gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-9187 | 57325d96b9d445190005eab3 | The_Bronx | In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's... | In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get? | In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get? | [
"In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did Clinton get?"
] | {
"text": [
"61.2%"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84734 | 5ad4d6685b96ef001a10a2b6 | San_Diego | The San Diego Symphony at Symphony Towers performs on a regular basis and is directed by Jahja Ling. The San Diego Opera at Civic Center Plaza, directed by Ian Campbell, was ranked by Opera America as one of the top 10 opera companies in the United States. Old Globe Theatre at Balboa Park produces about 15 plays and mu... | Which theater is unknown for hosting a variety of musicals and plays? | Which theater is unknown for hosting a variety of musicals and plays? | [
"Which theater is unknown for hosting a variety of musicals and plays?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72190 | 5726244bec44d21400f3d965 | Greece | Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by The... | The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? | The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? | [
"The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? "
] | {
"text": [
"Peloponnesian War"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26015 | 57269fcddd62a815002e8b4f | Edmund_Burke | Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics es... | Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book? | Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book? | [
"Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lord Chesterfield"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5227 | 56e16ed3cd28a01900c6791c | Boston | Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ. WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, a... | What is the name of Harvards radio station? | What is the name of Harvards radio station? | [
"What is the name of Harvards radio station?"
] | {
"text": [
"WHRB"
],
"answer_start": [
415
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80220 | 5a62963af8d794001af1c122 | Samoa | Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU. Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from... | What is popular among Samoan youth according to Lemi Ponifasio? | What is popular among Samoan youth according to Lemi Ponifasio? | [
"What is popular among Samoan youth according to Lemi Ponifasio?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5024 | 56e13c5ee3433e1400422cf2 | Boston | In 2010, Boston was estimated to have 617,594 residents (a density of 12,200 persons/sq mile, or 4,700/km2) living in 272,481 housing units— a 5% population increase over 2000. The city is the third most densely populated large U.S. city of over half a million residents. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's ... | How many people are in Boston during work hours? | How many people are in Boston during work hours? | [
"How many people are in Boston during work hours?"
] | {
"text": [
"1.2 million"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71387 | 5727d4ce4b864d1900163e12 | Oklahoma | German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%),... | What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language? | What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language? | [
"What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?"
] | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2105 | 56cff91b234ae51400d9c1bb | Buddhism | Buddhism /ˈbudɪzəm/ is a nontheistic religion[note 1] or philosophy (Sanskrit: धर्म dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one"). According to Buddhist tradi... | What type of religion is Buddhism? | What type of religion is Buddhism? | [
"What type of religion is Buddhism?"
] | {
"text": [
"nontheistic"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22266 | 5a7b99a521c2de001afea19f | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | NARA also maintains the Presidential Library system, a nationwide network of libraries for preserving and making available the documents of U.S. presidents since Herbert Hoover. The Presidential Libraries include: | What organization was started by Hoover for document storage? | What organization was started by Hoover for document storage? | [
"What organization was started by Hoover for document storage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-56743 | 5727ad89ff5b5019007d9263 | Gramophone_record | One early attempt at lengthening the playing time should be mentioned. At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s, World Records, produced records that played at a constant linear velocity, controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device. As these were played from the outside to the inside, the... | What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to? | What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to? | [
"What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Philips Laser Disc"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67530 | 57269af1f1498d1400e8e4ba | Norfolk_Island | Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when i... | In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate? | In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate? | [
"In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?"
] | {
"text": [
"1913"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86652 | 56e74a5c37bdd419002c3e15 | Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects | RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle. | What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation? | What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation? | [
"What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?"
] | {
"text": [
"RIBA Enterprises"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35970 | 5a73563b53a187001ae63197 | Comcast | Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $400 million, releasing them from $1.27 billion in debt. Comcast acquired Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in 1999. In March 1999, Comcast offered to buy MediaOne for $60 billion. However, MediaOne decided to accept AT&T Corporation's offer of $62 billion ... | What month did VeriSign start? | What month did VeriSign start? | [
"What month did VeriSign start?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87732 | 5a690bdf8476ee001a58aa41 | IBM | In 2006, IBM launched Secure Blue, encryption hardware that can be built into microprocessors. A year later, IBM unveiled Project Big Green, a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. On November 2008, IBM’s CEO, Sam Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Re... | Where did Sam Palmisano make a speech in 2006? | Where did Sam Palmisano make a speech in 2006? | [
"Where did Sam Palmisano make a speech in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81816 | 5acfb20277cf76001a685914 | Royal_assent | Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a ... | Which power is extremely common in modern democratic atmosphere? | Which power is extremely common in modern democratic atmosphere? | [
"Which power is extremely common in modern democratic atmosphere?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110134 | 5ad3fc7c604f3c001a3ffba1 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | Sixteen was held to be the minimum permissible age in the 1988 Supreme Court decision of Thompson v. Oklahoma. The Court, considering the case Roper v. Simmons in March 2005, found the execution of juvenile offenders unconstitutional by a 5–4 margin, effectively raising the minimum permissible age to 18. State laws hav... | According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the oldest age at which a person might be executed? | According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the oldest age at which a person might be executed? | [
"According to Thompson v. Oklahoma, what was the oldest age at which a person might be executed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16752 | 572ab680111d821400f38cec | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutat... | Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event? | Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event? | [
"Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?"
] | {
"text": [
"the inaugural meeting"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17350 | 570e491b0dc6ce1900204f15 | Uranium | To be considered 'enriched', the uranium-235 fraction should be between 3% and 5%. This process produces huge quantities of uranium that is depleted of uranium-235 and with a correspondingly increased fraction of uranium-238, called depleted uranium or 'DU'. To be considered 'depleted', the uranium-235 isotope concentr... | In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase? | In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase? | [
"In what year did the cost of uranium notably begin to increase?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44439 | 570714249e06ca38007e93b0 | Chihuahua_(state) | Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes (Big Houses) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the ... | To what does Casas Grandes translate in English? | To what does Casas Grandes translate in English? | [
"To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"Big Houses"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27466 | 5730115eb2c2fd14005687e4 | Liberia | The Republic of Liberia, beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The United States did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 1822 and the American Civil War, more than 15,... | How many slaves were freed in the american civil war? | How many slaves were freed in the american civil war? | [
"How many slaves were freed in the american civil war?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than 15,000"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72587 | 570fc7d35ab6b81900390fce | Dell | In the shrinking PC industry, Dell continued to lose market share, as it dropped below Lenovo in 2011 to fall to number three in the world. Dell and fellow American contemporary Hewlett Packard came under pressure from Asian PC manufacturers Lenovo, Asus, and Acer, all of which had lower production costs and willing to... | When did Dell fall behind Lenovo? | When did Dell fall behind Lenovo? | [
"When did Dell fall behind Lenovo?"
] | {
"text": [
"2011"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108773 | 5a7d062570df9f001a874eff | Literature | Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is ... | What is a type of lyric art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities? | What is a type of lyric art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities? | [
"What is a type of lyric art that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10596 | 5acf8e7077cf76001a685258 | Comics | Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer, R. C. Harvey, Will Eisner, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize th... | What has been reached as far as defining comics is concerned? | What has been reached as far as defining comics is concerned? | [
"What has been reached as far as defining comics is concerned?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96479 | 57276e1af1498d1400e8f7eb | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being cr... | How long was Jesus hung for? | How long was Jesus hung for? | [
"How long was Jesus hung for?"
] | {
"text": [
"six hours"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79479 | 5acfffd077cf76001a686735 | Kievan_Rus%27 | The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazar... | How many minor trade routes did the Kievan state control? | How many minor trade routes did the Kievan state control? | [
"How many minor trade routes did the Kievan state control?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61308 | 5a3ad3d43ff257001ab8429f | Flowering_plant | The great angiosperm radiation, when a great diversity of angiosperms appears in the fossil record, occurred in the mid-Cretaceous (approximately 100 million years ago). However, a study in 2007 estimated that the division of the five most recent (the genus Ceratophyllum, the family Chloranthaceae, the eudicots, the ma... | When does a diversity of magnoliids appear in the fossil record? | When does a diversity of magnoliids appear in the fossil record? | [
"When does a diversity of magnoliids appear in the fossil record?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77296 | 5a53ccc5bdaabd001a386733 | Armenians | The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). Soon a... | What did the Hittite Empire from 860-590 BC gain soverignty over? | What did the Hittite Empire from 860-590 BC gain soverignty over? | [
"What did the Hittite Empire from 860-590 BC gain soverignty over?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40939 | 5a6bbfa34eec6b001a80a592 | Predation | The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from h... | What natural features work better when herbivores are present? | What natural features work better when herbivores are present? | [
"What natural features work better when herbivores are present?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18415 | 570e39f50dc6ce1900204eb0 | Eritrea | In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menel... | What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast? | What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast? | [
"What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?"
] | {
"text": [
"the new colony of Italian Eritrea"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-73783 | 56deffef3277331400b4d87d | Warsaw_Pact | While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsa... | Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? | Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? | [
"Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? "
] | {
"text": [
"Czechoslovakia"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91602 | 5726682add62a815002e83ed | Botany | In the mid-16th century, "botanical gardens" were founded in a number of Italian universities – the Padua botanical garden in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location. These gardens continued the practical value of earlier "physic gardens", often associated with monasteries, in... | Where is the Padua garden? | Where is the Padua garden? | [
"Where is the Padua garden?"
] | {
"text": [
"its original location"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-45399 | 5728c96d2ca10214002da7d0 | Sahara | An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamante... | What time period did the Garamantes arrive in? | What time period did the Garamantes arrive in? | [
"What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?"
] | {
"text": [
"500 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66749 | 572798b8708984140094e1cd | Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union | In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small,... | How many were killed in the ensuing riots? | How many were killed in the ensuing riots? | [
"How many were killed in the ensuing riots?"
] | {
"text": [
"32"
],
"answer_start": [
753
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81328 | 57266c49708984140094c583 | Queen_Victoria | Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on ... | What was Queen Victoria's father's official title? | What was Queen Victoria's father's official title? | [
"What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37895 | 572fee59b2c2fd14005685f9 | Roman_Republic | The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpatio... | Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia? | Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia? | [
"Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Romans"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87478 | 56d261f359d6e41400145f36 | To_Kill_a_Mockingbird | Tom Robinson is the chief example among several innocents destroyed carelessly or deliberately throughout the novel. However, scholar Christopher Metress connects the mockingbird to Boo Radley: "Instead of wanting to exploit Boo for her own fun (as she does in the beginning of the novel by putting on gothic plays about... | Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel? | Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel? | [
"Who is the main example of an innocent destroyed in the novel?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tom Robinson"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50313 | 5acec75c32bba1001ae4b3b9 | Neptune | Most languages today, even in countries that have no direct link to Greco-Roman culture, use some variant of the name "Neptune" for the planet. However, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, the planet's name was translated as "sea king star" (海王星), because Neptune was the god of the sea. In Mongolian, Neptune is called Da... | Who is the Mongolian rain god? | Who is the Mongolian rain god? | [
"Who is the Mongolian rain god?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74312 | 571b0a5532177014007ea019 | Asphalt | The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploi... | When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company? | When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company? | [
"When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?"
] | {
"text": [
"1912"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2880 | 5acd915107355d001abf4751 | British_Isles | Few species of reptiles or amphibians are found in Great Britain or Ireland. Only three snakes are native to Great Britain: the common European adder, the grass snake and the smooth snake; none are native to Ireland. In general, Great Britain has slightly more variation and native wild life, with weasels, polecats, wil... | In Great Britain and what other country are there a large number of amphibian species? | In Great Britain and what other country are there a large number of amphibian species? | [
"In Great Britain and what other country are there a large number of amphibian species?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-624 | 56df5a5d96943c1400a5d409 | Plymouth | In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Plymouth is represented by the three constituencies of Plymouth Moor View, Plymouth Sutton and Devonport and South West Devon and within the European Parliament as South West England. In the 2015 general election all three constituencies returned Conservative MPs, who were Olive... | What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer? | What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer? | [
"What parliamentary constitutency was represented by Johnny Mercer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Moor View"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17126 | 570e33de0b85d914000d7d45 | Uranium | In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at... | What is BSAR-1 a strain of? | What is BSAR-1 a strain of? | [
"What is BSAR-1 a strain of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sphingomonas sp."
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39195 | 5731e59ee17f3d1400422511 | Protestantism | The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for ... | Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century? | Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century? | [
"Who headed the Anglican reforms in the middle of the 16th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9979 | 572820a64b864d19001644ff | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 1... | What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated? | What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated? | [
"What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nuri al-Said"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22139 | 5a7b5d5c21c2de001afe9f78 | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate offici... | Who began serving on April 1, 1985? | Who began serving on April 1, 1985? | [
"Who began serving on April 1, 1985?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21883 | 5acd810007355d001abf44a4 | Aircraft_carrier | Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss. Shooters are naval aviators or Naval Flight Officers and are responsible for launching aircraft. The handler works just inside the island from the flight deck and is responsible for the movement of aircraft before launching a... | What are 3 key personnel not involved in the flight deck? | What are 3 key personnel not involved in the flight deck? | [
"What are 3 key personnel not involved in the flight deck?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98730 | 5726927e708984140094ca90 | Marvel_Comics | Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books, who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder (1967) and Captain America: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White (1968). Various publishers took up the licenses from 1978 to 2002. Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997... | In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher? | In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher? | [
"In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pocket Books"
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42925 | 570d6ae5fed7b91900d46053 | Franco-Prussian_War | The Prussian General Staff developed by Moltke proved to be extremely effective, in contrast to the traditional French school. This was in large part due to the fact that the Prussian General Staff was created to study previous Prussian operations and learn to avoid mistakes. The structure also greatly strengthened Mol... | Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army? | Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army? | [
"Who is essentially considered the commander in chief of the Prussian army?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Chief of the General Staff"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38607 | 570c0778ec8fbc190045bc21 | FC_Barcelona | On 14 June 1925, in a spontaneous reaction against Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the crowd in the stadium jeered the Royal March. As a reprisal, the ground was closed for six months and Gamper was forced to relinquish the presidency of the club. This coincided with the transition to professional football, and, in 192... | When did Barcelona win the Spanish League? | When did Barcelona win the Spanish League? | [
"When did Barcelona win the Spanish League?"
] | {
"text": [
"23 June 1929"
],
"answer_start": [
898
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89009 | 5acd446b07355d001abf3b44 | Hunter-gatherer | Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environ... | Inferior foreign species were selected and incorporated where? | Inferior foreign species were selected and incorporated where? | [
"Inferior foreign species were selected and incorporated where?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28897 | 5ad3b134604f3c001a3fecc4 | Pharmaceutical_industry | On 2 July 2012, GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bri... | What was one of the causes of the Wellbutrin case? | What was one of the causes of the Wellbutrin case? | [
"What was one of the causes of the Wellbutrin case?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11187 | 5ad2f584604f3c001a3fda59 | Anthropology | Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyo... | What does ethnohistory form the foundation for? | What does ethnohistory form the foundation for? | [
"What does ethnohistory form the foundation for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26006 | 57269f33dd62a815002e8b3c | Edmund_Burke | In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, "Edmund Burke's Club", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergradu... | When did Edmund Burke start a debate club? | When did Edmund Burke start a debate club? | [
"When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?"
] | {
"text": [
"1747"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92226 | 5a4fee97af0d07001ae8cca5 | Asthma | Other supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. ... | What is one instance when testing with prednisone is useful? | What is one instance when testing with prednisone is useful? | [
"What is one instance when testing with prednisone is useful?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10950 | 5733abaed058e614000b5fdb | Anthropology | Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnol... | In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London? | In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London? | [
"In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?"
] | {
"text": [
"1863"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60155 | 572f90e2a23a5019007fc76a | Washington_University_in_St._Louis | Washington University spent its first half century in downtown St. Louis bounded by Washington Ave., Lucas Place, and Locust Street. By the 1890s, owing to the dramatic expansion of the Manual School and a new benefactor in Robert Brookings, the University began to move west. The University Board of Directors began a p... | Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University? | Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University? | [
"Who was on the committee that found a new site for Washington University?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert S. Brookings, Henry Ware Eliot, and William Huse"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19798 | 573173f6497a881900248f14 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the... | How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have? | How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have? | [
"How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than one thousand"
],
"answer_start": [
448
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10389 | 5acf6dbd77cf76001a684e0f | Comics | Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the Lascaux cave paintings in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images), Egyptian hieroglyphs, Trajan's Column in Rome, the 11th-century Norman Bayeux Tapestry, the 1370 bois Protat woodcut, the ... | In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics? | In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics? | [
"In Egypt, historians consider what to be irrelevant for comics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115015 | 56ddc5e59a695914005b95c2 | Wayback_Machine | In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed... | What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website? | What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website? | [
"What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?"
] | {
"text": [
"the robots.txt file"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-20336 | 572946226aef051400154c3a | Glass | In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated gl... | The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material? | The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material? | [
"The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material?"
] | {
"text": [
"glass"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84268 | 56de307c4396321400ee2669 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power? | What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power? | [
"What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?"
] | {
"text": [
"constitutional courts"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33825 | 572676395951b619008f7350 | Film_speed | Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user "ISO" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit mea... | What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit? | What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit? | [
"What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?"
] | {
"text": [
"measurement of camera output that had lossy compression"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102371 | 56fa85dd8f12f31900630172 | High-definition_television | In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard, as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book, on digital terrestrial television. | What does DTG stand for? | What does DTG stand for? | [
"What does DTG stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Digital TV Group"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-94341 | 5a7e798048f7d9001a06372b | Cork_(city) | The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued thro... | What improvement was made to N20 Blackpool bypass to make it safer? | What improvement was made to N20 Blackpool bypass to make it safer? | [
"What improvement was made to N20 Blackpool bypass to make it safer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107477 | 5a62793df8d794001af1c002 | Royal_Dutch_Shell | Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retai... | How many oil refineries does Shell have? | How many oil refineries does Shell have? | [
"How many oil refineries does Shell have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41443 | 56d51ea52593cc1400307a8b | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | Immediately after the earthquake event, mobile and terrestrial telecommunications were cut to the affected and surrounding area, with all internet capabilities cut to the Sichuan area too. Elements of telecommunications were restored by the government piece by piece over the next number of months as the situation in th... | Who restored communications over a period of months? | Who restored communications over a period of months? | [
"Who restored communications over a period of months?"
] | {
"text": [
"the government"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99027 | 57277d935951b619008f8b44 | Turner_Classic_Movies | TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's rati... | In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease? | In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease? | [
"In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?"
] | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48080 | 56f9e2819b226e1400dd15eb | Wood | It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or... | What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant? | What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant? | [
"What one word describes the function wood provides to a tree or plant?"
] | {
"text": [
"support"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96238 | 5728d89f3acd2414000e0015 | Paris | Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961: two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were t... | When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region? | When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region? | [
"When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region?"
] | {
"text": [
"1961"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6105 | 5ad025ea77cf76001a686bab | Late_Middle_Ages | In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of co... | In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' never take place? | In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' never take place? | [
"In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' never take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31994 | 5726eac7708984140094d5de | Myanmar | The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress—it was the first visit by a Secretary... | What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ? | What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ? | [
"What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?"
] | {
"text": [
"National League for Democracy (NLD) party"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87986 | 572839b44b864d190016479b | God | The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant eit... | Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine? | Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine? | [
"Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?"
] | {
"text": [
"neuter—applying to both genders"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44330 | 5731eb11b9d445190005e68e | Bras%C3%ADlia | In the original city plan, the interstate buses should also stop at the Central Station. Because of the growth of Brasília (and corresponding growth in the bus fleet), today the interstate buses leave from the older interstate station (called Rodoferroviária), located at the western end of the Eixo Monumental. The Cent... | What is the older interstate bus station called? | What is the older interstate bus station called? | [
"What is the older interstate bus station called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rodoferroviária"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24982 | 56cf56b2aab44d1400b89058 | New_York_City | Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists – receiving approximately 51 million tourists in 2011, 54 million in 2013, and a record 56.4 million in 2014. Tourism generated an all-time high US$61.3 billion in overall economic impact ... | What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year? | What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year? | [
"What is the record number of tourists that have visited New York in a year?"
] | {
"text": [
"56.4 million"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22355 | 57095e77200fba1400367ef0 | Himachal_Pradesh | In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held... | Who administered the oath of office and secrecy? | Who administered the oath of office and secrecy? | [
"Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Governor Urmila Singh"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90206 | 5727bb6e3acd2414000dead8 | Tibet | Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government. Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang, ... | Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China? | Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China? | [
"Which battle led to Tibet's incorporation into the People's Republic of China?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of Chamdo"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-101398 | 5ad28ba5d7d075001a4299e9 | Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact | After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Unio... | What countries agreed to a bipartisan agreement? | What countries agreed to a bipartisan agreement? | [
"What countries agreed to a bipartisan agreement?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42591 | 57100993b654c5140001f788 | Sexual_orientation | The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Ra... | What is one of SASO's main goals? | What is one of SASO's main goals? | [
"What is one of SASO's main goals?"
] | {
"text": [
"providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71990 | 5acf67a277cf76001a684d8d | Capacitor | Most types of capacitor include a dielectric spacer, which increases their capacitance. These dielectrics are most often insulators. However, low capacitance devices are available with a vacuum between their plates, which allows extremely high voltage operation and low losses. Variable capacitors with their plates open... | How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits stay the same over time? | How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits stay the same over time? | [
"How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits stay the same over time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22212 | 5a7b6b7321c2de001afe9ffd | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | Once inside the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom, there are no lines to see the individual documents and visitors are allowed to walk from document to document as they wish. For over 30 years the National Archives have forbidden flash photography but the advent of cameras with automatic flashes have made the rules i... | How long ago were the Charters of Freedom found? | How long ago were the Charters of Freedom found? | [
"How long ago were the Charters of Freedom found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25915 | 5709844f200fba1400368107 | Copper | There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; they both have a spin of 3⁄2. The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized, with 68mC... | How many isotopes are there of copper? | How many isotopes are there of copper? | [
"How many isotopes are there of copper?"
] | {
"text": [
"29"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3404 | 5a51a822b308da001a5a2332 | Southeast_Asia | During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stat... | Who did Japan defeat in the South-East Asian theater? | Who did Japan defeat in the South-East Asian theater? | [
"Who did Japan defeat in the South-East Asian theater?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93290 | 5ad1926d645df0001a2d1ff8 | Light-emitting_diode | There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between t... | What is one type of solo-color white LED? | What is one type of solo-color white LED? | [
"What is one type of solo-color white LED?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86431 | 570ce8b4fed7b91900d45ac9 | Gymnastics | On the uneven bars, the gymnast performs a routine on two horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate, to prevent them from breaking. In the past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies.... | How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars? | How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars? | [
"How do gymnasts normally mount the uneven bars?"
] | {
"text": [
"using a springboard, or a small mat"
],
"answer_start": [
713
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96658 | 572787275951b619008f8c6b | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory... | The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what? | The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what? | [
"The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?"
] | {
"text": [
"without fracturing any bones"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92873 | 573366944776f419006609f8 | Tajikistan | It was temporarily under the control of the Tibetan empire and Chinese from 650–680 and then under the control of the Umayyads in 710. The Samanid Empire, 819 to 999, restored Persian control of the region and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both cities are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultu... | What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran? | What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran? | [
"What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?"
] | {
"text": [
"Khorasan"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111624 | 572b890d111d821400f38ef0 | Education | In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individua... | Who were some of these early physicians? | Who were some of these early physicians? | [
"Who were some of these early physicians?"
] | {
"text": [
"Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89374 | 5a14c7bda54d420018529344 | Great_power | According to Joshua Baron – a "researcher, lecturer, and consultant on international conflict" – since the early 1960s direct military conflicts and major confrontations have "receded into the background" with regards to relations among the great powers. Baron argues several reasons why this is the case, citing the unp... | What has been important factor of the great powers receding into the background? | What has been important factor of the great powers receding into the background? | [
"What has been important factor of the great powers receding into the background?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-62035 | 5ace84b232bba1001ae4a94d | Madrasa | Western commentators post-9/11 often perceive madaris as places of radical revivalism with a connotation of anti-Americanism and radical extremism, frequently associated in the Western press with Wahhabi attitudes toward non-Muslims. In Arabic the word madrasa simply means "school" and does not imply a political or rel... | How many science disciplines were banned from being taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire? | How many science disciplines were banned from being taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire? | [
"How many science disciplines were banned from being taught at madaris in the Ottoman Empire?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35023 | 5a8cdbcafd22b3001a8d8f5a | Memory | Another major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or in the future, prospective memory. Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory. In contrast, prospective memory is memory for ... | What is a inor way to distinguish different memory functions? | What is a inor way to distinguish different memory functions? | [
"What is a inor way to distinguish different memory functions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-68642 | 570ae41e4103511400d59acc | Mesozoic | The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant ... | What are the dominate plant species on Earth now? | What are the dominate plant species on Earth now? | [
"What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?"
] | {
"text": [
"angiosperms"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32111 | 5728e7593acd2414000e019d | Myanmar | Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. In a speech at Ch... | What was the outcome of the meeting ? | What was the outcome of the meeting ? | [
"What was the outcome of the meeting ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33204 | 57263203ec44d21400f3dc15 | Incandescent_light_bulb | In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form o... | What other materials were combined with tungsten? | What other materials were combined with tungsten? | [
"What other materials were combined with tungsten?"
] | {
"text": [
"potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides"
],
"answer_start": [
574
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61363 | 572f4440947a6a140053c83b | Flowering_plant | The botanical term "Angiosperm", from the Ancient Greek αγγείον, angeíon (bottle, vessel) and σπέρμα, (seed), was coined in the form Angiospermae by Paul Hermann in 1690, as the name of one of his primary divisions of the plant kingdom. This included flowering plants possessing seeds enclosed in capsules, distinguished... | What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom? | What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom? | [
"What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom?"
] | {
"text": [
"primary"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54272 | 56deefeb3277331400b4d834 | Christian | A Christian ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word Christós (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach. | Christós is translated from what Biblical term? | Christós is translated from what Biblical term? | [
"Christós is translated from what Biblical term?"
] | {
"text": [
"mashiach"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89085 | 5acd52a407355d001abf3d3c | Hunter-gatherer | Anthropologists maintain that hunter/gatherers don't have permanent leaders; instead, the person taking the initiative at any one time depends on the task being performed. In addition to social and economic equality in hunter-gatherer societies, there is often, though not always, sexual parity as well. Hunter-gatherers... | Where is there often sexual disparity? | Where is there often sexual disparity? | [
"Where is there often sexual disparity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79329 | 57277bc0f1498d1400e8f964 | Heian_period | A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were dest... | What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion? | What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion? | [
"What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taira and Minamoto"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22190 | 5a7b67b621c2de001afe9fd2 | National_Archives_and_Records_Administration | Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1930, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records. | During what period did Europeans immigrate to the US? | During what period did Europeans immigrate to the US? | [
"During what period did Europeans immigrate to the US?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80151 | 5a6276a9f8d794001af1bfec | Samoa | In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell dr... | What happened when the price of cocoa beans fell? | What happened when the price of cocoa beans fell? | [
"What happened when the price of cocoa beans fell?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71008 | 5acf4b8f77cf76001a684b3c | University_of_Kansas | KU is home to the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, the Beach Center on Disability, Lied Center of Kansas and radio stations KJHK, 90.7 FM, and KANU, 91.5 FM. The university is host to several museums including the University of Kansas Natural History Museum and the Spencer Museum of Art. The libraries of the Unive... | What part of KU serves students not learning about government? | What part of KU serves students not learning about government? | [
"What part of KU serves students not learning about government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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