger, New Jersey’s largest daily newspaper. The Star-Ledger was the first mainstream newspaper to drop t... | What is a New York paper still using the term ultra-orthodox? | What is a New York paper still using the term ultra-orthodox? | [
"What is a New York paper still using the term ultra-orthodox?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85439 | 5a7a7ae121c2de001afe9c5d | European_Central_Bank | However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is ... | Who steals the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default? | Who steals the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default? | [
"Who steals the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40268 | 5727ea07ff5b5019007d9861 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven has been depicted in a number of movies. Scenes in the film All About Eve (1950) are set at the Taft Hotel (now Taft Apartments) on the corner of College and Chapel streets, and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway "tryouts" is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon (1953). The city was fic... | What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as "tryouts" for Broadway? | What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as "tryouts" for Broadway? | [
"What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as \"tryouts\" for Broadway?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Band Wagon"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53200 | 5a512139ce860b001aa3fbba | Sichuan | The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mount... | What mountain range was a staging area for military forces? | What mountain range was a staging area for military forces? | [
"What mountain range was a staging area for military forces?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27553 | 573020b2947a6a140053d157 | Liberia | The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance, was elected as the first female president in Africa. Upon her inauguration, Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Niger... | Who is ellen johnson sirleaf? | Who is ellen johnson sirleaf? | [
"Who is ellen johnson sirleaf?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55677 | 5acfdda177cf76001a68634d | Presbyterianism | Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States. GSM, the missionary body of the "Hapdong" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyteri... | Korean Presbyterian denominations are the biggest missionary sender in the world after which country? | Korean Presbyterian denominations are the biggest missionary sender in the world after which country? | [
"Korean Presbyterian denominations are the biggest missionary sender in the world after which country?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18424 | 570e3b210b85d914000d7db3 | Eritrea | In the 1950s, the Ethiopian feudal administration under Emperor Haile Selassie sought to annex Eritrea and Italian Somaliland. He laid claim to both territories in a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Paris Peace Conference and at the First Session of the United Nations. In the United Nations, the debate over the f... | What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's? | What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's? | [
"What did Emperor Haile Selassie seek to annex in the 1950's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eritrea and Italian Somaliland"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71264 | 5acf652e77cf76001a684d45 | University_of_Kansas | The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center. The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus today and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus. The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (... | What was the role the union was never intended to serve? | What was the role the union was never intended to serve? | [
"What was the role the union was never intended to serve?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77814 | 5acd4a2507355d001abf3c1f | Strasbourg | Strasbourg (/ˈstræzbɜːrɡ/, French pronunciation: [stʁaz.buʁ, stʁas.buʁ]; Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border wit... | What language dominated all of France for many years? | What language dominated all of France for many years? | [
"What language dominated all of France for many years?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43364 | 57260d63271a42140099d3f7 | Korean_War | In China, the war is officially called the "War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea" (simplified Chinese: 抗美援朝战争; traditional Chinese: 抗美援朝戰爭; pinyin: Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng), although the term "Chaoxian (Korean) War" (simplified Chinese: 朝鲜战争; traditional Chinese: 朝鮮戰爭; pinyin: Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng) is also used ... | In, China what is the war officially called? | In, China what is the war officially called? | [
"In, China what is the war officially called?"
] | {
"text": [
"War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1242 | 5a4e877c755ab9001a10f4d3 | Airport | Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but i... | When was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport first opened? | When was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport first opened? | [
"When was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport first opened?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24817 | 56cfe608234ae51400d9c02f | New_York_City | Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a s... | How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain? | How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain? | [
"How many acres of land does Gateway Nation Recreation contain?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 26,000"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113545 | 5a87c9a319b91f001a626dbd | Vacuum | The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some ... | Dynamic pumps often work without moving parts, seals and what? | Dynamic pumps often work without moving parts, seals and what? | [
"Dynamic pumps often work without moving parts, seals and what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90158 | 5acf8f1b77cf76001a685266 | Somerset | State schools in Somerset are provided by three local education authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council. All state schools are comprehensive. In some areas primary, infant and junior schools cater for ages four to eleven, after which the pupils move on to second... | How many private secondary schools are there in North Somerset? | How many private secondary schools are there in North Somerset? | [
"How many private secondary schools are there in North Somerset?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17351 | 570e491b0dc6ce1900204f16 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001? | What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001? | [
"What was the price of a kilogram of depleted uranium hexafluoride in 2001?"
] | {
"text": [
"$5"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33870 | 57285f8eff5b5019007da1c0 | Alaska | With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occ... | How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles? | How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles? | [
"How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?"
] | {
"text": [
"nearly 34,000 miles"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42631 | 57101489a58dae1900cd686c | Sexual_orientation | The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality," disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiven... | What does NARTH stand for? | What does NARTH stand for? | [
"What does NARTH stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94796 | 571080dbb654c5140001f930 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques (roughly translated as 'academic contests') they sponsored throughout France. These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment. The practice of contests dated back ... | Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques? | Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques? | [
"Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?"
] | {
"text": [
"generally religious and/or monarchical"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52032 | 5ad3810a604f3c001a3fe478 | Miami | During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami p... | For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg save a black man? | For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg save a black man? | [
"For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg save a black man?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6364 | 5ad2a543d7d075001a429dbd | PlayStation_3 | Following speculation that Sony was working on a 'slim' model, Sony officially announced the PS3 CECH-2000 model on August 18, 2009, at the Sony Gamescom press conference. New features included a slimmer form factor, decreased power consumption, and a quieter cooling system. It was released in major territories by Sept... | What model stopped using the "Batman font"? | What model stopped using the "Batman font"? | [
"What model stopped using the \"Batman font\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62280 | 5a6a582ea9e0c9001a4e9d60 | Liberal_Party_of_Australia | The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party (UAP). More broadly, the Liberal Party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by th... | When did Billy Hughes fuse the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party? | When did Billy Hughes fuse the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party? | [
"When did Billy Hughes fuse the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113543 | 5a87c9a319b91f001a626dbb | Vacuum | The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some ... | What can positive displacement pumps achieve more than entrapment pumps? | What can positive displacement pumps achieve more than entrapment pumps? | [
"What can positive displacement pumps achieve more than entrapment pumps?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68618 | 570adf774103511400d59aba | Mesozoic | The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the rep... | What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large? | What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large? | [
"What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?"
] | {
"text": [
"reptiles"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103103 | 5ad29af4d7d075001a429bb1 | Multiracial_American | In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were inclu... | Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850? | Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850? | [
"Who was identified by name in the federal census after 1850?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37462 | 5727c4f12ca10214002d95de | London | From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and ... | What is the modern Welsh form o the word London? | What is the modern Welsh form o the word London? | [
"What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?"
] | {
"text": [
"Llundain"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87223 | 570b1f6b6b8089140040f74a | Videoconferencing | Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professio... | How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save? | How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save? | [
"How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?"
] | {
"text": [
"$10,000 per transfer"
],
"answer_start": [
711
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3776 | 56d4c1c12ccc5a1400d831e9 | Beyoncé | Beyoncé announced a hiatus from her music career in January 2010, heeding her mother's advice, "to live life, to be inspired by things again". During the break she and her father parted ways as business partners. Beyoncé's musical break lasted nine months and saw her visit multiple European cities, the Great Wall of Ch... | How long did her hiatus last? | How long did her hiatus last? | [
"How long did her hiatus last?"
] | {
"text": [
"nine months"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47041 | 5a8c9192fd22b3001a8d8b3c | Textual_criticism | While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use... | There are fewer changes in a text when there is a larger what? | There are fewer changes in a text when there is a larger what? | [
"There are fewer changes in a text when there is a larger what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14754 | 573098542461fd1900a9cedc | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions ... | Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought? | Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought? | [
"Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?"
] | {
"text": [
"Isabelle Stengers"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11826 | 56faea72f34c681400b0c190 | Somalis | The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national fla... | What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called? | What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called? | [
"What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Star of Unity"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14393 | 572f6c2304bcaa1900d76918 | Han_dynasty | Women were expected to obey the will of their father, then their husband, and then their adult son in old age. However, it is known from contemporary sources that there were many deviations to this rule, especially in regard to mothers over their sons, and empresses who ordered around and openly humiliated their father... | What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in? | What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in? | [
"What emotional state would empresses commonly place their immediate family members in?"
] | {
"text": [
"openly humiliated"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39524 | 5a8c9b1bfd22b3001a8d8bc3 | FA_Cup | The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the foll... | What do UEFA Europa League winners qualify for? | What do UEFA Europa League winners qualify for? | [
"What do UEFA Europa League winners qualify for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31926 | 57269d47708984140094cbcf | Myanmar | The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well int... | How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar? | How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar? | [
"How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?"
] | {
"text": [
"The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1619 | 57318601e6313a140071d020 | Mosaic | The remains of a 6th-century synagogue have been uncovered in Sepphoris, which was an important centre of Jewish culture between the 3rd–7th centuries and a multicultural town inhabited by Jews, Christians and pagans. The mosaic reflects an interesting fusion of Jewish and pagan beliefs. In the center of the floor the ... | The remains of what was found at Sepphoris? | The remains of what was found at Sepphoris? | [
"The remains of what was found at Sepphoris?"
] | {
"text": [
"a 6th-century synagogue"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88329 | 56d8dc9cdc89441400fdb352 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay |
Turkey: The torch relay leg in Istanbul, held on April 3, started on Sultanahmet Square and finished in Taksim Square. Uyghurs living in Turkey protested at Chinese treatment of their compatriots living in Xinjiang. Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police. | Where did the torch start in Instanbul? | Where did the torch start in Instanbul? | [
"Where did the torch start in Instanbul?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sultanahmet Square"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24526 | 56cf9d81234ae51400d9be1c | New_York_City | Situated on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a separate county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a census-estimated 2014 population of ... | The five boroughs of New York City are named what? | The five boroughs of New York City are named what? | [
"The five boroughs of New York City are named what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33213 | 57263583271a42140099d782 | Incandescent_light_bulb | To improve the efficiency of the lamp, the filament usually consists of multiple coils of coiled fine wire, also known as a 'coiled coil'. For a 60-watt 120-volt lamp, the uncoiled length of the tungsten filament is usually 22.8 inches (580 mm), and the filament diameter is 0.0018 inches (0.046 mm). The advantage of th... | What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb? | What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb? | [
"What is the typical diameter of the filament on a 60-watt bulb?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.0018 inches"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26088 | 5726a5975951b619008f78e8 | Edmund_Burke | Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684–1775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: "Young man, There is America – which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage me... | When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst? | When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst? | [
"When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?"
] | {
"text": [
"1704"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115019 | 5a6b1064a9e0c9001a4e9eb3 | Wayback_Machine | In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed... | What did the Wayback Machine believe would support its case? | What did the Wayback Machine believe would support its case? | [
"What did the Wayback Machine believe would support its case?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58510 | 570e59e00b85d914000d7e62 | Sanskrit | The CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) of India, along with several other state education boards, has made Sanskrit an alternative option to the state's own official language as a second or third language choice in the schools it governs. In such schools, learning Sanskrit is an option for grades 5 to 8 (Class... | Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option? | Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option? | [
"Where has the Education Board ranked Sanskrit as a language option?"
] | {
"text": [
"second or third"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77317 | 57320ae8e17f3d1400422603 | Armenians | The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia, itself a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Armenian paganism, which was influenced by Zoroastrianism, while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with G... | When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion? | When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion? | [
"When did Armenia make Christianity its official religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"AD 301"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76257 | 5a580485770dc0001aeeff50 | Utrecht | Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being cons... | What is the tallest building in the Netherlands? | What is the tallest building in the Netherlands? | [
"What is the tallest building in the Netherlands?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75863 | 5706064f75f01819005e789f | The_Times | The Times's main supplement, every day, is the times2, featuring various lifestyle columns. It was discontinued on 1 March 2010 but reintroduced on 11 October 2010 after negative feedback. Its regular features include a puzzles section called Mind Games. Its previous incarnation began on 5 September 2005, before which ... | The Times features a puzzles section called what? | The Times features a puzzles section called what? | [
"The Times features a puzzles section called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mind Games"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52491 | 572962c51d04691400779379 | Planck_constant | Prior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever – that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh–Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase.... | The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion? | The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion? | [
"The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion?"
] | {
"text": [
"the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture"
],
"answer_start": [
854
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83402 | 5ad257e8d7d075001a428da0 | Dominican_Order | Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dom... | Who did not have a great love of languages? | Who did not have a great love of languages? | [
"Who did not have a great love of languages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107973 | 5acd2d3c07355d001abf37ed | Estonian_language | The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standar... | What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect? | What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect? | [
"What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80243 | 5726e320f1498d1400e8eebc | Samoa | Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia,[citation needed] with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL, Super League and domestic players. Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Sup... | In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013? | In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013? | [
"In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rugby League World Cup"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.