gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-42137 | 5ad2362ad7d075001a4287ff | Karl_Popper | Popper died of "complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent... | What university possesses Melitta Mew's library? | What university possesses Melitta Mew's library? | [
"What university possesses Melitta Mew's library? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56533 | 5a0f34b3decec900184754bc | Geography_of_the_United_States | The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It ... | The lower Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin are what type of region? | The lower Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin are what type of region? | [
"The lower Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin are what type of region?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75738 | 5705de1675f01819005e76c2 | The_Times | The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly ow... | What was the original name of The Times before changing its name? | What was the original name of The Times before changing its name? | [
"What was the original name of The Times before changing its name?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Daily Universal Register"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85066 | 5a2857f0d1a287001a6d0ba6 | Mali | Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012. In 2000, 62–65 percent of the population was estimated to have acces... | What was life expectancy estimated to be in 2000? | What was life expectancy estimated to be in 2000? | [
"What was life expectancy estimated to be in 2000?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18335 | 570e2f6e0b85d914000d7d1d | Eritrea | In 1922, Benito Mussolini's rise to power in Italy brought profound changes to the colonial government in Italian Eritrea. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just conquered Ethiopia i... | Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea? | Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea? | [
"Whose rise to power in 1922 brought profounc change to the government in Italian Eritrea?"
] | {
"text": [
"Benito Mussolini's"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1357 | 573096972461fd1900a9cece | Airport | An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air For... | Where is Bardufoss Air Station located? | Where is Bardufoss Air Station located? | [
"Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Norway"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25661 | 5acfe8c677cf76001a68641c | Namibia | Other mentionable newspapers are the tabloid Informanté owned by TrustCo, the weekly Windhoek Observer, the weekly Namibia Economist, as well as the regional Namib Times. Current affairs magazines include Insight Namibia, Vision2030 Focus magazine[citation needed] and Prime FOCUS. Sister Namibia Magazine stands out as ... | How often is Informante published? | How often is Informante published? | [
"How often is Informante published?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-51531 | 5705ec5975f01819005e7778 | New_Delhi | New Delhi lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There has, however, been a spike in the number of earthquakes in the last six years, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 Novemb... | What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi? | What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi? | [
"What was the magnitude of the notable 2015 earthquake that shook New Delhi?"
] | {
"text": [
"5.4 magnitude"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14773 | 57333fbad058e614000b57d5 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blo... | How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences? | How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences? | [
"How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?"
] | {
"text": [
"a \"society\" of events"
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67594 | 5a81b43131013a001a334d8e | Norfolk_Island | Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013 agreement had not been r... | What agreement was never signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015? | What agreement was never signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015? | [
"What agreement was never signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29535 | 5a56a25c6349e2001acdcec9 | Swaziland | The Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old "umchwasho" custom. In "umchwasho", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, when the girls had reache... | Who pays a fine to a girls parents if she becomes pregnant? | Who pays a fine to a girls parents if she becomes pregnant? | [
"Who pays a fine to a girls parents if she becomes pregnant?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37425 | 5727be234b864d1900163c3c | Switzerland | Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or "Schwingen". It is an old tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf. Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put, a competition in throw... | Which popular Swiss sport is a cross between baseball and golf? | Which popular Swiss sport is a cross between baseball and golf? | [
"Which popular Swiss sport is a cross between baseball and golf?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hornussen"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104867 | 573374204776f41900660b02 | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending, represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth.[citation need... | How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008? | How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008? | [
"How much net worth did Americans lose between June 2007 and November 2008?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than a quarter"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11560 | 5727b70a2ca10214002d94a6 | North_Carolina | Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco, and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies ... | Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company? | Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company? | [
"Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company?"
] | {
"text": [
"R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63717 | 5727b6a42ca10214002d949e | USB | A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s. The group ended up creating a new USB version, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s, putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt chan... | When was USB 3.1 released? | When was USB 3.1 released? | [
"When was USB 3.1 released?"
] | {
"text": [
"31 July 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80175 | 5726d581dd62a815002e91b7 | Samoa | Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. As such, ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan cultur... | What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture? | What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture? | [
"What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"vāfealoa'i"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85070 | 5726ddf15951b619008f809a | Mali | Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a health... | What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made? | What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made? | [
"What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?"
] | {
"text": [
"improve nutrition"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44061 | 56cf8472234ae51400d9bdeb | Kanye_West | In December 2006, Robert "Evel" Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West's video for "Touch the Sky". Knievel took issue with a "sexually charged video" in which West takes on the persona of "Evel Kanyevel" and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon. The suit claimed infringement on Knievel's trademarked na... | What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006? | What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006? | [
"What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert \"Evel\" Knievel"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93151 | 5ad18ee6645df0001a2d1f33 | Light-emitting_diode | In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward curren... | What other component was needed to detect the second current of a radio signal? | What other component was needed to detect the second current of a radio signal? | [
"What other component was needed to detect the second current of a radio signal?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29203 | 5ad39ae3604f3c001a3fe888 | Pharmaceutical_industry | An investigation by ProPublica found that at least 21 doctors have been paid more than $500,000 for speeches and consulting by drugs manufacturers since 2009, with half of the top earners working in psychiatry, and about $2 billion in total paid to doctors for such services. AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly... | What was the reason these doctors have to pay fines? | What was the reason these doctors have to pay fines? | [
"What was the reason these doctors have to pay fines?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93369 | 5ad19458645df0001a2d2055 | Light-emitting_diode | High-power LEDs (HP-LEDs) or high-output LEDs (HO-LEDs) can be driven at currents from hundreds of mA to more than an ampere, compared with the tens of mA for other LEDs. Some can emit over a thousand lumens. LED power densities up to 300 W/cm2 have been achieved. Since overheating is destructive, the HP-LEDs must be m... | Up to how many densities have never been achieved with LED power? | Up to how many densities have never been achieved with LED power? | [
" Up to how many densities have never been achieved with LED power?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21069 | 572ea6d5cb0c0d14000f13f3 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | Through the force of sheer numbers, the English-speaking American settlers entering the Southwest established their language, culture, and law as dominant, to the extent it fully displaced Spanish in the public sphere; this is why the United States never developed bilingualism as Canada did. For example, the California... | Why didn't California officially become bilingual? | Why didn't California officially become bilingual? | [
"Why didn't California officially become bilingual?"
] | {
"text": [
"the convention's English-speaking participants felt that the state's remaining minority of Spanish-speakers should simply learn English"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27437 | 572faff7b2c2fd1400568353 | Transistor | The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to sem... | What is the ideal junction forward voltage? | What is the ideal junction forward voltage? | [
"What is the ideal junction forward voltage?"
] | {
"text": [
"lower"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76974 | 57266f10f1498d1400e8df98 | Dutch_language | In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gain... | What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak? | What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak? | [
"What's the common language that around 20% of Suriname's people speak?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sranan Tongo"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44796 | 56f8bd719b226e1400dd0ef9 | Gene | In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; for very long transcripts, translation may begin at the 5' end of the RNA while the 3' end is still being transcribed. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, where the cell's DNA is stored. The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the pr... | Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes? | Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes? | [
"Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [
"transcription occurs in the nucleus"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66188 | 5a651bc1c2b11c001a425c21 | ASCII | Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL e... | What is most often used as a command sequence? | What is most often used as a command sequence? | [
"What is most often used as a command sequence?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114323 | 5726b361708984140094ce28 | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | Politically, the paper's stance was less clear under Prime Minister Gordon Brown who succeeded Blair in June 2007. Its editorials were critical of many of Brown's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leader David Cameron. Rupert Murdoch, head of The Sun's parent company News Corporation, speaking... | Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported? | Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported? | [
"Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?"
] | {
"text": [
"David Cameron"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83272 | 5727bded4b864d1900163c32 | Dominican_Order | Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlar... | Dominic studied in what city? | Dominic studied in what city? | [
"Dominic studied in what city?"
] | {
"text": [
"Palencia"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49021 | 5aceb8e532bba1001ae4b1b2 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Athanasius's first problem lay with Meletius of Lycopolis and his followers, who had failed to abide by the First Council of Nicaea. That council also anathematized Arius. Accused of mistreating Arians and Meletians, Athanasius answered those charges at a gathering of bishops in Tyre, the First Synod of Tyre, in 335. T... | What exile is in modern day France? | What exile is in modern day France? | [
"What exile is in modern day France?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20791 | 56cd81df62d2951400fa6669 | IPod | Foxconn, Apple's manufacturer, initially denied the abuses, but when an auditing team from Apple found that workers had been working longer hours than were allowed under Chinese law, they promised to prevent workers working more hours than the code allowed. Apple hired a workplace standards auditing company, Verité, an... | Where was the Foxconn plant located? | Where was the Foxconn plant located? | [
"Where was the Foxconn plant located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Longhua, Shenzhen"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89060 | 5acd4fef07355d001abf3cd5 | Hunter-gatherer | Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary. | The peoples of the Pacific West Coast lived in what kind of environment? | The peoples of the Pacific West Coast lived in what kind of environment? | [
"The peoples of the Pacific West Coast lived in what kind of environment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35230 | 5ad0bf10645df0001a2d0196 | Gothic_architecture | Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Fr... | What style of architecture came along with the Gothic style? | What style of architecture came along with the Gothic style? | [
"What style of architecture came along with the Gothic style?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-302 | 56f78c18a6d7ea1400e17256 | Marshall_Islands | Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar was the first European to see the islands in 1526, commanding the ship Santa Maria de la Victoria, the only surviving vessel of the Loaísa Expedition. On August 21, he sighted an island (probably Taongi) at 14°N that he named "San Bartolome". | In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands? | In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands? | [
"In what year did Salazar view the Marshall Islands?"
] | {
"text": [
"1526"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12595 | 56ddea8366d3e219004dae07 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII's England, his chief minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Cardinal Richelieu's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu succ... | What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France? | What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France? | [
"What Caridinal had powers so great that he basically ran France?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cardinal Richelieu"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79919 | 5706443e75f01819005e7ae4 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on? | What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on? | [
"What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?"
] | {
"text": [
"the complexity of the sound"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43139 | 57264268271a42140099d7ee | Poultry | Ducks are medium-sized aquatic birds with broad bills, eyes on the side of the head, fairly long necks, short legs set far back on the body, and webbed feet. Males, known as drakes, are often larger than females (simply known as ducks) and are differently coloured in some breeds. Domestic ducks are omnivores, eating a ... | What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ? | What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ? | [
"What does the diet of cultivated ducks consistof ?"
] | {
"text": [
"aquatic insects, molluscs, worms, small amphibians, waterweeds, and grasses."
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107824 | 571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba2 | Umayyad_Caliphate | The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantine... | Who was the father of Hisham? | Who was the father of Hisham? | [
"Who was the father of Hisham?"
] | {
"text": [
"Abd al-Malik"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74054 | 56e4839b39bdeb140034796a | Architecture | Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka? | What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka? | [
"What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33689 | 57265236708984140094c24c | Film_speed | The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had bee... | In what year was the BS system modified? | In what year was the BS system modified? | [
"In what year was the BS system modified?"
] | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-58709 | 572a9cdf111d821400f38c43 | Rajasthan | Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises the erstwhile nineteen princely states, two chiefships, and the British district of Ajmer-Merwara. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Chittorgarh), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput princely states. Bharatpur and Dholpur were Jat princel... | What is the name of the British district within Rajputana? | What is the name of the British district within Rajputana? | [
"What is the name of the British district within Rajputana?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ajmer-Merwara"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73292 | 56db1dbfe7c41114004b4d7a | American_Idol | In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol. | Which contestant won the season? | Which contestant won the season? | [
"Which contestant won the season?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jordin Sparks"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102303 | 5ad3b4db604f3c001a3fed89 | High-definition_television | Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first ... | Which aspect ratio was the late favorite? | Which aspect ratio was the late favorite? | [
" Which aspect ratio was the late favorite?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94949 | 5710a874b654c5140001f9f9 | Age_of_Enlightenment | The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science, founded in 1635 in Paris. It was closely tied to the French state, acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists. It helped promote and organize new disciplines, and it trained new scientists. It als... | What year was the Academy of Science in France founded? | What year was the Academy of Science in France founded? | [
"What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1635"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113886 | 5a56d7bd6349e2001acdcf92 | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 194... | What was the Palace of Whitehall built with in 1949? | What was the Palace of Whitehall built with in 1949? | [
"What was the Palace of Whitehall built with in 1949?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59062 | 5727af6c3acd2414000de9a4 | A_cappella | A cappella has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theater that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theaters in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times. The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances. It was produced by Playwrights Horizon... | What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994? | What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994? | [
"What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994?"
] | {
"text": [
"Avenue X"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53741 | 56e8311437bdd419002c4495 | Dialect | The Sardinian language is considered to be its own Romance language family, separate not only from standard Italian but also the wider Italo-Dalmatian family, and it includes the Campidanese Sardinian and Logudorese Sardinian variants. However, Gallurese, Sassarese, and Corsican are also spoken in Sardinia, and these l... | What language family does Ligurian belong to? | What language family does Ligurian belong to? | [
"What language family does Ligurian belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gallo-Romance"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14101 | 56f8d2919b226e1400dd108b | Brain | For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system. The neural p... | The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates? | The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates? | [
"The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates?"
] | {
"text": [
"the neural plate"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10105 | 572834c53acd2414000df6e9 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. ... | How old were Nasser's brothers when they died? | How old were Nasser's brothers when they died? | [
"How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?"
] | {
"text": [
"in their fifties"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5246 | 56e173b5cd28a01900c67960 | Boston | Logan Airport, located in East Boston and operated by the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport), is Boston's principal airport. Nearby general aviation airports are Beverly Municipal Airport to the north, Hanscom Field to the west, and Norwood Memorial Airport to the south. Massport also operates several major facili... | What airport is North of Logan Airport? | What airport is North of Logan Airport? | [
"What airport is North of Logan Airport?"
] | {
"text": [
"Beverly Municipal Airport"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81017 | 5724e9730a492a1900435660 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvi... | What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? | What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? | [
"What country did Victoria visit instead of France during the Boer War? "
] | {
"text": [
"Ireland"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90888 | 57325111e17f3d1400422852 | Pacific_War | A widely publicised example of institutionalised sexual slavery are "comfort women", a euphemism for the 200,000 women, mostly from Korea and China, who served in the Japanese army's camps during World War II. Some 35 Dutch comfort women brought a successful case before the Batavia Military Tribunal in 1948. In 1993, C... | In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal? | In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal? | [
"In 1948, how many Dutch women brought a case to the Batavia Military Tribunal?"
] | {
"text": [
"35"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4454 | 56de5e5b4396321400ee285e | Institute_of_technology | Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-inte... | Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861? | Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861? | [
"Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?"
] | {
"text": [
"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27697 | 5729e3631d0469140077964b | Energy | Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object's position in a force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns, the radiant energy carried by light, and t... | Common energy forms include what? | Common energy forms include what? | [
"Common energy forms include what?"
] | {
"text": [
"kinetic energy of a moving object"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49050 | 5aceb79c32bba1001ae4b159 | Athanasius_of_Alexandria | Frances A. M. Forbes writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heav... | Who did the bishops want to be their bishop? | Who did the bishops want to be their bishop? | [
"Who did the bishops want to be their bishop?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2510 | 56d2429fb329da140004ec96 | Buddhism | In Buddhist practice, it is said that while samatha meditation can calm the mind, only vipassanā meditation can reveal how the mind was disturbed to start with, which is what leads to insight knowledge (jñāna; Pāli ñāṇa) and understanding (prajñā Pāli paññā), and thus can lead to nirvāṇa (Pāli nibbāna). When one is in ... | What eradicates the defilements completely? | What eradicates the defilements completely? | [
"What eradicates the defilements completely?"
] | {
"text": [
"understanding"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74250 | 5acfb28f77cf76001a685938 | Architecture | Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate co... | Who was the last to design architecture environmentally? | Who was the last to design architecture environmentally? | [
" Who was the last to design architecture environmentally?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64194 | 5ace8cc332bba1001ae4aa0f | Annelid | Traditionally the annelids have been divided into two major groups, the polychaetes and clitellates. In turn the clitellates were divided into oligochaetes, which include earthworms, and hirudinomorphs, whose best-known members are leeches. For many years there was no clear arrangement of the approximately 80 polychaet... | What subtype of clitellates contains lemurs? | What subtype of clitellates contains lemurs? | [
"What subtype of clitellates contains lemurs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87823 | 5ad3ccd4604f3c001a3ff16a | Tristan_da_Cunha | During World War II, the islands were used as a top secret Royal Navy weather and radio station codenamed HMS Atlantic Isle, to monitor Nazi U-boats (which were required to maintain radio contact) and shipping movements in the South Atlantic Ocean. The first Administrator, Surgeon Lieutenant Commander E.J.S. Woolley, w... | What kind of contact were Navy U-boats required to maintain? | What kind of contact were Navy U-boats required to maintain? | [
"What kind of contact were Navy U-boats required to maintain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95537 | 5ad3d6fd604f3c001a3ff323 | Yale_University | Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer... | What programs did Milton Winternitz end? | What programs did Milton Winternitz end? | [
"What programs did Milton Winternitz end?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36085 | 5a73865253a187001ae63217 | Comcast | In 1996, Comcast bought a controlling stake in Spectacor from the company's founder, Ed Snider. Comcast-Spectacor holdings now include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia. Over a number of years... | Who founded the Philadelphia Flyers? | Who founded the Philadelphia Flyers? | [
"Who founded the Philadelphia Flyers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95012 | 5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7d | Age_of_Enlightenment | Intellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment. Habermas described the creation of the "bourgeois public sphere" in 18th-century Europe, containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange. Habermas said that the public... | How did Habermas describe the public sphere? | How did Habermas describe the public sphere? | [
"How did Habermas describe the public sphere?"
] | {
"text": [
"bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77313 | 5a53cf00bdaabd001a386747 | Armenians | The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became ... | What happened during the reign of Hecataeus of Miletus? | What happened during the reign of Hecataeus of Miletus? | [
"What happened during the reign of Hecataeus of Miletus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6767 | 5ad35342604f3c001a3fdd43 | PlayStation_3 | The Super Slim model of PS3 has received positive reviews. Gaming website Spong praised the new Super Slim's quietness, stating "The most noticeable noise comes when the drive seeks a new area of the disc, such as when starting to load a game, and this occurs infrequently." They added that the fans are quieter than tha... | What quality of the PS2 Super Slim was the website Spong excited about? | What quality of the PS2 Super Slim was the website Spong excited about? | [
"What quality of the PS2 Super Slim was the website Spong excited about?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44523 | 57071b959e06ca38007e942e | Chihuahua_(state) | The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, w... | Which type of reptile is most common in the desert? | Which type of reptile is most common in the desert? | [
"Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?"
] | {
"text": [
"rattlesnake"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102604 | 57303e0704bcaa1900d773f9 | Association_football | The laws of the game are determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886 after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. FIFA, the international football b... | What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for? | What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for? | [
"What does the abbreviation IFAB stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"International Football Association Board"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104333 | 5728abdeff5b5019007da425 | Mandolin | In the early 20th century several mandolin orchestras (Estudiantinas) were active in Belgium. Today only a few groups remain: Royal Estudiantina la Napolitaine (founded in 1904) in Antwerp, Brasschaats mandoline orkest in Brasschaat and an orchestra in Mons (Bergen). Gerda Abts is a well known mandolin virtuoso in Belg... | Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century? | Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century? | [
"Where were the Estudiantinas active in during the early 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Belgium"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-14578 | 57301444947a6a140053d073 | Alfred_North_Whitehead | Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolma... | What was Whitehead's mother's name? | What was Whitehead's mother's name? | [
"What was Whitehead's mother's name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Maria Sarah Whitehead,"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88677 | 56d97d8ddc89441400fdb4e4 | 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay | Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit... | Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what? | Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what? | [
"Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?"
] | {
"text": [
"spirit of Olympics"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53627 | 56e826b000c9c71400d775db | Dialect | Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of great political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own... | What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group? | What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group? | [
"What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?"
] | {
"text": [
"regional autonomy"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1243 | 5a4e877c755ab9001a10f4d4 | Airport | Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but i... | What was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport replaced by? | What was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport replaced by? | [
"What was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport replaced by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48582 | 5a85b92ab4e223001a8e71d0 | War_on_Terror | Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-fly zones, to protect Iraq's Kurdish and Shi'a Arab population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after t... | Who was trying to protect the Hussein regime? | Who was trying to protect the Hussein regime? | [
"Who was trying to protect the Hussein regime?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54227 | 56df07a33277331400b4d8cf | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) consists of officers and non-commissioned members who conduct training, safety, supervision and administration of nearly 60,000 cadets aged 12 to 18 years in the Canadian Cadet Movement. The majority of members in COATS are officers of the Cadet Instru... | Who conducts training of the cadets? | Who conducts training of the cadets? | [
"Who conducts training of the cadets?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54460 | 5ad2e5e6604f3c001a3fd91a | Christian | Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians. | What do 73.3% of Europeans describe themselves as? | What do 73.3% of Europeans describe themselves as? | [
"What do 73.3% of Europeans describe themselves as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89284 | 5a149807a54d42001852928b | Great_power | All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho... | What is a range of society restricted to? | What is a range of society restricted to? | [
"What is a range of society restricted to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100780 | 572ec84603f9891900756a13 | Post-punk | In the early 1980s, Downtown Manhattan's no wave scene transitioned from its abrasive origins into a more dance-oriented sound, with compilations such as ZE's Mutant Disco (1981) highlighting a newly playful sensibility borne out of the city's clash of hip hop, disco and punk styles, as well as dub reggae and world mus... | What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57? | What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57? | [
"What type of party could be found at venues like Club 57?"
] | {
"text": [
"decadent"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29639 | 5ad15b2d645df0001a2d188b | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Some titles have a Biblical basis, for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the "King of Kings" due to his lineage of King David. The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6,... | When Mary assisted Kind David in finding his way to Jesus, what was the name given to her? | When Mary assisted Kind David in finding his way to Jesus, what was the name given to her? | [
"When Mary assisted Kind David in finding his way to Jesus, what was the name given to her?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82487 | 56e753a737bdd419002c3e7a | Daylight_saving_time | In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Mos... | What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month? | What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month? | [
"What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?"
] | {
"text": [
"the evening dinner"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21140 | 5a75142d97ca42001a521e83 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s, in which 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States, which was alrea... | What's the fourth-largest Hispanic-Latino American group? | What's the fourth-largest Hispanic-Latino American group? | [
"What's the fourth-largest Hispanic-Latino American group?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8359 | 5a7ccc70e8bc7e001a9e204c | Thuringia | Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized on... | What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1982? | What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1982? | [
"What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1982?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96950 | 56e1039be3433e1400422aaa | Canon_law | The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius ... | During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version? | During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version? | [
"During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?"
] | {
"text": [
"1949 through 1958"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5184 | 56e164bccd28a01900c6785c | Boston | The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the city—Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivisi... | Who participates in the second highest level of college football? | Who participates in the second highest level of college football? | [
"Who participates in the second highest level of college football?"
] | {
"text": [
"Harvard"
],
"answer_start": [
156
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7406 | 5a13b0fec8eab200188dca10 | Georgian_architecture | The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass &... | Where was neo-Georgian style common after the 1950s? | Where was neo-Georgian style common after the 1950s? | [
"Where was neo-Georgian style common after the 1950s?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89390 | 573121fca5e9cc1400cdbc66 | Great_power | China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States are often referred to as great powers by academics due to "their political and economic dominance of the global arena". These five nations are the only states to have permanent seats with veto power on the UN Security Council. They are also the only recogn... | What treaty addresses nuclear weapons? | What treaty addresses nuclear weapons? | [
"What treaty addresses nuclear weapons?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty"
],
"answer_start": [
360
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55334 | 5a31766ae4dcb1001abb2330 | Baptists | Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinct... | Which group of Christians are not defined by doctrine? | Which group of Christians are not defined by doctrine? | [
"Which group of Christians are not defined by doctrine?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62878 | 572f926ab2c2fd140056820b | Pain | The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) is a questionnaire designed to assess the psychosocial state of a person with chronic pain. Analysis of MPI results by Turk and Rudy (1988) found three classes of chronic pain patient: "(a) dysfunctional, people who perceived the severity of their pain to be high, reported that... | What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions? | What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions? | [
"What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions?"
] | {
"text": [
"their IASP five-category pain profile"
],
"answer_start": [
835
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26191 | 5ad0ce03645df0001a2d0413 | Edmund_Burke | The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5–6 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Phi... | Who admired Francis's chivalry? | Who admired Francis's chivalry? | [
"Who admired Francis's chivalry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24816 | 56cf2fb5aab44d1400b88de1 | New_York_City | Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City, including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a s... | What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to? | What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to? | [
"What body of water is Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge adjacent to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jamaica Bay"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39387 | 573265980fdd8d15006c6a85 | Protestantism | There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,[ad] among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.[ae] In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Afric... | Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)? | Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)? | [
"Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than one tenth"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35575 | 5ad0fd74645df0001a2d098a | Gothic_architecture | In England, partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of 'high church' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century, neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecc... | What year was the High Victorian Gothic period in Africa? | What year was the High Victorian Gothic period in Africa? | [
"What year was the High Victorian Gothic period in Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93858 | 572e833acb0c0d14000f1216 | Cyprus | The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to enosis. The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea, a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus ... | Historically, the idea of enosis was part of which other idea? | Historically, the idea of enosis was part of which other idea? | [
"Historically, the idea of enosis was part of which other idea?"
] | {
"text": [
"Megali Idea"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5124 | 56e15767cd28a01900c677fd | Boston | Boston has been called the "Athens of America" for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States." In the nineteenth century, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, James Russell Lowell, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote in Bosto... | What year was the Boston Public Library founded? | What year was the Boston Public Library founded? | [
"What year was the Boston Public Library founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1852"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76485 | 5a399ce22f14dd001ac72496 | Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy | As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of ... | What are the irrigated areas dominated by? | What are the irrigated areas dominated by? | [
"What are the irrigated areas dominated by?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25313 | 56d11e7b17492d1400aab9d5 | New_York_City | Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities. One of the most heavily used bodie... | What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek? | What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek? | [
"What notable accidental fossil fuel discharge occurred at Newtown Creek?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Greenpoint oil spill"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99113 | 57278bc7708984140094e06b | Turner_Classic_Movies | "Funday Night at the Movies" was replaced in 2008 by "Essentials Jr.", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-... | In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies? | In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies? | [
"In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies?"
] | {
"text": [
"2008"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12006 | 56e1506ee3433e1400422da7 | Universal_Studios | Universal's forays into high-quality production spelled the end of the Laemmle era at the studio. Taking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a film conglomerate in the depths of the depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to ... | Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy? | Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy? | [
"Along with distribution and studio operations, what part of Universal was retained by Carl Laemmle, Jr. during bankruptcy?"
] | {
"text": [
"production operations"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103976 | 570b92316b8089140040f996 | Infrared | Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in refle... | What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist? | What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist? | [
"What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?"
] | {
"text": [
"pentimenti"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2036 | 5ad1701c645df0001a2d1b60 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with fa... | Early leaders also feared a small army would allow what internal conflict to take place? | Early leaders also feared a small army would allow what internal conflict to take place? | [
" Early leaders also feared a small army would allow what internal conflict to take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62578 | 57292bf71d04691400779110 | Software_testing | Unit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software deve... | By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result? | By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result? | [
"By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result?"
] | {
"text": [
"increase the quality of the resulting software"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92847 | 573358b94776f41900660867 | Tajikistan | Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix "-stan" (Persian: ـستان -stān) is Persian for "place of" or "country" and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe. According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definiti... | Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik? | Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik? | [
"Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?"
] | {
"text": [
"because the term is \"embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia.\""
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34539 | 56f8bb289e9bad19000a03d2 | Southampton | The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R'n'B singer Craig David, Coldplay drummer Will Champion, former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones. Several rock bands were formed in Southampton, including Band of Skulls, The Delays, Bury Tomorrow, Heart in H... | What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton? | What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton? | [
"What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kids Can't Fly"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
} |
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