gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-114751 | 5ad257a0d7d075001a428d91 | Emotion | This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivi... | What model described the same approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength? | What model described the same approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength? | [
"What model described the same approach as unmoving but with resistance and strength?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86304 | 570c02e4ec8fbc190045bc17 | Gymnastics | Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while "punching" (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a ... | What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts? | What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts? | [
"What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts?"
] | {
"text": [
"multiple twists and somersaults"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72274 | 572644675951261400b5196b | Greece | In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the G... | After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area? | After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area? | [
"After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Asia Minor"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92815 | 5727ae744b864d1900163a45 | Alsace | At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbou... | The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections? | The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections? | [
"The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66876 | 57282967ff5b5019007d9e4f | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley, southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4–11, 1989; about 100 people were killed. On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev remo... | Where is the Fergana Valley located? | Where is the Fergana Valley located? | [
"Where is the Fergana Valley located?"
] | {
"text": [
"southeast of the Uzbek capital"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27036 | 5a57b8de770dc0001aeefcf4 | Orthodox_Judaism | Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously att... | Who do Modern Orthodoxy assign a non-central role to? | Who do Modern Orthodoxy assign a non-central role to? | [
"Who do Modern Orthodoxy assign a non-central role to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50877 | 572ec004c246551400ce45f6 | Seven_Years%27_War | Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fier... | What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel? | What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel? | [
"What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?"
] | {
"text": [
"five days of artillery bombardment"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65972 | 571a1ecc10f8ca1400304eff | Seattle | There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show; an anime convention, Sakura-Con; Penny Arcade Expo, a gaming convention; a two-day, 9,000-rider Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic, and specialized film festivals, such as the Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival... | What is Seattle's festival for the Polish community? | What is Seattle's festival for the Polish community? | [
"What is Seattle's festival for the Polish community?"
] | {
"text": [
"Seattle Polish Film Festival"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55176 | 570a90494103511400d59853 | Everton_F.C. | The club have entered the UK pop charts on four occasions under different titles during the 1980s and 1990s when many clubs released a song to mark their reaching the FA Cup Final. "The Boys in Blue", released in 1984, peaked at number 82. The following year the club scored their biggest hit when "Here We Go" peaked at... | What position did the song "Here We Go" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985? | What position did the song "Here We Go" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985? | [
"What position did the song \"Here We Go\" by the Everton FC peak at on the UK pop charts in 1985?"
] | {
"text": [
"14"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-64805 | 57342171d058e614000b69a0 | Portugal | Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desen... | Since when have Portuguese universities existed? | Since when have Portuguese universities existed? | [
"Since when have Portuguese universities existed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1290"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68368 | 5a369da595360f001af1b2c3 | George_VI | The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minis... | In what year was Elizabeth born? | In what year was Elizabeth born? | [
"In what year was Elizabeth born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56535 | 5a0f34b3decec900184754be | Geography_of_the_United_States | The Laurentian Highlands, the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward, far beyond the national boundary, to the Arctic Ocean. The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion. It ... | What Highland stop at the national boundary? | What Highland stop at the national boundary? | [
"What Highland stop at the national boundary?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27958 | 572a01dc1d046914007796c2 | Energy | The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to... | The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer? | The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer? | [
"The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?"
] | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12473 | 5a65e4c6c2b11c001a425dc5 | Antibiotics | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | What type of organism has been reported to have worked on penicillin? | What type of organism has been reported to have worked on penicillin? | [
"What type of organism has been reported to have worked on penicillin?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110208 | 5a39784f2f14dd001ac7236c | Culture | When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "cult... | What perspective holds that cultures can be easily ranked and evaluated? | What perspective holds that cultures can be easily ranked and evaluated? | [
"What perspective holds that cultures can be easily ranked and evaluated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20375 | 57296766af94a219006aa3a6 | Glass | The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two pos... | Reaction with what causes dealkalization? | Reaction with what causes dealkalization? | [
"Reaction with what causes dealkalization?"
] | {
"text": [
"sulfur or fluorine compounds"
],
"answer_start": [
817
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40049 | 5727b5f02ca10214002d9489 | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven has a variety of museums, many of them associated with Yale. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library features an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible. There is also the Connecticut Children's Museum; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization's world headquarters; the Peabody Museum of Natura... | What New Haven landmark serves as the nation's oldest college art museum? | What New Haven landmark serves as the nation's oldest college art museum? | [
"What New Haven landmark serves as the nation's oldest college art museum?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yale University Art Gallery"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54673 | 5ad505a45b96ef001a10aa12 | Macintosh | After the Lisa's announcement, John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K—manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont, California—in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Ma... | How much did the television commercial "1948" cost? | How much did the television commercial "1948" cost? | [
"How much did the television commercial \"1948\" cost?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85276 | 5a7fc64b8f0597001ac000b4 | Supreme_court | In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. ... | What was adopted before 1972? | What was adopted before 1972? | [
"What was adopted before 1972?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68480 | 572822c9ff5b5019007d9dcc | George_VI | From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Me... | What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th? | What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th? | [
"What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?"
] | {
"text": [
"Windsor Castle"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25028 | 56cfb021234ae51400d9be71 | New_York_City | New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television ... | What is the primary public television station in New York? | What is the primary public television station in New York? | [
"What is the primary public television station in New York?"
] | {
"text": [
"WNET"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66333 | 572826ce2ca10214002d9f43 | Brigham_Young_University | Brigham Young University's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall, which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. On October 16, 1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally pu... | What is the commonly held founding year of BYU? | What is the commonly held founding year of BYU? | [
"What is the commonly held founding year of BYU?"
] | {
"text": [
"1867"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33707 | 572655085951b619008f6fdc | Film_speed | Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm... | What is used to discover the right exposure parameters? | What is used to discover the right exposure parameters? | [
"What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Film speed"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35649 | 5a486fb084b8a4001a7e786c | Imperial_College_London | The College's endowment is sub-divided into three distinct portfolios: (i) Unitised Scheme – a unit trust vehicle for College, Faculties and Departments to invest endowments and unfettered income to produce returns for the long term; (ii) Non-Core Property – a portfolio containing around 120 operational and development... | When did the endowment increase by 512.4 million pounds? | When did the endowment increase by 512.4 million pounds? | [
"When did the endowment increase by 512.4 million pounds?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35594 | 5ad0fe89645df0001a2d09a5 | Gothic_architecture | In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-... | What famous French cathedral was ruined by Viollet-le-Duc? | What famous French cathedral was ruined by Viollet-le-Duc? | [
"What famous French cathedral was ruined by Viollet-le-Duc?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34068 | 5ad40ee2604f3c001a400139 | Alaska | The Alaska Constitution was written so as to discourage dedicating state funds for a particular purpose. The Permanent Fund has become the rare exception to this, mostly due to the political climate of distrust existing during the time of its creation. From its initial principal of $734,000, the fund has grown to $50 b... | Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for an unparticular purpose? | Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for an unparticular purpose? | [
"Was Alaska's Constitution written to encourage or discourage state funds being used for an unparticular purpose?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28835 | 571cf8175efbb31900334e66 | Pharmaceutical_industry | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use? | What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use? | [
"What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?"
] | {
"text": [
"formaldehyde"
],
"answer_start": [
904
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-75817 | 5705fb2375f01819005e7820 | The_Times | On 3 May 1966 it resumed printing news on the front page - previously the front page featured small advertisements, usually of interest to the moneyed classes in British society. In 1967, members of the Astor family sold the paper to Canadian publishing magnate Roy Thomson. His Thomson Corporation brought it under the ... | Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited? | Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited? | [
"Which other newspaper was brought under the same ownership as The Times in 1967 to form Times Newspapers Limited?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Sunday Times"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87933 | 5ad3dcf2604f3c001a3ff429 | Tristan_da_Cunha | Executive authority is vested in the Queen, who is represented in the territory by the Governor of Saint Helena. As the Governor resides permanently in Saint Helena, an Administrator is appointed to represent the Governor in the islands. The Administrator is a career civil servant in the Foreign Office and is selected ... | When did Sean Burns arrive to takeover from Alex Mitham? | When did Sean Burns arrive to takeover from Alex Mitham? | [
"When did Sean Burns arrive to takeover from Alex Mitham?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43359 | 57260be6271a42140099d3ed | Korean_War | After the first two months of the conflict, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter. In September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many of the North Korean attackers. Those that escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced ba... | At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to? | At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to? | [
"At the beginning of the conflict, where were South Korean forces pushed back to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pusan Perimeter"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60208 | 5ace1b9532bba1001ae49add | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University has been selected by the Commission on Presidential Debates to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any other institution in history. United States presidential election debates were held at the Washington University Athletic Complex in 1992, 2000, 2004, and 2016. A presidenti... | Who was one of the presidential candidates to debate in 2000? | Who was one of the presidential candidates to debate in 2000? | [
"Who was one of the presidential candidates to debate in 2000?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113470 | 5a87cd0419b91f001a626df7 | Vacuum | In ultra high vacuum systems, some very "odd" leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the adsorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will... | What will boil off when aluminum absorbs water? | What will boil off when aluminum absorbs water? | [
"What will boil off when aluminum absorbs water?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73932 | 56e462c98c00841900fbaf6f | Architecture | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodi... | What is the first known extant writing about architecture called? | What is the first known extant writing about architecture called? | [
"What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?"
] | {
"text": [
"De architectura"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60262 | 572fd2e504bcaa1900d76d90 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Tyson Research Center is a 2,000-acre (809 ha) field station located west of St. Louis on the Meramec River. Washington University obtained Tyson as surplus property from the federal government in 1963. It is used by the University as a biological field station and research/education center. In 2010 the Living Learning... | When was the Living Learning Center accredited as a "living building"? | When was the Living Learning Center accredited as a "living building"? | [
"When was the Living Learning Center accredited as a \"living building\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55591 | 572682b0f1498d1400e8e22f | Presbyterianism | Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James ... | What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island? | What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island? | [
"What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"Anglican Church of Ireland"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68855 | 572f30b604bcaa1900d76783 | Modern_history | British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, ... | When did the British establish colonies in Australia? | When did the British establish colonies in Australia? | [
"When did the British establish colonies in Australia?"
] | {
"text": [
"1788"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94293 | 5727cace3acd2414000dec80 | Cork_(city) | Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where ov... | What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters? | What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters? | [
"What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Apple"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83163 | 56dedb693277331400b4d76b | Arnold_Schwarzenegger | Schwarzenegger's official height of 6'2" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger... | How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue? | How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue? | [
"How tall did Men's Health magazine report Schwarzenegger to be in a 1999 issue?"
] | {
"text": [
"5'10\""
],
"answer_start": [
989
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86201 | 57343746d058e614000b6b27 | Tucson,_Arizona | Since 2009, the Tucson Festival of Books has been held annually over a two-day period in March at the University of Arizona. By 2010 it had become the fourth largest book festival in the United States, with 450 authors and 80,000 attendees. In addition to readings and lectures, it features a science fair, varied entert... | When is the Tucson Festival of Books held? | When is the Tucson Festival of Books held? | [
"When is the Tucson Festival of Books held?"
] | {
"text": [
"a two-day period in March"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73710 | 56db6457e7c41114004b506d | American_Idol | American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale... | How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8? | How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8? | [
"How much did Idol earn in ad revenue alone for season 8?"
] | {
"text": [
"800 million"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110659 | 572ffbc2b2c2fd14005686d6 | Iran | In 550 BC, Cyrus the Great, son of Mandane and Cambyses I, took over the Median Empire, and founded the Achaemenid Empire by unifying other city states. The conquest of Media was a result of what is called the Persian Revolt. The brouhaha was initially triggered by the actions of the Median ruler Astyages, and was quic... | What resulted from the Persian Revolt? | What resulted from the Persian Revolt? | [
"What resulted from the Persian Revolt?"
] | {
"text": [
"The conquest of Media"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49575 | 570d5aabfed7b91900d45f07 | Valencia | The crisis deepened during the 17th century with the expulsion in 1609 of the Jews and the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. From 1609 through 1614, the Spanish government systematically forced Moriscos to leave the k... | Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain? | Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain? | [
"Where did the Moriscos go when they were forced out of Spain?"
] | {
"text": [
"North Africa"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52552 | 57292e181d0469140077912a | Planck_constant | Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a nucleus, the radiation ... | When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced? | When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced? | [
"When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1913"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89840 | 57305a8e396df9190009609c | The_Blitz | The brief success of the Communists also fed into the hands of the British Union of Fascists (BUF). Anti-Semitic attitudes became widespread, particularly in London. Rumours that Jewish support was underpinning the Communist surge were frequent. Rumours that Jews were inflating prices, were responsible for the Black Ma... | The success of the Communists helped what political group? | The success of the Communists helped what political group? | [
"The success of the Communists helped what political group?"
] | {
"text": [
"British Union of Fascists (BUF)"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-104734 | 57334ed54776f4190066082b | Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308 | The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled t... | How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars? | How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars? | [
"How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars?"
] | {
"text": [
"straightforward, readily understandable format"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84049 | 573072ae396df91900096114 | Translation | Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subse... | Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from? | Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from? | [
"Where were the slave-traders La Malinche was sold or given to from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Xicalango"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63530 | 5a7a523f17ab25001a8a0508 | Buckingham_Palace | Thus, Buckingham Palace is a symbol and home of the British monarchy, an art gallery and a tourist attraction. Behind the gilded railings and gates which were completed by the Bromsgrove Guild in 1911 and Webb's famous façade, which has been described in a book published by the Royal Collection as looking "like everybo... | Who stole the palaces gilded railings and gates? | Who stole the palaces gilded railings and gates? | [
"Who stole the palaces gilded railings and gates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20098 | 5733ae924776f41900661014 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame is known for its competitive admissions, with the incoming class enrolling in fall 2015 admitting 3,577 from a pool of 18,156 (19.7%). The academic profile of the enrolled class continues to rate among the top 10 to 15 in the nation for national research universities. The university practices a non-restricti... | How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015? | How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015? | [
"How many incoming students did Notre Dame admit in fall 2015?"
] | {
"text": [
"3,577"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28468 | 5731d33de17f3d1400422456 | Steven_Spielberg | In 2004 he was admitted as knight of the Légion d'honneur by president Jacques Chirac. On July 15, 2006, Spielberg was also awarded the Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award at the Summer Gala of the Chicago International Film Festival, and also was awarded a Kennedy Center honour on December 3. The tribute to Spielberg... | What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006? | What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006? | [
"What award did Spielberg receive on Jul 15, 2006?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gold Hugo Lifetime Achievement Award"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74374 | 5ace5ac532bba1001ae4a398 | Asphalt | The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walte... | The second patent, Cassell's patent, was issued in which year? | The second patent, Cassell's patent, was issued in which year? | [
"The second patent, Cassell's patent, was issued in which year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84085 | 5730772b8ab72b1400f9c51d | Translation | The Arabs undertook large-scale efforts at translation. Having conquered the Greek world, they made Arabic versions of its philosophical and scientific works. During the Middle Ages, translations of some of these Arabic versions were made into Latin, chiefly at Córdoba in Spain. King Alfonso X el Sabio (Alphonse the Wi... | What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of? | What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of? | [
"What did the Arabs create Arabic versions of?"
] | {
"text": [
"philosophical and scientific works"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71772 | 56f9040d9e9bad19000a07d9 | Near_East | The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Cr... | What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called? | What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called? | [
"What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fertile Crescent"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72955 | 570fead580d9841400ab3721 | Dell | Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In... | What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products? | What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products? | [
"What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?"
] | {
"text": [
"polyvinyl chloride"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39923 | 572a2c091d0469140077980b | New_Haven,_Connecticut | New Haven is a predominantly Roman Catholic city, as the city's Dominican, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Ecuadorian, and Puerto Rican populations are overwhelmingly Catholic. The city is part of the Archdiocese of Hartford. Jews also make up a considerable portion of the population, as do Black Baptists. There is a growing ... | In terms of religious affiliation, what is the most prevalent religion in the city? | In terms of religious affiliation, what is the most prevalent religion in the city? | [
"In terms of religious affiliation, what is the most prevalent religion in the city? "
] | {
"text": [
"Roman Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57286 | 5a543660134fea001a0e16b9 | Muslim_world | One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) ... | What book was used in Universities around the world? | What book was used in Universities around the world? | [
"What book was used in Universities around the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50122 | 56fc86e1b53dbe190075511e | Phonology | The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main fact... | With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change? | [
"With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?"
] | {
"text": [
"contrasts"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94621 | 5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf0 | Queen_(band) | At the end of 2004, May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005 with Paul Rodgers (founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company). Brian May's website also stated that Rodgers would be "featured with" Queen as "Queen + Paul Rodgers", not replacing Mercury. The retired John De... | Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year? | Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year? | [
"Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46949 | 5a8c82ecfd22b3001a8d89bf | Textual_criticism | Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was "the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fi... | The principle of copy-text is sound with regard to what? | The principle of copy-text is sound with regard to what? | [
"The principle of copy-text is sound with regard to what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44610 | 5707261a90286e26004fc962 | Chihuahua_(state) | During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constan... | How many military colonies were established by the state? | How many military colonies were established by the state? | [
"How many military colonies were established by the state?"
] | {
"text": [
"18"
],
"answer_start": [
576
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85640 | 5ad2a44cd7d075001a429d79 | Nintendo_Entertainment_System | In Europe and Australia, the system was released to two separate marketing regions. One region consisted of most of mainland Europe (excluding Italy), and distribution there was handled by a number of different companies, with Nintendo responsible for most cartridge releases. Most of this region saw a 1986 release. Mat... | One region comprised the entirety of mainland Asia save for which country? | One region comprised the entirety of mainland Asia save for which country? | [
" One region comprised the entirety of mainland Asia save for which country?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36921 | 5a0cac31f5590b0018dab4eb | Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation | In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely app... | What does the new agreement policy cover? | What does the new agreement policy cover? | [
"What does the new agreement policy cover?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21172 | 5a773cbb2d6d7f001a4a9f70 | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | In the 2000s, more Venezuelans opposing the economic and political policies of president Hugo Chávez migrated to the United States (mostly to Florida, but New York City and Houston are other destinations). The largest concentration of Venezuelans in the United States is in South Florida, especially the suburbs of Doral... | When did Floridians oppose Hugo Chavez? | When did Floridians oppose Hugo Chavez? | [
"When did Floridians oppose Hugo Chavez?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93532 | 5728456d3acd2414000df82f | Estonia | Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerc... | What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid? | What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid? | [
"What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?"
] | {
"text": [
"1187"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109794 | 570fe7425ab6b819003910b3 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty;... | What state has had only a single execution? | What state has had only a single execution? | [
"What state has had only a single execution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Wisconsin"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82239 | 5a7112630efcfe001a8afd1f | Pesticide | Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other ar... | What do animals digging in the soil for food contribute to? | What do animals digging in the soil for food contribute to? | [
"What do animals digging in the soil for food contribute to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60118 | 5ace0fce32bba1001ae49a15 | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | The university's first chancellor was Joseph Gibson Hoyt. Crow secured the university charter from the Missouri General Assembly in 1853, and Eliot was named President of the Board of Trustees. Early on, Eliot solicited support from members of the local business community, including John O'Fallon, but Eliot failed to s... | In what year was Joseph Gibson Hoyt born? | In what year was Joseph Gibson Hoyt born? | [
"In what year was Joseph Gibson Hoyt born?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93985 | 572e9fd2dfa6aa1500f8d216 | Cyprus | The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as Greek Orthodox, whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of Sunni Islam. According to Eurobarometer 2005, Cyprus was the second most religious state in the European Union at that time, after Malta (although in 2005 Romania wasn't in the European Union, currently Romania is ... | What religion do most Turkish Cypriots identify with? | What religion do most Turkish Cypriots identify with? | [
"What religion do most Turkish Cypriots identify with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sunni Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17268 | 570e437d0dc6ce1900204eed | Uranium | The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium ... | In what year did the discovery of uranium occur? | In what year did the discovery of uranium occur? | [
"In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"1789"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110082 | 5710218bb654c5140001f82a | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995." Similarly, a study by Ronald Tab... | According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991? | According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991? | [
"According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?"
] | {
"text": [
"47"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38334 | 572a30906aef05140015534b | Neolithic | The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorw... | What era consisted of people living temporary homes? | What era consisted of people living temporary homes? | [
"What era consisted of people living temporary homes?"
] | {
"text": [
"paleolithic"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9589 | 5725caf538643c19005acd16 | Montevideo | World Trade Center Montevideo officially opened in 1998, although work is still ongoing as of 2010[update]. The complex is composed of three towers, two three-story buildings called World Trade Center Plaza and World Trade Center Avenue and a large central square called Towers Square. World Trade Center 1 was the first... | When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated? | When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated? | [
"When was World Trade Center 3 inaugurated?"
] | {
"text": [
"2009"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59885 | 56f9872e9e9bad19000a0a3d | Zhejiang | After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there, creating a situation similar to Fujian province toda... | What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops? | What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops? | [
"What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?"
] | {
"text": [
"grain"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9726 | 5725e90738643c19005ace66 | Montevideo | The State Railways Administration of Uruguay (AFE) operates three commuter rail lines, namely the Empalme Olmos, San Jose and Florida. These lines operate to major suburban areas of Canelones, San José and Florida. Within the Montevideo city limits, local trains stop at Lorenzo Carnelli, Yatai (Step Mill), Sayago, Colu... | What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located? | What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located? | [
"What neighborhood is the General Artigas Central Station located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aguada"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36254 | 572fd62fb2c2fd14005684ea | Printed_circuit_board | Unpopulated boards are usually bare-board tested for "shorts" and "opens". A short is a connection between two points that should not be connected. An open is a missing connection between points that should be connected. For high-volume production a fixture or a rigid needle adapter is used to make contact with copper ... | What's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called? | What's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called? | [
"What's an absent connection that needs to be linked up on an unpopulated board called?"
] | {
"text": [
"An open"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46182 | 57324d2ae99e3014001e6687 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as "a scriptural divorce". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual ... | Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality? | Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality? | [
"Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality?"
] | {
"text": [
"legal separation"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72394 | 57266556f1498d1400e8de3e | Greece | Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carathéodory (known for the Carathéodory theorems and Carathéodory conjecture), Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Michael Derto... | What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize? | What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize? | [
"What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mihalis Yannakakis"
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26774 | 5a8cf43ffd22b3001a8d9095 | United_States_dollar | When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from thei... | Who do the reserve accounts have to place an order with for printed money? | Who do the reserve accounts have to place an order with for printed money? | [
"Who do the reserve accounts have to place an order with for printed money?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-76679 | 572aab3fbe1ee31400cb813d | Philadelphia | In 2010, 24.9 percent of households reported having children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.3 percent were married couples living together and 22.5 percent had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0 percent had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.2 percent were non-families. The city re... | What is the size of the average household? | What is the size of the average household? | [
"What is the size of the average household?"
] | {
"text": [
"2.45"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65274 | 5726eae8dd62a815002e952e | Crimean_War | Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Oltenița. The resulting Battle of Oltenița was the first ... | What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians? | What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians? | [
"What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chetatea or Cetate"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56023 | 56e79deb37bdd419002c424b | Arena_Football_League | In October 2008, Tom Benson announced that the New Orleans VooDoo were ceasing operations and folding "based on circumstances currently affecting the league and the team". Shortly thereafter, an article in Sports Business Journal announced that the AFL had a tentative agreement to sell a $100 million stake in the leagu... | What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL? | What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL? | [
"What business wanted to buy a stake in the AFL?"
] | {
"text": [
"Platinum Equity"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111783 | 5acd83ef07355d001abf451f | Education | Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of te... | What should not be included in effective teaching? | What should not be included in effective teaching? | [
" What should not be included in effective teaching?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84739 | 573023d8b2c2fd140056893d | San_Diego | The San Diego Surf of the American Basketball Association is located in the city. The annual Farmers Insurance Open golf tournament (formerly the Buick Invitational) on the PGA Tour occurs at Torrey Pines Golf Course. This course was also the site of the 2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship. The San Diego Yacht Club hosted... | What beach sport was inveted in San Diego? | What beach sport was inveted in San Diego? | [
"What beach sport was inveted in San Diego?"
] | {
"text": [
"Over-the-line"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2284 | 56d0a422234ae51400d9c3eb | Buddhism | The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4] | What do the Four Noble Truths explain? | What do the Four Noble Truths explain? | [
"What do the Four Noble Truths explain?"
] | {
"text": [
"the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113493 | 5a878e111d3cee001a6a1246 | Vacuum | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | What do particles defined in Colombo's law do? | What do particles defined in Colombo's law do? | [
"What do particles defined in Colombo's law do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61889 | 5ace7d2e32bba1001ae4a802 | Madrasa | Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like t... | Who agrees that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities? | Who agrees that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities? | [
"Who agrees that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94406 | 5727e9773acd2414000defa0 | Cork_(city) | Hurling and football are the most popular spectator sports in the city. Hurling has a strong identity with city and county – with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork has won 7 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clu... | How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won? | How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won? | [
"How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won?"
] | {
"text": [
"30"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49164 | 5a86f02b1d3cee001a6a1045 | Tuberculosis | If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, ... | What is it called when people have symptoms? | What is it called when people have symptoms? | [
"What is it called when people have symptoms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103865 | 5734205b4776f419006618e8 | Montana | Montana has a larger Native American population numerically and percentage-wise than most U.S. states. Although the state ranked 45th in population (according to the 2010 U.S. Census), it ranked 19th in total native people population. Native people constituted 6.5 percent of the state's total population, the sixth high... | What three counties are Native Americans a majority? | What three counties are Native Americans a majority? | [
"What three counties are Native Americans a majority?"
] | {
"text": [
"Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33162 | 5ad198f2645df0001a2d20fc | Incandescent_light_bulb | Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniat... | Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01? | Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01? | [
"Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81025 | 5ad17de4645df0001a2d1e25 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit. By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvi... | What year did Queen Victoria last set foot in Spain? | What year did Queen Victoria last set foot in Spain? | [
"What year did Queen Victoria last set foot in Spain?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39447 | 5a8c802dfd22b3001a8d8957 | FA_Cup | Following the 1914–15 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and didn't resume until 1919–20. The 1922–23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium (known at the time as the Empire Stadium). Due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition wasn't pl... | What season did the Empire Stadium become Wembly Stadium? | What season did the Empire Stadium become Wembly Stadium? | [
"What season did the Empire Stadium become Wembly Stadium?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62082 | 572667e6708984140094c4f9 | Chicago_Cubs | After over a dozen more subpar seasons, in 1981 the Cubs hired GM Dallas Green from Philadelphia to turn around the franchise. Green had managed the 1980 Phillies to the World Series title. One of his early GM moves brought in a young Phillies minor-league 3rd baseman named Ryne Sandberg, along with Larry Bowa for Iván... | What team had Dallas Green managed in 1980? | What team had Dallas Green managed in 1980? | [
"What team had Dallas Green managed in 1980?"
] | {
"text": [
"Phillies"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20497 | 56ce73d1aab44d1400b887ac | IPod | Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially... | In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods? | In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods? | [
"In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?"
] | {
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6943 | 5ad4dd725b96ef001a10a4c7 | Red | As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in... | What popular color was imported from France in the 18th century? | What popular color was imported from France in the 18th century? | [
"What popular color was imported from France in the 18th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25322 | 56d1204617492d1400aab9fc | New_York_City | Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different US district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx... | What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island? | What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island? | [
"What federal district court has jurisdiction over Staten Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"the District Court for the Eastern District of New York"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97434 | 56cfe1d7234ae51400d9bff8 | Frédéric_Chopin | Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more ... | How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842? | How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842? | [
"How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?"
] | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69349 | 570a83e04103511400d597e6 | Houston | Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental became United Airlines' largest airline hub. The airline retained a significant operational presence... | With which airline did Continental Airlines merge? | With which airline did Continental Airlines merge? | [
"With which airline did Continental Airlines merge?"
] | {
"text": [
"United Airlines"
],
"answer_start": [
80
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74585 | 571b66819499d21900609c95 | Asphalt | About 40,000,000 tons were produced in 1984[needs update]. It is obtained as the "heavy" (i.e., difficult to distill) fraction. Material with a boiling point greater than around 500 °C is considered asphalt. Vacuum distillation separates it from the other components in crude oil (such as naphtha, gasoline and diesel). ... | How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984? | How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984? | [
"How many tons of bitumen ere produced in 1984?"
] | {
"text": [
"40,000,000"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-835 | 56df7cdc5ca0a614008f9b12 | Plymouth | Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarte... | In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center? | In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center? | [
"In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?"
] | {
"text": [
"6"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33195 | 5ad19c8d645df0001a2d211c | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. T... | Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905? | Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905? | [
"Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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